1771:
35:(NRS) to classify readers, but have since been used by many other organisations for wider applications and have become a standard for market research. They were developed in the late 1950s and refined in following years and achieved widespread usage in 20th century Britain. Their definition is maintained by the
202:
groupings (ABC1) grew from 34% in 1968, to 55% of the population in 2016. Within this section, the professional and managerial groupings (A and B) doubled, from only 12% in 1968 to 27% in 2016. C2DE has shrunk over this period from 65% to 45% of the population. With pensioners and unemployed people
210:
poll found that 41% of ABC1 identified themselves as working class (and 51% as middle class), while 66% of C2DEs identified themselves as working class (and 25% as middle class). Matthew Smith, Head of Data
Journalism at
175:
Retired people are placed in grade E if they only have a state pension and benefits. If they have an occupational or private pension, they are graded according to the highest graded job they did before retiring.
58:
The classifications are based on the occupation of the head of the household. The grades are often grouped into ABC1 and C2DE, representing 55% and 45% of the population in 2016 respectively.
215:, said that while NRS groupings "are often used as shorthand to refer to the middle class and working class", "the problem is that the NRS social grade was never designed to describe class".
302:
364:
458:
847:
229:
309:
50:. The distinguishing feature of the NRS social grade is that it is based on occupation, rather than income, wealth or property ownership.
1800:
1795:
1575:
1450:
1460:
1718:
616:
432:
1567:
1505:
278:
1547:
878:
524:
377:
1542:
1552:
1585:
492:
1733:
1713:
1692:
1697:
1580:
1423:
1805:
1445:
487:
339:
1435:
1728:
1500:
1495:
979:
403:
1723:
1557:
1522:
1473:
1197:
1677:
1667:
1534:
742:
1657:
996:
517:
32:
1682:
1622:
1627:
1617:
974:
786:
1774:
1672:
1607:
372:
36:
1632:
1261:
1003:
497:
1687:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1490:
558:
510:
1748:
1743:
1647:
1517:
1468:
862:
828:
813:
649:
596:
239:
224:
8:
1132:
937:
912:
892:
796:
199:
187:
203:
included in C2DE, this means that ABC1 represents a majority of the working population.
163:
State pensioners, casual and lowest grade workers, unemployed with state benefits only.
1289:
1271:
1266:
1254:
1088:
907:
887:
857:
639:
611:
275:
1294:
1212:
949:
902:
840:
669:
115:
Supervisory or clerical and junior managerial roles, administrative or professional
1738:
1612:
1512:
1342:
1150:
1040:
991:
964:
717:
712:
565:
488:
National
Readership Survey information on social grade and its discriminatory power
1483:
1175:
986:
732:
722:
459:"Why claims from polls about what 'working class people' think are usually wrong"
282:
1440:
1384:
1223:
1180:
1108:
852:
823:
748:
702:
644:
601:
28:
1789:
1281:
1078:
867:
737:
727:
685:
659:
654:
591:
551:
433:"How well do ABC1 and C2DE correspond with our own class identity? | YouGov"
190:
with the addition of a Class F signifying
Farmers and Agricultural Workers.
1314:
1241:
1020:
1010:
929:
679:
586:
536:
408:
234:
47:
1478:
1309:
1299:
1249:
1231:
1142:
1103:
897:
808:
791:
180:
1324:
664:
24:
1370:
1365:
1332:
1304:
1192:
1187:
1123:
1098:
1045:
959:
674:
606:
1379:
1351:
1337:
1204:
1170:
1128:
1113:
1073:
818:
1375:
1360:
1356:
1118:
1068:
1060:
1050:
954:
942:
801:
697:
691:
183:, and this group is not separated by the classification scheme.
1347:
1160:
1093:
1033:
1028:
835:
502:
212:
207:
101:
Intermediate managerial roles, administrative or professional
1155:
1083:
634:
43:
1165:
707:
404:"Riven by class and no social mobility - Britain in 2007"
84:
Higher managerial roles, administrative or professional
198:Since the creation of the system, the size of the
179:Only around 2% of the UK population identifies as
230:National Statistics Socio-economic Classification
186:The grading system is also sometimes used in the
1787:
257:
255:
518:
1422:
1202:
340:"Social Grade | National Readership Survey"
252:
525:
511:
149:Semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers
1410:
365:"Definitions employed in Social Grading"
274:Occupation groupings: a job dictionary.
31:. They were originally developed by the
1788:
401:
46:, NRS social grade is not the same as
1409:
766:
506:
430:
303:"Social Grade: A Classification Tool"
334:
332:
330:
297:
295:
293:
291:
431:Smith, Matthew (19 November 2019).
13:
1801:Social class in the United Kingdom
1796:Demographics of the United Kingdom
768:
767:
402:Glover, Julian (20 October 2007).
