3621:. They also take a prominent role in the educational institutions of Kerala and throughout India. The educational accomplishments of the community have helped its members to attain a good proportion of the Central and State Government jobs. Kerala Government in the year 2024 happened to present the community wise account of the government employees in its Legislative Assembly. According to the data, out of the then total 5,45,423 government employees in the state, 73,713 are from forward Christian communities, ie., Saint Thomas Christians, which accounts for the 13.5 percent of the total government employees. With their level of education and limited employment opportunities within the state of Kerala, they became the community with the highest rate of migration. Their resultant foreign remittances have also helped the socioeconomic progress of the community. According to the Kerala Migration Survey (1998) by the Center for Developmental Studies, Kerala, Saint Thomas Christians top all other communities in Kerala with respect to the Socioeconomic Development Index which is based on parameters such as the possession of
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3638:. Around 1900, the community was concentrated in a few areas, was geographically static and "... was characterised by very high death rate, very high birth rate, very early age at marriage, and 10 to 12 children per married woman". The population had increased eight-fold during the preceding century, from a base figure of about 100,000, and comprised nearly 50 per cent children. But, the population growth of Saint Thomas Christians came down drastically after the 1960s, with the lowest birth rate, highest age at marriage, highest family planning user rate, and lowest fertility rate compared to other communities in Kerala. The proportion of children has come down to less than 25 percent. The absolute and relative size of the community is in a diminishing trend and is approaching a
5549:, p. 41: Related with East Syriac Church: The spatial separateness of the St Thomas Christians from Christian centres in other lands was not in every way absolute, as at an early stage of their history they found themselves in rapport with the East Syriac Church. Neither their traditions nor their posterior documents exhibit any sign of constraint or bad blood occasioned by such a relationship. On the other hand everything goes to show that it was a happy working arrangement. Their being in dire straits early on in their history and the arrival on the scene of the progenitors of the present-day "Southists" as benefactors, appears to coincide with the Community's acceptance of fellowship with the East Syriac Church. – Dr. Benedict Vadakkekara
3046:. Until the 19th century, Saint Thomas Christians had the right of access to Hindu temples and some leading Saint Thomas Christians held the status of sponsors at Hindu shrines and temple festivals. But in the 19th century, Saint Thomas Christian integration with the Hindu caste system was disrupted: their clean-caste status was questioned in some localities and they were denied access to many Hindu temples. They tried to retaliate by denouncing Hindu festivals as heathen idolatry. Clashes between upper-caste Hindus and Saint Thomas Christians occurred from the late 1880s, especially when festivals coincided. Internecine violence among various Saint Thomas Christian denominations aggravated their problems.
3414:
2837:, but not comparable with other forward castes. The 1931 census recorded over 31 per cent of the population as being Christian, compared to around 4 per cent in 1820. Some restrictions were imposed on Saint Thomas Christian parishes to start new schools and later on the Diwan attempted to take over the schools owned by the community. There followed a period of fierce confrontation between the Diwan and Saint Thomas Christians—many leaders were arrested, prominent news papers were banned and large banks owned by the community members were liquidated. In 1937, general elections were held and Joint Political Congress played a significant role to attain much better representation for allied communities.
1467:
1067:"In time, Jewish Christians of the most exclusive communities descended from settlers who accompanied Knayil Thomma (Kanayi) became known as 'Southists' (Tekkumbha ̄gar)...They distinguished between themselves and 'Northists' (Vatakkumbha ̄gar). The 'Northists', on the other hand, claimed direct descent from the very oldest Christians of the country, those who had been won to Christ by the Apostle Thomas himself. They had already long inhabited northern parts of Kodungallur. They had been there even before various waves of newcomers had arrived from the Babylonian or Mesopotamian provinces of Sassanian Persia." – Historian of South Asian Studies, Robert E. Frykenberg (2010)
1338:
1923:
1449:
1439:
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Thomas
Christians were involved in the pepper trade for the local rulers and many were appointed as port revenue officers. The local rulers rewarded them with grants of land and many other privileges. With growing numerical strength, a large number of Saint Thomas Christians settled in the inland pepper-growing regions. They had the right to recruit and train soldiers and Christian trainers were given with the honorary title "Panikkar" like their Nair counterparts. They were also entitled with the privilege to collect the tax, and the tax-collectors were honored with the title "Tharakan".
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2917:
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2580:. The two sides filed a series of lawsuits in the civil courts and some parallel attempts to reconcile both the parties also took place. In 1958, bishops of both the parties sealed their reconciliation and signed a treaty which in turn recognised the autonomy of reunited factions, with its own synod of bishops under the presidency of the Catholicos. The verdict of the Supreme Court of India in 1958, legitimizing the autonomy of Kerala church, was instrumental in this formal reconciliation between the two sides. In 1964, Patriarch
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7787:
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8903:
8649:
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1919:
of the churches that had been with Thoma I to
Catholic Church. However, in 1663, with the conquest of Cochin by the Dutch, the control of the Portuguese on the Malabar coast was lost. The Dutch declared that all the European missionaries had to leave Kerala. Before leaving Kerala, on 1 February 1663, Sebastiani consecrated Palliveettil Chandy was consecrated as the bishop of the Thomas Christians who adhered to Catholic Church. He soon also designated himself as 'Metran of All India' and 'Gate of India'.
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3055:
13764:
11278:
1878:, Angamali Vengur Giwargis Kathanar. At a further meeting held at Alangat, on 23 May 1653, another letter was read stating that it was from Ahathalla. It instructed the Saint Thomas Christians in the absence of a bishop, twelve of the cattanars (priests) might lay their hands on Thomas, and that this would be adequate as episcopal consecration. The authenticity of these letters is not clear. Some are of the opinion that these letters might be forged by
2975:
1513:(saints) since then by the Thomas Christians. It is believed that Sapir Iso also proposed that the Chera king create a new seaport near Kollam in lieu of his request that he rebuild the almost vanished inland seaport at Kollam (kore-ke-ni) near Backare (Thevalakara), also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and Greeks and as Thondi to the Tamils, which had been without trade for several centuries because the Cheras were overrun by the
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11986:
45:
1799:, the Syriac version of the Bible. Some of the reforms, especially the elimination of caste status, reduced the Saint Thomas Christians' standing with their socially stratified Hindu neighbors. The Synod formally brought the Saint Thomas Christians into the Catholic Church but the actions of the Portuguese over the ensuing years fueled resentment in segments of the community, and ultimately led to open resistance to their power.
1285:
11299:
11288:
59:
1597:
the head of all the countries, was great governor, holding the offices of the
Catholic Church of East, the shining lamp which illuminates its regions, the head of the pastors and Pontiff of the pontiffs, Head of great high priests, Father of the fathers... The Lord may make long his life and protect his days in order that he may govern her, a long time, for her glory and for the exaltation of her sons. Amen...
1764:, which resulted in there being two rival Patriarchs—one of whom entered communion with the Catholic Church. Both patriarchs sent bishops to India, but the Portuguese consistently managed to outmaneuver them, and effectively cut off the Saint Thomas Christians from their hierarchy in 1575, when the Padroado legislated that neither patriarch could send representatives to India without Portuguese approval.
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resurrection of Jesus Christ. The Cross indicates Christ. The lotus symbolizing God the Father, who has begotten the Son. The three steps indicate
Calvary and symbolise the Church, the channel of grace flowing from the Cross. The lotus may also symbolise the cultural association with Buddhism and the Cross over it shows that Christianity was established in the land of Buddha.
1551:
restored by 1301. However, following the collapse of the Church of the East's hierarchy in most of Asia later in the 14th century, India was effectively cut off from the church, and formal contact was severed. By the late 15th century India had had no metropolitan for several generations, and the authority traditionally associated with him had been vested in the archdeacon.
2568:) as Maphrian (Syriac Orthodox Catholicos). This was not recognised by the Syriac Orthodox Church. Previously ʿAbdulmasīḥ II himself had declined the request for the installation of a Maphrianate for India in 1902 during his patriarchate. The independent group under Metropolitan Dionysios VI, known as the 'Metropolitan's Party', started endorsing the claims for
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crops, print media, film industry etc. Around 2003, among Saint Thomas
Christians, 17.4 percent of the adult population are self-employed–the highest rate statistically among all the communities in the state of Kerala. Saint Thomas Christians lead all others with respect to per capita ownership of land, with many of them owning large
3744:, such as the right to have enclosures in front of their houses, which was otherwise only granted to the Brahmins, and were placed "almost on par with the Sovereigns". They followed the same rules of caste and pollution as did Hindus, and sometimes they were considered to be pollution neutralisers. Decree II of Action IX of the
1866:. One such letter was read at a meeting at Edappally on 5 February 1653. This letter granted to the archdeacon some powers of the archbishop. On hearing it, a vast crowd enthusiastically welcomed Archdeacon Thomas as the governor of their Church and four senior priests were appointed as his counsilors, namely,
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even with other
Christian groupings. Internal division of Saint Thomas Christians into Northists and Southists and also into a number of sects based on the ecclesiastical orientation makes the pattern of segmentation an exceedingly complex. Forrester suggests that the Northist-Southist division forms
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Saint Thomas
Christian marriage customs are uniquely different from Western Christian marriage and local Hindu marriage customs. For example, engagement and marriage are usually performed together in the same service. Unlike Western Christian traditions, there is no direct ring exchange between groom
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were reluctant to reciprocate to his efforts fearing that the indigenous bishop would take away their authority and influence over the faction after the proposed reunification of the Saint Thomas
Christians was fulfilled. On the other hand, the Syriac Orthodox delegates were extending their influence
1918:
and Vengur
Giwargis, and Thoma I began to lose his followers. In the meantime, Sebastiani returned to Rome and was consecrated as bishop on 15 December 1659. He reached Kerala again in 1661, being appointed as the Vicar Apostolic of Malabar by the pope. Within a short time period he restored majority
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to take bold action. In a great ceremony before a crucifix and lighted candles, they swore a solemn oath that they would never obey
Padroado Archbishop Francisco Garcia or the Portuguese again, and that they accepted only the Archdeacon as their shepherd. There are various versions about the wording
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The sacraments and ceremonies of Saint Thomas Christians related to house building, birth and marriage have close similarity with those of Hindus in Kerala. The sacrament of Death express Christian canonical themes very distantly and the influence of Hindu culture is quite noticeable. Much stress is
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decided to meet the Pope to convey the message of Thoma VI. The Jacobite delegates were soon at odds with Thoma VI and hence in 1772 they raised Abraham Koorilose to the Metropolitan rank at the new Mattancherry Church in Cochin, constructed by Shakrallah. Abraham Koorilose received recognition from
1909:
to regain the trust of the dissident St. Thomas Christians. Sebastiani and other Carmelites pressed that the ordination of the archdeacon as metropolitan by the priests in the absence of another bishop was not in accordance with Church laws. They succeeded in convincing a large group of Saint Thomas
1830:
Ahatallah made a strong impression on the native clergy, but the Portuguese quickly decided he was an impostor, and put him on a ship bound for Europe by way of Goa. Archdeacon Thomas, desperate for a new ecclesiastical leader to free his people from the Padroado, travelled to Cochin and demanded to
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believes these were customs adopted and privileges won during the beginning of the Brahmin dominance of medieval Kerala. He argues that the Syrian Christians in Kerala, integrated with Persian Christian migrant merchants, in the 9th century to become a powerful trading community and were granted the
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Coonan Cross got Mar Gregory from Antioch, acknowledged the spiritual supremacy thereof. The former owed its foundation to the Archbishop Menezes and the Synod at Diamper in 1599 and its reconciliation after the revolt to the Carmelite Bishop Father Joseph of St.Mary whom the Pope appointed in 1659.
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This incident marks an epoch in the history of the Syrian Church, and led to a separation of the community into parties, namely the Pazhayakuru (the Romo-Syrians) who adhered to the Church of Rome according to the Synod at Diamper; and the Puttankuru, the Jacobite Syrians, who after the oath of the
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In the social stratification of medieval Malabar, Saint Thomas Christians succeeded in relating their social status with that of upper-caste Hindus on account of their numerical strength and influence and observance of many Brahmin and upper caste customs. In the 13th and 14th centuries, many Saint
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Participation based on caste and community divisions and sympathies has been a feature of politics in the present day state of Kerala and its predecessor entities. Until the mid-20th century the primary cause of the divisions between the various communities was competition for rights and resources.
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And when Mar Jacob, Metropolitan Bishop was the overseer and governor of the holy see of Saint Thomas the Apostle, that is to say governor of us and of all the holy Church of the Christian India. May God grant him strength and help that he may govern us with zeal and direct us according to the will
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The great distances involved and the geopolitical turmoil of the period caused India to be cut off from the church's heartland in Mesopotamia at several points. In the 11th century the province was suppressed by the church entirely, as it had become impossible to reach, but effective relations were
2927:
St. Thomas Christians are a distinct community, both in terms of culture and religion. Though their liturgy and theology remained that of East-Syrian Christians of Persia, their life-style customs and traditions were basically Indian. It is oft-quoted: "Nazranis are Indian in culture, Christian in
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mobilised Syrian Christians against the divan's move not to unite with free India. In the three-member Cabinet of Travancore formed after the first general elections in 1948, Varghese was a Cabinet Minister. However the first Saint Thomas Christian to become a minister in the central government of
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and the bishop's faction lost the lawsuit to the Patriarchal faction in the Royal Court of Travancore on 12 July 1889. Nonetheless, the Reform Party continued as an independent Church and thereafter a series of suits arose on the rights over churches and associated properties. Later they chose the
1596:
This holy book has been copied in the royal, renowned and famous town Shengala, which is in Malabar in the land of India, in the holy Church dedicated to the Mar Quriaqos, the glorious martyr... whilst our blessed and holy father Mar Yahballaha the fifth, the Turk, qatoliqa Patriakis of the East,
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faction. He was accompanied by Gregorios Hanna Bakhudaidi, the Jacobite Archbishop of Jerusalem, and Yukhannon (Ivanios) Christophoros of Mosul, whom the Maphrian consecrated as a bishop during his tenure in Kerala. The delegation was sent from the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate to firmly establish
1517:
in the 6th century, ending the spice trade from the Malabar coast. The Tharisapalli plates presented to Maruvan Sapor Iso by Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal granted the Christians the privilege of overseeing foreign trade in the city as well as control over its weights and measures in a move designed to
1324:
During this time period Thomas of Cana received copper plates of socio-economic and religious rights for his relations, his party, and all people of his religion. The granting of these plates is noted to have enhanced the social position of all the ancient Christians of India and secured for them
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At the end of a period of twenty years, it was found that about two – thirds of the people had remained within the Roman allegiance; one – third stood by the archdeacon and had organized themselves as the independent Malankara Church, faithful to the old Eastern traditions and hostile to all the
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was the Malankara Metropolitan approved by the Governments of Travancore and of Cochin and he was supportive to the reforming of the Jacobite church with evangelistic ideologies. Hence the group with Mathews Athanasius was known as "Reform Party" The conservative faction, under the leadership of
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claim descent from the early Christians evangelized by Thomas the Apostle. The traditional histories of the Thomas Christians note that the immigration of the Knanites reinvigorated the church of India, which was at the moment of their arrival deprived of ecclesial leadership. The arrival of the
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Even though the Saint Thomas Christians had to compromise their social and religious privileges in the aftermath of Portuguese subjugation, they started reemerging as a powerful community from the 19th century onward. They played a pioneering role in many spheres such as banking, commerce, cash
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that almost all the churches of Saint Thomas Christians followed the models of Hindu temples of that period, but were distinguished by the huge granite cross in the front yard of the church. Despite the external similarity with temples, the structuring of the interior space of the church always
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in 1904. A few Saint Thomas Christian leaders were elected to the Legislative Council but there was resentment that their share of the available seats was proportionately less than that of other prominent castes. This resentment led to a series of campaigns for equal representation both in the
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The interpretation based on local culture states that the Cross without the figure of Jesus and with flowery arms symbolising "joyfulness" points to the resurrection theology of St. Paul, the downward-facing bird (most likely a dove) on the top represents the role of the Holy Spirit in the
6390:, p. 361: "...the Dutch permitted 'old party' Catholics to be placed under the 'guidance' of the Carmelites and allowed them to keep Mar Alexander Parampil (aka Alexander de Campos) as Vicar Apostolate. He soon also designated himself as 'Metran of All India' and 'Gate of India'."
