264:
283:, during his second visit to the island, pacified a dispute between two Naga Kings of Nagadeepa, Chulodara and Mahodara over the possession of a gem-studded throne. This throne was finally offered to the Buddha by the grateful Naga kings who left it in Nagadeepa under a Rajayathana tree (Kiri Palu) as an object of worship. Since then the place became one of the holiest shrines of Buddhists in the island for many centuries. The references to Nagadeepa in Mahawamsa as well as other
57:
42:
688:
has been taken as referring to the Jaffna peninsula. Continuing this method of extracting history out of the legend, a Naga damsel who is said in the
Manimekalai to have appeared in a garden near Pukar, remained for sometime with a legendary Cola king and disappeared after conceiving a child, is taken to have been a princess form Jaffna and father an ancient ruler of Jaffna
314:, the heroine is miraculously transported to a small island called Manipallavam where there was a seat or foot stool associated to the Buddha. The seat in Manipallavam is said to have been used by the Buddha when he preached and reconciled the two kings of Naga land, and that it was placed in Manipallavam by the king of gods,
687:
The similarity of the legend of the holy seat given in the
Mahawamsa to that in the Manimekalai has led certain scholars to identify Manipallavam with Nagadeepa, and as the former refers to the two kings as having their habitat in the Nagadeepa, the Nakanatu (the Naga land), wherever it is mentioned,
644:
Kathiragesu
Indrapala writes that "In the traditions preserved in the early Sri Lankan chronicles as well as in the early Tamil literary works the Nagas appear as a distinct group". He further writes that "the adoption of the Tamil language was helping the Nagas in the Tamil chiefdoms to be
470:
have been inhabited centuries before the date of the epic. He also notes that
Manimekalai does not mention that the two Naga kings had their abode in Manipallavam as stated in the Mahavamsa, nor did it mention that the holy seat was placed there by
581:
is considered by some (such as Author, Mudaliyar C. Rajanayagam) to have been built by the Nagas based on the extensive ruins and the presence of villages with surrounding the port with Naga name (e.g. Nagarkulam, Nagathazhvu and
Sirunagarkulam).
120:
are mentioned as their abodes. The names of some Naga kings in Sri Lankan legends such as Mani
Akkhitha (Mani Naga) and Mahodara are also found in Sanskrit literature among superhuman Nagas, and the cult of Mani Naga prevailed in
660:
In the
Mahavamsa as indeed in the ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature in general, the Nagas are never represented as human beings, but as a class of superhuman beings, who inhabited a subterranean world.
616:
There is substantial evidence to say that Nagas were
Buddhist followers after the 4th century B.C. One such example is Buddha's second visit Sri Lanka mentioned in both the Manimekalai and Mahavamsa.
294:
The chronicle further states that in the eighth year after the
Enlightenment, the Buddha visited the island for the third time, on an invitation of Maniakkhita, the Naga king of Kalyani (Modern day
212:
and language from the 3rd century BCE. According to him, in the end of the 9th century or probably very long before that time, the Nagas assimilated into the two major ethnic groups of the island.
596:
since ancient times have regarded the cobra as a divine being by the passing down of Naga traditions and beliefs. Further, a cobra can be found entwining itself round the neck of the Hindu god
415:
The similarity of the legend about the Buddha's seat given in the
Mahavamsa to that in the Manimekalai has led certain scholars to identify the Manipallavam with Nagadeepa (currently
364:. Nainativu was referred to as Manipallavam in ancient Tamil literature following this union. Royals of the Chola-Naga lineage would go on to rule other territory of the island,
62:
According to Buddhist scripture the Naga king Muchalinda shielded the Buddha from getting wet in the rain by coiling round him and holding his large hood above the Buddha's head.
395:. The island according to the Tamil epic was divided into two territory, Naga Nadu and Ilankaitheevam. Naga Nadu, or the whole island was also known as
821:
Other obvious identifications are Nagadiba with Nagadipa or Nakadiva (the Jaffna peninsula) and Rhogandanoi with the inhabitants of Rohana (Ruhuna).
1061:
Laura Smid (2003). South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Great Britain: Routledge. 429.
204:
According to Manogaran, some scholars also "have postulated that the Yakshas and Nagas are the aboriginal tribes of Sri Lanka". Scholars like
1253:
1182:
1554:
1564:
1559:
287:
writings, coupled with archaeological and epigraphical evidences, have established that Nagadeepa of the Mahawamsa is the present
729:
Godwin Witane . (2003). The growth of the cobra cult in Sri Lanka kuhanjith and indrajith ruled kingdoms of srilanka. Available:
1441:
1153:
966:
944:
925:
784:
101:. They were generally represented as a class of super-humans taking the form of serpents who inhabit a subterranean world.
