447:
2241:, as conventional truth and ultimate truth held together, in which both are empty in existence. The distinction between effects and conditions is controversial. In Nāgārjuna's approach, cause means an event or state that has power to bring an effect. Conditions, refer to proliferating causes that bring a further event, state or process; without a metaphysical commitment to an occult connection between explaining and explanans. He argues nonexistent causes and various existing conditions. The argument draws from unreal causal power. Things conventional exist and are ultimately nonexistent to rest in the
45:
459:
1988:
366:
8008:
8019:
1198:
5417:
2264:
relationship between the ideas of "short" and "long" is not due to intrinsic nature (svabhāva). This idea is also found in the Pali Nikāyas and
Chinese Āgamas, in which the idea of relativity is expressed similarly: "That which is the element of light ... is seen to exist on account of darkness; that which is the element of good is seen to exist on account of bad; that which is the element of space is seen to exist on account of form."
5404:
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620:
280:
1209:
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in Nāgārjunakoṇḍa. The archaeological finds at Nāgārjunakoṇḍa have not resulted in any evidence that the site was associated with
Nagarjuna. The name "Nāgārjunakoṇḍa" dates from the medieval period, and the 3rd-4th century inscriptions found at the site make it clear that it was known as "Vijayapuri"
511:
Tibetan hagiographies also state that Nāgārjuna studied at Nālanda
University. However, according to Walser, this university was not a strong monastic center until about 425. Also, as Walser notes, "Xuanzang and Yijing both spent considerable time at Nālanda and studied Nāgārjuna’s texts there. It is
319:
At this time, there was already a small and nascent Mahāyāna movement. Mahāyāna ideas were held by a minority of
Buddhists in India at the time. As Joseph Walser writes, "Mahāyāna before the fifth century was largely invisible and probably existed only as a minority and largely unrecognized movement
2195:
By and large, Kaccayana, this world is supported by a polarity, that of existence and non-existence. But when one reads the origination of the world as it actually is with right discernment, "non-existence" with reference to the world does not occur to one. When one reads the cessation of the world
1895:
Aksarasataka, Akutobhaya (Mulamadhyamakavrtti), Aryabhattaraka-Manjusriparamarthastuti, Kayatrayastotra, Narakoddharastava, Niruttarastava, Vandanastava, Dharmasamgraha, Dharmadhatugarbhavivarana, Ekaslokasastra, Isvarakartrtvanirakrtih (A refutation of God/Isvara), Sattvaradhanastava, Upayahrdaya,
2034:
of being independently existent; thus the heterodox theories of svabhāva circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early
Buddhism. This is so because all things arise always dependently: not by their own power, but by depending on conditions leading to their coming into
1591:
Other scholars have challenged and argued against some of the above works being
Nagarjuna's. David F. Burton notes that Christian Lindtner is "rather liberal" with his list of works and that other scholars have called some of these into question. He notes how Paul Williams argued convincingly that
2199:
By and large, Kaccayana, this world is in bondage to attachments, clingings (sustenances), and biases. But one such as this does not get involved with or cling to these attachments, clingings, fixations of awareness, biases, or obsessions; nor is he resolved on "my self". He has no uncertainty or
1696:
In addition to works mentioned above, numerous other works are attributed to Nāgārjuna, many of which are dubious attributions and later works. There is an ongoing, lively controversy over which of those works are authentic. Christian
Lindtner divides the various attributed works as "1) correctly
2168:
Suppose that we take a conventional entity, such as a table. We analyze it to demonstrate its emptiness, finding that there is no table apart from its parts . So we conclude that it is empty. But now let us analyze that emptiness . What do we find? Nothing at all but the table's lack of inherent
1978:
are attributed to Nāgārjuna and his disciples by traditional historians like Tāranātha from 17th century Tibet. These historians try to account for chronological difficulties with various theories, such as seeing later writings as mystical revelations. For a useful summary of this tradition, see
338:
Very little is reliably known of the life of Nāgārjuna and modern historians do not agree on a specific date (1st to 3rd century CE) or place (multiple places in India suggested) for him. The earliest surviving accounts were written in
Chinese and Tibetan centuries after his death and are mostly
2124:
and T.R.V. Murti held that Nāgārjuna was the inventor of the
Shunyata doctrine; however, more recent work by scholars such as Choong Mun-keat, Yin Shun and Dhammajothi Thero has argued that Nāgārjuna was not an innovator by putting forth this theory, but that, in the words of Shi Huifeng, "the
2263:
Nāgārjuna also taught the idea of relativity; in the Ratnāvalī, he gives the example that shortness exists only in relation to the idea of length. The determination of a thing or object is only possible in relation to other things or objects, especially by way of contrast. He held that the
438:
sūtras as well as with having revealed these scriptures to the world after they had remained hidden for some time. The sources differ on where this happened and how Nāgārjuna retrieved the sutras. Some sources say he retrieved the sutras from the land of the
2289:, the chief text of the Hindu Nyaya school, and wrote a treatise on the pramanas where he reduced the syllogism of five members into one of three. In the Vigrahavyavartani Karika, Nāgārjuna criticises the Nyaya theory of pramanas (means of knowledge)
2163:
have argued that Nāgārjuna's view is that "the ultimate truth is that there is no ultimate truth" (Siderits) and that Nāgārjuna is a "semantic anti-dualist" who posits that there are only conventional truths. Hence according to
Garfield:
2077:, Nāgārjuna critiques svabhāva in several different concepts. He discusses the problems of positing any sort of inherent essence to causation, movement, change and personal identity. Nāgārjuna makes use of the Indian logical tool of the
2305:
is difficult, considering much of this material has been lost. If the most commonly accepted attribution of texts (that of Christian Lindtner) holds, then he was clearly a Māhayānist, but his philosophy holds assiduously to the Śrāvaka
1414:(Hymns). This list covers not only much less than the grand total of works ascribed to Nagarjuna in the Chinese and Tibetan collections, but it does not even include all such works that Candrakirti has himself cited in his writings.
485:. Nāgas are found throughout Indian religious culture, and typically signify intelligent serpents or dragons that are responsible for rain, lakes, and other bodies of water. In Buddhism, a naga can be a symbol of a realised
2151:). The ultimate truth to Nāgārjuna is the truth that everything is empty of essence, this includes emptiness itself ('the emptiness of emptiness'). While some (Murti, 1955) have interpreted this by positing Nāgārjuna as a
380:, he lived in a mixed monastery (with Mahāyānists and non-Mahāyānists) in which Mahāyānists were the minority. The most likely sectarian affiliation of the monastery according to Walser was Purvasailya, Aparasailya, or
2200:
doubt that just stress, when arising, is arising; stress, when passing away, is passing away. In this, his knowledge is independent of others. It's to this extent, Kaccayana, that there is right view.
1230:
2211:. Both contain the concept of teaching via the middle between the extremes of existence and non-existence. Nagarjuna does not make reference to "everything" when he quotes the agamic text in his
840:
552:
There are a multitude of texts attributed to "Nāgārjuna", many of these texts date from much later periods. This has caused much confusion for the traditional Buddhist biographers and
2046:
Nāgārjuna means by real any entity which has a nature of its own (svabhāva), which is not produced by causes (akrtaka), which is not dependent on anything else (paratra nirapeksha).
582:
figure of the same name who was said to have travelled to the Himalayas. Walser thinks that it is possible that stories related to this figure influenced Buddhist legends as well.
2203:"Everything exists": That is one extreme. "Everything doesn't exist": That is a second extreme. Avoiding these two extremes, the Tathagata teaches the Dhamma via the middle...
556:. Modern scholars are divided on how to classify these later texts and how many later writers called "Nāgārjuna" existed (the name remains popular today in Andhra Pradesh).
2825:
Hsing Yun, Xingyun, Tom Manzo, Shujan Cheng Infinite Compassion, Endless Wisdom: The Practice of the Bodhisattva Path Buddha's Light Publishing Hacienda Heights California
2393:. According to him, the key innovative tenets of Pyrrho's scepticism were only found in Indian philosophy at the time and not in Greece. However, other scholars, such as
326:
512:
strange that they would have spent so much time there and yet chose not to report any local tales of a man whose works played such an important part in the curriculum."
1871:
Furthermore, Ruegg writes that "three collections of stanzas on the virtues of intelligence and moral conduct ascribed to Nagarjuna are extant in Tibetan translation":
2319:. In the eyes of Nāgārjuna, the Buddha was not merely a forerunner, but the very founder of the Madhyamaka system. David Kalupahana sees Nāgārjuna as a successor to
2237:. Nāgārjuna distinguished two dependent origination views in a causal process, that which causes effects and that which causes conditions. This is predicated in the
1700:
Lindtner further divides the third category of dubious or questionable texts into those which are "perhaps authentic" and those who are unlikely to be authentic.
1634:
Similarly, Jan Westerhoff notes how there is uncertainty about the attribution of Nagarjuna's works (and about his life in general). He relies on six works: MMK,
419:
family and later became a Buddhist. The traditional religious hagiographies place Nāgārjuna in various regions of India (Kumārajīva and Candrakirti place him in
1237:
1979:
Wedemeyer 2007. Lindtner sees the author of some of these tantric works as being a tantric Nagarjuna who lives much later, sometimes called "Nagarjuna II".
3716:
6158:
2022:"dependent origination", to refute the metaphysics of some of his contemporaries. For Nāgārjuna, as for the Buddha in the early texts, it is not merely
519:
and the other Tibetan historians) claim that in his later years, Nāgārjuna lived on the mountain of Śrīparvata near the city that would later be called
7073:
5548:
3298:
The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A comparative study based on the Sutranga portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama
2113:. Thus Nāgārjuna's philosophical project is ultimately a soteriological one meant to correct our everyday cognitive processes which mistakenly posits
2098:
To say that all things are 'empty' is to deny any kind of ontological foundation; therefore Nāgārjuna's view is often seen as a kind of ontological
7077:
3880:
2312:, and while he does make explicit references to Mahāyāna texts, he is always careful to stay within the parameters set out by the Śrāvaka canon.
1306:, Nagarjuna demonstrated the futility of metaphysical speculations. His method of dealing with such metaphysics is referred to as "middle way" (
3272:
2865:
7301:
1992:
1657:
all of which "expound a single, coherent philosophical system," and are attributed to Nagarjuna by a variety of Indian and Tibetan sources.
684:
8114:
5518:
2332:
8124:
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3908:
446:
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271:. The MMK inspired a large number of commentaries in Sanskrit, Chinese, Tibetan, Korean and Japanese and continues to be studied today.