1051:
is noted to have arrived and settled in southern Kodungallur with a cohort of merchants and clergymen. Because they dwelled on the southern side, the descendants of Thoma's migration became known as Tekkumbhagar or Southist. The Southist community is primarily known by the appellation
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He wished to propagate Nestorianism within the community. Misunderstanding arose between him and the Assyrian Patriarch, and from the year 1962 onwards the Chaldean Syrian Church in Malabar has had two sections within it, one known as the Patriarch party and the other as the Bishop's
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The Saint Thomas Syrian Christians form 12.5 percent of the total population of Kerala and 70.73 percent of the Christians in the state. K. C. Zachariah notes that the 20th century was period of significant transition for the Saint Thomas Christians in terms of its demographic and
2208:
against the colonial Latin hegemony, declaring their allegiance to the Paremmakkal Thoma and urged for the reinstatement of their native East Syriac hierarchy. Meanwhile, Dionysios I (Thoma VI) managed to imprison his rival, Abraham Koorilose who finally escaped from the states of
3713:. Migration steeply increased in the post-independence period and major destinations were United States of America, Canada, Western Europe, Australia and the Middle East. According to a rough estimate, 20–25 percent of the Saint Thomas Christians live outside the state of Kerala.
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network was dissolved and many families lost their livelihood. The trading class, as well as the office bearers, also suffered the setback and many Europeans who visited the states between 1801 and 1820 noted the poor and depressed condition of Saint Thomas Christians of the
1831:
meet Ahatallah and examine his credentials. The Portuguese refused, stating the ship had already left for Goa. Ahatallah was never heard from in India again, inspiring false rumours that the Portuguese had murdered him and inflaming anti-Portuguese sentiments even more.
1938:. Bishop Abdul Jaleel consecrated Thoma I canonically as a bishop and regularised his episcopal succession. This led to the first lasting formal schism in the Saint Thomas Christian community. Thereafter, the faction affiliated with the Catholic Church under Bishop
2958:
Jewish influence has been observed in Malabar Nasrani liturgy and traditions. The community maintained some of the original Jewish practices, such as covering their heads while in worship. Their celebration of Holy Liturgy (Holy Mass) was and still is called the
3583:
as their symbol. They call it the Nasrani Menorah or Mar Thoma Sleeva (St. Thomas' Cross). There are several interpretations for the St. Thomas Christian Symbol. The interpretation based on Christian Jewish tradition assumes that its design was based on Jewish
1783:, which implemented various liturgical and structural reforms in the Indian church. The Synod brought the parishes directly under the Archbishop's purview; anathematised certain "superstitious" social customs characteristic of their Hindu neighbors, including
3563:, and other architectural ornaments adorn the front end, and a flag mast stands in the front yard. One or two bells are installed in the back yard to signal the timing of ritual services, the death of a church member, or to inform the public of calamities.
1300:, members of what would become the Church of the East, in around the 3rd century. Saint Thomas Christians trace the further growth of their community to the arrival of Jewish-Christians (early East Syriac Christians) from the region of Mesopotamia led by
2883:
Though the government initiated the legislation process for reforming the land and the education sectors, these were considered as infringements over the rights by the school managements and landowners, who were predominantly Saint Thomas Christians and
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Aqra, and sent him to India. But this effort too was met with the same fate as before and Mellus was called back in 1882. Meanwhile, in 1862, an attempt was made to reestablish direct ties between traditionalist Christian communities in India and the
3748:
enforced by the Portuguese Inquisition in 1599 prohibited the practice of untouchability by the Saint Thomas Christians except in practical circumstances when required by law and when it was necessary to ensure social contact with the Varna Hindus.
2249:. The states soon became client regimes of the company: both were forced to disband their military. The political order of the states also began to collapse. Saint Thomas Christians were hit hard by the loss of their privileged military role, their
4407:
For the Acts and Decrees of the Synod cf. Michael Geddes, "A Short History of the Church of Malabar Together with the Synod of Diamper &c." London, 1694; Repr. in George Menachery (ed.), Indian Church History Classics, Vol.1, Ollur 1998, pp.
1044:. The early converts of Saint Thomas the Apostle and those who later joined the faith in India are believed to have initially resided on the northern side of the city of Kodungallur and for that reason became known as Vadakkumbhagar or Northist.
3428:
The earliest documentary evidence is Tharisapally Copper Plate, which refers to the construction of the church of Tharisapally in Quilon between 823 and 849 AD. Antonio Gouvea, Portuguese envoy to Malabar, mentions in his 16th-century work
3075:
Saint Thomas Christians still retain many of their ancient traditions and rituals, both in their social and religious life. Saint Thomas Christian services have many unique characteristics compared to others. Prior to the 1970s, the Nasrani
6354:, p. 361: "At the beginning, most remained with the old Archdeacon who, after his elevation at Koonen Cross to the position of Metran, took the title Mar Thoma I and added such ancient titles as 'Metran of All India', 'Gate of India'."
1934:, a bishop sent by the Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch Ignatius ʿAbdulmasīḥ I, arrived in India and the faction under the leadership of Thoma I welcomed him. The bishop was sent in correspondence to the letter sent by Thoma I to the
2258:. Some partisan fund allocation for the churches by the British officials triggered a breakdown in the relationship between Saint Thomas Christians and prominent Hindu castes, at least temporarily. In 1815, the British Resident, Colonel
6286:
There are various versions about the wording of swearing, one version being that it was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another that it was directed against the authority of church of
2462:
consecrated the aforementioned Thondanatt as Abdisho, the Metropolitan of India, but his task proved to be very difficult and challenging. He intensified his activity after 1882, fulfilling the aspirations of local Christians of the
4633:
3438:
architectural theology. Thus the contemporary style is formed as an amalgamation of Indian architecture and Assyrian liturgical concepts. The church is arranged east-to-west, with the interior structured into three levels: the
3216:. During the 20th century, the 'Qurbana-kramam' i.e. the 'book containing the order of worship', was translated into English, for the benefit of worshipers who lived outside Kerala, and did not know to read or write Malayalam.
2111:
1733) arrived to India, sent by the Chaldean Patriarch. Bishop Gabriel temporarily succeeded in reviving the traditionalist community, but was faced with prolonged rivalry, both from West Syriac (Jacobite) and Latin Catholic
3041:
The upper-caste Hindus and Saint Thomas Christians took part in one another's festival celebrations and in some places in Kerala, the Hindu Temples and Saint Thomas Christian Churches were built on adjoining sites by the
2529:, presided over by the Patriarch, the Syrian faction formally came under the Antiochene Patriarchate. The synod condemned Mathews Athanasius for abstaining from it, but his followers stayed firm with him. His successor
1267:
While there is much doubt on the cultural background of early Christians, there is evidence that some members of the St Thomas Christian community observed Brahmin customs in the Middle Ages, such as the wearing of the
10746:
3009:
Like Brahmins they had the right to sit before the Kings and also to ride on horse or elephant, like the royals. They were protectors of seventeen underprivileged castes and communities and hence they were called
1977:
and the Puthenkur faction (Malankara Syrians) claimed 32. The remaining 12 churches were shared between the two factions until the late nineteenth century. The Paḻayakūṟ faction is the body from which the modern
1958:(or "New Allegiance"). These appellations have been somewhat controversial, though, as both parties considered themselves the true heirs to the Saint Thomas tradition, and saw the other party as schismatic. The
10900:
Visvanathan, Susan (1989) "Marriage, Birth and Death-Property Rights and Domestic Relationships of the Orthodox Jacobite Syrian Christians of Kerala", Economic and Political Weekly, Vol – XXIV No. 24, 17 June
2553:. This led to the division of the Church into two groups, with one group accepting the supreme authority of the patriarch and the other supporting Dionysios VI. The group led by Dionysios VI invited Patriarch
7796:
7794:
7792:
7790:
2167:
By 1770, Gregorios and Ivanios had Thoma VI reconsecrated as 'Dionysios I'. Thoma VI had to receive all orders of priesthood from the tonsure to the episcopal consecration. Thoma VI received support from
8571:
Singh, Holly Donahue (November 2020). "Privileged Minorities: Syrian Christianity, Gender, and Minority Rights in Postcolonial India. Sonja Thomas. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2018. 224 pp".
3137:(meaning "looking back"), this is the original practice and it still prevails among the Chaldean Syrian Church) to the day before Easter, abjuring all meat, fish and egg. They also traditionally observe
2440:, and dispatched him to visit the alienated Malabar Christian flock in 1861. However, the mission failed due to the protests of the apostolic delegate at Mosul, Henri Amanton, and the vicar apostolic of
2368:, were the first Reformed group to emerge from the Saint Thomas Christian community and they worked along with the missionaries in their evangelical, educational and reformative activities. By 1879, the
6301:, p. 319: "...which to this day all members of the independent Malankara church of Kerala regard as the moment at which their church recovered its independence and returned to its own true nature."
2700:
fellowships. Pentecostals from Syrian Christian background spearheaded the movement in Kerala and to a lesser extent in India, by providing the necessary leadership for establishing denominations like
8908:
8906:
2798:, a semi-government organization that managed the Hindu temples, thus removing the restriction on non-Hindus and avarnas in the executive service. In the 1920s, Saint Thomas Christian leaders such as
2104:
1882:
who was a skilled Syriac writer. The letters were read with enthusiasm in the churches of the Thomas Christians and Archdeacon Thomas was later proclaimed bishop in a ceremony in which twelve priests
1602:
of his Lord, and that he may teach us His commandments and make us walk in His ways, till the end of time, through the intercession of the holy Apostle St. Thomas and all his colleagues ! Amen!..
1344:(9th century) – One of the reliable documentary evidences of the privileges and influence that Saint Thomas Christians enjoyed in early Malabar. The document contains signatures of the witnesses in
10757:
Iyer, K.V. Krishna, Kerala's Relations with the Outside World, pp. 70, 71 in "The Cochin Synagogue Quatercentenary Celebrations Commemoration Volume", Kerala History Association, Cochin, 1971.
3082:
was completely sung in Syriac. Many of the tunes of the Saint Thomas Christian worship in Kerala, especially those in the East Syriac tradition, are remnants of ancient Syriac tunes of antiquity.
1741:, a series of treaties and decrees in which the Pope conferred upon the Portuguese government certain authority in ecclesiastical matters in the foreign territories they conquered. They set up in
10888:
Tisserant, E. (1957) Eastern Christianity in India: A History of the Syro-Malabar Church from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Trans. and ed. by E. R. Hambye. Westminster, MD: Newman Press.
3338:", is conducted. The ceremony is conducted separately for the bride and the bridegroom. It includes serving the bride and the bridegroom sweets by the maternal uncle. It has been loaned from the
3014:. They did not allow the lower-castes to join their community for fear that it could imperil their upper-caste status. But this regal period ended when the community fell under the power of the
2148:
strongly resisted the efforts of the delegation. Very often the Syriac Orthodox delegates selected their own candidates and ordained them as priests, without consulting Thoma VI. Meanwhile, the
833:, which is one of the descendant churches of the Church of the East. They were a minority faction within the Paḻayakūṟ faction, which joined with the Church of the East Bishop during the 1870s.
9445:"La Double identité des chrétiens keralais: confessions et castes chrétiennes au Kerala (Inde du Sud) / The Double Identity of Kerala Christians: Confessions and Christian Castes (South India)"
3588:, an ancient symbol of the Hebrews, which consists of seven branched lamp stand (candelabra). The St. Thomas' Cross also appears on the official emblem of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.
1760:
The Portuguese subjection of the Saint Thomas Christians was relatively measured at first, but they became more aggressive after 1552, the year of the death of Metropolitan Mar Jacob and of a
1731:
The Portuguese had a keen interest in implanting themselves in the spice trade and in spreading their version of Christianity, which had been forged during several centuries of warfare in the
10910:
Visvanathan, Susan (2011) "The Eucharist in a Syrian Christian Church", in T.N.Madan (edited) 'India's Religions: Perspectives from Sociology and History'. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
1839:
of oath, one version being that the oath was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another version that it was directed against the authority of
4641:
1281:
privileges by the local rulers to promote revenue generation and to undermine Buddhist and Jain traders who rivaled the Brahmins for religious and political hegemony in Kerala at the time.
10907:
Visvanathan, Susan (2010)."The Status of Christian Women in Kerala", in 'World Christianity: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies', edited by Elizabeth Koepping, London: Routledge, 2010.
10904:
Visvanathan, Susan (1986) "Reconstructions of the Past among the Syrian Christians of Kerala", Contributions to Indian Sociology (Sage Publishers), July 1986; vol. 20, 2: pp. 241–260.
2982:
Saint Thomas Christians typically followed the social customs of their Hindu neighbours, and the vestiges of Hindu symbolism could be seen in their devotional practices. Social sins like
1264:, Sankarapuri, Kalli, Kaliyankal, Koikara, Madapoor, Muttodal, Kottakara, Nedumpilly, Palackal, Panakkamattom, Kunnappilly, Vazhappilly, Payyappilly, Maliakkal, Pattamukku, Thaiyil, etc.
3104:
after the church service is observed by the entire community under the leadership of the head of the family. Special long services followed by the Holy Qurbana are conducted during the
2044:
in 1685, along with Bishop Ivanios Hidayattullah who vehemently propagated the West Syriac Rite and solidified the association of the Malankara Church with the Syriac Orthodox Church.
4480:
10038:
1811:, the nephew and successor to Archdeacon George of Cross, was often at odds with the Latin prelates. In 1652, the escalating situation was further complicated by the appearance in
2951:
influences, blended with local customs and later elements derived from indigenous Indian and European colonial contacts. Their language is Malayalam, the language of Kerala, and
1229:
2521:, opposed the attempts to do away with the age-old traditions of the church, which resulted in a stir in the community. Being invited by this faction, the Antiochene Patriarch
2092:
5089:
Thomas Puthiakunnel, (1973) "Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas", The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, ed. George Menachery, Vol. II., Trichur.
3145:
2396:
in full communion with all its predecessor denominations. Since then, Anglican Syrian Christians have been members of the Church of South India and also came to be known as
6036:
10747:"Catalogue of ancient Nasrani Churches, their affiliations and population statistics in the background of division and attempts of Reconciliation – A review of Literature"
4072:
12188:
2467:
for the full re-establishment of traditional ecclesiastical structure. Until his death in 1900, he partially succeeded in organizing the local church, that was named the
2217:(Zamorin of Calicut). There Koorilose spent his days in prayer and meditation in a hut. A few relatives and friends joined him there. This group, originally known as the
2164:, insisting the faction to shift to the West Syriac Rite. Shakrallah, immediately prior to his death, consecrated Kurian Kattumangat as Bishop Abraham Koorilose in 1764.
1482:, then known as Quilon, was founded in 825 by Maruvān Sapir Iso, a Persian Christian merchant, with sanction from Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal, the king of the independent
9022:
4481:"Kerala Syrian Christian, Apostle in India, The tomb of the Apostle, Persian Church, Syond of Diamper – Coonan Cross Oath, Subsequent divisions and the Nasrani People"
2491:
for India. He reached his diocese in February 1908, and took over the administration. He organized ecclesiastical structures, and continued with revitalisation of the
10338:(2013). "Some New Documents on the Struggle of the Saint Thomas Christians to Maintain the Chaldaean Rite and Jurisdiction". In Peter Bruns; Heinz Otto Luthe (eds.).
