1298:
346:
32:
285:(HRT), which seeks to unlearn the habit of nail biting and possibly replace it with a more constructive habit, has shown its effectiveness versus placebo in children and adults. A study in children showed that results with HRT were superior to either no treatment at all or the manipulation of objects as an alternative behavior, which is another possible approach to treatment. In addition to HRT,
116:. The ICD-10 classifies the practice as "other specified behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence". However, not all nail biting is pathological, and the difference between harmful obsession and normal behavior is not always clear. The earliest reference to nail biting as a symptom of anxiety was in the late sixteenth century in France.
366:). Although there does not seem to be a gender correlation, results of epidemiological studies on this issue are not fully consistent. It may be under-recognized since individuals tend to deny or be ignorant of its negative consequences, complicating its diagnosis. Having a parent with a mental disorder is also a
336:
Independently of the method used, parental education is useful in the case of young nail biters to maximize the efficacy of the treatment programs, as some behaviors by the parents or other family members may be helping to perpetuate the problem. For example, punishments have been shown not to be
301:
Another treatment for chronic nail biters is the usage of a dental deterrent device that prevents the front teeth from damaging the nails and the surrounding cuticles. After about two months, the device leads to a full oppression of the nail biting urge.
297:
and the use of wristbands as non-removable reminders. More recently, technology companies have begun producing wearable devices and smart watch applications that track the position of users' hands but no research has been published so far.
357:
engage in nail biting. Finally, prevalence decreases in adults. Figures may vary between studies, and could be related to geographic and cultural differences. The proportion of subjects that have ever had the habit
1251:
1231:
289:
therapy is used to both identify and then eliminate the stimulus that frequently triggers biting urges. Other behavioral techniques that have been investigated with preliminary positive results are
124:
Nail biting may lead to harmful effects to the fingers, like infections. These consequences are directly derived from the physical damage of biting or from the hands becoming an infection
131:
The ten fingernails are usually equally bitten to approximately the same degree. Often, the adjacent skin is bitten off, too, which is called perionychophagia, a special case of
888:
Bate, KS; Malouff, JM; Thorsteinsson, ET; Bhullar, N (July 2011). "The efficacy of habit reversal therapy for tics, habit disorders, and stuttering: a meta-analytic review".
1330:
1093:
Ghanizadeh, A; Derakhshan, N; Berk, M (2013). "N-acetylcysteine versus placebo for treating nail biting, a double blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial".
1955:
154:
may then redden and infect the skin. In rare cases, fingernails may become severely deformed after years of nail biting due to the destruction of the nail bed.
104:
Nail biting is very common, especially amongst children. 25–35 percent of children bite nails. More pathological forms of nails biting are considered an
1025:
Koritzky, G; Yechiam, E (Nov 2011). "On the value of nonremovable reminders for behavior modification: an application to nail-biting (onychophagia)".
810:
Mangweth-Matzek B, Rupp CI, Hausmann A, Gusmerotti S, Kemmler G, Biebl W (2010). "Eating disorders in men: current features and childhood factors".
1323:
294:
988:"Complementary medicine, self-help, and lifestyle interventions for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and the OCD spectrum: A systematic review"
224:(the urge to pull out hair), and all of them tend to coexist with nail biting. As an oral parafunctional activity, it is also associated with
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1859:
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While it is rare before the age of three, about 30 percent of children between seven and 10 years of age and 45 percent of
2439:
1587:
853:
Allen KW (March 1996). "Chronic nailbiting: a controlled comparison of competing response and mild aversion treatments".
614:
Tanaka OM, Vitral RW, Tanaka GY, Guerrero AP, Camargo ES (August 2008). "Nailbiting, or onychophagia: a special habit".
2769:
1689:
1664:
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1370:
1347:
1339:
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2193:
925:"Habit Reversal versus Object Manipulation Training for Treating Nail Biting: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial"
504:
252:
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1804:
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modulator, could, in the short term only, be more effective than placebo in decreasing the nail-biting behavior.
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is used, the most bitter chemical compound known. The bitter flavor discourages the nail-biting habit.
568:
Jabr FI (September 2005). "Severe nail deformity. Nail biting may cause multiple adverse conditions".