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3869:
2315:
Nāgārjuna may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the Buddha's doctrine as recorded in the
5361:
1342:
because, like a dream, they are mere projections of human consciousness. Since these imaginary fictions are experienced, they are not
5383:
415:’s biography of Nāgārjuna, which he translated into Chinese in about 405 CE." According to this biography, Nāgārjuna was born into a
4850:
3498:
Charles Goodman, "Neither Scythian nor Greek: A Response to Beckwith's Greek Buddha and Kuzminski's "Early Buddhism Reconsidered"",
1944:") which has been influential in Chinese Buddhism, has been questioned as a genuine work of Nāgārjuna by various scholars including
8149:
8069:
1932:
7893:
7345:
1278:, the only discourse cited by name, but also a detailed and careful analysis of most of the important discourses included in the
362:(c. second half of the 2nd century). On the basis of this association, Nāgārjuna is conventionally placed at around 150–250 CE.
7548:
5528:
5148:
354:
in the second century. This is supported by most of the traditional hagiographical sources as well. Archaeological evidence at
8154:
5115:
3839:
3685:
3143:
2846:
8144:
8079:
8074:
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5553:
1223:
3323:
8174:
8159:
8089:
8064:
8059:
7888:
3815:
3777:
8054:
7785:
7335:
5430:
3362:
559:
Some scholars have posited that there was a separate Aryuvedic writer called Nāgārjuna who wrote numerous treatises on
3176:
Siderits, Mark. Nagarjuna as anti-realist, Journal of Indian Philosophy December 1988, Volume 16, Issue 4, pp 311-325.
8189:
5631:
3626:
3597:
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3535:
990:
7878:
7563:
7308:
8184:
4316:
2030:, literally "own-being", "self-nature", or "inherent existence" and thus without any underlying essence. They are
1060:
7955:
7945:
5774:
3901:
2159:
or an "ineffable ultimate that transcends the capacities of discursive reason", others such as Mark Siderits and
3956:
8169:
7900:
7553:
7355:
7246:
7191:
5764:
4248:
3824:
Nāgārjuna – Sanskrit Buddhist texts: Acintyastava, Bodhicittavivaraṇa, Ratnāvalī, Mūlamadhyamakakārikās &c.
7870:
7568:
7251:
5543:
5376:
4950:
1334:. This did not mean that they are not experienced and, therefore, non-existent; only that they are devoid of
141:
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doctrine. Although seeming strange to Westerners, this is seen as an attack on a reified view of causality.
1833:
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7453:
7325:
7296:
6998:
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2407:
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philosophies and with the Mahāyāna tradition; however, determining Nāgārjuna's affiliation with a specific
2207:
The version linked to is the one found in the nikayas, and is slightly different from the one found in the
1143:
727:
603:
3833:
2246:
2081:
to attack any essentialist conceptions. Nāgārjuna's logical analysis is based on four basic propositions:
2073:
2051:
2014:(translated into English as "emptiness") which brings together other key Buddhist doctrines, particularly
1265:
259:
102:
8084:
7144:
7053:
6523:
6168:
5681:
5576:
5335:
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as it actually is with right discernment, "existence" with reference to the world does not occur to one.
1851:
Ruegg notes various works of uncertain authorship which have been attributed to Nagarjuna, including the
284:
6688:
4529:
2690:
Transaction - Indian Institute of World Culture, Issue 73, Indian Institute of World Culture, 1987, p. 5
2323:
in being a champion of the middle-way and a reviver of the original philosophical ideals of the Buddha.
1600:
must be a later text. In his study, Burton relies on the texts that he considers "least controversial":
450:
A Tibetan depiction of Nagarjuna; the snakes are depicted as protectors around Nagarjuna's head and the
238:(Centrism, Middle Way) school. He is widely considered one of the most important Buddhist philosophers.
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5391:
5141:
4619:
4514:
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3786:
3527:
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connection between emptiness and dependent origination is not an innovation or creation of Nāgārjuna".
2023:
20:
6883:
4474:
3638:, Vol I (1944), Vol II (1949), Vol III (1970), Vol IV (1976), Institut Orientaliste: Louvain-la-Neuve.
2621:
7:3 1931.09 pp. 633–53 "..Tibetan tradition which says that Nāgārjuna was born of a brahmin family of
2397:
and Charles Goodman question Beckwith's conclusions about the degree of Buddhist influence on Pyrrho.
1173:
1158:
300:
India in the first and second centuries CE was politically divided into various states, including the
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3710:
Comparative Philosophy and the Philosophy of Scholarship: on the Western Interpretation of Nāgārjuna
500:). Kumārajīva's biography for example, has Nāgārjuna making an elixir of invisibility, and Bus-ton,
434:
Traditional religious hagiographies credit Nāgārjuna with being associated with the teaching of the
7988:
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7154:
7132:
7125:
7028:
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6181:
5997:
5942:
5563:
5369:
4435:
4418:
4015:
3791:
2390:
2354:
4479:
1968:
1664:
considers the first six to be the main treatises of Nāgārjuna (this is called the "yukti corpus",
1418:
According to one view, that of Christian Lindtner, the works definitely written by Nāgārjuna are:
1025:
8119:
7925:
7905:
7236:
7216:
6973:
6703:
5947:
4695:
4675:
4365:
4057:
2366:
1163:
1035:
737:
563:. Also, there is a later Tantric Buddhist author by the same name who may have been a scholar at
473:
characteristics. Nāgas are snake-like supernatural beings of great magical power that feature in
1937:
1684:
to be works of Nāgārjuna as the first two are quoted profusely by Chandrakirti and the third by
1584:
1274:
is Nāgārjuna's best-known work. It is "not only a grand commentary on the Buddha's discourse to
639:
8109:
7935:
7775:
7443:
7413:
7186:
7137:
6978:
6926:
6921:
6683:
6504:
6401:
6153:
6148:
5897:
4975:
4940:
4376:
4101:
3678:
The literature of the Madhyamaka school of philosophy in India (A History of Indian literature)
2349:
this is because Nagarjuna was likely influenced by Greek Pyrrhonist texts imported into India.
2019:
1522:
1435:(Seventy Verses on Emptiness), accompanied by a prose commentary ascribed to Nagarjuna himself.
1299:
1030:
762:
742:
8179:
6265:
4392:
1724:
Lindtner sees the style and content as compatible with the yukti corpus. Survives in Sanskrit.
1250:
There exist a number of influential texts attributed to Nāgārjuna; however, as there are many
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7256:
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5134:
4153:
2437:
2285:. Nāgārjuna assumes a knowledge of the definitions of the sixteen categories as given in the
2234:
2109:
Understanding the nature of the emptiness of phenomena is simply a means to an end, which is
985:
915:
385:
6556:
3158:
Dumoulin, Heinrich (1998) Zen Buddhism: a history, India and China, Macmillan Publishing, 43
2788:
2179:
2143:, which claims that there are two levels of truth in Buddhist teaching, the ultimate truth (
1452:
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8099:
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7915:
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7276:
7161:
7100:
7068:
7063:
7048:
7033:
7023:
6988:
6901:
6593:
6516:
5819:
5759:
5508:
5475:
5425:
5340:
5315:
5165:
4539:
3324:"Dependent Arising and the Emptiness of Emptiness: Why Did Nāgārjuna Start with Causation?"
2452:
2121:
2099:
1890:
Meanwhile, those texts that Lindtner considers as questionable and likely inauthentic are:
1275:
1078:
575:, he originally belonged to a Brahmin family from eastern India and later became Buddhist.
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6287:
6213:
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5827:
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The Gradual Path of Vajrayāna Buddhism according to the Esoteric Community Noble Tradition
2169:
existence. . To see the table as empty is to see the table as conventional, as dependent.
8:
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7483:
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5584:
5440:
5420:
4885:
4825:
4599:
4173:
4097:
3931:
3828:
3221:
Garfield, Jay. Empty Words: Buddhist Philosophy and Cross-cultural Interpretation, p. 91.
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attributed, 2) wrongly attributed to him, and 3) those which may or may not be genuine."
1359:
1178:
787:
782:
611:
572:
359:
346:
Some scholars such as Joseph Walser argue that Nāgārjuna was an advisor to a king of the
313:
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250:
190:
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1283:
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7538:
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7221:
7211:
7196:
7181:
7176:
7115:
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6413:
6291:
6233:
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2320:
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1508:
1343:
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752:
659:
516:
478:
347:
305:
243:
162:
127:
117:
44:
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4410:
4243:
1945:
8134:
8011:
7973:
7669:
7654:
7617:
7602:
7375:
7291:
7206:
7043:
7008:
6993:
6720:
6710:
6391:
6238:
6223:
6094:
6017:
5937:
5872:
5804:
5691:
5448:
5226:
4790:
4770:
4725:
4594:
4371:
4347:
4340:
3917:
3875:
3681:
3622:
3593:
3573:
3531:
3139:
2842:
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2230:
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All things (dharma) neither exist nor do not exist: neither affirmation nor negation
1213:
1133:
772:
458:
132:
6955:
5749:
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5173:
5055:
4090:
3355:
3296:
For the full text of both versions with analysis see pp. 192–95 of Choong Mun-keat,
1987:
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411:
According to Walser, "the earliest extant legends about Nāgārjuna are compiled into
365:
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7612:
7607:
7463:
7428:
7403:
7398:
7149:
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7018:
6693:
6349:
6342:
6126:
6116:
6002:
5666:
5538:
5279:
5218:
5203:
4995:
4629:
4564:
4352:
4286:
4215:
3996:
3988:
3849:
3698:
3335:
2346:
2342:
1795:
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1759:
1138:
980:
870:
797:
536:
462:
6738:
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3673:. Charles E. Tuttle, Vermont and Tokyo. Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. 1978.
3551:
Garfield, Jay L. and Graham Priest (2003), “Nāgārjuna and the Limits of Thought”,
1000:
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2838:
Seeing the Sacred in Samsara: An Illustrated Guide to the Eighty-Four Mahasiddhas
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1949:
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attributed to him, lively controversy exists over which are his authentic works.