12964:
2788:
In 1918, Saint Thomas Christians formed the League for Equal Civic Rights, which sought the opening of all branches of government service to Christians, Muslims and
3274:
Saint Thomas Christians generally prefer arranged marriages and the prospective partners see each other in the Pennukanal (Bride Viewing) ceremony at bride's home.
10848:
2637:
1197:
1662:(1507) by Fracanzano da Montalboddo. The patriarch responded positively to the request of Saint Thomas Christians, and appointed two bishops, Mar Thoma and Mar
1619:
script by a very young deacon named Zakharya bar Joseph bar Zakharya who was just 14 at the time of writing. The scribe refers Catholicos-Patriarch of the East
12370:
8885:
10834:
Podipara, Placid J. (1970) "The Thomas Christians". London: Darton, Longman and Tidd, 1970. (is a readable and exhaustive study of the St. Thomas Christians.)
968:
applied to members of non-Indian faiths and descendants of immigrants from the middle east who had intermarried with the local population, including Muslims (
12023:
10823:
Miller, J. Innes. (1969). The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641. Oxford University Press. Special edition for Sandpiper Books. 1998.
2456:
814:
group, who continued to resist the Catholic missionaries, organized themselves as the independent Malankara Church and entered into a new communion with the
8291:
Weil, S. (1982) "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: The Cananite Christians and Cochin Jews in Kerala. in Contributions to Indian Sociology, 16.
2696:. As the movement gained momentum, groups of people from all traditional St. Thomas Christian denominations became part of various emerging Pentecostal and
1658:, to bring a bishop for India. One among them was Joseph the Indian, who later became famous for his visit to Rome and the account of Malabar in Book VI of
12999:
11336:
9076:
7512:
6167:
1859:
deny this argument and regard the Coonan Cross Oath as an explosion against decades long suppression and overbearing attitude of Padroado Latin prelates.
8820:
Kunniparampil Curien Zachariah et al. – Dynamics of migration in Kerala: dimensions, differentials, and consequences, pp. 85–89, Orient Blackswan, 2003,
7616:
2792:
Hindus, as well as an end to the practice of untouchability. Their demands were partially met in 1922 when the Revenue Department was separated from the
2172:
leaders, who informed him of the ill-treatment and discrimination that they faced from the missionaries. Consequently, two priestly leaders among them:
1503:
to the Christians of Malabar or as the first of those two bishops. This accompanied the second Assyrian migration into the Malabar coast other than the
825:
represents the continuation of the traditional pre-sixteenth century church of Saint Thomas Christians in India. It forms the Indian archdiocese of the
7897:
3362:
over the palms and legs as a symbolism of purity. The face of the bridegroom is cleanly shaved as a ritual. All the traditions are accompanied by the
3271:
Saint Thomas Christians do not marry close relatives. The rule is that the bride and groom must not be related for at least five or seven generations.
2990:
abolished it. The sacraments related to birth, marriage, pregnancy, death etc. also adapted nuances from Hindu religious practices. Even today, tying
11015:
9000:
6330:, p. 368: "Archdeacon Thomas, having been elevated to High Metran by the laying on of hands by twelve cattanars, took the title of Mar Thoma I."
2444:. As a result, the Pope forced the Patriarch to call back the bishop. There was yet another incident on 5 June 1864. Patriarch Joseph VI consecrated
2290:
1716:
and protected by their own militia, the local political sphere was volatile and the Saint Thomas Christians found themselves under pressure from the
1536:
612:
9856:
10992:
10897:
Visvanathan, Susan (1993) The Christians of Kerala: History, Belief and Ritual Among the Yakoba. New Delhi/Madras/New York: Oxford University Press
8245:
7053:
4694:
2744:
Like other communities, Saint Thomas Christians have been involved in regional politics on a community basis. In 1888, Travancore became the first
2648:
1507:
migration. The two bishops were instrumental in founding many Christian churches with Syrian liturgy along the Malabar coast and were venerated as
878:
in the 1800s, the Mar Thoma Church employs a reformed variant of the liturgical West Syriac Rite. The St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India is an
771:
8050:
Ross, Israel J. (1979) Ritual and Music in South India: Syrian Christian Liturgical Music in Kerala (pp. 80–98). vol 11, no 1. doi: 10.2307/833968
8424:
2603:
was consecrated as the Catholicos for the 'Patriarch faction'. Today the West Syriac Oriental Orthodox community in India is divided between the
7705:
2845:
was the ex officio President. On the collapse of Joint Political Congress due to internal conflicts, Saint Thomas Christian leaders allied with
840:
with the Holy See in Rome. This includes the aforementioned Syro-Malabar Church, which follows the East Syriac Rite, as well as the West Syriac
11959:
10003:
9980:
9957:
7732:
3600:
Writing in 2010, Devika and Varghese noted that " are at present a substantial minority, a powerful presence in all fields of life in Kerala."
8756:
1591:
MS Vatican Syriac 22 has the following passage about the "Catholicos-Patriarch of the East" and the "Metropolitan of India" in folio 93r- 94v:
1308:
as Thomas of Cana), which is said to have occurred either in the 4th or 8th century. The subgroup of the Saint Thomas Christians known as the
13467:
12590:
11193:
4837:
4604:
The Mar Thoma Syrian Church, which represents the Protestant Reform movement, broke away from the Syrian Orthodox Church in the 19th century.
3736:
and Travancore, Saint Thomas Christians were granted caste privileges that put them on the same level as Upper caste Hindus. Anthropologist,
2185:. Kariyattil Iousep, accompanied by Paremmakkal Thoma and two other deacons, made the trip from Kerala in 1778 and he was consecrated as the
1795:, of elements deemed unacceptable according to the Latin protocol. A number of Syriac texts were condemned and ordered burnt, including the
8506:
8354:"Syriac Heritage of the Saint Thomas Christians: Language and Liturgical Tradition Saint Thomas Christians – origins, language and liturgy"
7661:
4807:
2088:
5964:
3645:
As of 2001, in Kerala, more than 85 per cent of the Saint Thomas Christian population live in the seven southern districts of the state –
3613:. With changing conditions, they have shifted from the agriculture of rice and coconut to plantation based agriculture and the trading of
1895:
At this point, the Portuguese missionaries attempted reconciliation with Saint Thomas Christians but were not successful. Later, in 1657,
1407:
Some contact and transmission of knowledge of the Saint Thomas Christians managed to reach the Christian West, even after the rise of the
12282:
8267:"Palm Sunday (Kuruthola Perunnal), Maundy Thursday (Pesaha), Good Friday (Dukha Velli) And Easter Among Saint Thomas Christians Of India"
3868:
1671:
1634:
1544:
1381:
1225:
730:
9132:
1834:
This was the last straw for the Saint Thomas Christians; in 1653, Thomas and community representatives met at the Church of Our Lady in
13423:
11203:
8837:
4896:
Malieckal, Bindu (2005). "Muslims, Matriliny, and A Midsummer Night's Dream: European Encounters with the Mappilas of Malabar, India".
4544:
12974:
12016:
11935:
10948:
4419:
2429:
1807:
Over the next several decades, tensions seethed between the Portuguese and the remaining native hierarchy, and after 1641 Archdeacon
12926:
12878:
11329:
10931:
10701:
9049:
8859:
5116:
2823:
2664:
2186:
1356:
scripts. It is the oldest documentary evidence from India that attest the presence of a Persian Christian community in South India.
1201:
7840:
13823:
13818:
11930:
11870:
6480:
8301:
13808:
12856:
12846:
12610:
12481:
12352:
11657:
11075:
3833:, Pathanamthitta. The first convention took place in 1989 at Mallapally Valiyapally (St. John's Bethany Orthodox Valiyapally).
2671:
2441:
2145:
2003:
867:
316:
10414:. History of Science, Philosophy, and Culture in Indian Civilization. Vol. 12. Delhi, India: Concept Publishing Company.
7814:
6037:"The Story of Joseph, the Indian; A Historical Appraisal of the Affairs of St Thomas' Christians in the Pre Portuguese period"
3282:
who represents Jesus Christ, symbolizing that it is God who brings the couple together into marriage. The tying of the Minnu (
13435:
12380:
12375:
10419:
10391:
10363:
10295:
9845:
9498:
9444:
9256:
8990:
Geddes, Michael. The History of the Church of Malabar Together with the Synod of Diamper 1599, pp. 394–395. Published in 1694
8330:
8034:
Pallan, M (2018) Ethnocultural Transformation of Social Identity. Syrian Christians in Kerala. Chapter 2 and 6. Grin Verlag.
8004:
7742:
7715:
7671:
7626:
7522:
7469:
7293:
5879:
5785:
5759:
5680:
5611:
5256:
4847:
4817:
4787:
4757:
4708:
4597:
4216:
4183:
4035:
3863:
1388:, dispatched from Persia, the "Metropolitan-Bishop of the Seat of Saint Thomas and the Whole Christian Church of India". His
605:
540:
520:
2557:, who was deposed from Patriarchate by the Turkish authorities. In 1912, ʿAbdulmasīḥ II arrived in India and he consecrated
13560:
12506:
12476:
12009:
11531:
11025:
10985:
9869:
7307:
3873:
3853:
3260:) for church celebrations, marriages and other festivals. Traditional drums, arch decorations and ornamental umbrellas and
2709:
2546:
2155:
Thoma VI, therefore, initiated efforts to reunify both the factions. However, the Carmelite missionaries working among the
1728:
and other small kingdoms in the area. The Saint Thomas Christians and the Portuguese newcomers quickly formed an alliance.
535:
452:
223:
31:
10894:
Veluthat, K. (1978). Brahmin settlements in Kerala: Historical studies. Calicut: Calicut University, Sandhya Publications.
10891:
Vellian Jacob (2001) Knanite community: History and culture; Syrian church series; vol. XVII; Kottayam: Jyothi Book House.
10840:
Puthur, B. (ed.) (2002): The Life and Nature of the St Thomas Christian Church in the Pre-Diamper Period (Cochi, Kerala).
5469:
4925:
The Mappila fisherfolk of Kerala: a study in inter-relationship between habitat, technology, economy, society, and culture
898:. The C.S.I. is in full communion with the Mar Thoma Syrian Church. By the 20th century, various Syrian Christians joined
581:
13598:
11322:
11127:
5025:
4746:
Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milic; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Mbiti, John; Pelikan, Jaroslav; Vischer, Lukas (1999).
4055:
3837:
1879:
1867:
1376:
solidified the Church of the East's jurisdiction over the Saint Thomas Christian community. In the 8th century Patriarch
1369:
948:
915:
734:
490:
343:
10813:
Menachery, George (Ed.with Snaitang). (2011) India's Christian Heritage, Church History Assn. of India, Bangalore (DVK).
3167:
Sunday, flowers are strewn about the sanctuary, loaned from the Hindu ritual of offering flowers, and the crowd shouts "
1182:, written in 1601 and believed to be a summary of a larger and older work. Thomas is described as arriving in or around
12342:
9630:
6696:
5672:
The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk: Translated from the Greek, and Edited with Notes and Introduction
3548:
for reading, and chairs for higher clergy. Worshipers stand before the altar, with separate seating for men and women.
2994:, a Hindu symbol of marriage is the most important rite in the Christian marriages too. In 1519, a Portuguese traveler
2558:
1317:
migrants is also associated with connecting the native Church of St. Thomas with the Syriac Christian tradition of the
1240:
also narrates the conversion of Jews, natives, and the local King at Kodungallur by St Thomas. It is possible that the
1122:, to make a trip to Kerala then. The earliest known source connecting the Apostle to Northwest India, specifically the
510:
10857:
10810:
Menachery, George (Ed.with Ponnumuthan, Aerath). (2006) Indian Christians and Nation Building, CBCI-KCBC Kochi-Alwaye.
3306:
border is blessed by the priest and is placed by the bridegroom by covering the hair of the bride, it symbolises the "
1499:
kingdom. Sapir Iso is usually identified either as the East Syriac Christian merchant who led the East Syriac bishops
13484:
12583:
11606:
11178:
11055:
10883:
10828:
10772:
10729:
10652:
10631:
10540:
10325:
10269:
10245:
10024:
9924:
9824:
9771:
9745:
9698:
9611:
9590:
9509:
9317:
9289:
8951:
8825:
8809:
8721:
8482:
8454:
8039:
7968:
7910:
7883:
7771:
7560:
6971:
6939:
6582:
5723:
5576:
5298:
5189:
4880:
4431:
3400:(an ancient martial dance form where Syrian Christian men with swords and shields follows the movements and steps of
2226:
2011:
849:
778:
protest in 1653. This led to the permanent schism among the Thomas' Christians of India, leading to the formation of
310:
250:
8266:
1930:
Thoma I, meanwhile sent requests to various Oriental Churches to receive canonical consecration as bishop. In 1665,
1188:
1036:
or Southist. Saint Thomas Christian tradition traces the origin of these ethno-geographical epithets to the city of
13813:
13788:
13728:
12516:
11860:
11600:
11594:
11117:
11065:
11040:
11035:
9103:
3826:
3815:
3800:
3793:
2729:
2701:
2629:
2608:
2604:
2518:
2369:
1991:
1987:
1205:
907:
853:
845:
598:
384:
298:
245:
239:
10939:
10798:
Menachery, George. (2000) Kodungallur – The Cradle of Christianity in India, Thrissur: Marthoma Pontifical Shrine.
7687:
Samuel, Joy T. (2018). "Chapter 1. A brief history of pentecostal and neocharismatic movements in Kerala, India".
5354:
3788:
Another major convention in Kerala is the annual Central Travancore Convention held at Saint Stephen's Cathedral,
13793:
12995:
12893:
12861:
12205:
12174:
11855:
11642:
11501:
11281:
10978:
8393:
7514:
Transnational Religious Organization and Practice: A Contextual Analysis of Kerala Pentecostal Churches in Kuwait
6131:
3858:
2124:
1973:
Between 1661 and 1665, the Paḻayakūṟ faction (Syrian Catholics) claimed 72 of the 116 churches, while Archdeacon
1431:, distorted accounts of the Saint Thomas Christians and the Nestorian Church gave rise to the European legend of
1377:
859:
737:
476:
7456:
13687:
12936:
12851:
12287:
11925:
11575:
11085:
10207:
9717:
7156:
5288:
3417:
2633:
2007:
841:
12654:
10522:
Eastern Christianity in India: A History of the Syro-Malabar Church from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
8420:
4779:
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]
4663:
4328:
2059:
creed. They had to remain under the foreign Latin bishops, with the only exception of Palliveettil Chandy and
13494:
12816:
12294:
11840:
11435:
11183:
3377:, a seamless white garment, which is now limited to older female adherents. Following the general trend, the
2685:
2667:(SEERI), inaugurated on 14 September 1985, comes under the Syro-Malankara Catholic Archbishop of Thiruvalla.
2573:
2127:
came to Kerala. He was highly instrumental in replacing the East Syriac Rite with West Syriac Rite among the
1466:
1213:
1209:
505:
7916:
7072:
4281:
2931:
At present, Saint Thomas Christians represent a multi-cultural group. Their culture is largely derived from
2195:, written by Thoma Kathanar in 1785, provides the detail of this journey until the death of the archbishop.
13499:
12576:
12362:
12337:
11569:
11291:
11173:
10550:
4071:
Thomas, Sonja (October 2011). "Chapter 4: Bodies of Difference: Aryan Racial Origins and Sexual Morality".
2749:
2332:. Cheppad Dionysios, abdicated during the tenure of an Antiochian prelate named Yuyakim Koorilose (arrived
2259:
1628:
1326:
467:
447:
63:
9782:
3721:
Despite the sectarian differences, Saint Thomas Syrian Christians share a common social status within the
3413:
1851:
as the moment their Church regained its independence from the Catholic Church, which they lost during the
1400:, where the shrine of Thomas was located. Under him were a varying number of bishops, as well as a native
13570:
13351:
13213:
12320:
12277:
12237:
12213:
12120:
11942:
11759:
11618:
11516:
11510:
11480:
10807:
Menachery, George (Ed.). (2010) The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, VOL.III, Ollur, Thrissur.