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2003:
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The most common treatment, which is cheap and widely available, is to apply a clear, bitter-tasting
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2008:
1983:
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Bohne A, Keuthen N, Wilhelm S (2005). "Pathologic hairpulling, skin picking, and nail biting".
128:. Moreover, it can also have social consequences, such as withdrawal and avoiding handshakes.
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Evidence on the efficacy of drugs is very limited, and they are not routinely used. A small
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763:"Impulse-control disorders in children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder"
8:
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101:, the common use of the mouth for an activity other than speaking, eating, or drinking.
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Nail-biting can be a source of guilt and shame feelings in the nail biter, a reduced
44:
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better than placebo, and in some cases may even increase the nail biting frequency.
185:. If the bitten-off nails are swallowed, stomach problems can occasionally develop.
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1173:"Onychophagia and onychotillomania: prevalence, clinical picture and comorbidities"
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Pacan, P; Grzesiak, M; Reich, A; Kantorska-Janiec, M; Szepietowski, JC (Jan 2014).
1137:
1128:
Iorizzo M, Piraccini BM, Tosti A (March 2007). "Nail cosmetics in nail disorders".
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139:. When cuticles are improperly removed, they are susceptible to microbial and
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and are classified under obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in the
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228:(tooth clenching and grinding), and other habits such as pen chewing and
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83:
60:
1223:
923:
Ghanizadeh, A; Bazrafshan, A; Firoozabadi, A; Dehbozorgi, G (Jun 2013).
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Damaged cuticles, shortened and damaged nails, hangnails, bleeding, etc.
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2018:
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Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in
Medicinal Chemistry
649:
Pacan, P; Reich, A; Grzesiak, M; Szepietowski, JC (Feb 17, 2014).
251:(21%). It is also more common among children and adolescents with
362:) may be much higher than the proportion of current nail-biters (
225:
170:
158:
136:
255:. Nail biting appeared in a study to be more common in men with
157:
Nail biting may have an association with oral problems, such as
2125:
1940:
1297:
1235:
651:"Onychophagia is Associated with Impairment of Quality of Life"
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151:
109:
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31:
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1903:
761:
Grant JE, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA (January 2010).
140:
113:
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736:(7th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p.
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in the inner family circles or at a more societal level.
1092:
2349:
986:
Sarris, Jerome; Camfield, David; Berk, Michael (2012).
732:
Cawson's essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine
281:
is beneficial when simpler measures are not effective.
1338:
235:
In children nail biting most typically co-occurs with
1494:
1127:
1213:
448:"Nail biting; etiology, consequences and management"
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333:can help to ameliorate nail biting social effects.
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985:
487:Aboujaoude, Elias; Koran, Lorrin M., eds. (2009).
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239:(75% of nail biting cases in a study), and other
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966:"Skin picking and nail biting: related habits"
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177:buried under the surface of the nail from the
135:. Biting nails can lead to broken skin on the
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315:in children and adolescents indicated that N-
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16:Compulsive habit of biting one's fingernails
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683:
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2384:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
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525:Leung AK, Robson WL (1990). "Nailbiting".
513:
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30:
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463:
2647:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
2243:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
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968:. Western Suffolk Psychological Services
852:
344:
237:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1071:Nail biting deterrent device and method
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728:Cawson RA, Odell EW, Porter S (2002).
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2350:Physiological and physical behavior
1068:Davinroy, Donald L. (Oct 2, 2008),
452:Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences
13:
2296:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
1690:Emotional and behavioral disorders
1340:Emotional and behavioral disorders
963:
14:
2791:
2750:Conditions of the skin appendages
2476:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
1209:
206:body-focused repetitive behaviors
97:. It is sometimes described as a
2745:Body-focused repetitive behavior
1776:X-linked intellectual disability
1296:
1142:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2007.00290.x
390:. SteadyHealth. 30 December 2010
1605:Intermittent explosive disorder
1530:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
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340:
2248:Dissociative identity disorder
1513:Adult personality and behavior
992:Journal of Affective Disorders
779:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.006
721:
616:Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
480:
380:
1:
1437:Stereotypic movement disorder
1371:Emotional/behavioral disorder
1366:Oppositional defiant disorder
929:Iranian Journal of Psychiatry
373:
253:obsessive–compulsive disorder
245:oppositional defiant disorder
2652:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
2189:Generalized anxiety disorder
1922:Neurological and symptomatic
1567:Sexual relationship disorder
867:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00078-X
262:
259:than in those without them.