268:
14:
1817:
481:
327:
288:
261:Wilmshurst, J. & MacKay, A.,
67:Chief income earner's occupation
1770:
1769:
532:
263:The Fundamentals of Advertising
1411:
493:MORI information on the grades
451:
424:
395:
357:
1:
245:
16:UK demographic classification
7:
498:Demographic classifications
218:
10:
1822:
617:Weberian (three-component)
193:
73:Frequency in 2008 - Ipsos
70:Frequency in 1968 - Ipsos
33:National Readership Survey
25:demographic classification
1765:
1706:
1598:
1566:
1533:
1459:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1323:
1280:
1240:
1222:
1141:
1059:
1019:
928:
921:
876:
779:
775:
762:
625:
579:
575:
546:
159:
145:
134:
128:
111:
97:
86:
80:
66:
63:
53:
1739:Pre-industrial East Asia
76:Frequency in 2016 - NRS
1806:Socio-economic mobility
787:Administrative detainee
373:Market Research Society
308:. Ipsos. Archived from
276:Market Research Society
132:Skilled manual workers
37:Market Research Society
1203:
376:. 2019. Archived from
1744:Pre-industrial Europe
1601: or countries
1412:By country or region
650:Class discrimination
240:Socioeconomic status
225:Acorn (demographics)
1133:Vanniar (Chieftain)
383:on 19 December 2019
281:29 May 2010 at the
188:Republic of Ireland
1714:18th-century Spain
1568:Standard of living
1272:Upper middle class
1267:Lower middle class
858:Political prisoner
640:Chattering classes
612:Spoon class theory
465:. 25 November 2019
1783:
1782:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1594:
1593:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1295:Lumpenproletariat
797:illegal immigrant
758:
757:
670:Classless society
173:
172:
21:NRS social grades
1813:
1773:
1772:
1600:
1501:Mexican-American
1429:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1208:
1151:Business magnate
1041:Knowledge worker
926:
925:
814:dual or multiple
777:
776:
764:
763:
718:Social exclusion
713:Social cleansing
627:
577:
576:
566:Economic classes
527:
520:
513:
504:
503:
475:
474:
472:
470:
455:
449:
448:
446:
444:
428:
422:
421:
419:
417:
399:
393:
392:
390:
388:
382:
369:
361:
355:
354:
352:
350:
336:
325:
324:
322:
320:
315:on 15 March 2016
314:
307:
299:
286:
272:
266:
259:
61:
60:
23:are a system of
1821:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1753:
1702:
1590:
1562:
1529:
1513:Underprivileged
1455:
1414:
1413:
1389:
1319:
1276:
1236:
1218:
1137:
1055:
1015:
917:
872:
771:
770:
754:
733:Social position
723:Social mobility
621:
571:
542:
541:
531:
484:
479:
478:
468:
466:
463:The Independent
457:
456:
452:
442:
440:
429:
425:
415:
413:
400:
396:
386:
384:
380:
367:
363:
362:
358:
348:
346:
338:
337:
328:
318:
316:
312:
305:
301:
300:
289:
285:, London, 2006.
283:Wayback Machine
273:
269:
260:
253:
248:
221:
196:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1734:Ottoman Empire
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Ancient Greece
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1693:United Kingdom
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1586:Home-ownership
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1441:American Dream
1438:
1432:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1373:
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1321:
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1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
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1297:
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1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
1000:
999:
984:
983:
982:
977:
969:
968:
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952:
947:
946:
945:
934:
932:
923:
919:
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910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
882:
874:
873:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
853:Migrant worker
850:
845:
844:
843:
833:
832:
831:
826:
821:
816:
806:
805:
804:
799:
789:
783:
781:
773:
772:
769:By demographic
760:
759:
756:
755:
753:
752:
749:Status Anxiety
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
703:Ranked society
700:
695:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
645:Class conflict
642:
637:
631:
629:
628: topics
623:
622:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
602:Mudsill theory
599:
594:
589:
583:
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569:
562:
555:
547:
544:
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482:External links
480:
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29:United Kingdom
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1698:United States
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1599:Other regions
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1444:
1442:
1439:
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1434:
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1424:United States
1421:
1417:
1408:
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1377:
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1364:
1362:
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1349:
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1328:
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1227:
1225:
1221:
1215:
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1199:
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1194:
1191:
1189:
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1167:
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1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