3094:, a Malayalam word derived from the Aramaic or Hebrew word for Passover—Pasha or Pesah—commemorating the
2652:
2476:
2242:
2189:
in 1782. However, the efforts drastically failed because of the unexpected death of Iousep while in Goa.
830:
500:
256:
10856:. Divyabodhanam series. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Kottayam: Divyabodhanam Publications. Archived from
8860:"Kerala govt employs 5.45 lakh staff from 238 communities; Ezhavas hold highest number, OBCs occupy 52%"
7869:
Donald Eugene Smith et al.- South Asian politics and religion, Princeton University Press, 1966, p. 190.
7642:
6966:
George Joseph, The life and times of a Kerala Christian nationalist, Orient Blackswan, 2003, pp. 33–39,
5290:
Madras Rediscovered: A Historical Guide to Looking Around, Supplemented with Tales of 'Once Upon a City'
3986:
Ross, Israel J. (1979). "Ritual and Music in South India: Syrian Christian Liturgical Music in Kerala".
1922:
1862:
After the events of Coonan Cross Oath three letters were circulated claiming that they had been sent by
1384:, one of the church's Provinces of the Exterior. After this point the Province of India was headed by a
13680:
13642:
13129:
12218:
12125:
12110:
11586:
11486:
11393:
9792:. 28th International Cartographic Conference: 2–7 July 2017, Washington DC, USA. Vol. 1. Art. 69.
4299:
3506:). An oil lamp within the sanctuary is kept glowing at all times to represent the presence of God. The
2705:
2670:
In 1961, there was a split in the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church which resulted in the formation of
2177:
2034:
1663:
946:; it appears to have been derived from the Hebrew word Netzer or the Aramaic Nasraya from Isaiah 11:1.
719:
495:
115:
5748:
Massing, Jean Michel; Albuquerque, Luís de; Brown, Jonathan; González, J. J. Martín (1 January 1991).
2971:(ܩܘܪܒܢܐ), meaning "sacrifice". Nasrani Qurbana used to be held in Syriac till the early 20th century.
1337:
13723:
13713:
13675:
13430:
13240:
13208:
13162:
13139:
12115:
11561:
11449:
11368:
11271:
11238:
11223:
10711:
9511:
To Survive or to flourish? Minority rights and Syrian Christian assertions in 20th century Travancore
2811:
2794:
2274:
missionaries to teach there. This could be regarded as the beginning of the relationship between the
2263:
1567:
1491:
1221:
686:
in the 1st century. The Saint Thomas Christians had been historically a part of the hierarchy of the
457:
6019:
2572:. The other group, known as the 'Patriarch's Party', remained loyal to the Patriarch and was led by
1448:
1372:
provided India with clergy, holy texts, and ecclesiastical infrastructure, and around 650 Patriarch
1364:
Christians increased, the connection with the Church of the East, centred in the Persian capital of
1178:
The tradition of origin of the Christians in Kerala is found in a version of the Songs of Thomas or
13803:
13703:
13608:
13603:
13418:
13383:
13309:
13265:
13260:
13057:
12883:
12728:
12625:
12620:
11799:
11663:
11457:
11228:
11213:
11158:
11122:
9559:
9538:
9299:
5273:
3737:
3552:
3498:
is protected with rails and is veiled by a red curtain most of the time; this is opened during the
3268:
given to ideas concerning eternal life after death and the anticipation of Christ's final judgment.
2833:
legislature in Travancore, four Saint Thomas Christians found a place in among the 24 seats of the
2554:
2549:(Dionysios VI), the Malankara Metropolitan, due to dispute of authority over the properties of the
2350:, Koorilose completed the transition to West Syriac ritual practices. However, a minority from the
1779:, the highest remaining representative of the native church hierarchy. The Archbishop convened the
1638:
Catholic critical account of Saint-Thomas Christians in India, written by traveller and missionary
1631:
comments that this may indicate that the patriarch was not well known among the Indian Christians.
17:
10961:
10644:
The Syrian Christians of Kerala: Demographic and Socioeconomic Transition in the Twentieth Century
10568:
9643:
8696:
5777:
Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100-1500: Divergent Traditions
3757:
two groups within the Saint Thomas Christian community which are closely analogous to sub-castes.
2025:
continued since then and this led to gradual replacement of the East Syriac Rite liturgy with the
1554:
MS Vatican Syriac 22 is the oldest known Syriac manuscript copied in India. It is a lectionary of
1016:
relate not to their ethnicity but to their historical, religious and liturgical connection to the
13798:
13388:
13122:
13027:
12916:
12866:
12723:
12640:
12615:
12496:
12105:
11744:
11651:
11090:
11060:
10804:
Menachery, George (Ed.). (1973) The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, VOL.II, Thrissur.
5822:
5043:
2944:
2713:
2595:) as the Catholicos. Nonetheless, in 1975, both the parties split again with the decision of the
2542:
2535:
2307:
2213:
and Cochin where the majority of Saint Thomas Christians lived to Anjoor in the territory of the
1999:
1871:
1500:
887:
863:
691:
525:
416:
10801:
Menachery, George (Ed.). (1982) The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, VOL.I, Thrissur.
10446:
Swiderski, Richard Michael (1988a). "Northists and Southists: A Folklore of Kerala Christians".
8514:
1028:
Internally the Saint Thomas Christian community is divided into two ethnic groups, the majority
13708:
13299:
13157:
13099:
12990:
12969:
12734:
12415:
12146:
12086:
11784:
11769:
11627:
11401:
11382:
11168:
11163:
11142:
11020:
11001:
9210:
9159:
3938:
3878:
3722:
3639:
3149:
2948:
2799:
2717:
2468:
2365:
2323:
2275:
2022:
1983:
1962:
faction was also known as Romo-Syrians and organized as the Syrian Catholic Church whereas the
1935:
1931:
1699:
1666:, dispatching them to India. These bishops, and three more (Mar Yahballaha, Mar Dinkha and Mar
1438:
815:
807:
745:
550:
329:
264:
155:
11865:
10283:
9759:
8711:
7994:
6658:
5775:
5670:
4777:
4747:
13767:
13366:
13092:
12901:
12804:
12759:
12688:
11188:
11030:
9580:
5749:
5601:
5151:
3883:
3033:
2916:
2905:
2772:
2397:
2389:
2144:
died without having reconsecrated, but having himself consecrated his successor as Thoma VI.
1995:
1776:
1651:
1584:
1416:
1123:
895:
883:
555:
337:
333:
10513:
Privileged Minorities:Syrian Christianity, Gender, and Minority Rights in Postcolonial India
8845:
8507:"Inculturation of the East Syrian Liturgy of Marriage By the St. Thomas Christians in India"
5908:
Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux
5092:
4548:
2921:
2083:
A minority within the community of Saint Thomas Christians tried to preserve the use of the
1139:
A number of 3rd and 4th century Roman writers also mention Thomas' trip to India, including
13588:
13538:
13523:
13400:
13109:
13009:
12959:
12954:
12911:
12871:
12799:
12357:
12299:
12255:
12151:
12032:
11915:
11749:
11724:
11248:
10162:
The Arrival of the Portuguese in India and the Thomas Christians Under Mar Jacob, 1498–1552
9793:
9355:
7452:
5965:"MS Vatican Syriac 22 & MS Vatican Syriac 17: Syriac Manuscripts copied in South India"
4165:
3706:
3635:
3452:
2889:
2842:
2725:
2319:
2191:
1156:
1144:
926:
The Saint Thomas Christians have also been nicknamed such due to their reverence for Saint
652:
10837:
Poomangalam C.A (1998) The Antiquities of the Knanaya Syrian Christians; Kottayam, Kerala.
10284:"The Survival Story of the Syriac Chants among the Saint Thomas Christians in South India"
8246:"The Survival Story of the Sound, Sentiments, and Melodies of the Aramaic Chants in India"
7090:
4074:
From Chattas to Churidars: Syrian Christian Religious Minorities in a Secular Indian State
2998:
on his visit to Malabar commented on the practice of Saint Thomas Christian priests using
2152:
were being increasingly subjugated by their colonial Latin ecclesiastical administrators.
930:, who is said to have brought Christianity to India. The name dates back to the period of
790:
774:
provoked a violent resistance among the Thomasine Christians, that took expression in the
8:
13757:
13733:
13718:
13637:
13627:
13613:
13593:
13583:
13553:
13533:
13462:
13193:
13022:
12949:
12779:
12708:
12635:
12045:
11990:
11964:
11819:
11804:
11764:
11345:
11253:
11080:
10559:. Rome; Bangalore: Center for Indian and Inter-Religious Studies; Dharmaram Publications.
10501:
10124:
A History of Christianity in India: From Early Times to St. Francis Xavier: A. D. 52-1542
9783:"Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia"
9755:
9729:
Kottayam Athirupatha Sathabdhi Smaranika: Sabha Saktheekaranam Knanaya Presthithadauthyam
9403:
9160:"33rd MALLAPPALLY CONVENTION Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Niranam Diocese Day 1 LIVE"
7542:
7184:
7129:
6685:
3811:
with over 5,000 annual participants. This convention was started in 1943 lasting 8 days.
3571:
2897:
2893:
2878:
2767:
2721:
2663:
took place on 14 May 2005 and simultaneously the title 'Catholicos' was legitimized. The
2621:
2600:
2488:
2472:
2385:
2072:
2068:
2048:
1979:
1939:
1915:
1856:
1768:
1675:
1385:
1341:
1261:
1133:
985:
818:, inheriting from them the West Syriac Rite, replacing the old East Syriac Rite liturgy.
803:
679:
545:
421:
9797:
9379:
8690:
5493:
3740:
recorded that they were given privileges in addition to those granted to groups such as
3208:
is mostly conducted and prayers recited in Malayalam. However, significant parts of the
2888:. The disagreements of the Saint Thomas Christians further widened and they allied with
2765:
communities, came up with the idea of a newspaper that resulted in the establishment of
1528:
13632:
13578:
13489:
13479:
13270:
13185:
13134:
12744:
12451:
12272:
12242:
12156:
12049:
11875:
11779:
11709:
11423:
11208:
11070:
10467:
10279:
10069:
9997:
9974:
9951:
9303:
8597:
8241:
8211:
7826:
7566:
4078:
4003:
3933:
3893:
3888:
3766:
3314:, where similarly the bridegroom places a silk cloth by covering the head of the bride.
3311:
2892:
to mobilize against the government, which culminated in a violent struggle, called the
2581:
2577:
2513:
2484:
2459:
2271:
1896:
1883:
1670:) who followed them in 1503–1504, reaffirmed and strengthened traditional ties between
1532:
1365:
1318:
1277:
1017:
927:
695:
687:
683:
586:
406:
364:
11100:
9426:
The Indian Christians of St Thomas: An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar
9281:
Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900
9241:
Amaladass, Anand (1993) . "Dialogue between Hindus and the St. Thomas Christians". In
4866:
2091:, who occasionally sent envoys to India. At the beginning of the 18th century, Bishop
1256:, Tamil Nadu. According to legend, the community began with Thomas's conversion of 32
1110:
are known to have existed in Kerala in the 1st century AD, and it was possible for an
13669:
13548:
13454:
13378:
13277:
13250:
13169:
13117:
13067:
12826:
12794:
12789:
12784:
12774:
12764:
12713:
12537:
12347:
11920:
11684:
11359:
11132:
10879:
10824:
10768:
10648:
10627:
10536:
10455:
10434:
10415:
10387:
10359:
10321:
10309:
10291:
10265:
10241:
10203:
10020:
9930:
9920:
9841:
9820:
9767:
9741:
9713:
9694:
9626:
9607:
9586:
9494:
9313:
9285:
9252:
8947:
8821:
8805:
8717:
8638:
8601:
8589:
8478:
8460:
8450:
8375:
8338:
8305:
8035:
8000:
7964:
7906:
7879:
7878:
George Mathew – Communal Road to a Secular Kerala, Concept Publishing Company, 1989,
7767:
7738:
7711:
7667:
7622:
7597:
7570:
7556:
7518:
7465:
7358:
7313:
7289:
7202:
7152:
6967:
6935:
6578:
5875:
5781:
5755:
5719:
5676:
5607:
5572:
5294:
5252:
5185:
4909:
4876:
4843:
4813:
4783:
4753:
4704:
4593:
4427:
4212:
4179:
4169:
4031:
3733:
2807:
2781:
2530:
2522:
2373:
2222:
2204:
2182:
2078:
1848:
1824:
1772:
1754:
1725:
1487:
1404:, who had authority over the clergy and who wielded a great amount of secular power.
1248:
further narrates St Thomas's mission in the rest of South India and his martyrdom at
1168:
1152:
911:
856:, an integral part of the Syriac Orthodox Church headed by the Patriarch of Antioch.
775:
656:
431:
231:
10781:
Landstrom, Bjorn (1964) "The Quest for India", Doubleday English Edition, Stockholm.
10349:
10335:
10305:
5061:
4384:
4357:
13413:
13255:
13230:
12809:
12769:
12310:
12227:
11809:
11734:
11540:
11416:
11353:
11233:
10784:
Mariamma Joseph (1994).Marriage Among Indian Christians. Jaipur: Rawat Publications
10603:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
10571:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
10483:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
10459:
10184:
10170:
10156:
10144:
10132:
10053:
10034:
9912:
9888:
9817:
Jornada of D. Alexis Menezes: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar
9801:
9670:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
9646:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
9562:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
9541:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
9472:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
9456:
9406:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
9382:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
9358:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
9334:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
9331:
8628:
8581:
8545:
8541:
8365:
8334:
7933:
7548:
4905:
4258:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
3995:
3961:
3745:
3585:
3470:, arranged in the topmost platform at the eastern side of the building, represents
3435:
3397:
3374:
3236:
2987:
2964:
2936:
2932:
2881:
formed the first government of the state in 1957 on winning the assembly elections.
2870:
2814:
of avarna Hindus, as he considered the issue to be one of concern to Hindus alone.
2660:
2641:
2625:
2616:
2585:
2500:
2492:
2464:
2352:
2328:
2302:
As a protest against the interference of the Anglican Church in the affairs of the
2173:
2084:
2064:
2052:
2026:
2018:
1954:
1852:
1844:
1792:
1780:
1746:
1683:
1555:
1452:, identified as Christian due to the Christian presence there) in the contemporary
1424:
1389:
1361:
1293:
1241:
1140:
1004:) as their liturgical language, from newly evangelised Christians who followed the
1001:
997:
931:
780:
763:
715:
672:
668:
576:
530:
426:
290:
282:
10949:
Population of Christians in India and Kerala based on 2001 report of Indian census
10480:
3264:
are part of the church celebrations. Their use has become popular all over Kerala.
2047:
The main body of the Paḻayakūṟ faction (Syrian Catholics) came to be known as the
2021:
liturgy, customs and script to the Malabar Coast. The visits of prelates from the
766:, formally subjugating them to the Portuguese Padroado and imposing upon them the
13622:
13528:
13319:
13017:
12315:
11902:
11885:
11880:
11704:
11699:
11376:
11198:
11045:
10965:
10943:
10762:
10642:
10621:
10589:
10554:
10530:
10353:
10259:
10235:
10221:
10188:
10174:
10160:
10122:
10111:
10097:
10083:
9835:
9688:
9601:
9424:
9399:
9375:
9351:
9327:
9307:
9279:
9246:
8941:
7958:
7782:
7688:
7412:
7354:
7283:
6572:
6551:
6530:
6279:
5869:
5202:
4870:
4206:
4173:
4161:
4025:
3257:
3240:
3213:
3027:
2952:
2873:, taking office shortly after the presentation of India's first Budget, in 1948.