39:Fingernails of a nail-biter.
7:
2760:Habit and impulse disorders
2428:REM sleep behavior disorder
1897:Seasonal affective disorder
1695:Separation anxiety disorder
1107:10.2174/1871523011312030003
628:10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.06.023
249:separation anxiety disorder
10:
2796:
2695:Symptoms and uncategorized
1796:developmental disabilities
1562:Sexual maturation disorder
1177:Acta Dermato-Venereologica
890:Clinical Psychology Review
655:Acta Dermato-Venereologica
539:10.1177/000992289002901201
446:Ghanizadeh, A (Jun 2011).
388:"Impulse control disorder"
2770:Neurocutaneous conditions
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2004:Mild cognitive impairment
1989:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
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1792:Psychological development
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1004:10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.051
902:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.03.013
707:10.1080/10401230500295354
489:Impulse Control Disorders
59:
43:
38:
29:
24:
2705:Impulse-control disorder
2621:Schizoaffective disorder
2616:Brief reactive psychosis
2313:Mass psychogenic illness
2276:Body dysmorphic disorder
2055:Post-concussion syndrome
1665:Emotional and behavioral
1039:10.1177/0145445511414869
582:10.3810/pgm.2005.09.1712
497:10.1017/cbo9780511711930
106:impulse control disorder
2642:Childhood schizophrenia
1994:Frontotemporal dementia
1951:High-functioning autism
1768:Intellectual disability
283:Habit reversal training
271:to the nails. Normally
169:. It can also transfer
99:parafunctional activity
2159:Specific social phobia
2050:Organic brain syndrome
1892:Melancholic depression
1653:Childhood and learning
350:
2715:Psychomotor agitation
2505:and substance-related
2448:Postpartum depression
2328:Somatization disorder
2214:Acute stress reaction
1979:AIDS dementia complex
1442:Elimination disorders
1190:10.2340/00015555-1616
1027:Behavior Modification
668:10.2340/00015555-1817
364:time-point prevalence
348:
241:psychiatric disorders
2710:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
2540:Substance dependence
2453:Postpartum psychosis
1999:Huntington's disease
1781:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
1630:Personality disorder
1348:Emotional/behavioral
1305:at Wikimedia Commons
527:Clin Pediatr (Phila)
293:techniques, such as
214:excoriation disorder
2590:Delusional disorder
2535:Stimulant psychosis
2525:Physical dependence
2379:Rumination syndrome
2281:Conversion disorder
2258:Psychogenic amnesia
2108:with depressed mood
2106:Adjustment disorder
2009:Parkinson's disease
1984:Alzheimer's disease
1877:Atypical depression
1713:Social functioning
1588:Munchausen syndrome
1583:Factitious disorder
695:Ann Clin Psychiatry
360:lifetime prevalence
273:denatonium benzoate
220:(skin biting), and
2609:schizophrenia-like
2253:Dissociative fugue
1702:Movement disorders
1382:Social functioning
1377:Separation anxiety
824:10.1007/BF03325276
351:
279:Behavioral therapy
120:Signs and symptoms
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2024:Vascular dementia
1946:Asperger syndrome
1912:
1911:
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1821:
1818:
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1756:Tourette syndrome
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
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1411:Tourette syndrome
1301:Media related to
1292:
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1130:J Cosmet Dermatol
812:Eat Weight Disord
200:Related disorders
69:
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19:Medical condition
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2558:
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2323:Psychogenic pain
2291:Globus pharyngis
2139:Childhood phobia
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2121:
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1727:Selective mutism
1678:Conduct disorder
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1625:Trichotillomania
1600:Gender dysphoria
1595:Fear of intimacy
1552:Sexual anhedonia
1520:
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1509:
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1496:Mental disorders
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1361:Conduct disorder
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287:stimulus control
257:eating disorders
222:trichotillomania
216:(skin picking),
212:(nail picking),
210:onychotillomania
192:, and increased
93:of biting one's
74:, also known as
34:
22:
21:
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2790:
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2775:Pica (disorder)
2765:Nails (anatomy)
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2374:Bulimia nervosa
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2308:Hypochondriasis
2303:False pregnancy
2286:Ganser syndrome
2268:Somatic symptom
2262:
2225:
2177:
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1961:Savant syndrome
1933:Autism spectrum
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1610:Dermatillomania
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773:(1–2): 109–13.