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355:
321:
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provides one of Nāgārjuna's most famous quotations on emptiness and co-arising:
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that are "selfless" or non-substantial; all phenomena (dhammas) are without any
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2350:
2152:
1941:
1716:
1532:
1251:
1128:
1103:
1088:
955:
528:
520:
435:
428:
396:
351:
239:
5325:
5005:
4190:
4121:
2357:, was himself influenced by Indian philosophy. Pyrrho travelled to India with
2091:
All things (dharma) both exist and do not exist: both affirmation and negation
1315:
649:
8038:
7748:
7597:
6906:
6808:
6666:
6467:
6445:
6381:
6052:
5847:
5842:
5734:
5403:
5249:
4469:
4442:
4305:
4292:
4279:
4233:
4178:
3883:
online Tibetan and English version translated by Stephen Batchelor (archived)
3796:
2308:
2088:
All things (dharma) do not exist: affirmation of non-being, negation of being
1576:
1153:
1113:
1055:
1040:
1020:
807:
301:
254:
249:
Nāgārjuna is widely considered to be the founder of the Madhyamaka school of
6206:
6196:
5568:
4047:
3203:
Medawachchiye Dhammajothi Thero, The Concept of Emptiness in Pali Literature
2337:
Because of the high degree of similarity between Nāgārjuna's philosophy and
1005:
890:
7838:
7823:
7793:
7743:
7733:
7575:
7370:
6863:
6698:
6576:
6364:
6359:
6186:
6057:
5932:
5393:
5305:
5015:
4915:
4900:
4634:
4464:
4272:
4205:
4085:
4065:
3946:
3648:
Mabbett, Ian, (1998), “The problem of the historical Nagarjuna revisited”,
2798:
2362:
2298:
2286:
2103:
1906:
1367:
1311:
1123:
1083:
920:
860:
469:
Nāgārjuna himself is often depicted in composite form comprising human and
6621:
6606:
6566:
6263:
5927:
5503:
4035:
3136:
Nagarjuna's Middle Way: Mulamadhyamakakarika (Classics of Indian Buddhism)
1743:
1646:
1638:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1593:
1564:
1554:
1540:
1514:
1474:
1464:
1444:
910:
7808:
7637:
6778:
6763:
6546:
6354:
6282:
6062:
5892:
5794:
5641:
5513:
5274:
5269:
5157:
5095:
4985:
4965:
4735:
4559:
4519:
4509:
4311:
4126:
4010:
3502:, University of Hawai'i Press Volume 68, Number 3, July 2018 pp. 984-1006
2245:
in both causal existence and nonexistence as casual emptiness within the
1856:
900:
885:
880:
654:
340:
61:
7798:
6258:
4930:
3805:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 151.
3485:"Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's encounter with early Buddhism in central Asia",
3212:
Shi huifeng: “Dependent Origination = Emptiness”—Nāgārjuna’s Innovation?
2277:
Nāgārjuna was fully acquainted with the classical Hindu philosophies of
7753:
7711:
7587:
7393:
7318:
6932:
6916:
6878:
6858:
6753:
6728:
6636:
6571:
6551:
6297:
6228:
6099:
5982:
5952:
5887:
5837:
5495:
5485:
5458:
5350:
5045:
5025:
4935:
4890:
4865:
4805:
4800:
4750:
4670:
4644:
4579:
4405:
4358:
4163:
4111:
3347:
3185:
Yìn Shùn, An Investigation into Emptiness (Kōng zhī Tànjìu 空之探究) (1985)
2442:
2432:
2427:
2338:
2282:
2258:
2242:
2229:
Jay L. Garfield describes that Nāgārjuna approached causality from the
2078:
1685:
1548:
1148:
1045:
925:
865:
802:
777:
747:
674:
553:
235:
231:
180:
157:
6773:
5769:
4335:
3235:
On the Soteriological Significance of Emptiness, Contemporary Buddhism
3167:
Westerhoff, Jan. Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction.
2085:
All things (dharma) exist: affirmation of being, negation of non-being
895:
7728:
7701:
6868:
6455:
6371:
6248:
6138:
6111:
6104:
6067:
6024:
5987:
5754:
5719:
5686:
5661:
5616:
5330:
5264:
5241:
5183:
5070:
4905:
4730:
4705:
4624:
4584:
4524:
4322:
4116:
2622:
2224:
2036:
1975:
1669:
1118:
679:
568:
501:
400:
7501:
6337:
6191:
5957:
5739:
5608:
5600:
4070:
3886:
3520:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
3421:
Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nāgārjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way.
3339:
2673:
2302:
1672:
only the first five are the works of Nāgārjuna. TRV Murti considers
1279:
757:
395:
within a thirty-year period at the end of the second century in the
287:(where Nāgārjuna may have lived and worked according to Walser) and
242:
considers him to be "one of the greatest thinkers in the history of
8018:
7858:
7813:
7758:
7723:
7627:
7286:
6853:
6848:
6798:
6733:
6651:
6616:
6611:
6272:
6143:
6131:
6042:
5701:
5398:
5198:
5065:
4955:
4895:
4845:
4840:
4685:
4680:
4639:
4604:
4554:
4489:
4484:
4238:
4075:
3858:
3854:
3100:''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India,''
3087:''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India,''
3056:''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India,''
3043:''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India,''
2974:''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India,''
2961:''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India,''
2935:''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India,''
2909:''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India,''
2719:
2422:
2412:
2370:
2156:
2114:
2027:
1822:
1580:
1426:
1335:
1197:
1098:
940:
930:
855:
845:
792:
709:
669:
560:
505:
497:
493:
424:
420:
376:
Walser thinks that it is most likely that when Nāgārjuna wrote the
288:
228:
209:
152:
149:
84:
6843:
6833:
6818:
6641:
6511:
5779:
5075:
3810:
2863:
SN 12.15 Kaccayanagotta Sutta: To Kaccayana Gotta (on Right View)
1730:
a short text that describes the sevenfold write for a bodhisattva,
995:
975:
970:
523:("Hill of Nāgārjuna"). The ruins of Nāgārjunakoṇḍa are located in
320:
within the fold of nikāya Buddhism." By the second century, early
267:, MMK) is the most important text on the Madhyamaka philosophy of
7763:
7706:
7691:
6838:
6828:
6803:
6678:
6673:
6631:
6601:
6533:
6499:
6386:
6327:
6322:
6176:
6079:
5917:
5867:
5654:
5480:
5231:
5177:
5085:
5080:
5060:
5000:
4990:
4980:
4920:
4870:
4860:
4785:
4775:
4765:
4710:
4544:
4424:
4148:
4025:
4000:
3936:
3643:
Nagarjuniana: Studies in the Writings and Philosophy of Nāgārjuna
3273:
SN 12.15 Kaccayanagotta Sutta: To Kaccayana Gotta (on Right View)
2922:
Nagarjuniana: studies in the writings and philosophy of Nāgārjuna
2278:
2110:
1050:
694:
579:
564:
532:
482:
416:
381:
88:
6450:
6218:
4810:
3840:
Online version of the Suhṛllekha (Letter to a Friend) in English
3790:
3728:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture
3717:
Nagarjuna And The Ratnavali: New Ways To Date An Old Philosopher
2990:
Emptiness Appraised: A Critical Study of Nagarjuna's Philosophy,
1425:(Fundamental Verses of the Middle Way, MMK), available in three
470:
451:
440:
7843:
7828:
7664:
7526:
7506:
7281:
6943:
6823:
6813:
6748:
6376:
6332:
6317:
6307:
6277:
6201:
6084:
5852:
5724:
5468:
5463:
5126:
5090:
5040:
5030:
4925:
4910:
4830:
4820:
4780:
4720:
4715:
4700:
4665:
4614:
4534:
4200:
4030:
3971:
2766:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna.
2015:
1310:). It is the middle way that avoided the substantialism of the
960:
950:
935:
875:
699:
619:
594:
540:
2660:
Bkra-śis-rnam-rgyal (Dwags-po Paṇ-chen), Takpo Tashi Namgyal,
2617:"Notes on the Nagarjunikonda Inscriptions", Dutt, Nalinaksha.
1948:. This work is also only attested in a Chinese translation by
1901:
Meanwhile, Lindtner's list of outright wrong attributions is:
7983:
7818:
7676:
7642:
7622:
7592:
7521:
6938:
6783:
6661:
6656:
6626:
6581:
6428:
6423:
6302:
6007:
5832:
5799:
5789:
5105:
5100:
5010:
4880:
4835:
4745:
4549:
4499:
4448:
4429:
4005:
3966:
3834:
Online version of the Ratnāvalī (Precious Garland) in English
2557:
Studies in the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā and other essays.
2071:
As part of his analysis of the emptiness of phenomena in the
2040:
1093:
965:
945:
486:
3721:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
2891:
2889:
1955:
Other works are extant only in Chinese, one of these is the
1885:
279:
7853:
6646:
6312:
5809:
5110:
4875:
4855:
3961:
2478:
2476:
2474:
3371:, 96-97: "In the Nikayas the quote is found at SN 2.150.".
2139:
Nāgārjuna was also instrumental in the development of the
1967:); one of the three basic treatises of the Sanlun school (
1451:(Pulverizing the Categories), a prose work critiquing the
312:, the Buddhist community was already divided into various
7511:
6047:
3693:
The Philosophy of Nāgārjuna as contained in the Ratnāvalī
3621:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited,
3303:
2886:
2874:
1602:
Mūlamadhyamaka-kārikā, Vigrahavyāvartanī, Śūnyatāsaptati,
1583:'s four hundred. Now only extant in Chinese translation (
704:
330:
were already circulating among certain Mahāyāna circles.
283:
A map of the Satavahana Kingdom, showing the location of
3735:
The Dispeller of Disputes: Nāgārjuna's Vigrahavyāvartanī
3194:
Choong, The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism (1999)
2636:
Unfolding A Mandala: The Buddhist Cave Temples at Ellora
2471:
492:
Traditional sources also claim that Nāgārjuna practised
3464:
1896:
Astadasasunyatasastra, Dharmadhatustava, Yogaratnamala.
1507:), a discourse addressed to an Indian king (possibly a
391:
He also argues that "it is plausible that he wrote the
358:
indicates that if this is true, the king may have been
3452:
3434:
Pyrrhonism: How the Ancient Greeks Reinvented Buddhism
3253:
3229:
3227:
2353:(c. 360 – c. 270 BCE), the founder of this school of
1952:
and is unknown in the Tibetan and Indian traditions.
1757:
only exists in Tibetan, it is a versification of the
454:
rising out of the water are offering Buddhist sutras.
291:(the birthplace of Nāgārjuna according to Kumārajīva)
3742:
Nāgārjuna's Madhyamaka. A Philosophical Introduction
3666:. National Book Trust, New Delhi. 2nd edition: 1978.
3659:. George Allen and Unwin, London. 2nd edition: 1960.
3224:
2948:
Nagarjuna's Catustava, Journal of Indian Philosophy
2010:Nāgārjuna's major thematic focus is the concept of
1579:, it is quoted by Candrakirti in his commentary on
3785:
2662:Mahamudra: The Quintessence of Mind and Meditation
2649:Buddhist Critical Spirituality: Prajñā and Śūnyatā
2786:
2067:Nothing is possible when emptiness is impossible.