2866:
2859:
2689:
2361:
2060:
1905:
1695:
1514:
1471:
1408:
1312:
or Southists trace their lineage to Thomas of Cana, while the group known as the
1172:
957:
952:
is evolved from the Syriac term for "Christian" that emerges from the Greek word
903:
891:
702:, and independent bodies, each with their own liturgies and traditions. They are
675:
462:
198:
12511:
9469:
5204:
Lingerings of light in a dark land: Researches into the Syrian church of Malabar
4362:"Garshuni Malayalam: A Witness to an Early Stage of Indian Christian Literature"
2651:
as its suffragan. On 10 February 2005, the church was raised to the status of a
1926:
A diagram showing the history of the divisions among the Saint Thomas Christians
13618:
13518:
13314:
13203:
13149:
13082:
13062:
12821:
12662:
12542:
12400:
12057:
11978:
11845:
11835:
11789:
11729:
11461:
11439:
9806:
8394:"Eashoa Msheekhah (Aramaic), Jesus the Messiah (English) or the Christ (Greek)"
6018:
Jordanus, Catalani; Yule, Henry; Parr, Charles McKew donor; Parr, Ruth (1863).
5234:
Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali ...: Volumes 17–18
3808:
3789:
3650:
3614:
3610:
3334:
3322:
2995:
2983:
2803:
2745:
2697:
2677:
2656:
2433:
2041:
1911:
1875:
1784:
1761:
1757:, and quickly set to bringing the Saint Thomas Christians under his authority.
1620:
1427:
reportedly sent a mission and gifts to Saint Thomas' tomb in India. During the
1345:
1329:
were extant in Kerala until the 17th century after which point they were lost.
1301:
1244:
at that time were absorbed by what became the Nasrani Community in Kerala. The
1128:
1082:
970:
899:
879:
837:
664:
485:
411:
286:
10671:
10503:
The Great Archbishop Mar Augustine Kandathil, D. D.: the Outline of a Vocation
9211:"36th Trivandrum Orthodox Convention 2023 @ Holy Trinity Aramana Chapel Day 2"
7896:
P.R. Saraswati (2007). "The Impact of Indian Christianity on Indian Society".
7552:
7111:
5599:
2974:
2270:, for the theological education of Jacobite Christian priests and invited the
1712:. At the time the community was in a tenuous position: though thriving in the
13782:
13543:
13474:
13324:
13032:
12672:
12667:
12410:
12405:
12166:
12141:
12041:
11952:
11638:
11497:
10564:
10438:
10313:
10255:
10231:
10217:
9892:
9242:
8642:
8593:
8464:
8379:
7601:
4700:
4255:
4202:
3819:
3769:
is one of the largest annual Christian gatherings in Asia. It takes place in
3726:
3401:
3283:
3087:
3019:
2991:
2854:
2853:
where they fought together for responsible government and also to oust Iyer.
2838:
2526:
2393:
2250:
1737:
1709:
1679:
1639:
1608:
1509:
1496:
1453:
1305:
1041:
699:
322:
9934:
8804:
A Kumar — Social Reforms in Modern India, p. 180, Sarup and Sons 2001,
6047:
5675:(2010 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 48, 119–120, 365–366.
1892:
and he added such ancient titles as 'Metran of All India', 'Gate of India'.
13356:
13304:
13235:
13225:
12906:
12838:
12703:
12599:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12260:
12250:
12223:
12197:
12061:
11794:
11754:
11714:
11472:
11303:
11137:
11050:
10107:
10093:
10079:
10065:
9857:"Nazrani History and Discourse on Early Nationalism in Varthamanapusthakam"
9663:
9460:
8757:"Saint Thomas Cross – A Religio Cultural Symbol Of Saint Thomas Christians"
8447:
Mar Thomma Margam: a new catechism for the Saint Thomas Christians of India
7618:
The Spirit in the World: Emerging Pentecostal Theologies in Global Contexts
5571:
Burjor Avari – India, the ancient past, Taylor & Francis, 2007, p.221,
3782:
3774:
3580:
3499:
3261:
3197:
3185:
3130:
3100:
2960:
2445:
2407:
2030:
1840:
1835:
1750:
1559:
1522:
1432:
1373:
976:
749:
740:(780–823 AD) in the eighth century, served by bishops and a local dynastic
278:
216:
143:
10605:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
10573:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
10485:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
9672:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
9667:
9648:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
9564:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
9543:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
9518:
9474:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
9408:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
9384:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
9360:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
9336:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
7363:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
5222:. Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India Publications. p. 40.
4592:. Missions Advanced Research and Communication Center. 1980. p. 114.
4260:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
3370:
caste, who sings the grants and privileges given to the Syrian Christians.
3054:
2896:, in 1958. The Communist government was dismissed on 31 July 1959 and the
2449:
2432:
to consecrate a bishop of their own rite for them. In response, Patriarch
13658:
13408:
13371:
13220:
13072:
13047:
12944:
12547:
12521:
12073:
12065:
12053:
11814:
10970:
10959:
Project for preserving the manuscripts of the Syrian Christians of Kerala
10844:
10412:
A Historical-Developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals
10341:
Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag
9764:
Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag
9275:
3804:
3778:
3393:
3318:
3201:
3156:
3125:
3098:
of Jesus Christ during Passover in Jerusalem. The tradition of consuming
3095:
3064:
3059:
2901:
2862:
2834:
2819:
2569:
2381:
2357:
2246:
1944:
1808:
1732:
1713:
1667:
1563:
1193:
1107:
1096:
1037:
993:
875:
871:
515:
372:
303:
151:
10556:
The Christians of St. Thomas in South India and their Syriac Manuscripts
10057:
9185:
8492:
8490:
7091:"A History of the Church of England in India, by Eyre Chatterton (1924)"
5558:
D'Aguiar, Rev. J. Monteiro. 'The Magna Carta of St. Thomas Christians',
4872:
Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India (16th–17th centuries)
3579:
The East Syriac Churches of the St. Thomas Christians have accepted the
2221:, was later confirmed as an independent Syrian Church in Malabar by the
1525:
after the city, indicating the importance of Kollam in the 9th century.
1047:
In either the 4th or 8th century, the Syriac Christian merchant magnate
996:
that distinguishes the Saint Thomas Christians, who used Syriac (within
882:
faction that split off from the Marthoma Church in 1961. Meanwhile, the
13506:
13245:
13042:
12698:
12630:
12557:
12552:
12491:
12420:
12330:
12265:
12001:
11739:
10936:
10921:
10471:
8780:
Dr. Geo Thadikkatt – Liturgical Identity of the Mar Toma Nazrani Church
8692:
The Land of Charity: A Descriptive Account of Travancore and its People
8633:
8616:
8585:
8370:
8353:
8096:
7394:
3830:
3807:
Orthodox Convention. It takes place on the Koithottu sand banks of the
3702:
3618:
3491:
3389:
3355:
3043:
3002:
similar to that of Hindus, in his manuscript "Book of Duarte Barbosa".
2818:
was one of the 78 marchers selected by Gandhi to take part in the 1930
2748:
in India to establish a Legislative Council, which was reformed as the
2693:
2311:
2210:
2056:
1616:
1401:
1393:
1183:
1164:
1048:
1005:
981:
767:
744:. In the 14th century, the rapid decline in the Church of the East and
741:
571:
360:
175:
167:
147:
11314:
10600:
9710:
The Babylonian origin of the Southists among the St. Thomas Christians
9001:"WCC general secretary to address largest Christian gathering in Asia"
8397:
8165:
Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General, p. 290.
4007:
3278:
and bride during engagement, rather it is offered and mediated by the
3049:
1674:
and the Patriarchate. They were later followed by another bishop, Mar
13663:
13511:
13346:
13336:
13329:
13287:
13282:
13077:
13037:
12501:
12441:
11694:
10792:
8960:
8487:
8425:
Diocese of South-West America of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
6357:
4668:
St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India (steci) is an episcopal Church
3682:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3503:
3487:
3444:
2830:
2681:
2644:
2360:
ideologies of the missionaries, stood along with them and joined the
2214:
1900:
1863:
1816:
1721:
1655:
1420:
1412:
1313:
1269:
1160:
965:
762:) in the community. The attempts of the Portuguese culminated in the
723:
707:
703:
356:
193:
179:
95:
10623:
The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913
10463:
9436:"Noticias do Reyno do Malabar" Information of the Kingdom of Malabar
9023:"Metropolitan opens 95th Central Travancore Orthodox Christian meet"
8333:. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily. 2009. Archived from
7585:
5850:
3836:
Trivandrum Orthodox Convention is an annual convention organized by
3392:(an ancient dance form performed in a circular configuration with a
2632:
and came into communion with the Catholic Church. They are known as
810:
which continue to employ the original East Syriac Rite liturgy. The
13052:
12921:
12486:
12456:
12425:
12097:
12077:
12069:
11947:
11850:
11689:
10339:
8886:"Community wise statistics of government employees in the Assembly"
8667:
Anthropologica Vol 46, 2004, Canadian Anthropology Society, p. 262.
8496:
Anthropologica Vol 46, 2004, Canadian Anthropology Society, p. 258.
6764:
6762:
5603:
Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams
5319:
4809:
Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia
4671:
4361:
3999:
3658:
3560:
3382:
3359:
3294:" to the bride are the major wedding rituals loaned from Hinduism.
3279:
3192:
The celebration of Holy Liturgy (Holy Mass) is commonly called the
2940:
2480:
2377:
2295:
2267:
2038:
1812:
1796:
1705:
1650:
In 1490, a delegation from the Saint Thomas Christians visited the
1428:
1397:
1249:
1092:
1063:
summarizes the division of the community in the following quote:
822:
754:
271:
163:
10019:. Ollur, Trichur, India: South Asia Research Assistance Services.
8137:
8135:
7663:
An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity
6321:
5457:
5236:. Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum. 1951. p. 233.
3934:"Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Chicago (Syro-Malabarese)"
3404:) still exist amongst the Saint Thomas Syrian Christian community.
2079:
Failed attempts for reunification and solidification of the schism
44:
13752:
13361:
13341:
13198:
13087:
12325:
11985:
11774:
10871:(Studien zur Orientalischen Kirchengeschichte 13; Münster: LIT).
9870:"Nazrani Christians and the Social Processes of Kerala, 800–1500"
6381:
5380:
5378:
4963:
4961:
3785:
Bridge. The first convention was held in March 1895 for 10 days.
3770:
3753:
3710:
3686:
3670:
3545:
3339:
3326:
3245:
3229:
3180:
3169:
3078:
2815:
2238:
2141:
2137:
1974:
1949:
1888:
1504:
1309:
1292:
An organized Christian presence in India dates to the arrival of
1284:
1257:
1253:
1119:
1111:
1088:
368:
202:
159:
139:
135:
123:
119:
91:
10190:
Indian Christians: Search for Identity and Struggle for Autonomy
7851:
6759:
6345:
6024:. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. p. 23, para. 31.
3030:, recruited trained Christian warriors to defend their kingdom.
2680:
began to spread among Saint Thomas Christians from 1911, due to
2278:(Church Mission Society) and the Saint Thomas Christians of the
58:
12568:
11548:
8972:
8670:
8132:
6998:. Academic Publishers, College Road, Kottayam. 2003.p. 254-262.
6059:
5913:
5747:
5518:
5516:
3841:
3698:
3662:
3646:
3556:
3471:
3373:
The traditional dress of a Saint Thomas Christian woman is the
2999:
2789:
2403:
1479:
1457:
1443:
1353:
1297:
1273:
1217:
1148:
1100:
759:
758:
system in the 16th century, led to the first of several rifts (
660:
171:
127:
111:
99:
87:
30:
This article is about the people. For their denominations, see
10352:(2018). "Syriac Christianity in India". In Daniel King (ed.).
10151:. Vol. 2. Bangalore: Church History Association of India.
10139:. Vol. 1. Bangalore: Church History Association of India.
9837:
Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean
8499:
7285:
India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World
6799:
6797:
6107:
6095:
6083:
6071:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5696:
5375:
5005:
4958:
4839:
The South Indian Pentecostal Movement in the Twentieth Century
2225:, through a verdict in 1862. Subsequently, they took the name
2017:
This visit of Gregorios Abdal Jaleel gradually introduced the
1578:
13294:
12754:
12693:
12650:
12232:
11908:
11719:
11552:
10532:
Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique
10237:
A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707
9104:"St. Mary's Orthodox Church Kallooppara Thirunnal Convention"
8783:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8068:
7420:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6232:
6230:
5669:
Cosmas Indicopleustes (24 June 2010). J. W. McCrindle (ed.).
5363:
4745:
4389:. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc
4338:
3741:
3694:
3541:
3527:
3475:
3351:
3221:
3037:
A Saint Thomas Syrian Christian family from Thiruvalla (1937)
2437:
2425:
1788:
1483:
1349:
1056:(Syriac for Canaanite), an adjectival epithet of Knai Thoma.
131:
103:
10850:
The Growing Church: An Introduction to Indian Church History
10524:. Translated by E. R. Hambye. Westminster, MD: Newman Press.
9517:. Trivandrum: Centre for Development Studies. Archived from
7544:
The Rise of 'New Generation' Churches in Kerala Christianity
7329:. Academic Publishers, College Road, Kottayam. 2003. p. 294.
6247:
6245:
5888:
5652:
5650:
5513:
5424:
5422:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4842:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 15–16, 26–30, 37–57.
4696:
The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
4417:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
3822:
town at Mar Gregorios Catholicate Centre and began in 1967.
3551:
The main entrance is on the western side of the building; a
2757:, an organization formed with an objective of reuniting the
1827:
to serve as "Patriarch of the Whole of India and of China".
984:
continue to attach this honorific title to their names. The
12446:
8218:(PhD, Ethnomusicology thesis). City University of New York.
8147:
7442:. Academic Publishers, College Road, Kottayam. 2003.p. 354.
7257:
7245:
6845:
6591:
5999:
5975:
5937:
5925:
5600:
Werner Sundermann; Almut Hintze; François de Blois (2009).
5340:
ThomaaSleehaayude Kerala ChristhavaSabha Onnaam Noottaandil
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
3690:
3674:
3536:
3460:
3378:
3303:
3299:
3224:
3112:
3023:
3015:
2885:
2877:
On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed and the
2846:
2599:, held in Damascus, to depose the Catholicos in Kerala and
1899:
sent the Italian priest Joseph Sebastiani as the head of a
1820:
1717:
1682:
were facing new challenges, caused by the establishment of
1540:
844:. The Oriental Orthodox faction includes the autocephalous
826:
722:, who were among the first converts to Christianity in the
682:. They trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of
107:
8735:
8733:
8065:
8053:
6774:
6615:
6603:
6508:
6227:
6203:
5987:
5871:
Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India
5815:
3575:
An ancient St Thomas Cross at Kottayam Knanaya Valiyapally
3183:). Then palm leaves are blessed and distributed after the
2841:
was elected as the Deputy President of the Assembly where
2611:(an autonomous church under the Antiochene Patriarchate).
2306:
faction of the Saint Thomas Christians, the Metropolitan,
2198:
Following this, in 1787, representatives from eighty-four
2067:
Catholic hierarchy was restored on 21 December 1923, with
1986:
descend. The Puthenkur faction is the body from which the
748:
colonial overtures to bring St Thomas Christians into the
10932:
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (Indian Orthodox Church)
10816:
Menachery, George & Chakkalakal, Werner (ed.) (1987)
9790:
Proceedings of the International Cartographic Association
8192:
8180:
8108:
7209:
7165:
6948:
6749:
6747:
6452:
6450:
6333:
6242:
6119:
5647:
5620:
5581:
5419:
5026:"The Surprisingly Early History of Christianity in India"
4988:
4948:
4946:
4931:
4527:
The Church in India Before and After the Synod of Diamper
4310:
4225:
3814:
Ranni Orthodox Convention is an annual convention of the
2237:
In 1795, the kings of Travancore and Cochin entered into
1742:
1115:
10926:
10869:
Orientalische Christen zwischen Repression und Migration
10594:. Syrian Church Series. Vol. 12. Jyothi Book House.