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576:(3): 37–8, 42.
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393:
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386:
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122:
89:and unhygienic
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2489:
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2473:
2471:Hypersexuality
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2206:
2204:Panic disorder
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2171:Claustrophobia
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2154:Anthropophobia
2146:
2144:Social anxiety
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2014:Pick's disease
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1504:
1500:Classification
1492:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1263:
1248:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:Classification
1211:
1210:External links
1208:
1205:
1204:
1163:
1120:
1082:
1060:
1017:
998:(3): 213–221.
978:
964:Penzel, Fred.
956:
915:
880:
855:Behav Res Ther
845:
802:
767:Psychiatry Res
753:
746:
720:
682:
641:
603:
560:
512:
505:
479:
401:
378:
377:
375:
372:
342:
339:
331:Nail cosmetics
317:acetylcysteine
313:clinical trial
264:
261:
201:
198:
194:stigmatization
181:region to the
167:anterior teeth
121:
118:
67:
66:
63:
57:
56:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2792:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:Schizophrenia
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2564:Schizophrenia
2560:
2556:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Drug overdose
2513:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2463:Sexual desire
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2343:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:Social phobia
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:-related and
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:Tic disorders
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:(6): 511–30.
1032:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
967:
960:
952:
948:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:(5): 865–71.
895:
891:
884:
876:
872:
868:
864:
861:(3): 269–72.
860:
856:
849:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
798:
794:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
757:
749:
743:
739:
734:
733:
724:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:(4): 227–32.
700:
696:
689:
687:
678:
674:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
610:
608:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
564:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:(12): 690–2.
532:
528:
521:
519:
517:
508:
506:9780511711930
502:
498:
494:
490:
483:
475:
471:
466:
461:
457:
453:
449:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
389:
383:
379:
371:
369:
365:
361:
356:
347:
338:
334:
332:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:
308:
303:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
274:
270:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:dermatophagia
215:
211:
207:
197:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
133:dermatophagia
129:
127:
117:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
64:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
2595:Folie Ă deux
2520:Intoxication
2501:substances,
2499:Psychoactive
2418:Night terror
2235:Dissociative
2199:Panic attack
1751:Tic disorder
1441:
1417:
1403:
1381:
1303:Onychophagia
1276:
1265:
1250:
1230:
1183:(1): 67–71.
1180:
1176:
1166:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1101:(3): 223–8.
1098:
1094:
1075:, retrieved
1070:
1063:
1030:
1026:
1020:
995:
991:
981:
970:. Retrieved
959:
932:
928:
918:
893:
889:
883:
858:
854:
848:
815:
811:
805:
770:
766:
756:
731:
723:
698:
694:
661:(6): 703–6.
658:
654:
644:
622:(2): 305–8.
619:
615:
573:
570:Postgrad Med
569:
563:
530:
526:
488:
482:
455:
451:
392:. Retrieved
382:
352:
349:Onychophagia
341:Epidemiology
335:
329:
307:double-blind
304:
300:
277:
266:
234:
230:cheek biting
203:
187:
163:malocclusion
161:injury, and
156:
130:
123:
103:
80:onychophagia
79:
75:
71:
70:
61:Risk factors
2568:schizotypal
2403:Hypersomnia
2393:Nonorganic
2134:Agoraphobia
1865:Cyclothymia
1860:Bipolar NOS
1835:(affective)
1707:Stereotypic
1615:Kleptomania
1136:(1): 53–8.
935:(2): 61–7.
458:(2): 73–9.