735:
48:
433:
stretching across coastal districts, distinguished from the rest of the island also ruled intermittently by Naga kings.
444:
one of the two territories in Sri Lanka, the other being Ilankaitheevam. Several scholars identify Naga Nadu with the
1466:
1298:
1222:
1043:
858:
552:. Ptolemy mentions in 150 CE that King Sornagos, a descendant of this lineage, ruled from the early Chola capital of
893:
K. Rajan - Situating the Beginning of Early Historic Times in Tamil Nadu: Some Issues and Reflections (2008) p.56-57
981:› ca... Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol. I-A and B | INDIAN CULTURE "Castes and tribes of Southern Indian"
1569:
479:. Further states Canto IX, II. 13–22 that an earthquake destroyed a city in Gandhara which in turn affteced 100
1105:
Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic society#Historical Topography of Ancient and Medieval Ceylon
1574:
1135:
Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic society# Nagadipa and Buddhist Remains in Jaffna (Part II)
1400:
1367:
1120:
Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic society# Nagadipa and Buddhist Remains in Jaffna (Part I)
1214:
Buddhism among Tamils in pre-colonial Tamilakam and Īlam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period
429:, reflected the perception at the time that Naga Nadu was an autonomous administrative entity, kingdom or
1288:
1456:
268:
1384:
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81:
and various parts of Southern India. There are references to Nagas in several ancient texts such as
1417:
878:
1483:
1351:
1317:
833:
625:
459:
263:
1511:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mahāvaṃsa". Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Sep. 2019,
819:. Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, New Series (Vol VI). p. 10.
1334:
758:
763:
Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic society# The Arya Kingdom in North Ceylon
731:
534:
8:
1001:
392:
1268:
1247:
1176:
669:
Mahabharata, Bhandarkar oriental research institute edition, Adiparva, chapter 31, v.15
569:
It is also believed they were great irrigation engineers who built water storages. The
453:
1462:
1294:
1218:
1039:
988:
854:
850:
The evolution of an ethnic identity: the Tamils in Sri Lanka c. 300 BCE to c. 1200 CE
799:
574:
252:
1549:
483:
of Naga Nadu, thus rejecting the identification of Naga Nadu with Jaffna Peninsula.
590:
467:
463:
445:
331:
288:
255:
attached Naga prefixes and suffixes to their names to indicate their Naga descent.
248:
189:
133:
129:
117:
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1033:
1016:
848:
570:
375:
By the time Buddhism had reached Tamilakam, the twin epics of ancient Tamil Nadu
353:
216:
161:
141:
109:
98:
1499:
883:. University of Jaffna: Governor's Office, Department of Geography. p. 61.
601:
472:
377:
307:
232:
193:
1485:
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea & Ptolemy on Ancient Geography of India
466:, because Manimekalai states the island to have been uninhabited, whereas the
1543:
1512:
853:. M.V. Publications for the South Asian Studies Centre, Sydney. p. 172.
339:
209:
365:
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383:
361:
357:
311:
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165:
90:
86:
20:
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are all Naga tribes. According to several authors they may have been a
220:
169:
1426:
1498:
Lionel Wijesiri . (2009). The giant wakes up Revival of Yoda Wewa .
769:
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449:
416:
369:
244:
157:
105:
82:
78:
1141:
765:. Vol. VII, part II. Colombo apothecaries Co. Ltd. p. 181.
980:
526:
514:
498:
422:
419:), which has caused the history to be extracted out of the legend.
295:
236:
228:
181:
113:
94:
24:
1350:
Samuel, G. John; Śivagaṇēśamūrti, Ār Es; Nagarajan, M. S. (1998).
1211:
Schalk, Peter; Veluppillai, A.; Nākacāmi, Irāmaccantiran̲ (2002).
462:
rejects the identification of Manipallavam with Nainativu and the
553:
545:
224:
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593:
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518:
480:
280:
1349:
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regard them as an ancient tribe who started to assimilate to
122:
74:
28:
1198:
The art of the Pallavas, Volume 2 of Indian Sculpture Series
913:
678:
Manimekalai, V. Saminatha Aiyar, Cantos X-XII, Madras (1921)
956:
954:
284:
185:
1440:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFJCBRAS,_S._Paranavitana1961 (
1307:
1267:
Rao, Conjeeveram Hayavadana; Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1930).