1774:only exists in Tibetan, a praise of giving (dana)
1374:600 – c. 650) refers to eight texts by Nagarjuna:
8036:
3836:Translated by Prof. Vidyakaraprabha and Bel-dzek
3560:Nagarjuna: Buddhism's Most Important Philosopher
1742:a verse from this is attributed to Nagarjuna by
3133:
2664:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (1993), p. 443
2326:
2062:sarvaṃ na yujyate tasya śūnyaṃ yasya na yujyate
2651:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (2001), p. 67
2155:and thus making ultimate truth a metaphysical
1847:deals with the formation of mercury compounds.
508:all state that he could turn rocks into gold.
5377:
5142:
3902:
3872:Byoma Kusuma Nepalese Dharmasangha (archived)
3829:Overview of traditional biographical accounts
3569:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism
2674:Buddhist Text & Research Society (1895).
2147:) and the conventional or superficial truth (
2060:sarvaṃ ca yujyate tasya śūnyatā yasya yujyate
1231:
343:accounts that are historically unverifiable.
6159:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
3870:Nārāgjuna vis-à-vis the Āgama-s and Nikāya-s
2333:Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism
1794:only exists in Chinese, a commentary on the
3755:. New York: AIBS/Columbia University Press.
2760:
2758:
2177:, Nāgārjuna drew on an early source in the
2065:All is possible when emptiness is possible.
465:"Nagarjuna Conqueror of the Serpent" (1925)
5384:
5370:
5149:
5135:
3909:
3895:
3614:
3605:
3585:
3565:
3368:
3309:
3287:Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1998, pp. 55–56
3259:
3045:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1981, pp. 28-46.
2895:
2880:
2502:
2500:
2482:
2297:Nāgārjuna was conversant with many of the
2183:, which distinguishes definitive meaning (
1575:), a work the path of the Bodhisattva and
1453:categories used by Indian Nyaya philosophy
1238:
1224:
406:
3562:, 2nd ed. New York: Jackson Square Books.
2793:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 1.
2267:
1886:Attributions which are likely to be false
1736:a madhyamaka text only extant in Tibetan,
1714:, it is cited as Nagarjuna's work in the
1691:
1537:, an anthology of various sutra passages.
1353:
3650:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3546:The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way
3516:
3470:
3458:
3321:
3138:. Wisdom Publications. pp. 175–76.
3134:Siderits, Mark; Katsura, Shoryu (2013).
3127:
2755:
2508:The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way
1986:
457:
445:
364:
278:
7346:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
3876:ZenEssays: Nagarjuna and the Madhyamika
3703:Emptiness: A Study in Religious Meaning
3636:Le Traite de la Grande Vertu de Sagesse
3300:; Harrassowitz Verlag, Weisbaden, 2000.
2946:Fernando Tola & Carmen Dragonetti,
2497:
1831:contains various verses similar to the
1257:
399:region around Dhanyakataka (modern-day
16:3rd-century Indian Buddhist philosopher
8037:
7549:List of Buddhist architecture in China
3766:
3730:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3695:. Part I . Saraswat Library, Calcutta.
3102:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1981, p. 28.
3089:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1981, p. 32.
3058:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1981, p. 27.
2976:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1981, p. 29.
2963:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1981, p. 24.
2924:, Copenhagen: Akademisk forlag, p. 11.
2841:. Shambhala Publications. p. 75.
2341:, particularly the surviving works of
1974:Several works considered important in
1909:(Dà zhìdù lùn), Abudhabodhakaprakarana
1429:manuscripts and numerous translations.
5365:
5130:
3916:
3890:
3608:The Principles of Buddhist Psychology
2984:
2982:
2937:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1981, p. 9.
2911:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1981, p. 8.
2834:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2577:
3751:Lamp that Integrates the Practices:
3423:Motilal Banarsidass, 2005, pp. 2, 5.
2835:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (28 May 2019).
2567:
2565:
2292:
8115:Tibetan Buddhist spiritual teachers
3816:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3778:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3691:Sastri, H. Chatterjee, ed. (1977),
2724:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2173:In articulating this notion in the
1861:Mahayanavimsika, Salistambakarikas,
1336:a permanent and eternal substance (
547:
13:
8125:Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism
7336:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3744:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3737:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3712:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3657:The Central Philosophy of Buddhism
3572:, The University Press of Hawaii,
3548:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3382:The central philosophy of Buddhism
2979:
2805:
2717:
2588:
2574:
2510:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2369:, Pyrrho's teachings are based on
1636:Vigrahavyāvartanī, Śūnyatāsaptati,
1525:), along with a short commentary (
14:
8201:
3760:
3610:, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications
3517:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015).
2562:
1859:, which shows later influences),
1314:as well as the nominalism of the
1298:Utilizing the Buddha's theory of
316:and had spread throughout India.
8017:
8007:
8006:
7564:Thai temple art and architecture
7309:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
5549:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
5415:
5402:
5392:
5156:
3862:
3747:Wedemeyer, Christian K. (2007),
3662:Murty, K. Satchidananda (1971),
3618:A history of Buddhist philosophy
3589:The Philosophy of the Middle Way
2790:Nāgārjunakoṇḍā: A Cultural Study
1785:50 karikas on the Vinaya of the
1783:Mulasarvāstivadisrāmanerakārikā,
1326:, "ll experienced phenomena are
1207:
1196:
618:
593:
43:
8150:2nd-century Indian philosophers
8070:3rd-century Indian philosophers
5416:
3492:
3476:
3439:
3426:
3413:
3410:Dharma Publishing 1997, p. 324.
3400:
3387:
3374:
3315:
3290:
3277:
3265:
3240:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3114:
3105:
3092:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3048:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3004:
2995:
2966:
2953:
2940:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2855:
2828:
2819:
2780:
2771:
2764:Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul.
2746:
2737:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2667:
2654:
2641:
2628:
2619:The Indian Historical Quarterly
2611:
2602:
2238:
1940:1509, "Commentary on the great
1503:(Precious Garland), subtitled (
1400:Vaidalyasutra/Vaidalyaprakarana
7554:Japanese Buddhist architecture
7356:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
6436:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
5627:Places where the Buddha stayed
4249:Progressive utilization theory
3842:Translated by Alexander Berzin
3322:Garfield, Jay L (April 1994).
3285:A Course in Indian Philosophy.
3012:Central philosophy of Buddhism
2549:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2488:
2187:) from interpretable meaning (
1991:Golden statue of Nāgārjuna at
539:nikāyas are known to have had
1:
7569:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
3615:Kalupahana, David J. (1994),
3606:Kalupahana, David J. (1992),
3586:Kalupahana, David J. (1986),
3566:Kalupahana, David J. (1975),
2519:Westerhoff (2009), p. 4.
2459:
2361:'s army and studied with the
2252:
2128:
1982:
1959:or 'Twelve-topic treatise' (*
1517:Pratītyasamutpādahṝdayakārika
295:
217:
8155:Scholars from Andhra Pradesh
7326:Buddhism and the Roman world
7302:Decline of Buddhism in India
7297:History of Buddhism in India
5397: Topics in
3705:. Nashville: Abingdon Press.
3669:Ramanan, K. Venkata (1966),
3447:The Shape of Ancient Thought
2680:. Vol. 3–5. p. 16.
2464:
2408:Acharya Nagarjuna University
2327:Pyrrhonism and its influence
2218:
1740:(Madhyamaka-)Bhavasamkrānti,
1493:(to the Inconceivable), and
1471:(Sixty Verses on Reasoning).
728:Buddhist logico-epistemology
327:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā
7:
8145:Writers from Andhra Pradesh
8080:People from Guntur district
8075:Indian scholars of Buddhism
6524:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
6264:
3861:(public domain audiobooks)
3846:Works by or about Nagarjuna
3767:Westerhoff, Jan Christoph.
3641:Lindtner, Christian (1982).
3271:Thanissaro Bhikkhu (1997).
3001:Westerhoff (2009), pp. 5-6.
2720:"Nagarjuna (c. 150—c. 250)"
2400:
2272:
2117:on the flow of experience.
2049:Chapter 24 verse 14 of the
1925:Svabhavatrayapravesasiddhi.
1877:Nitisastra-Jantuposanabindu
1647:
1639:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1594:
1565:
1555:
1541:
1515:
1475:
1465:
1445:
10:
8206:
8175:Founders of Buddhist sects
8160:2nd-century Indian writers
8090:3rd-century Indian writers
8065:3rd-century Buddhist monks
8060:2nd-century Buddhist monks
7474:The unanswerable questions
3676:Ruegg, D. Seyfort (1981),
3558:Jones, Richard H. (2014),
3528:Princeton University Press
3509:
2787:K. Krishna Murthy (1977).
2699:Walser (2005), pp. 69, 74.
2373:, because the Greek terms
2330:
2256:
2222:
2132:
2003:
1999:
1993:Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery
1561:(Letter to a Good Friend).
1286:, especially those of the
1263:
763:Interdependent origination
274:
21:Nagarjuna (disambiguation)
18:
8055:Mahayana Buddhism writers
8002:
7954:
7869:
7784:
7559:Buddhist temples in Korea
7482:
7384:
7267:
6964:
6892:
6719:
6592:
6532:
6167:
6122:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
6033:
6025:Three planes of existence
5973:
5818:
5710:
5640:
5632:Buddha in world religions
5494:
5439:
5411:
5288:
5240:
5217:
5164:
4658:
4457:
4257:
4226:
4141:
4056:
3987:
3980:
3924:
3544:Garfield, Jay L. (1995),
3076:Lindtner 1982, pp. 11-12.
3067:Lindtner 1982, pp. 14-17.
3032:Lindtner 1982, pp. 12-14.
2988:Burton, David F. (2015).
2743:Walser (2005), pp. 75-76.
2638:, SUNY Press, 1993, p. 17
2634:Geri Hockfield Malandra,
2506:Garfield, Jay L. (1995),
1707:being authentic include:
1485:(Hymn to transcendence),
265:Root Verses on Madhyamaka
227:) was an Indian monk and
199:
171:
140:
123:
113:
109:
95:
80:
68:
54:
42:
37:
30:
8190:3rd-century Indian monks
7341:Persecution of Buddhists
6562:Four stages of awakening
5943:Three marks of existence
5529:Physical characteristics
4436:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
3740:Westerhoff, Jan (2009),
3733:Westerhoff, Jan (2010),
3708:Tuck, Andrew P. (1990),
3655:Murti, T. R. V. (1955),
3555:53 (January 2003): 1-21.
3553:Philosophy East and West
3500:Philosophy East and West
3328:Philosophy East and West
3246:Garfield, J. L. (2002).