368:risk factor
321:glutathione
269:nail polish
95:fingernails
76:onychophagy
72:Nail biting
25:Nail biting
2739:Categories
2720:Stereotypy
2583:Delusional
2572:delusional
2545:Withdrawal
2413:Parasomnia
2318:Nosophobia
2098:Adjustment
2086:somatoform
2019:Sundowning
1872:Depression
1855:Bipolar II
1744:Stuttering
1739:Cluttering
1535:Paraphilia
1452:Encopresis
1430:Cluttering
1425:Stuttering
1278:DiseasesDB
1077:2016-09-29
972:2008-03-22
747:0443071063
374:References
310:randomized
295:decoupling
247:(36%) and
243:including
148:paronychia
144:infections
87:compulsive
54:psychiatry
50:Pediatrics
2673:Catatonia
2605:Psychosis
2440:Postnatal
2423:Nightmare
2029:Wandering
1882:Dysthymia
1850:Bipolar I
1805:Pervasive
1620:Pyromania
1545:Voyeurism
1540:Fetishism
555:208874278
355:teenagers
325:glutamate
291:self-help
263:Treatment
45:Specialty
2408:Insomnia
2078:Neurotic
2045:Delirium
1971:Dementia
1810:Specific
1447:Enuresis
1247:F98.810)
1199:23756561
1158:40739671
1150:17348997
1115:23651231
1055:16277609
1047:21873368
1012:21620478
951:24130603
910:21549664
840:46664252
832:20571316
797:20004481
715:16402755
677:24535041
636:18675214
598:71984361
590:16201307
474:23358880
394:28 April
208:include
175:bacteria
171:pinworms
159:gingival
146:such as
110:DSM-IV-R
82:, is an
2755:Fingers
2117:Anxiety
1956:PDD-NOS
1845:Bipolar
1498: (
1272:D009259
942:3796295
875:8881096
788:2815218
547:2276242
465:3556753
226:bruxism
165:of the
137:cuticle
108:in the
2780:Biting
2361:Eating
2209:Stress
2126:Phobia
2082:stress
1941:Autism
1734:Speech
1523:Sexual
1197:
1156:
1148:
1113:
1053:
1045:
1010:
949:
939:
908:
873:
838:
830:
795:
785:
744:
713:
675:
634:
596:
588:
553:
545:
503:
472:
462:
204:Other
152:Saliva
126:vector
2666:Other
2395:sleep
2182:Other
2038:Other
1904:Mania
1576:Other
1373:(EBD)
1283:31465
1261:307.9
1241:F98.8
1154:S2CID
1051:S2CID
836:S2CID
594:S2CID
551:S2CID
183:mouth
141:viral
114:DSM-5
91:habit
2570:and
2219:PTSD
1833:Mood
1673:ADHD
1356:ADHD
1267:MeSH
1256:9-CM
1245:ILDS
1195:PMID
1146:PMID
1111:PMID
1043:PMID
1008:PMID
947:PMID
906:PMID
871:PMID
828:PMID
793:PMID
742:ISBN
711:PMID
673:PMID
632:PMID
586:PMID
543:PMID
501:ISBN
470:PMID
396:2012
323:and
319:, a
179:anus
84:oral
2607:and
2194:OCD
1722:RAD
1717:DAD
1683:ODD
1397:DAD
1392:RAD
1252:ICD
1232:ICD
1185:doi
1138:doi
1103:doi
1035:doi
1000:doi
996:138
937:PMC
898:doi
863:doi
820:doi
783:PMC
775:doi
771:175
703:doi
663:doi
624:doi
620:134
578:doi
574:118
535:doi
493:doi
460:PMC
173:or
78:or
2741::
2566:,
2080:,
1281::
1270::
1259::
1239::
1236:10
1193:.
1181:94
1179:.
1175:.
1152:.
1144:.
1132:.
1109:.
1099:12
1097:.
1085:^
1049:.
1041:.
1031:35
1029:.
1006:.
994:.
990:.
945:.
931:.
927:.
904:.
894:31
892:.
869:.
859:34
857:.
834:.
826:.
816:15
814:.
791:.
781:.
769:.
765:.
740:.
738:66
709:.
699:17
697:.
685:^
671:.
659:94
657:.
653:.
630:.
618:.
606:^
592:.
584:.
572:.
549:.
541:.
531:29
529:.
515:^
499:.
491:.
468:.
456:36
454:.
450:.
404:^
370:.
232:.
150:.
52:,
1798:)
1794:(
1502:)
1488:e
1481:t
1474:v
1332:e
1325:t
1318:v
1254:-
1243:(
1234:-
1224:D
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