903:
901:
899:
783:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFJCBRAS,_S._Paranavitana1961 (
352:
born, who historians note was the early progenitor of the
1210:
1166:
1152:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFJCBRAS,_C.W._Nicholas1963 (
951:
932:
880:
Geographical Aspects of the Northern Province, Sri Lanka
180:
The word "Naga" literally means "snake" or "serpent" in
1435:
896:
778:
513:
were mentioned as non-humans, mainly referring to the
1147:
1090:
Mahawamsa, Chapter 1, vv. 44–70 (English translation)
757:
1195:
817:
Historical topography of ancient and medieval Ceylon
47:
Cobra symbolism in a Sri Lankan Hindu statue of the
1372:. National Museums of Sri Lanka. 1955. p. 176.
1286:
298:) who is the uncle of the Naga king of Nagadeepa.
1541:
1071:Pillay, Kolappa Pillay Kanakasabhapathi (1963).
440:was stated in the Manimekalai to be the king of
1532:Ethnic conflict and reconciliation in Sri Lanka
1322:. Institute of Asian Studies. 1991. p. 31.
1287:Cāttan̲ār; Kōpālayyar, Ti Vē (1 January 1989).
706:Tevar-kon itta mamanippilikai, Canto VIII, I.52
645:assimilated into the major ethnic group there".
251:tribe. Many Tamil poets who contributed to the
156:was also found on a Brahmi-inscribed coin from
1481:
1237:
1132:
1117:
732:"Online edition of Sunday Observer - Business"
1102:
804:. Vol. XXVIII Part VI. pp. 330–334.
697:Anku valvor yavarum inmaiyin, Canto XIV, I.86
548:in his 1st century map of Taprobane mentions
1500:http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/10/20/fea21.asp
1458:Rāmāyaṇa tradition in historical perspective
1290:Manimekhalai: The Dancer with the Magic Bowl
1031:
965:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndrapala2005 (
943:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndrapala2005 (
924:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndrapala2005 (
797:
604:. Cobras can also be found in images of god
1332:
1137:. Vol. XXVIII (no.72). pp. 40–60.
1107:. Vol. VI, Special number. p. 83.
410:
387:(6th century CE) were written, speaking of
318:. The legend speaks of the great Naga king
1513:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mahavamsa
1252:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1181:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
876:
846:
338:had a liaison at the islet with the early
1529:
1382:
1356:. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 45.
1319:Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies
1122:. Vol. XXVI (no.70). pp. 11–30.
960:
938:
919:
907:
267:Buddha's visit to Nagadeepa. Detail from
1405:. University of Madras. 1957. p. 9.
1353:Buddhism in Tamil Nadu: Collected Papers
1333:Gunasegaram, Samuel Jeyanayagam (1985).
1014:
814:
262:
1454:
1416:Rao, Tangsal Narayana Vasudeva (1979).
1266:
1217:. Almqvist & Wiksell. p. 148.
1189:
1015:Aiyangar, Muttusvami Srinivasa (1914).
725:
723:
239:and Eyinar who were widespread across
1542:
1087:
1070:
1057:
1055:
73:are believed by some to be an ancient
1169:Manimekalai in its Historical Setting
1035:The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago
872:
870:
1422:. Annamalai University. p. 156.
1389:. Annamalai University. p. 113.
1386:Buddhism as Expounded in Manimekalai
720:
1415:
1077:. University of Madras. p. 37.
1052:
834:"Claudius Ptolemy's Sri Lankan Map"
738:from the original on 8 October 2003
348:; out of this union was the prince
258:
172:referring to the Jaffna peninsula.
49:Nainativu Nagapooshani Amman Temple
13:
1555:Non-human races in Hindu mythology
867:
836:. Archaeology.lk. 2 November 2020.
14:
1586:
1482:Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1980).
1273:. Government Press. p. 519.
1200:. G. Wittenborn, 1957. p. 2.
1167:S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1928).
1565:Indigenous peoples of South Asia
1560:Exotic tribes in Hindu scripture
585:
164:and in a Tamil inscription from
55:
40:
1530:Manogaran, Chelvadurai (1987),
1522:
1505:
1492:
1475:
1455:Saklani, Dinesh Prasad (2006).
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1409:
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1008:
973:
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847:Intirapālā, Kārttikēcu (2005).
700:
691:
681:
672:
638:
505:has been often identified with
399:, derived from Dravidian words
334:. Their daughter, the princess
1339:. Wim Gunasegaram. p. 33.
1038:. Asian Educational Services.
840:
826:
808:
791:
751:
663:
654:
301:
279:The chronicle states that the
1:
1502:. Last accessed 7 March 2010.
1419:Buddhism in the Tamil Country
1293:. New Directions Publishing.
1021:. Guardian Press. p. 69.
877:Rajeswaran, S. T. B. (2012).
748:. Last accessed 7 March 2010.