2391:three marks of existence
1907:Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa
1881:Niti-sastra-Prajñadanda.
1521:(Verses on the heart of
585:
567:University and wrote on
350:dynasty which ruled the
6704:Ten principal disciples
5587:(aunt, adoptive mother)
4366:Samkhyapravachana Sutra
3802:Encyclopædia Britannica
3726:Walser, Joseph (2005),
3715:Walser, Joseph (2002),
2537:Garfield (1995), p. 87.
2367:Christopher I. Beckwith
1703:Those which he sees as
1678:Pratītyasamutpādahṝdaya
1164:Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo
830:Pre-modern philosophers
738:Buddhism and psychology
544:in the ancient period.
423:region of South India,
407:Traditional hagiography
333:
7414:Buddhism and democracy
6927:Tibetan Buddhist canon
6922:Chinese Buddhist canon
6154:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
6149:Early Buddhist schools
4102:Early Buddhist schools
3881:Mula madhyamaka karika
3671:Nāgārjuna's Philosophy
3592:, Albany: SUNY Press,
3237:, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2003.
3098:Ruegg, David Seyfort,
3085:Ruegg, David Seyfort,
3054:Ruegg, David Seyfort,
3041:Ruegg, David Seyfort,
2972:Ruegg, David Seyfort,
2959:Ruegg, David Seyfort,
2933:Ruegg, David Seyfort,
2907:Ruegg, David Seyfort,
2389:resemble the Buddhist
2268:Comparative philosophy
2205:
2171:
2120:Some scholars such as
2069:
1996:
1928:
1899:
1768:only exists in Tibetan
1734:Dvadasakāranayastotra,
1692:Other attributed works
1668:), while according to
1660:The Tibetan historian
1461:(Proof of Convention).
1441:(The End of Disputes).
1416:
1354:Major attributed works
1320:
743:Buddhist vegetarianism
466:
455:
373:
292:
253:and a defender of the
8170:Indian Buddhist monks
7424:Eight Consciousnesses
5534:Life of Buddha in art
3487:Contemporary Buddhism
3111:Lindtner 1982, p. 11.
3023:Lindtner 1982, p. 10.
2992:pp. 13-14. Routledge.
2920:Lindtner, C. (1982).
2868:29 March 2013 at the
2816:Walser (2005), p. 69.
2777:Walser (2005), p. 72.
2708:Walser (2005), p. 74.
2608:Walser (2005), p. 87.
2599:Walser (2005), p. 66.
2585:Walser (2005), p. 61.
2571:Walser (2005), p. 60.
2546:Walser (2005), p. 43.
2494:Walser (2005) p. 1-3.
2235:dependent origination
2193:
2166:
2057:
1990:
1969:East Asian Madhyamaka
1921:Prajñaparamitastotra,
1913:Guhyasamajatantratika
1903:
1892:
1873:Prajñasatakaprakarana
1837:, it is cited in the
1728:Bodhicittotpādavidhi,
1423:Mūlamadhyamaka-kārikā
1376:
1364:Madhyamakasastrastuti
1300:"dependent arising" (
1296:
1214:Philosophy portal
916:Dharmapala of Nalanda
461:
449:
368:
282:
49:Painting of Nāgārjuna
8185:Jōdo Shin patriarchs
7901:East Asian religions
7331:Buddhism in the West
6902:Early Buddhist texts
6517:Four Right Exertions
5983:Ten spiritual realms
5476:Noble Eightfold Path
5316:Supratiṣṭhitacāritra
5232:Sangharāma (Guān Yǔ)
4540:Brihadratha Ikshvaku
4377:Sarvadarsanasangraha
4154:Acintya bheda abheda
3699:Streng, Frederick J.
3406:Christian Lindtner,
2752:Walser (2005), p. 78
2453:Yogachara-Madhyamaka
2355:sceptical philosophy
2247:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
2213:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
2175:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
2122:Fyodor Shcherbatskoy
2100:anti-foundationalism
2074:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
2052:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
1720:as well as by Atisha
1497:(to Ultimate Truth).
1324:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
1272:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
1266:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
1259:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
1079:Anagarika Dharmapala
260:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
103:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
19:For other uses, see
8165:Indian male writers
8095:Madhyamaka scholars
8024:Religion portal
7771:Temple of the Tooth
7650:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
6689:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
6182:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
5965:Two truths doctrine
5785:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5585:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4600:Dayananda Saraswati
4174:Nimbarka Sampradaya
4098:Buddhist philosophy
2528:Walser (2005) p. 3.
2359:Alexander the Great
2141:two truths doctrine
2135:Two truths doctrine
1965:Dvadasamukha-sastra
1869:Dasabhumtkavibhāsā.
1819:Rasavaisesikasutra,
1792:Dasabhumikavibhāsā,
1567:Bodhisaṃbhāraśāstra
1547:(Exposition of the
1489:(to the Peerless),
1380:(Madhyamaka)karikas
1360:David Seyfort Ruegg
1203:Religion portal
1073:Modern philosophers
783:Two truths doctrine
612:Buddhist philosophy
573:Donald S. Lopez Jr.
360:Yajña Śrī Śātakarṇi
308:. At this point in
251:Buddhist philosophy
191:Two truths doctrine
8085:Mahayana Buddhists
7946:Western philosophy
7544:Dzong architecture
7366:Vipassana movement
7361:Buddhist modernism
6789:Emperor Wen of Sui
6557:Pratyekabuddhayāna
6490:Threefold Training
6292:Vipassana movement
6008:Hungry Ghost realm
5828:Avidyā (Ignorance)
5775:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
5524:Great Renunciation
5519:Eight Great Events
5401:
4211:Pashupata Shaivism
4041:Pashupata Shaivism
3855:Works by Nagarjuna
3787:Rhys Davids, T. W.
3489:, 2016, pp 195-215
3445:Thomas McEvilley,
3432:Adrian Kuzminski,
3419:David Kalupahana,
2950:13 (1):1-54 (1985)
2387:Aristocles Passage
2321:Moggaliputta-Tissa
2239:two truth doctrine
2180:Kaccānagotta Sutta
2102:or a metaphysical
1997:
1825:(biochemical) text
1787:Mulasarvastivadins
1596:Bodhicittavivaraṇa
1543:Bodhicittavivaraṇa
1302:pratitya-samutpada
836:Moggaliputta-Tissa
818:Buddhist modernism
467:
456:
374:
306:Satavahana Kingdom
293:
163:Pure Land Buddhism
128:Eastern philosophy
118:Ancient philosophy
8032:
8031:
7670:Om mani padme hum
7376:Women in Buddhism
7292:Buddhist councils
7162:Western countries
6950:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
6711:Shaolin Monastery
6288:Samatha-vipassanā
5898:Pratītyasamutpāda
5702:Metteyya/Maitreya
5620:
5612:
5604:
5596:
5588:
5580:
5572:
5449:Four Noble Truths
5359:
5358:
5124:
5123:
4976:Pratītyasamutpāda
4137:
4136:
3918:Indian philosophy
3792:"Nāgārjuna"
3723:25 (1-2), 209-262
3686:978-3-447-02204-0
3652:, 118(3): 332–46.
3645:Akademisk forlag.
3483:Stephen Batchelor
3408:Master of Wisdom.
3395:Indian Philosophy
3393:S.Radhakrishnan,
3145:978-1-61429-050-6
3122:Indian philosophy
3120:S.Radhakrishnan,
2848:978-0-8348-4212-0
2718:Berger, Douglas.
2647:Shōhei Ichimura,
2395:Stephen Batchelor
2293:Mahāyāna Buddhism
2231:Four Noble Truths
2020:pratītyasamutpāda
1976:esoteric Buddhism
1797:Dashabhumikasutra
1755:Sālistambakārikā,
1649:Vaidalyaprakaraṇa
1623:Vaidalyaprakaraṇa
1523:Dependent Arising
1447:Vaidalyaprakaraṇa
1439:Vigrahavyāvartanī
1392:Vigrahavyavartani
1308:madhyama pratipad
1248:
1247:
1134:K. N. Jayatilleke
1031:Acariya Anuruddha
229:Mahāyāna Buddhist
203:
202:
133:Indian philosophy
8197:
8140:Monks of Nalanda
8022:
8021:
8010:
8009:
7849:Sacred languages
7697:Maya Devi Temple
7660:Mahabodhi Temple
7464:Secular Buddhism
7429:Engaged Buddhism
6269:
6117:Tibetan Buddhism
6068:Vietnamese Thiền
5667:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
5618:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5586:
5578:
5570:
5419:
5418:
5406:
5396:
5386:
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5372:
5363:
5362:
5204:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
5151:
5144:
5137:
5128:
5127:
4630:Satyakama Jabala
4565:Akshapada Gotama
4515:Gārgī Vāchaknavī
4495:Vāchaspati Misra
4353:Nyayakusumanjali
4287:Bhagavata Purana
4244:Radical Humanism
4216:Shaiva Siddhanta
3985:
3984:
3957:Vedic philosophy
3911:
3904:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3866:
3865:
3850:Internet Archive
3820:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3773:Zalta, Edward N.
3680:, Harrassowitz,
3631:
3611:
3602:
3582:
3541:
3525:
3503:
3496:
3490:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3443:
3437:
3430:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3397:Volume 1, p. 644
3391:
3385:
3378:
3372:
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3301:
3294:
3288:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3233:Siderits, Mark,
3231:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3150:
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3131:
3125:
3124:Volume 1, p. 607
3118:
3112:
3109:
3103:
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2597:
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2535:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2347:Thomas McEvilley
2343:Sextus Empiricus
2145:paramārtha satya
2039:, as opposed to
1957:Shih-erh-men-lun
1853:Dharmadhatustava
1778:Cittavajrastava,
1760:Śālistamba Sūtra
1750:Nirālamba-stava,
1652:
1644:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1599:
1570:
1560:
1546:
1520:
1495:Paramārtha-stava
1487:Niraupamya-stava
1480:
1470:
1450:
1373:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1139:David Kalupahana
798:Buddhist atomism
622:
597:
590:
589:
578:There is also a
548:Other Nāgārjunas
489:or wise person.