9077:"Metropolitan opens Kallooppara Orthodox Christian meet"
8421:""Seven Times a Day I Praise You" – The Shehimo Prayers"
8013:
7233:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7006:
7004:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6422:
6420:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6262:
6260:
5959:
5957:
5487:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5307:
5176:"The Song of Thomas Ramban" in Menachery G (ed); (1998)
5158:
4978:
4976:
4776:
Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010).
4717:
4160:
3673:. They have also migrated to other cities in India like
2911:
10958:
10876:
The Latin Christians of Kerala: A Study on Their Origin
8918:
8730:
8552:
8084:
7992:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7690:
The Pneumatic Experiences of the Indian Neocharismatics
7536:
7534:
6833:
6821:
6627:
6553:
The Story of the Christian Church in India and Pakistan
5540:
5220:
The pastoral care of the Syro-Malabar Catholic migrants
4616:
4614:
4612:
4382:
3329:
and other bronze articles in their houses and churches.
3018:
of Cochin and Travancore. They owned a large number of
10953:
9690:
The Acts of Thomas: Introduction, Text, and Commentary
7464:. Vadavathoor: OIRSI publications. pp. 201, 226.
7376:
7374:
7372:
7310:, Metropolitan of Jacobite faction of Malankara Church
6648:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6447:
6284:. Office of the Registrar General. 1965. p. 111.
6215:
6191:
5833:
5831:
5528:
5047:
4943:
4831:
4829:
4801:
4799:
4463:
3840:. The convention takes place at Holy Trinity Aramana,
3385:
have become predominant among the younger generations.
2483:
who was forthcoming, and in December 1907 consecrated
2055:
traditions and stayed within the Catholic Church with
1948:(or "Old Allegiance"), and the branch affiliated with
1132:, likely written in the early 3rd century, perhaps in
10288:
The Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities
10176:
Sixteenth century traditions of St. Thomas Christians
9623:
Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present
9603:
Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present
9578:
9248:
Hindu-Christian dialogue: perspectives and encounters
8713:
The New Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship
8222:
8168:
8120:
7016:
7001:
6976:
6724:
6494:
6437:
6435:
6417:
6369:
6304:
6257:
5954:
5729:
5668:
5637:
5635:
5440:
5390:
4973:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4092:
3916:
3914:
3478:
is attached to the eastern wall. To the north of the
1886:
on him, elevating him as Metropolitan with the title
1091:
on the Kerala coast in AD 52 which is in present-day
7999:. University of California Press. pp. 155–156.
7996:
Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation
7766:, University of California Press, 1982, pp. 78- 82,
7764:
Communism in Kerala: a study in political adaptation
7751:
7531:
7396:
Holy Fathers of The Syrian Orient Entombed in Kerala
6809:
6543:
6017:
5593:
5068:
4771:
4769:
4609:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
2607:(an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church) and the
2322:. The declaration resulted in the separation of the
1678:, who died in 1597. By that time, Christians of the
10344:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 415–436.
9265:
8966:
8102:
7369:
7221:
6639:
5828:
5794:
4826:
4796:
4741:
4739:
3332:
The night before the marriage a ceremony known as "
3050:
Existing traditions, music, rituals and social life
1087:According to tradition, Thomas the Apostle came to
10143:
9582:Christianity in India: Two Thousand Years of Faith
9131:
9075:
9021:
7052:
6532:The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. Vol.3
6468:
6432:
6363:
6166:
5662:
5632:
5325:
5217:
4563:
4491:
4440:
4156:
4154:
4152:
3911:
2417:sent a delegation headed by Antony Thondanatt (d.
1704:The Saint Thomas Christians first encountered the
729:Historically, this community was organised as the
10320:. Vol. 24. Gorgias Press. pp. 189–218.
9740:. Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India.
8617:"The Cultural Heritage of the Knanaya Christians"
8538:Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913–1936)
7586:"Nidan: International Journal for Indian Studies"
7054:"Missionaries led State to renaissance: Pinarayi"
5271:
4766:
4104:
3346:", where similarly the couple are served sweets.
3235:The Saint Thomas Christians, particularly of the
3063:is prepared by Nasranis on the Saturday prior to
3026:of Travancore and Cochin, including the renowned
2525:arrived in Kerala. In June 1876, at the synod of
2380:. On 27 September 1947, the Anglican dioceses in
1167:visited a Christian community in India using the
1159:records that St. Clement of Alexandria's teacher
13780:
10678:. Book V Chapter 10 "Pantaenus the Philosopher".
10431:Blood weddings: the Knanaya Christians of Kerala
10316:; Jacob Thekeparampil; Abraham Kalakudi (eds.).
10286:. In Suzel Ana Reily; Jonathan M. Dueck (eds.).
7963:. Motilal Banarsidass Publication. p. 114.
7731:Turner, Bryan S.; Salemink, Oscar, eds. (2015).
7666:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–127.
7278:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7106:
7104:
5023:
4752:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 687–688.
4736:
4282:"How did Timur change the history of the world?"
3732:In historic kingdoms of Kerala such as those of
3716:
3090:with high reverence. This day is referred to as
2920:Saint Thomas Syrian Christians described in the
2498:By June 1875, there were two factions among the
2471:. After his death, local Christians appealed to
2436:consecrated Thomas Rokos, titular archbishop of
11560:
10102:. Delhi: National Council of Churches in India.
9251:(Indian ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
8838:"Syrian Christians are in a class of their own"
7783:Encyclopedia of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
5246:
5085:
5083:
4875:. University of Michigan. p. 99 and note.
4626:
4322:
4208:The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities
4149:
4054:Considine, John Joseph; Kernan, Thomas (1942).
4053:
2413:In 1860, tired of their Latin subjugation, the
2314:on 16 January 1836. There it was declared that
2202:churches assembled at Angamaly and drew up the
1419:wrote of Syrian Christians he met in India and
1368:, strengthened. From the early 4th century the
9990:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India
9967:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India
9944:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India
9758:(2013). Peter Bruns; Heinz Otto Luthe (eds.).
9726:
9507:
8789:
8750:
8748:
8477:Rowena Robinson: Christians of India, p. 106,
8325:
8323:
7895:
7857:
7800:
7730:
7621:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 72–87.
6868:(in Malayalam). Vol. 1. pp. 205–207.
4426:(3rd rev. ed.). Oxford University Press.
4418:F. L. Cross; E. A. Livingstone, eds. (2009) .
4197:
4195:
3777:, during February on the vast sand-bed of the
3196:, regardless of whether it is the East Syriac
3146:footwear is removed before entering the church
2728:, operated through establishments such as the
2318:would be subject to the Syrian traditions and
1970:and organized as the Malankara Syrian Church.
934:. They are also known, especially locally, as
13468:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
13167:
12584:
12017:
11330:
10986:
10789:St. Thomas Christians of Malabar Through Ages
10549:
10310:"Four apologetic church histories from India"
10261:A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858
9867:
9854:
9833:
9814:
9735:
9707:
9579:Fernando, Leonard; Gispert-Sauch, G. (2004).
8935:
8933:
8676:
7484:Rev. Thomas, P.T. & Rev. P.C. Zachariah.
7269:
7101:
6893:
6803:
6185:
6005:
5948:
5894:
5867:
5522:
5479:
5428:
5384:
5011:
4967:
4775:
4424:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
4201:
3825:Mallapally Orthodox Syrian Convention of the
3219:Saint Thomas Christians use East Syriac term
3179:(ʾōshaʿnā) meaning 'save, rescue, savior' in
1325:royal protection from the Chera dynasty. The
902:and other evangelical denominations like the
606:
9754:
7960:Reflections on Finance Education and Society
7392:
6896:History of Malabar Independent Syrian Church
6668:
6556:. Christian Literature Society. p. 36.
6021:Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East
5346:
5080:
4812:. OCMS. pp. 192–193, 195–196, 203–204.
4805:
3752:They tend to be endogamous, and tend not to
3424:) with the traditional tile roofing and wall
3342:(Southist) community's tradition called as "
3174:
1423:in the 6th century. In 883 the English king
10745:Antony, Martin Thomas (13 September 2009).
10528:
10039:"The Early Spread of Christianity in India"
9766:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag: 259–276.
9449:Archives de sciences sociales des religions
9298:
8978:
8745:
8412:
8320:
8141:
7899:Christianity in India Through the Centuries
7426:
7263:
6621:
6577:. Travancore Government Press. p. 28.
6514:
6486:
6168:"Tracing the heritage of Syrian Christians"
6149:
6065:
5931:
5626:
5503:
5274:"Seven and half Churches (Ezhara Pallikal)"
5130:
4937:
4238:
4192:
4178:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 285.
4049:
4047:
3869:India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)
2136:and regularise the orders of their leader,
2029:and the Malankara Church affiliated to the
1462:Here rules the king of Colombo, a Christian
690:but are now divided into several different
12591:
12577:
12024:
12010:
11960:Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations
11337:
11323:
11204:Malankara-Persian ecclesiastical relations
11000:
10993:
10979:
10676:. Translated by McGiffert, Arthur Cushman.
10619:
10520:Tisserant, E. (1957). E. R. Hambye (ed.).
10445:
10002:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9979:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9956:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9687:Klijn, Albertus Frederik Johannes (2003).
9620:
9599:
9508:Devika, J.; Varghese, V. J. (March 2010).
8930:
8030:
8028:
7707:Global Pentecostal and Charismatic Healing
7614:
7343:(in Malayalam). Vol. II. p. 125.
7215:
7171:
6609:
6490:
6387:
6351:
6327:
6236:
6209:
6113:
6101:
6089:
6077:
6053:
5993:
5919:
5861:
5702:
5656:
5507:
5499:
5483:
5463:
5369:
5313:
5200:
5164:
5138:
5126:
5098:
4999:
4889:
4861:
4859:
4518:
4344:
4316:
3252:Another surviving tradition is the use of
2978:Saint Thomas Syrian Christian bride (1909)
2735:
1775:, had secured the submission of the young
1486:or the State of Quilon, a feudatory under
894:in 1836 and eventually became part of the
613:
599:
57:
10730:Learn how and when to remove this message
10640:
10519:
10478:
10428:
10264:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10240:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10197:
10010:
9987:
9964:
9941:
9911:
9887:
9805:
9309:The Church of the East: A Concise History
9284:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9240:
9084:. THG Publishing PVT LTD. 2 February 2015
9030:. THG Publishing PVT LTD. 29 January 2012
8939:
8924:
8912:
8800:
8798:
8655:
8632:
8369:
8204:
8153:
8019:
7934:"History of legislative bodies in Kerala"
7704:Brown, Candy Gunther (24 February 2011).
7615:Karkkainen, Veli-Matti (26 August 2009).
7510:
6664:
6597:
6570:
6456:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6221:
6141:
6137:
5751:Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration
5546:
5475:
5451:
5401:
5134:
5110:
4895:
4835:
4686:
3796:. The first convention was held in 1915.
2753:legislature and in government positions.
2326:missionaries from the communion with the
1936:Oriental Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch
1360:As the community grew and immigration by
12031:
11194:Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux
10563:
10381:
10372:
10278:
10183:
10169:
10155:
10131:
9557:
9536:
9467:
9433:
9429:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9140:. THG Publishing PVT LTD. 9 January 2015
8709:
8444:
8240:
8228:
8210:
7710:. Oxford University Press. p. 334.
7659:
7643:"Thomas Christians – Later developments"
7590:Nidan: Journal for the Study of Hinduism
7451:
7039:
6753:
6426:
6272:
5606:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 38.
5488:Fahlbusch, Bromiley & Lochman (2008)
5106:
4982:
4620:
4350:
4249:
4247:
4044:
3760:
3570:
3412:
3053:
3032:
2973:
2915:
2665:St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute
2402:
2289:
1921:
1802:
1633:
1527:
1437:
1336:
1283:
11931:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
11344:
10587:
10499:
10348:
10334:
10304:
10033:
9855:Malekandathil, Pius (28 January 2013).
9488:
8739:
8558:
8090:
8025:
7812:
7734:Routledge Handbook of Religions in Asia
7584:Kumar, P. Pratap, ed. (December 2019).
7251:
7146:
6929:
6913:. NJ: Georgias Press. pp. 200–246.
6908:
6851:
6768:
6718:
6672:
6633:
6502:
5981:
5837:
5286:
5207:. William Brown and Co. pp. 23–42.
4952:
4927:. Kerala Historical Society. p. 1.
4865:
4856:
4356:
4098:
3603:
1819:, who claimed to have been sent by the
1791:hierarchy; and purged the liturgy, the
1771:, had died, and the Archbishop of Goa,
1521:Thus began the Malayalam Era, known as
1456:of 1375. The caption above the king of
1040:, the historic capital of the medieval
988:designates members of the community as
14:
13781:
11658:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
11076:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
10843:
10760:
10744:
10647:. Thiruvananthapuram: Orient Longman.
10598:
10510:
10409:
10400:
10120:
10106:
10099:The Chaldean Syrian Church of the East
10092:
10078:
10064:
9780:
9662:
9641:
9442:
9398:
9374:
9350:
9326:
9133:"Catholicos opens Orthodox convention"
8795:
8755:Antony, Martin Thomas (14 June 2020).
8754:
8716:. Westminster John Knox. p. 160.
8688:
8216:Syriac Chant Traditions in South India
8126:
8078:
8059:
8044:
7686:
7380:
7353:
7338:
7239:
7227:
6863:
6710:
6706:
6652:
6525:
6523:
6498:
6398:
6396:
6197:
6153:
6034:
5812:Kerala Charithram P.59 Sridhara Menon.
5800:
5735:
5641:
5587:
5170:
4922:
4806:Anderson, Allan; Tang, Edmond (2005).
4576:
4512:
4467:
4143:
4070:
4019:
4017:
3981:
3979:
3920:
3799:One of the biggest conventions of the
3566:
3408:
2672:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
2004:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
1061:Oxford History of the Christian Church
868:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
667:), who, for the most part, employ the
317:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
12572:
12005:
11318:
10974:
10764:Contemporary Religions: A World Guide
10254:
10230:
10216:
9868:Malekandathil, Pius (19 March 2014).
9760:"Syro-Malabar History and Traditions"
9686:
9560:"Mar Thoma Syrian Church (Malankara)"
9422:
9312:. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon.
9274:
8883:
8695:. London: J. Snow & Co. pp.
8615:Grysa, Bartłomiej (7 November 2011).
8614:
8570:
8352:Turek, Przemysław (5 November 2011).
8351:
8285:
8198:
8186:
8174:
8114:
7905:. Authentic Books. pp. 205–252.
7815:"Temple Entry Movement in Travancore"
7703:
7583:
7402:. JSC Publications. pp. 111–116.
7010:
6982:
6954:
6839:
6827:
6815:
6714:
6702:
6549:
6535:. Mythic Society. 1911. p. 141.
6441:
6375:
6339:
6315:
6298:
6266:
6251:
6145:
6125:
6035:Antony, Martin Thomas (5 June 2010).
5534:
5413:
5359:. Cochin Government Press. p. 3.
5356:Anthropology of the Syrian Christians
5352:
5102:
5074:
4730:
4692:
4253:
4244:
3864:Indo-Persian ecclesiastical relations
3623:land, housing & consumer durables
2912:Socio-cultural and religious identity
1870:of Kallisseri, Kuravilangad Parambil
1689:
541:Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala
521:Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception
11026:Church of God (Full Gospel) in India
10954:The Nasrani Syrian Christian Network
10686:
10669:
10046:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
7540:
7511:Valayil C, John (22 February 2018).
7497:Thomas, K.T. & Rev. T.N. Koshy.
7417:– Taylor & Francis, pp. 372–374.
7308:Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious II
6878:
5780:. BRILL. 17 June 2021. p. 176.
5718:, pp. 29–34. Ohio University Press.