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1146:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
989:
988:
985:
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978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
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953:
951:
948:
944:
941:
940:
939:
936:
935:
933:
931:
927:
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914:
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909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
883:
880:
875:
869:
866:
864:
863:Socioeconomic
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
842:
839:
838:
837:
834:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
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815:
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811:
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807:
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800:
798:
795:
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790:
788:
785:
784:
782:
778:
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761:
751:
750:
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:Social stigma
736:
734:
731:
729:
728:Social orphan
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
693:
688:
687:
686:Nouveau riche
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
660:Class traitor
658:
656:
655:Class society
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
630:
624:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
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598:
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593:
592:Gilbert model
590:
588:
585:
584:
582:
578:
574:
568:
567:
563:
561:
560:
556:
554:
553:
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545:
538:
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508:
505:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
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460:
454:
438:
434:
427:
411:
410:
405:
398:
379:
375:
374:
366:
360:
345:
344:www.nrs.co.uk
341:
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298:
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177:
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83:
79:
75:
72:
69:
62:
59:
51:
49:
45:
42:According to
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1749:Soviet Union
1724:Ancient Rome
1581:Homelessness
1506:Upper Middle
1378: /
1359: /
1350: /
1315:Working poor
1211:
1198:Robber baron
1021:Intellectual
1011:Royal family
975:Ancient Rome
829:second-class
747:
690:
689: /
684:
680:High society
587:Elite theory
564:
557:
550:
537:Social class
467:. Retrieved
462:
453:
441:. Retrieved
437:yougov.co.uk
436:
426:
414:. Retrieved
409:The Guardian
407:
397:
385:. Retrieved
378:the original
371:
359:
347:. Retrieved
343:
317:. Retrieved
310:the original
270:
262:
235:Social class
205:
200:white-collar
197:
185:
178:
174:
57:
48:social class
41:
27:used in the
20:
18:
1668:New Zealand
1385:Untouchable
1310:Proletariat
1300:Pea-pickers
1250:Bourgeoisie
938:Aristocracy
824:naturalized
819:native-born
469:18 February
443:18 February
349:19 November
181:upper class
1790:Categories
1658:Luxembourg
1548:Inequality
1213:Superclass
1004:Hereditary
980:Post-Roman
971:Patrician
841:adolescent
665:Classicide
416:17 October
246:References
1683:Sri Lanka
1576:Education
1543:Household
1436:Affluence
1371:Rat tribe
1333:Ant tribe
1305:Precariat
1290:Lazzaroni
1232:Bohemians
1193:Overclass
1188:Old money
1124:Spartiate
1099:Kshatriya
1089:Hashashin
1046:Professor
987:Political
960:Oligarchy
950:Hanseaten
868:Stateless
848:Convicted
780:By status
743:Subaltern
675:Euthenics
607:New class
1775:Category
1707:Historic
1628:Colombia
1618:Cambodia
1553:Personal
1451:Mobility
1380:Freedman
1366:Plebeian
1352:Prisoner
1338:Commoner
1224:Creative
1205:Seigneur
1171:Nobility
1129:Vanniyar
1114:Pendekar
1074:Cossacks
708:Snobbery
580:Theories
439:. YouGov
412:. London
319:6 August
279:Archived
265:, (1999)
219:See also
1678:Romania
1673:Nigeria
1558:Poverty
1461:Classes
1446:History
1357:Peasant
1343:Outcast
1282:Working
1262:Burgher
1119:Samurai
1109:Ocēlōtl
1069:Chhetri
1061:Warrior
1051:Scholar
965:Russian
955:Magnate
943:Aristoi
922:By type
809:Citizen
802:refugee
698:Poverty
692:Parvenu
626:Related
597:Marxian
559:Stratum
387:10 July
206:A 2019
194:History
1633:France
1613:Belize
1608:Africa
1535:Income
1491:Middle
1484:Gentry
1348:Outlaw
1255:Petite
1242:Middle
1176:Landed
1161:Gentry
1094:Knight
1034:Priest
1029:Clergy
992:Family
930:Ruling
879:collar
836:Clique
552:Status
213:YouGov
208:YouGov
64:Grade
54:Grades
1729:Aztec
1688:Tibet
1663:Nepal
1653:Italy
1643:India
1638:Haiti
1623:China
1523:Under
1518:Lower
1496:Black
1479:Donor
1474:Black
1469:Upper
1376:Slave
1325:Under
1181:Petty
1156:Elite
1143:Upper
1084:Harii
1079:Cuāuh
913:White
893:Green
792:Alien
635:Caste
381:(PDF)
368:(PDF)
313:(PDF)
306:(PDF)
44:Ipsos
1648:Iran
1361:Serf
1166:Lord
1104:Nair
997:List
908:Pink
898:Grey
888:Blue
877:By "
471:2024
445:2024
418:2009
389:2024
351:2018
321:2016
169:10%
155:15%
152:15%
141:20%
138:21%
135:65%
124:28%
121:29%
118:22%
107:23%
104:23%
87:12%
19:The
903:New
166:8%
129:C2
112:C1
93:4%
90:4%
1792::
461:.
435:.
406:.
370:.
342:.
329:^
290:^
254:^
160:E
146:D
98:B
81:A
39:.
1131:/
881:"
526:e
519:t
512:v
473:.
447:.
420:.
391:.
353:.
323:.
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