463:Nicholas Roerich
314:Buddhist schools
310:Buddhist history
244:Asian philosophy
226:
222:
219:
98:
47:
28:
27:
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8204:
8200:
8199:
8198:
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8028:
8016:
7998:
7950:
7865:
7780:
7517:Ordination hall
7478:
7380:
7351:Buddhist crisis
7263:
6960:
6912:Mahayana sutras
6888:
6884:Thích Nhất Hạnh
6715:
6588:
6528:
6478:Bodhisattva vow
6163:
6029:
5969:
5928:Taṇhā (Craving)
5863:Five hindrances
5814:
5706:
5636:
5490:
5435:
5407:
5390:
5360:
5355:
5341:Viśuddhacāritra
5284:
5236:
5213:
5160:
5155:
5125:
5120:
4946:Parameshashakti
4654:
4590:Ramana Maharshi
4475:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
4453:
4419:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
4393:Tattvacintāmaṇi
4266:Abhinavabharati
4253:
4222:
4196:Sikh Philosophy
4184:Vishishtadvaita
4133:
4052:
3976:
3920:
3915:
3863:
3809:
3763:
3758:
3629:
3600:
3580:
3538:
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3512:
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3481:
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3465:
3457:
3453:
3449:2002 pp 499-505
3444:
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3427:
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3414:
3405:
3401:
3392:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3369:Kalupahana 1975
3367:
3363:
3340:10.2307/1399593
3320:
3316:
3310:Kalupahana 1986
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3260:Kalupahana 1986
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2915:
2906:
2902:
2896:Kalupahana 1992
2894:
2887:
2881:Kalupahana 1994
2879:
2875:
2870:Wayback Machine
2860:
2856:
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2483:Kalupahana 1994
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2472:
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2403:
2365:. According to
2345:, According to
2335:
2329:
2295:
2275:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2227:
2221:
2161:Jay L. Garfield
2137:
2131:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2024:sentient beings
2018:"not-self" and
2008:
2002:
1985:
1888:
1865:Bhavasamkranti,
1841:as by Nagarjuna
1766:Stutytitastava,
1712:Mahāyānavimsika
1694:
1571:(Requisites of
1481:(Four Hymns):
1459:Vyavahārasiddhi
1371:
1356:
1268:
1262:
1244:
1208:
1206:
1195:
1189:
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1184:14th Dalai Lama
1169:Jamgon Kongtrul
1159:Thích Nhất Hạnh
1109:Keiji Nishitani
1074:
1066:
1065:
1016:Abhayakaragupta
831:
823:
822:
733:Buddhist ethics
723:
715:
714:
630:
588:
571:. According to
569:Buddhist tantra
550:
525:Guntur district
409:
371:Amaravati Stupa
369:A model of the
336:
322:Mahāyāna Sūtras
298:
277:
224:
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195:
174:
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96:
91:and philosopher
76:
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50:
33:
24:
17:
12:
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5:
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8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8120:Buddhist yogis
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
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8067:
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7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7581:Greco-Buddhist
7573:
7572:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7532:Burmese pagoda
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7488:
7486:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7390:
7388:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7314:Greco-Buddhism
7311:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7273:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7247:United Kingdom
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7192:Czech Republic
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7142:
7141:
7140:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7071:
7066:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6970:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6956:Abhidharmadīpa
6953:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6898:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6874:B. R. Ambedkar
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6794:Songtsen Gampo
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6725:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6538:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6473:Eight precepts
6470:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6261:
6251:
6246:
6244:Five Strengths
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6184:
6179:
6173:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6039:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5985:
5979:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5883:Mental factors
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5824:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5735:Mahamoggallāna
5732:
5727:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5650:Avalokiteśvara
5646:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5614:
5606:
5598:
5590:
5582:
5574:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5389:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5366:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5336:Viśiṣṭacāritra
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5296:B. R. Ambedkar
5292:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5174:Avalokiteśvara
5170:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5131:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5021:Shabda Brahman
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4971:Pratibimbavada
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4610:Vedanta Desika
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4505:Gautama Buddha
4502:
4500:Uddalaka Aruni
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4387:Tarka-Sangraha
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4330:Mimamsa Sutras
4326:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4300:Buddhist texts
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3852:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3807:
3797:Chisholm, Hugh
3783:
3762:
3761:External links
3759:
3757:
3756:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3713:
3706:
3696:
3689:
3674:
3667:
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3603:
3598:
3583:
3578:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3536:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3491:
3475:
3473:, p. 221.
3463:
3451:
3438:
3425:
3412:
3399:
3386:
3373:
3361:
3314:
3312:, p. 232.
3302:
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3276:
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3252:
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3223:
3214:
3205:
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3187:
3178:
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3126:
3113:
3104:
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3069:
3060:
3047:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3003:
2994:
2978:
2965:
2952:
2939:
2926:
2913:
2900:
2898:, p. 120.
2885:
2883:, p. 161.
2873:
2854:
2847:
2827:
2818:
2804:
2779:
2770:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2666:
2653:
2640:
2627:
2610:
2601:
2587:
2573:
2561:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2496:
2487:
2485:, p. 160.
2469:
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2466:
2463:
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2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2351:Pyrrho of Elis
2328:
2325:
2294:
2291:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2254:
2251:
2220:
2217:
2133:Main article:
2130:
2127:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2004:Main article:
2001:
1998:
1984:
1981:
1942:prajñaparamita
1917:Dvadasadvaraka
1887:
1884:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1839:Tattvasamgraha
1826:
1816:
1811:
1810:a medical text
1805:
1800:
1789:
1780:
1775:
1772:Danaparikatha,
1769:
1763:
1752:
1747:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1717:Tattvasamgraha
1693:
1690:
1682:Sūtrasamuccaya
1589:
1588:
1562:
1552:
1549:awakening mind
1538:
1534:Sūtrasamuccaya
1530:
1512:
1498:
1483:Lokātīta-stava
1472:
1462:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1433:Śūnyatāsaptati
1430:
1408:Sutrasamuccaya
1388:Sunyatasaptati
1366:attributed to
1355:
1352:
1312:Sarvastivadins
1264:Main article:
1261:
1256:
1252:pseudepigrapha
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1191:
1190:
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1179:Gendün Chöphel
1176:
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1156:
1151:
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1141:
1136:
1131:
1129:Mahasi Sayadaw
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1104:Kitaro Nishida
1101:
1096:
1091:
1089:B. R. Ambedkar
1086:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:Ratnākaraśānti
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
956:Guifeng Zongmi
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
841:Katyāyāniputra
838:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
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623:
615:
614:
608:
607:
599:
598:
587:
584:
549:
546:
529:Andhra Pradesh
521:Nāgārjunakoṇḍa
515:Some sources (
483:Jain mythology
436:Prajñāpāramitā
408:
405:
388:sub-schools).
352:Deccan Plateau
341:hagiographical
335:
332:
297:
294:
276:
273:
257:movement. His
240:Jan Westerhoff
201:
200:
197:
196:
194:
193:
188:
183:
177:
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160:
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138:
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110:
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82:
78:
77:
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70:
66:
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60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8202:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
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8151:
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8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8110:Telugu people
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
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8058:
8056:
8053:
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8048:
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8042:
8040:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8013:
8005:
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8001:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7957:
7953:
7947:
7944:
7942:
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7909:
7907:
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7902:
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7895:
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7887:
7886:
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7880:
7877:
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7857:
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7827:
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7812:
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7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7786:Miscellaneous
7783:
7777:
7776:Vegetarianism
7774:
7772:
7769:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
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7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
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7690:
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7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
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7648:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7598:Buddha in art
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
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7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7485:
7481:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7383:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7252:United States
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7143:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6963:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6951:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6809:Padmasambhava
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6721:Major figures
6718:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6667:Western tulku
6665:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6531:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6468:Five precepts
6466:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6446:Dhamma vicaya
6444:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6214:Buddhābhiṣeka
6212:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5858:Enlightenment
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:Dhamma theory
5846:
5844:
5843:Buddha-nature
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5682:Samantabhadra
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5615:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5583:
5581:
5575:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5387:
5382:
5380:
5375:
5373:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:Supuṣpacandra
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5301:Bhaiṣajyarāja
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5250:Padmasambhava
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5189:Samantabhadra
5187:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5147:
5145:
5140:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:Parinama-vada
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:Padmasambhāva
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:Maṇḍana Miśra
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:Abhinavagupta
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4443:Yoga Vasistha
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:All 108 texts
4334:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4306:Dharmashastra
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4280:Bhagavad Gita
4277:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4234:Integral yoga
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:Shuddhadvaita
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3634:Lamotte, E.,
3633:
3630:
3628:9780824814021
3624:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3599:9780887061486
3595:
3591:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:9780824802981
3575:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3537:9781400866328
3533:
3529:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3501:
3495:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3472:
3471:Beckwith 2015
3467:
3461:, p. 28.
3460:
3459:Beckwith 2015
3455:
3448:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3409:
3403:
3396:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3334:(2): 219–50.