5337:
5122:
4300:"10 Terrors of the Tyrant Tamerlane"
4023:
3985:
3874:Nestorianism and the church in India
3854:Saint Thomas Christian denominations
3175:
3133:or the preceding Sunday (called the
2710:Church of God (Full Gospel) in India
2285:
2089:Patriarchs of the Church of the East
1571:
1518:increase Quilon's trade and wealth.
821:The Chaldean Syrian Church based in
536:Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril
224:Saint Thomas Christian denominations
81:Regions with significant populations
32:Saint Thomas Christian denominations
11287:
10377:. London: Darton, Longman and Tidd.
10085:The Chaldean Syrian Church in India
10071:Mar Abimalek Timotheus: A Biography
9899:. New York: Robert Appleton Company
9606:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9539:"Malabar Independent Syrian Church"
9266:Ananthakrishna Iyer, L. K. (1926).
7486:It Happened in The Mar Thoma Church
6520:
6495:Fernando & Gispert-Sauch (2004)
6393:
5552:
5353:Ayyar, L. K. Anantakrishna (1926).
5338:Mani, Thattunkal Zachariah (2016).
4014:
3976:
3625:, education and employment status.
3350:for the bride includes applying of
3317:Saint Thomas Christians widely use
3141:which ends on the day of Christmas.
2620:under the leadership of Archbishop
1880:Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen Kathanar
1735:. Facilitating their goals was the
1370:Patriarch of the Church of the East
1332:
1288:Icon of Mar Knai Thoma the Merchant
1023:
916:Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians
836:The Eastern Catholic faction is in
491:Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen Kathanar
344:Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians
24:
10682:
10663:
10569:"Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church"
10223:Colonialism and Christian Missions
10113:Mar Abdisho Thondanat: A Biography
10013:The Indian Church History Classics
9731:. Catholic Mission Press Kottayam.
9644:"Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church"
8946:. Curzon Press. pp. 98, 102.
8621:Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia
8418:
8358:Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia
7541:John, Stanley (10 December 2020).
6571:MacKenzie, Gordon Thomson (1901).
5247:Adrian Hastings (15 August 2000).
5178:The Indian Church History Classics
4836:Bergunder, Michael (6 June 2008).
4524:
3418:Kottayam Saint Mary's Minor Church
2829:With the institution in 1932 of a
2037:. Furthermore, ʿAbdulmasīḥ I sent
1708:in 1498, during the expedition of
914:, among others. They are known as
511:Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly
25:
13835:
11936:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
11607:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
11179:Bible translations into Malayalam
11056:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
10937:Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church
10915:
10515:. University of Washington Press.
10386:. Pontifical Oriental Institute.
10202:. Pontificio Istituto Orientale.
9712:. Pontifical Oriental Institute.
9268:Anthropology of Syrian Christians
8445:Varghese, Pathikulangara (2004).
7983:Kerala socio economic survey 1968
7414:A History of Eastern Christianity
7073:"Kerala to celebrate CMS mission"
6056:, pp. 20, 347, 398, 406–407.
5910:, p. 96. Beirut: Orient-Institut.
5062:"Search for India's ancient city"
5046:. 8 February 2011. Archived from
4366:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
4024:King, Daniel (12 December 2018).
3534:contains an elevated platform or
2955:is used for liturgical purposes.
2547:Vattasseril Geevarghese Dionysios
2232:
2227:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
2023:Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch
2012:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
850:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
816:Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch
798:("Old allegiance") factions. The
311:Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church
251:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
13763:
13762:
13751:
12879:State church of the Roman Empire
12598:
12187:
11984:
11601:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
11595:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
11297:
11286:
11277:
11276:
11267:
11266:
11128:Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council
11118:Divine Retreat Centre, Muringoor
11099:
11066:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
11041:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
11036:Indian Pentecostal Church of God
10922:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
10691:
10405:. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.
10149:History of Christianity in India
10137:History of Christianity in India
9491:Christian inculturation in India
9203:
9186:"Trivandrum Orthodox Convention"
9178:
9152:
9124:
9096:
9068:
9042:
9014:
8993:
8984:
8877:
8852:
8844:. 31 August 2001. Archived from
8830:
8814:
8774:
8703:
8682:
8661:
8608:
8564:
8529:
8471:
8438:
8386:
8345:
8294:
8259:
8234:
8159:
7993:Thomas Johnson Nossiter (1982).
7986:
7977:
7951:
7926:
7889:
7872:
7863:
7833:
7806:
7776:
7724:
7697:
7680:
7653:
7635:
7608:
7577:
7504:
7491:
7478:
7445:
7432:
7406:
7386:
7347:
7332:
7319:
7299:
7195:
7177:
7140:
7122:
7083:
7065:
7045:
6988:
6960:
6923:
6917:
6902:
6887:
6872:
6857:
6678:
6564:
6474:
6469:Mundadan & Thekkedath (1982)
6364:Mundadan & Thekkedath (1982)
6292:
6159:
6028:
6011:
5900:
5326:Mundadan & Thekkedath (1982)
5293:. East West Books. p. 113.
5251:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 149.
4910:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2005.00092.x
4749:The Encyclopedia of Christianity
4383:Encyclopedia Britannica (2011).
4175:The Encyclodedia of Christianity
3827:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
3818:. The convention is now held in
3816:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
3801:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
3794:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
3518:by a low-walled path called the
3086:Saint Thomas Christians observe
2986:entered their practices and the
2775:in 1887. Newspapers such as the
2730:Divine Retreat Centre, Muringoor
2702:Indian Pentecostal Church of God
2655:. The canonical installation of
2630:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
2609:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
2605:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
2519:Pulikkottil Joseph Dionysious II
2370:Diocese of Travancore and Cochin
2346:). During his stay in among the
1762:schism in the Church of the East
1465:
1447:
1382:Ecclesiastical Province of India
908:Indian Pentecostal Church of God
854:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
846:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
299:Oriental Protestant Christianity
246:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
240:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
43:
12862:First seven ecumenical councils
12343:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
12135:Independent Churches/Communions
10818:Kodungallur: City of St. Thomas
10670:Eusebius. Knight, Kevin (ed.).
10626:. Louvain: Peeters Publishers.
10403:The Syrian Christians of Kerala
10358:. Routledge. pp. 653–697.
10200:The Synod of Diamper Revisisted
10193:. Bangalore: Dharmaram College.
10179:. Bangalore: Dharmaram College.
10165:. Bangalore: Dharmaram College.
10011:Menachery, George, ed. (1998).
9988:Menachery, George, ed. (2010).
9965:Menachery, George, ed. (1973).
9942:Menachery, George, ed. (1982).
9738:Sources of the Syro Malabar Law
9233:
8244:(2020). Shafiq Abouzayd (ed.).
7660:Anderson, Allan (13 May 2004).
6883:(in Malayalam). pp. 42–44.
5843:
5806:
5768:
5741:
5708:
5565:
5434:
5331:
5280:
5265:
5249:A World History of Christianity
5240:
5226:
5211:
5194:
5144:
5054:
5036:
5017:
4916:
4693:Dalal, Roshen (18 April 2014).
4656:
4582:
4537:
4473:
4411:
4401:
4376:
4292:
4274:
3859:List of Saint Thomas Christians
3628:
2900:was imposed in the state under
2785:disseminated their grievances.
1767:By 1599 the last Metropolitan,
1380:organised the community as the
1342:Tharisapalli Copper plate grant
1296:settlers and missionaries from
13824:Ethnoreligious groups in India
13819:Christian communities of India
13729:Relations with other religions
13135:Church of the East (Nestorian)
13130:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
12367:Moscow–Constantinople schisms
11926:Assyrian independence movement
11576:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
11086:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
10529:Vadakkekara, Benedict (2007).
10429:Swiderski, Richard M. (1988).
9600:Frykenberg, Robert E. (2008).
8884:ലേഖകൻ, സ്വന്തം (3 July 2024).
8546:10.1163/2214-871x_ei1_dum_0652
7440:Orthodox Christianity in India
7341:History of the Marthoma Church
7327:Orthodox Christianity in India
6996:Orthodox Christianity in India
6881:Saintly bishops of Kattumangat
6866:History of the Marthoma Church
6281:Census of India (1961: Kerala)
5024:Zacharia, Paul; Lynn Johnson.
4064:
4060:. Longmans, Green. p. 67.
3954:
3926:
3119:(the fifty days' fast) or the
2928:faith and Syrian in liturgy".
2865:, who served as India's first
2634:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
2087:and re-establishing ties with
2008:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
1615:This manuscript is written in
1220:. Some other churches, namely
992:, a term originating with the
921:
842:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
13:
1:
13809:Eastern Christianity in India
11184:Carmelites of Mary Immaculate
10878:. Kristu Jyoti Publications.
10714:and help improve the section.
10147:; Thekkedath, Joseph (1982).
9736:Kollaparambil, Jacob (2015).
9727:Kollaparambil, Jacob (2012).
9708:Kollaparambil, Jacob (1992).
9558:Fenwick, John R. K. (2011b).
9537:Fenwick, John R. K. (2011a).
7813:Jeffrey, Robin (March 1976).
7458:The Malankara Catholic Church
7112:"Church of south India (CSI)"
6932:The Eastern Orthodox Churches
4545:"Church of the East in India"
3904:
3717:Syrian Christian caste status
2692:, who were in turn mostly ex-
2589:
2562:
2418:
2388:in the region and formed the
2340:
2333:
2108:
2100:
2096:
1815:of a mysterious figure named
1583:) at the Church dedicated to
1470:) on the coast belong to the
1272:(sacred thread) and having a
1032:or Northist and the minority
980:). Some Syrian Christians of
876:British Anglican missionaries
733:of the Church of the East by
506:Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara
12517:Essence–energies distinction
12338:Christianization of Bulgaria
11174:Benjamin Bailey (missionary)
10761:Harris, Ian C., ed. (1992).
10373:Podipara, Placid J. (1970).
10116:. Trichur: Mar Narsai Press.
10088:. Trichur: Mar Narsai Press.
10074:. Trichur: Mar Narsai Press.
9834:Malekandathil, Pius (2010).
9815:Malekandathil, Pius (2003).
9438:. National Library of Paris.
9050:"Orthodox Convention begins"
8790:Devika & Varghese (2010)
8331:"Syrian Christians in India"
7858:Devika & Varghese (2010)
7801:Devika & Varghese (2010)
7288:, Atlantic Publishers 2008,
7203:"Church of the East – India"
6686:"Archbishop Simon Dominicus"
5874:. Primus Books. p. 78.
4640:. 9 May 2016. Archived from
4420:"Addai and Mari, Liturgy of"
4335:. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
4329:"Christians of Saint Thomas"
3067:and the day is hence called
2963:, which is derived from the
2869:and subsequently as India's
2750:Sree Moolam Popular Assembly
2356:, who were in favour of the
2051:. They continued with their
1629:Johannes P. M. van der Ploeg
1579:
1396:, or (perhaps nominally) in
1327:Thomas of Cana copper plates
7:
13436:Views on poverty and wealth
12321:Antiochian Greek Christians
12219:Christianization of Georgia
12214:Christianization of Armenia
12121:Assyrian Church of the East
11943:Terms for Syriac Christians
11760:Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa
11619:Assyrian Church of the East
11517:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
11511:Assyrian Evangelical Church
11481:Assyrian Church of the East
10506:. Mar Louis Memorial Press.
10290:. Oxford University Press.
9625:. Oxford University Press.
9621:Frykenberg, Robert (2010).
9356:"Malankara Catholic Church"
8337:on 10 May 2013 – via
7841:"Recreating an unsung hero"
7693:. University of Birmingham.
7547:. Brill. pp. 271–291.
6898:(in Malayalam). p. 45.
5714:Silverberg, Robert (1996).
5218:James Arampulickal (1994).
5201:Whitehouse, Thomas (1873).
3847:
3838:Trivandrum Orthodox Diocese
3829:is an annual convention in
2684:missionary work. The first
2653:Major archiepiscopal church
2477:Assyrian Church of the East
2450:
2430:Chaldean Catholic patriarch
2298:from the nineteenth century
2243:British East Indian Company
2132:West Syriac Rite among the
2125:Baselios Shakrallah Qasabgi
2123:In 1751, Jacobite Maphrian
2035:Oriental Orthodox Communion
888:Malankara Syrian Christians
831:Assyrian Church of the East
706:and their mother tongue is
501:Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban
257:Assyrian Church of the East
27:Indian ethnoreligious group
10:
13840:
13681:World Evangelical Alliance
13643:Traditionalist Catholicism
12371:15th–16th centuries schism
12295:Oriental Orthodox Churches
12126:Ancient Church of the East
12111:Oriental Orthodox Churches
11487:Ancient Church of the East
11016:Assemblies of God in India
10867:Tamcke, M. (ed.) (2001):
10620:Wilmshurst, David (2000).
10479:Takahashi, Hidemi (2011).
10198:Nedungatt, George (2001).
10121:Moraes, George M. (1964).
9992:. Vol. III. Thrissur.
9807:10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018
9468:Childers, Jeff W. (2011).
8967:Ananthakrishna Iyer (1926)
8940:Forrester, Duncan (1980).
8710:Bradshaw, Paul F. (2003).
8103:Ananthakrishna Iyer (1926)
7825:(8): 11–12. Archived from
7517:. BRILL. pp. 96–108.
7130:"Archbishop Thomas Rokuss"
6934:. McFarland. p. 175.
6671:, pp. 266, 267, 276;
6574:Christianity in Travancore
4166:Bromiley, Geoffrey William
4030:. Routledge. p. 784.
3899:
2706:Assemblies of God in India
2614:In 1930, a section of the
2245:to repel the attacks from
2178:Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar
1966:faction was also known as
1868:Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen
1693:
1242:Jews who became Christians
1118:, such as St. Thomas from
1080:
1071:
862:denominations include the
720:Syriac term for Christians
631:Syrian Christians of India
496:Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar
116:New York metropolitan area
29:
13746:
13696:
13676:World Council of Churches
13651:
13569:
13453:
13444:
13399:
13184:
13168:
13163:Latter Day Saint movement
13148:
13108:
13008:
12989:
12935:
12892:
12837:
12743:
12722:
12681:
12649:
12606:
12530:
12434:
12393:
12204:
12185:
12165:
12134:
12116:Eastern Catholic Churches
12096:
12085:
12039:
11973:
11895:
11828:
11677:
11637:
11616:
11585:
11545:(active 1st century–1601)
11530:
11496:
11471:
11448:
11415:
11392:
11367:
11352:
11262:
11239:Syrian churches of Kerala
11224:Sister Abhaya murder case
11151:
11108:
11097:
11008:
10641:Zachariah, K. C. (2006).
10410:Prasad, Rajendra (2009).
10382:Podipara, Placid (1971).
10185:Mundadan, Anthony Mathias
10171:Mundadan, Anthony Mathias
10157:Mundadan, Anthony Mathias
10145:Mundadan, Anthony Mathias
10133:Mundadan, Anthony Mathias
9969:. Vol. II. Thrissur.
9897:The Catholic Encyclopedia
9788:. In C. A. Brewer (ed.).
9781:Liščák, Vladimír (2018).
9489:Collins, Paul M. (2007).
9434:Cariatti, Joseph (1782).
9423:Brown, Leslie W. (1956).
9404:"Malabar Catholic Church"
8396:. V-a.com. Archived from
8302:"Syro-Malabar Catechesis"
7762:Thomas Johnson Nossiter,
7737:. Routledge. p. 90.
7553:10.1163/9789004444867_014
7185:"Bishop Jean-Élie Mellus"
7147:Martina, Giacomo (1986).
6930:Burgess, Michael (2005).
6066:Baum & Winkler (2003)
5932:Baum & Winkler (2003)
5754:. Yale University Press.
5716:The Realm of Prester John
5627:Baum & Winkler (2003)
5504:Baum & Winkler (2003)
5131:Baum & Winkler (2003)
4923:Mathur, P. R. G. (1977).