713:
564:
1534:, University of Hawaii Press
1436:JCBRAS, S. Paranavitana 1961
779:JCBRAS, S. Paranavitana 1961
573:dam and reservoir system in
274:
175:
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
1515:. Accessed 26 January 2021.
1402:Annals of Oriental Research
619:
611:
486:
10:
1591:
1196:Ordhendra Coomar Gangoly.
1148:JCBRAS, C.W. Nicholas 1963
798:B.Ch.Chhabra, ed. (1950).
559:
521:, but also mentioning the
501:, the mythological island
490:
452:. Other scholars identify
148:and in Greek gazetteer as
18:
16:Ancient tribe of Sri Lanka
1383:Kantacāmi, Cō Na (1978).
1242:. Madras. pp. 26–28.
1032:Kanakasabhai, V. (1904).
540:
269:Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara
199:
631:
448:, and Manipallavam with
411:Identifying Manipallavam
1238:C. Rasanayagam (1926).
1133:Paul E. Pieris (1919).
1118:Paul E. Pieris (1917).
815:Nicholas, C.W. (1963).
393:Kaveripoompuharpattinam
381:(5–6th century CE) and
104:Certain places such as
1570:Ethnic groups in India
1488:. Prajñā. p. 103.
1461:. Pratibha Prakashan.
1171:. London. p. 129.
1103:C.W. Nicholas (1963).
1074:South India and Ceylon
626:Ancient clans of Lanka
460:Senarath Paranavithana
350:Tondai Eelam Thiraiyar
271:
125:up to medieval times.
759:Senarath Paranavitana
509:. The inhabitants of
356:. He went on to rule
266:
1575:Sri Lankan mythology
600:as the serpent-king
425:, the author of the
391:across the sea from
245:North-East Sri Lanka
1275:chola manipallavam.
1088:Geiger, W. (1950).
537:, a Naga princess.
497:In the Indian epic
403:(meaning Naga) and
368:and Tondai Nadu of
77:who once inhabited
922:, p. 172,174.
556:during this time.
407:(meaning island).
272:
93:and also in other
1336:Selected writings
801:Epigraphia Indica
456:as Manipallavam.
423:Cīttalai Cāttanār
253:Sangam literature
132:was mentioned in
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289:Jaffna Peninsula
259:Early references
134:Tamil literature
130:Jaffna Peninsula
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1092:. pp. 5–8.
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533:was married to
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354:Pallava Dynasty
326:who ruled over
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217:V. Kanakasabhai
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142:Pali literature
99:Pali literature
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1240:Ancient Jaffna
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1159:
1150:, p. 119.
1140:
1125:
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1080:
1063:
1051:
1044:
1024:
1007:
972:
963:, p. 174.
961:Indrapala 2005
950:
941:, p. 173.
939:Indrapala 2005
931:
920:Indrapala 2005
912:
908:Manogaran 1987
895:
886:
866:
859:
839:
825:
807:
790:
781:, p. 181.
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473:Gautama Buddha
436:The Naga king
412:
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378:Silappatikaram
322:and his queen
303:
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276:
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257:
219:, The Oliyar,
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194:Tamil language
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324:Vasamayilai
320:Valai Vanan
312:Manimekalai
302:Manimekalai
241:South India
166:Pudukkottai
152:. The name
91:Mahabharata
87:Manimekalai
71:Naga people
21:Naga people
1544:Categories
998:|url=
714:References
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442:Naga Nadu,
221:Parathavar
170:Tamil Nadu
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579:Sri Lanka
535:Sulochana
515:Rakshasas
507:Sri Lanka
475:, but by
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450:Nainativu
417:Nainativu
389:Naga Nadu
370:Tamilakam
275:Mahavamsa
249:Dravidian
176:Etymology
158:Uduthurai
154:Nagabhumi
146:Nagadeepa
138:Naka Nadu
106:Nagadeepa
83:Mahavamsa
79:Sri Lanka
989:cite web
761:(1961).
736:Archived
620:See also
612:Religion
527:Indrajit
499:Ramayana
487:Ramayana
296:Kelaniya
229:Paraiyar
182:Sanskrit
150:Nagadiba
95:Sanskrit
25:Nagaland
1000:value (
560:Culture
554:Uraiyur
546:Ptolemy
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330:in the
306:In the
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190:Sinhala
118:Gampaha
114:Kalyani
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602:Vasuki
594:Hindus
575:Mannar
541:Others
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401:Cheran
281:Buddha
233:Kallar
200:Origin
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162:Jaffna
110:Jaffna
1550:Nāgas
742:9 May
632:Notes
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511:Lanka
503:Lanka
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360:from
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340:Chola
316:Indra
310:epic
308:Tamil
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123:India
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29:India
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1442:help
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744:2016
517:and
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431:nadu
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