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3286:
3283:A.K. Warder,
3280:
3274:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3117:
3108:
3101:
3095:
3088:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3013:
3007:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2917:
2910:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2749:
2740:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:gymnosophists
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2281:and even the
2280:
2265:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1994:
1989:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:Dvadasanikaya
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1930:Notably, the
1927:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:(Hymn to the
1854:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:Bhāvanākrama,
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:rajaparikatha
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:Acintya-stava
1488:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:According to
1351:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:P. A. Payutto
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Hajime Tanabe
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:Sakya Chokden
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Je Tsongkhapa
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:Sakya Pandita
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:Jñanasrimitra
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
827:
826:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:Buddha-nature
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
788:Dharma theory
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
719:
718:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
665:Lokottaravāda
663:
661:
660:Prajñaptivāda
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
626:
625:
621:
617:
616:
613:
610:
609:
605:
601:
600:
596:
592:
591:
583:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
545:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
464:
460:
453:
448:
444:
442:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
404:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
372:
367:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
331:
329:
328:
323:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:Kushan Empire
290:
286:
281:
272:
270:
266:
262:
261:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:
225: 250 CE
215:
212:: नागार्जुन,
211:
207:
198:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
176:
173:Notable ideas
170:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
148:
147:
145:
143:
139:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
108:
105:
104:
100:
94:
90:
86:
83:
81:Occupation(s)
79:
71:
67:
63:
57:
53:
46:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
8130:Bodhisattvas
7964:Bodhisattvas
7884:Christianity
7879:Baháʼí Faith
7744:Dharmachakra
7734:Prayer wheel
7724:Prayer beads
7492:Architecture
7371:969 Movement
7155:Saudi Arabia
7133:Central Asia
7126:South Africa
6948:
6931:
6864:Panchen Lama
6769:Buddhapālita
6743:
6365:Satipatthana
6360:Mindful Yoga
6273:Recollection
6187:Brahmavihara
6058:Japanese Zen
6053:Chinese Chan
6013:Animal realm
5820:Key concepts
5642:Bodhisattvas
5454:Three Jewels
5345:
5306:Candraprabha
5158:Bodhisattvas
5051:Iccha-mrityu
5016:Satkaryavada
4916:Nididhyasana
4901:Matsya Nyaya
4635:Madhvacharya
4569:
4465:Adi Shankara
4458:Philosophers
4441:
4434:
4417:
4398:
4391:
4382:Shiva Sutras
4372:Sangam texts
4364:
4357:
4348:Nyāya Sūtras
4328:
4321:
4304:
4294:Brahma Sutra
4293:
4285:
4278:
4273:Arthashastra
4271:
4264:
4206:Pratyabhijna
4086:Anekantavada
3814:
3800:
3776:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3709:
3702:
3692:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3617:
3607:
3588:
3568:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3519:
3499:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3446:
3441:
3433:
3428:
3420:
3415:
3407:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3364:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3234:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3135:
3129:
3121:
3116:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3086:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3011:
3006:
2997:
2989:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2876:
2857:
2837:
2830:
2821:
2789:
2782:
2773:
2768:2007. p. 242
2765:
2748:
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2723:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2618:
2613:
2604:
2556:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2507:
2490:
2438:Śāntarakṣita
2418:Buddhapālita
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2336:
2314:
2307:
2296:
2287:Nyaya Sutras
2276:
2262:
2228:
2212:
2209:Samyuktagama
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2149:saṃvṛtisatya
2148:
2144:
2138:
2119:
2108:
2104:anti-realism
2097:
2072:
2070:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2031:
2009:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1933:Dà zhìdù lùn
1931:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1803:Lokapariksā,
1802:
1796:
1791:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1641:Yuktiṣāṣṭika
1640:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1607:Yuktiṣāṣṭika
1606:
1601:
1595:
1590:
1566:
1556:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1516:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1467:Yuktiṣāṣṭika
1466:
1458:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:Yuktisastika
1383:
1379:
1377:
1363:
1357:
1345:
1344:mere names (
1337:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1316:Sautrantikas
1307:
1301:
1297:
1292:Sutta-nipata
1291:
1288:Atthakavagga
1287:
1271:
1269:
1258:
1249:
1194:
1124:D. T. Suzuki
1084:Ledi Sayadaw
986:Śāntarakṣita
921:Chandrakirti
906:Buddhapālita
871:Saṃghabhadra
850:
635:Vibhajyavāda
577:
558:
554:doxographers
551:
514:
510:
491:
468:
433:
410:
392:
390:
386:Mahāsāṃghika
384:(which were
377:
375:
345:
337:
325:
324:such as the
318:
299:
264:
258:
248:
213:
205:
204:
101:
97:Notable work
25:
8105:Ontologists
8100:Mahasiddhas
7809:Dharma talk
7638:Asalha Puja
7434:Eschatology
7237:Switzerland
7217:New Zealand
7145:Middle East
7054:Philippines
6974:Afghanistan
6779:Bodhidharma
6764:Buddhaghosa
6684:Householder
6594:Monasticism
6547:Bodhisattva
6402:Prostration
6355:Mindfulness
6283:Anapanasati
6266:Kammaṭṭhāna
6063:Korean Seon
6003:Asura realm
5998:Human realm
5938:Ten Fetters
5893:Parinirvana
5795:Uppalavanna
5760:Mahākaccana
5745:Mahākassapa
5677:Kṣitigarbha
5672:Ākāśagarbha
5569:Suddhodāna
5514:Four sights
5441:Foundations
5326:Sūryaprabha
5275:Sitātapatrā
5270:Vajrasattva
5209:Ākāśagarbha
5194:Kṣitigarbha
5096:Vivartavada
4986:Rājamaṇḍala
4941:Paramananda
4741:Apauruṣheyā
4736:Anupalabdhi
4595:Vivekananda
4560:Dharmakirti
4520:Buddhaghosa
4510:Yājñavalkya
4317:Jain Agamas
4312:Hindu texts
4191:Navya-Nyāya
4127:Svatantrika
4122:Sautrāntika
4011:Vaisheshika
3811:"Nagarjuna"
3769:"Nāgārjuna"
3380:TRV Murti,
3250:, pp. 38–39
3248:Empty words
3014:, pp. 89–91
3010:TRV Murti,
2559:2005. p. 96
2153:neo-Kantian
1857:Dharmadhatu
1845:Rasratnakar
1834:Lankavatara
1814:Prajñadanda
1808:Yogasataka,
1744:Bhavaviveka
1368:Candrakirti
1061:Mikyö Dorje
981:Jñānagarbha
901:Dharmakirti
886:Buddhadatta
881:Buddhaghosa
685:Pramāṇavāda
655:Pudgalavada
650:Sautrāntika
541:monasteries
537:Bahuśrutīya
232:philosopher
62:South India
8180:Sanron-shū
8050:250 deaths
8045:150 births
8039:Categories
7926:Psychology
7906:Gnosticism
7894:Comparison
7889:Influences
7871:Comparison
7754:Bhavacakra
7712:Kushinagar
7687:Pilgrimage
7633:Māgha Pūjā
7588:Bodhi Tree
7404:Buddhology
7394:Abhidharma
7386:Philosophy
7319:Menander I
7187:Costa Rica
7138:Uzbekistan
6979:Bangladesh
6933:Dhammapada
6917:Pali Canon
6879:Ajahn Chah
6859:Dalai Lama
6759:Kumārajīva
6754:Vasubandhu
6729:The Buddha
6637:Zen master
6572:Sakadagami
6552:Buddhahood
6483:Pratimokṣa
6298:Shikantaza
6254:Meditation
6229:Deity yoga
6100:Madhyamaka
5993:Deva realm
5888:Mindstream
5838:Bodhicitta
5750:Aṅgulimāla
5617:Devadatta
5593:Yaśodharā
5496:The Buddha
5486:Middle Way
5046:Svātantrya
4936:Paramatman
4891:Kshetrajna
4866:Ishvaratva
4806:Cittabhumi
4801:Chidabhasa
4751:Asiddhatva
4671:Abhasavada
4645:Guru Nanak
4580:Vasubandhu
4406:Upanishads
4400:Tirukkuṟaḷ
4359:Panchadasi
4164:Bhedabheda
4112:Madhyamaka
3952:Monotheism
3749:Āryadeva's
2460:References
2443:Sun Simiao
2433:Middle Way
2428:Kamalasila
2383:anepikrita
2379:astathmēta
2339:Pyrrhonism
2331:See also:
2283:Vaiseshika
2259:Relativism
2257:See also:
2253:Relativity
2243:Middle Way
2223:See also:
2129:Two truths
2079:tetralemma
1995:, Scotland
1983:Philosophy
1950:Kumārajīva
1686:Shantideva
1666:rigs chogs
1655:Ratnāvalī,
1615:Catuḥstava
1557:Suhṛllekha
1509:Satavahana
1477:Catuḥstava
1149:Buddhadasa
1046:Longchenpa
1006:Ratnakīrti
991:Haribhadra
926:Shantideva
891:Dhammapāla
866:Vasubandhu
861:Harivarman
778:Middle Way
748:Abhidharma
675:Madhyamaka
645:Vaibhāṣika
629:Traditions
413:Kumārajīva
348:Sātavāhana
296:Background
285:Amaravathi
236:Madhyamaka
223: – c.
221: 150
181:Madhyamaka
158:Madhyamaka
7994:Festivals
7974:Buddhists
7936:Theosophy
7739:Symbolism
7729:Hama yumi
7702:Bodh Gaya
7469:Socialism
7444:Evolution
7419:Economics
7257:Venezuela
7172:Australia
7167:Argentina
7091:Sri Lanka
7086:Singapore
7004:Indonesia
6966:Countries
6907:Tripiṭaka
6869:Ajahn Mun
6744:Nagarjuna
6739:Aśvaghoṣa
6622:Anagārika
6617:Śrāmaṇerī
6612:Śrāmaṇera
6607:Bhikkhunī
6567:Sotāpanna
6456:Passaddhi
6397:Offerings
6372:Nekkhamma
6249:Iddhipada
6169:Practices
6139:Theravada
6112:Vajrayana
6105:Yogachara
6075:Pure Land
5988:Six Paths
5975:Cosmology
5755:Anuruddha
5730:Sāriputta
5720:Kaundinya
5712:Disciples
5687:Vajrapāṇi
5539:Footprint
5504:Tathāgata
5351:Śāntideva
5346:Nagarjuna
5331:Vasudhārā
5265:Vajrapāṇi
5255:Mandāravā
5242:Vajrayana
4906:Mithyatva
4796:Chaitanya
4791:Catuṣkoṭi
4756:Asatkalpa
4731:Anavastha
4706:Aishvarya
4625:Sakayanya
4620:Sadananda
4585:Gaudapada
4570:Nagarjuna
4525:Patañjali
4341:Principal
4323:Kamasutra
4117:Yogachara
4036:Raseśvara
3664:Nagarjuna
2623:Amaravati
2465:Citations
2375:adiaphora
2309:Tripiṭaka
2225:Causality
2219:Causality
2037:existence
1674:Ratnāvalī
1670:Tāranātha
1629:Ratnāvalī
1577:paramitas
1573:awakening
1527:Vyākhyāna
1511:monarch).
1501:Ratnāvalī
1412:Samstutis
1404:Ratnavali
1346:prajnapti
1276:Kaccayana
1174:Ju Mipham
1144:Ñāṇananda
1119:Masao Abe
911:Bhāviveka
851:Nagarjuna
803:Suffering
768:Emptiness
690:Vajrayana
680:Yogachara
640:Theravāda
502:Taranatha
496:alchemy (
494:ayurvedic
427:in south
401:Amaravati
393:Ratnavali
378:Ratnavali
356:Amarāvatī
269:emptiness
214:Nāgārjuna
206:Nagarjuna
87:teacher,
72:c. 250 CE
58:c. 150 CE
38:नागार्जुन
32:Nāgārjuna
8135:Rangtong
8012:Category
7941:Violence
7911:Hinduism
7859:Sanskrit
7814:Hinayana
7799:Amitābha
7759:Swastika
7628:Uposatha
7618:Holidays
7603:Calendar
7449:Humanism
7287:Kanishka
7277:Timeline
7101:Thailand
7069:Kalmykia
7064:Buryatia
7049:Pakistan
7034:Mongolia
7029:Maldives
7024:Malaysia
6989:Cambodia
6854:Shamarpa
6849:Nichiren
6799:Xuanzang
6734:Nagasena
6652:Rinpoche
6382:Pāramitā
6224:Devotion
6144:Navayana
6132:Dzogchen
6095:Nichiren
6043:Mahayana
6035:Branches
5913:Saṅkhāra
5662:Mañjuśrī
5619:(cousin)
5611:(cousin)
5579:(mother)
5571:(father)
5559:Miracles
5509:Birthday
5426:Glossary
5399:Buddhism
5199:Maitreya
5184:Mañjuśrī
5071:Tanmatra
5066:Tajjalan
5056:Syādvāda
4956:Pradhana
4931:Padārtha
4896:Lakshana
4841:Ekagrata
4686:Adrishta
4681:Adarsana
4659:Concepts
4640:Mahavira
4605:Ramanuja
4555:Chanakya
4490:Avatsara
4485:Valluvar
4425:Vedangas
4239:Gandhism
4142:Medieval
4091:Syādvāda
4076:Charvaka
4048:Pāṇiniya
3942:Idealism
3859:LibriVox
3789:(1911).
3701:(1967),
3356:51932733
2866:Archived
2423:Buddhism
2413:Aryadeva
2401:See also
2371:Buddhism
2273:Hinduism
2189:neyārtha
2185:nītārtha
2157:noumenon
2115:svabhāva
2028:svabhāva
1867:and the
1823:rasayana
1581:Aryadeva
1427:Sanskrit
1338:svabhava
1282:and the
1099:Yin Shun
941:Xuanzang
931:Sengzhao
856:Aryadeva
846:Nagasena
793:Svabhava
758:Not-self
710:Dzogchen
705:Zen/Chán
670:Mahayana
604:a series
602:Part of
561:Rasayana
506:Xuanzang
498:rasayāna
479:Buddhist
425:Xuanzang
421:Vidarbha
382:Caityaka
304:and the
289:Vidarbha
255:Mahāyāna
210:Sanskrit
153:Buddhism
150:Mahāyāna
85:Buddhist
7989:Temples
7969:Buddhas
7931:Science
7921:Judaism
7916:Jainism
7834:Lineage
7794:Abhijñā
7764:Thangka
7707:Sarnath
7692:Lumbini
7613:Funeral
7608:Cuisine
7484:Culture
7459:Reality
7409:Creator
7399:Atomism
7269:History
7242:Ukraine
7202:Germany
7121:Senegal
7111:Vietnam
7039:Myanmar
6839:Shinran
6829:Karmapa
6804:Shandao
6774:Dignāga
6699:Śrāvaka
6679:Donchee
6674:Kappiya
6632:Sayadaw
6602:Bhikkhu
6577:Anāgāmi
6534:Nirvana
6500:Samadhi
6387:Paritta
6328:Tonglen
6323:Mandala
6278:Smarana
6259:Mantras
6207:Upekkha
6177:Bhavana
6127:Shingon
6080:Tiantai
5933:Tathātā
5923:Śūnyatā
5918:Skandha
5908:Saṃsāra
5903:Rebirth
5878:Kleshas
5868:Indriya
5770:Subhūti
5655:Guanyin
5609:Ānanda
5601:Rāhula
5481:Nirvana
5421:Outline
5219:Chinese
5178:Guanyin
5116:More...
5086:Upekkhā
5081:Uparati
5061:Taijasa
5036:Śūnyatā
5006:Saṃsāra
5001:Samadhi
4966:Prakṛti
4921:Nirvāṇa
4871:Jivatva
4861:Ikshana
4816:Devatas
4786:Bhumika
4776:Brahman
4766:Avyakta
4711:Akrodha
4691:Advaita
4650:More...
4545:Jaimini
4449:More...
4159:Advaita
4149:Vedanta
4107:Śūnyatā
4066:Ājīvika
4058:Nāstika
4026:Vedanta
4021:Mīmāṃsā
4001:Samkhya
3981:Ancient
3937:Atomism
3932:Atheism
3848:at the
3799:(ed.).
3775:(ed.).
3510:Sources
3384:, p. 92
3348:1399593
2799:4541213
2677:Journal
2448:Śūnyatā
2385:in the
2299:Śrāvaka
2279:Samkhya
2111:nirvana
2016:anātman
2012:śūnyatā
2006:Śūnyatā
2000:Sunyata
1946:Lamotte
1705:perhaps
1402:), the
1328:empty (
1322:In the
1290:of the
1280:Nikayas
1051:Gorampa
1036:Dolpopa
1026:Rongzom
896:Dignāga
813:Nirvana
695:Tiāntāi
565:Nālandā
533:Caitika
517:Bu-ston
417:Brahmin
275:History
234:of the
186:Śūnyatā
7984:Sutras
7979:Suttas
7844:Siddhi
7829:Koliya
7804:Brahmā
7719:Poetry
7665:Mantra
7655:Kasaya
7527:Pagoda
7507:Kyaung
7502:Vihāra
7497:Temple
7439:Ethics
7282:Ashoka
7232:Sweden
7227:Poland
7222:Norway
7212:Mexico
7197:France
7182:Canada
7177:Brazil
7116:Africa
7096:Taiwan
7059:Russia
6984:Bhutan
6944:Vinaya
6824:Naropa
6814:Saraha
6749:Asanga
6505:Prajñā
6414:Refuge
6377:Nianfo
6338:Tertön
6333:Tantra
6318:Ganana
6308:Tukdam
6234:Dhyāna
6202:Mudita
6197:Karuṇā
6090:Risshū
6085:Huayan
6018:Naraka
5958:Anattā
5953:Dukkha
5948:Anicca
5853:Dharma
5805:Channa
5740:Ānanda
5725:Assaji
5692:Skanda
5595:(wife)
5564:Family
5544:Relics
5469:Sangha
5464:Dharma
5459:Buddha
5227:Skanda
5091:Utsaha
5041:Sutram
5031:Sthiti
5026:Sphoṭa
4996:Sakshi
4981:Puruṣa
4961:Prajna
4926:Niyama
4886:Kasaya
4831:Dravya
4821:Dharma
4781:Bhuman
4771:Bhrama
4726:Ananta
4721:Anatta
4716:Aksara
4701:Ahimsa
4676:Abheda
4666:Abhava
4615:Raikva
4535:Kapila
4530:Kanada
4227:Modern
4201:Shaiva
4169:Dvaita
4071:Ajñana
4031:Shaiva
3989:Āstika
3972:Moksha
3925:Topics
3684:
3625:
3596:
3576:
3534:
3354:
3346:
3142:
2845:
2797:
2317:āgamas
2303:nikāya
1938:Taisho
1662:Buston
1587:1660).
1585:Taisho
1410:, and
1406:, the
1398:(i.e.
1396:Vidala
1394:, the
1390:, the
1386:, the
1382:, the
1362:, the
1284:Agamas
961:Wonhyo
951:Fazang
936:Jizang
876:Asanga
753:Ahimsa
722:Themes
700:Huayan
531:. The
429:Kosala
397:Andhra
142:School
124:Region
7956:Lists
7824:Kalpa
7819:Iddhi
7682:Music
7677:Mudra
7643:Vassa
7623:Vesak
7593:Budai
7539:Candi
7522:Stupa
7454:Logic
7207:Italy
7106:Tibet
7044:Nepal
7014:Korea
7009:Japan
6999:India
6994:China
6939:Sutra
6894:Texts
6844:Dōgen
6834:Hōnen
6819:Atiśa
6784:Zhiyi
6694:Achar
6662:Tulku
6657:Geshe
6642:Rōshi
6627:Ajahn
6582:Arhat
6542:Bodhi
6512:Vīrya
6429:Sacca
6424:Satya
6419:Sādhu
6407:Music
6350:Merit
6343:Terma
6303:Zazen
6239:Faith
6192:Mettā
5873:Karma
5833:Bardo
5800:Asita
5790:Khema
5780:Upāli
5765:Nanda
5603:(son)
5577:Māyā
5554:Films
5431:Index
5289:Other
5280:Cundī
5166:Major
5106:Yamas
5101:Viraj
5076:Tyāga
5011:Satya
4911:Mokṣa
4881:Karma
4836:Dhrti
4761:Ātman
4746:Artha
4550:Vyasa
4430:Vedas
4411:Minor
4258:Texts
4006:Nyaya
3997:Hindu
3967:Artha
3947:Logic
3795:. In
3771:. In
3524:(PDF)
3352:S2CID
3344:JSTOR
2729:2 May
2041:being
2032:empty
1330:sunya
1094:Taixu
996:Atiśa
976:Dōgen
971:Kūkai
966:Jinul
946:Zhiyi
773:Karma
586:Works
487:arhat
475:Hindu
452:nagas
441:nāgas
75:India
7854:Pāḷi
7839:Māra
7749:Flag
7150:Iran
7074:Tuva
7019:Laos
6647:Lama
6495:Śīla
6463:Śīla
6451:Pīti
6441:Sati
6392:Puja
6313:Koan
6219:Dāna
5810:Yasa
5697:Tārā
5260:Tārā
5111:Yoga
4876:Kama
4856:Idam
4851:Hitā
4846:Guṇa
4811:Dāna
4696:Aham
4100:and
4081:Jain
4016:Yoga
3962:Kama
3682:ISBN
3623:ISBN
3594:ISBN
3574:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3436:2008
3140:ISBN
2861:See
2843:ISBN
2795:OCLC
2731:2017
2381:and
2233:and
1963:or *
1923:and
1879:and
1863:the
1680:and
1653:and
1627:and
1592:the
1378:the
1270:The
580:Jain
535:and
504:and
481:and
471:nāga
443:.
403:)."
334:Life
89:monk
69:Died
55:Born
7576:Art
7512:Wat
6048:Zen
5311:Niō
4991:Ṛta
4826:Dhi
3857:at
3336:doi
2191:):
1971:).
1631:.
1350:."
246:."
114:Era
8041::
7078:ru
3999::
3813:.
3719:,
3530:.
3526:.
3350:.
3342:.
3332:44
3330:.
3326:.
3226:^
2981:^
2888:^
2807:^
2757:^
2722:.
2625:."
2590:^
2576:^
2564:^
2499:^
2473:^
2377:,
2215:.
2106:.
2043:.
1919:,
1915:,
1911:,
1875:,
1821:a
1688:.
1676:,
1645:,
1619:,
1611:,
1551:).
1529:).
1372:c.
1294:.
606:on
527:,
477:,
431:)
218:c.
216:;
7080:)
7076:(
6294:)
6290:(
5385:e
5378:t
5371:v
5180:)
5176:(
5150:e
5143:t
5136:v
3910:e
3903:t
3896:v
3819:.
3781:.
3688:.
3540:.
3358:.
3338::
3262:.
3148:.
2851:.
2801:.
2733:.
1936:(
1746:.
1722:,
1455:.
1370:(
1348:)
1340:)
1332:)
1318:.
1304:)
1239:e
1232:t
1225:v
263:(
208:(
23:.
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