4782:. ABC-CLIO. p. 707.
4529:. Prakasam Publications.
4239:Baum & Winkler (2003)
3844:and was started in 1988.
3286:) and the giving of the "
3232:) to denote Jesus Christ.
3022:training centers and the
3012:Lords of Seventeen Castes
2851:Travancore State Congress
2773:Nidhirikkal Manikkathanar
2294:Original Syrian–Anglican
1660:Paesi novamente retrovati
1276:. The medieval historian
1222:Thiruvithamcode Arappally
1076:
1020:, or East Syriac Church.
802:comprise the present day
636:Marthoma Suriyani Nasrani
355:
350:
214:
209:
191:
186:
85:
80:
75:
70:
56:
13704:Anti-Christian sentiment
12884:Christian biblical canon
11800:Dionysius of Vattasseril
11664:Believers Eastern Church
11458:Chaldean Catholic Church
11229:Sisters of the Destitute
11214:Pentecostalism in Kerala
11159:All India Catholic Union
11123:Jerusalem Retreat Center
10599:Walker, Joel T. (2011).
10500:Thalian, George (1961).
10433:. New Era Publications.
10384:The Varthamanappusthakam
10226:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
9946:. Vol. I. Thrissur.
9443:Chaput, Pascale (1999).
9380:"Chaldean Syrian Church"
8255:. ARAM Society: 287–292.
6894:Varghese Kassessa, K.C.
5562:, no. 4, p. 172 and 195.
5466:, pp. 102–107, 115.
4254:Bundy, David D. (2011).
3964:. Indianchristianity.com
3738:L.K. Ananthakrishna Iyer
3725:and is considered as an
3595:
3321:(a lighted metal lamp),
3129:, the Great Fast), from
2718:Neo-charismatic churches
2187:Archbishop of Cranganore
1558:copied on AD 1301 (1612
1539:and missions throughout
1192:(Seven great churches):
994:Dutch colonial authority
788:("New allegiance" ) and
752:, administered by their
346:(Riteless/Nonliturgical)
76:Approx. 6,000,000 (2018)
13814:Social groups of Kerala
13789:Saint Thomas Christians
13758:Christianity portal
12917:Investiture Controversy
12353:Eastern Orthodox Church
12307:Saint Thomas Christians
12106:Eastern Orthodox Church
11991:Christianity portal
11745:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
11652:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
11532:Saint Thomas Christians
11219:Saint Thomas Christians
11091:The Pentecostal Mission
11061:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
10927:The Syro Malabar Church
10874:Thayil, Thomas (2003).
10588:Vellian, Jacob (1986).
10551:Van der Ploeg, J. P. M.
9893:"St. Thomas Christians"
9840:. Delhi: Primus Books.
9642:Joseph, Thomas (2011).
9585:. Penguin Books India.
8689:Mateer, Samuel (1871).
7647:Encyclopedia Britannica
6771:, p. 427 and note.
6550:Neill, Stephen (1970).
5823:Travancore State Manual
5342:. T.Z.Mani. p. 14.
5272:Department of Tourism.
4333:Encyclopædia Britannica
3526:contains seats for the
3490:); to the south is the
3150:women cover their heads
3111:The community observes
2810:, an agitation for the
2736:Involvement in politics
2714:The Pentecostal Mission
2555:Ignatius ʿAbdulmasīḥ II
2536:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
1501:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
1442:The "King of Colombo" (
932:Portuguese colonisation
864:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
627:Saint Thomas Christians
526:Sadhu Kochoonju Upadesi
417:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
393:Saint Thomas Christians
48:Saint Thomas Christians
13794:Ethnic groups in India
13709:Christian universalism
13100:Western Rite Orthodoxy
12945:Protestant Reformation
12152:True Orthodox churches
12147:Spiritual Christianity
11785:Ignatius Andrew Akijan
11770:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
11628:Chaldean Syrian Church
11402:Syriac Orthodox Church
11383:Syriac Catholic Church
11244:Syrian Malabar Nasrani
11164:Angamaly police firing
11143:Thrikkunnathu Seminary
11021:Chaldean Syrian Church
11002:Christianity in Kerala
10964:28 August 2014 at the
10535:. Delhi: Media House.
10511:Thomas, Sonja (2018).
10448:Asian Folklore Studies
9493:. Ashgate Publishing.
9461:10.3406/assr.1999.1084
8943:Caste and Christianity
7077:Church Mission Society
6909:Fenwick, John (2009).
5868:Yogesh Sharma (2010).
5821:V. Nagam Aiya (1906),
4664:"Mission & Vision"
4634:"Ecumenical Relations"
3939:Catholic-Hierarchy.org
3879:Christianity in Kerala
3723:Caste system of Kerala
3640:zero population growth
3576:
3530:and lower clergy. The
3425:
3072:
3038:
2979:
2924:
2849:in a common platform-
2724:too has a very active
2597:Universal Syrian Synod
2469:Chaldean Syrian Church
2428:to make a plea to the
2410:
2392:(CSI); an independent
2366:Saint Thomas Anglicans
2310:, convened a Synod at
2299:
2031:Miaphysite Christology
1984:Chaldean Syrian Church
1932:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
1927:
1910:Christians, including
1700:Portuguese Inquisition
1647:
1605:
1547:
1475:
1357:
1289:
1069:
808:Chaldean Syrian Church
551:Euphrasia Eluvathingal
330:Saint Thomas Anglicans
265:Chaldean Syrian Church
156:San Francisco Bay Area
13367:Anointing of the Sick
12175:Eastern Protestantism
12048:that developed since
11189:Christianity in India
11051:Latin Catholic Church
11031:Church of South India
10591:Symposium on Knanites
10401:Pothan, S.G. (1963).
10375:The Thomas Christians
10127:. Bombay: Manaktalas.
9190:Malankara Orthodox TV
7453:Chediath, Geevarghese
7393:K Mani Rajan (2017).
7339:Mathew, N.M. (2007).
6911:The Forgotten Bishops
6864:Mathew, N.M. (2006).
5152:"Indian Christianity"
5125:, Book V Chapter 10;
5044:"Thomas The Apostole"
3884:Christianity in India
3761:Christian conventions
3574:
3422:Kottayam Cheriyapally
3416:
3057:
3036:
2977:
2919:
2906:Constitution of India
2824:British salt monopoly
2816:Titus Theverthundiyil
2543:Ignatius ʿAbdullāh II
2406:
2398:CSI Syrian Christians
2390:Church of South India
2293:
1996:CSI Syrian Christians
1925:
1841:Roman Catholic Church
1803:Division and defiance
1694:Further information:
1652:Patriarch of the East
1637:
1593:
1531:
1441:
1417:Cosmas Indicopleustes
1340:
1287:
1124:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
1065:
896:Church of South India
884:CSI Syrian Christians
874:church influenced by
772:Portuguese oppression
770:form of worship. The
750:Latin Catholic Church
556:Thoma of Villarvattom
351:Related ethnic groups
334:Church of South India
13688:Nondenominationalism
13561:Role in civilization
13028:Independent Catholic
12970:Relations with Islam
12950:Catholic Reformation
12300:Council of Chalcedon
12046:Christian traditions
12033:Eastern Christianity
11916:Assyrian nationalism
11861:Koy Sanjaq Christian
11846:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
11836:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
11750:Dionysius bar Salibi
11725:Philoxenus of Mabbug
11578:(West Syriac) (1932)
11572:(East Syriac) (1665)
11249:Varthamanappusthakam
10942:10 June 2010 at the
9819:. LRC Publications.
9756:Koonammakkal, Thomas
9217:. Matha Mariam Media
8677:Malekandathil (2010)
8574:American Ethnologist
8511:syromalabarchurch.in
7151:. pp. 372–374.
6804:Malekandathil (2013)
6705:, pp. 115–117;
6186:Van der Ploeg (1983)
6148:, pp. 208–214;
6006:Van der Ploeg (1983)
5949:Van der Ploeg (1983)
5906:Fiey, J. M. (1993).
5895:Malekandathil (2010)
5705:, pp. 105, 110.
5523:Kollaparambil (2015)
5480:Kollaparambil (1992)
5429:Malekandathil (2014)
5385:Malekandathil (2010)
5287:Muthiah, S. (1999).
5030:Smithsonian Magazine
5012:Kollaparambil (1992)
4968:Malekandathil (2003)
4211:. UPNE. p. 27.
3636:socioeconomic status
3604:Socioeconomic status
3540:, which includes an
3510:is connected to the
3108:eve in the churches.
2890:Nair Service Society
2843:C. P. Ramaswami Iyer
2726:Charismatic ministry
2640:was recognised as a
2384:, merged with other
2320:Patriarch of Antioch
2192:Varthamanappusthakam
1952:came to be known as
1942:came to be known as
1753:hierarchy under the
1609:MS Vatican Syriac 22
1175:in the 2nd century.
1157:Eusebius of Caesarea
1145:Gregory of Nazianzus
178:); The Netherlands (
13734:Unlimited atonement
13719:Cultural Christians
13158:Jehovah's Witnesses
12780:Sermon on the Mount
12709:Christian tradition
12636:Lists of Christians
12076:, and parts of the
11965:Syriac sacral music
11820:Baselios Paulose II
11805:Geevarghese Ivanios
11765:Abraham of Angamaly
11570:Syro-Malabar Church
11346:Syriac Christianity
11254:Niranam Grandhavari
11081:Syro-Malabar Church
10767:. Harlow: Longman.
10481:"Diamper, Synod of"
10280:Palackal, Joseph J.
10058:10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7
9798:2018PrICA...1...69L
9400:Brock, Sebastian P.
9376:Brock, Sebastian P.
9352:Brock, Sebastian P.
9332:"Thomas Christians"
9328:Brock, Sebastian P.
9304:Winkler, Dietmar W.
8981:, pp. 325–330.
8517:on 12 December 2017
8242:Palackal, Joseph J.
8212:Palackal, Joseph J.
8201:, pp. 310–315.
8189:, pp. 274–279.
8117:, pp. 246–247.
8105:, pp. 205–219.
8081:, pp. 482–483.
8062:, pp. 484–487.
7847:. 14 November 2015.
7438:Cherian, Dr. C.V.,
7095:anglicanhistory.org
7061:. 13 November 2016.
6994:Cherian, Dr. C.V.,
6957:, pp. 281–286.
6854:, pp. 431–432.
6721:, pp. 428–431.
6669:Koonammakkal (2013)
6342:, pp. 320–321.
6254:, pp. 316–317.
6175:. 21 February 2011.
6128:, pp. 208–210.
6116:, pp. 130–134.
6104:, pp. 127–128.
6092:, pp. 125–127.
6080:, pp. 122–124.
6068:, pp. 106–111.
5922:, p. 343, 391.
5590:, pp. 102–105.
5372:, pp. 101–102.
5050:on 8 February 2011.
4733:, pp. 247–251.
4487:. 13 February 2007.
4347:, pp. 134–136.
3567:The Persian Crosses
3409:Church architecture
3396:at the centre) and
3388:Many artforms like
3069:Kozhukatta Saturday
2894:Liberation Struggle
2812:temple entry rights
2722:Syro-Malabar Church
2686:Syrian Pentecostals
2636:. On 11 June 1932,
2622:Geevarghese Ivanios
2601:Baselios Paulose II
2582:Ignatius Yaʿqub III
2541:In 1911, Patriarch
2489:metropolitan bishop
2475:, Patriarch of the
2386:Protestant churches
2376:was established in
2105:Gabriel of Ardishai
2069:Augustine Kandathil
2049:Syro-Malabar Church
1980:Syro-Malabar Church
1940:Palliveettil Chandy
1916:Palliveettil Chandy
1872:Palliveettil Chandy
1857:Syro Malabar Church
1777:Archdeacon Givargis
1747:colonial government
1686:presence in India.
1644:Mirabilia Descripta
1464:. The black flags (
1386:metropolitan bishop
1224:(a "half church"),
986:Government of India
942:. The former means
860:Oriental Protestant
804:Syro-Malabar Church
680:Syriac Christianity
546:Geevarghese Ivanios
422:Tharisapalli plates
306:-West Syriac Rite)
260:(East Syriac Rite)
235:(West Syriac Rite)
53:
13579:Crusading movement
12847:Ante-Nicene period
12273:Church of the East
12243:Ecumenical council
12194:Christ Pantocrator
12050:Early Christianity
11841:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
11780:Abraham Koorilos I
11710:Severus of Antioch
11643:Eastern Protestant
11502:Eastern Protestant
11430:"Nestorian Church"
11424:Church of the East
11209:Maramon Convention
11071:The Salvation Army
10820:, Azhikode, 16 pp.
9470:"Thomas, Acts of."
9054:New Indian Express
8979:Vadakkekara (2007)
8864:www.onmanorama.com
8634:10.15633/ochc.1022
8586:10.1111/amet.12982
8449:. Denha Services.
8371:10.15633/ochc.1038
8144:, p. 325-330.
8142:Vadakkekara (2007)
7938:keralaassembly.org
7501:. Ernakulam. 1965.
7427:Vadakkekara (2007)
7264:Vadakkekara (2007)
7254:, p. 435-436.
7189:Catholic-Hierarchy
7149:Pio IX (1851–1866)
7134:Catholic-Hierarchy
7079:. 9 November 2016.
6717:, pp. 62–65;
6713:, pp. 25–26;
6709:, pp. 50–51;
6690:Catholic-hierarchy
6622:Vadakkekara (2007)
6515:Vadakkekara (2007)
6487:Vadakkekara (2007)
6366:, pp. 96–100.
6150:Vadakkekara (2007)
5984:, p. 451-452.
4938:Vadakkekara (2007)
4674:on 18 January 2021
4360:(September 2014).
4306:. 15 January 2018.
4170:Lochman, Jan Milic
4079:Rutgers University
3894:Suriyani Malayalam
3889:Churches of Kerala
3767:Maramon Convention
3577:
3426:
3312:Nambudiri Brahmins
3310:" ceremony of the
3249:seven times a day.
3073:
3039:
2980:
2925:
2922:Códice Casanatense
2578:Athanasius Paulose
2559:Baselios Paulose I
2523:Ignatius Peter III
2514:Mathews Athanasius
2506:Conservative Party
2485:Abimalek Timotheus
2457:Assyrian Patriarch
2411:
2300:
2239:tributary alliance
1928:
1897:Pope Alexander VII
1843:. The independent
1690:Portuguese contact
1648:
1548:
1533:Church of the East
1476:
1366:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
1358:
1319:Church of the East
1290:
1278:Pius Malekandathil
1018:Church of the East
928:Thomas the Apostle
688:Church of the East
684:Thomas the Apostle
587:Suriyani Malayalam
365:Indo-Aryan peoples
51:(മാർ തോമാ നസ്രാണി)
42:
13776:
13775:
13742:
13741:
13670:Charta Oecumenica
13180:
13179:
13170:Iglesia ni Cristo
12985:
12984:
12965:French Revolution
12955:Thirty Years' War
12827:Apostolic fathers
12795:Great Commandment
12566:
12565:
12538:Sign of the cross
12348:Turkic Christians
12183:
12182:
11999:
11998:
11921:Assyrian homeland
11909:Assyrian genocide
11685:Ephrem the Syrian
11673:
11672:
11587:Oriental Orthodox
11526:
11525:
11411:
11410:
11394:Oriental Orthodox
11360:Church of Antioch
11312:
11311:
11133:Parumala Seminary
10740:
10739:
10732:
10456:Nanzan University
10421:978-81-8069-595-7
10393:978-81-2645-152-4
10365:978-1-317-48211-6
10297:978-0-19-061417-1
10035:Mingana, Alphonse
9913:Menachery, George
9847:978-93-8060-701-6
9500:978-0-7546-6076-7
9258:978-81-208-1158-4
8969:, pp. 55–56.
8679:, pp. 48–50.
8540:. 24 April 2012.
8400:on 31 August 2015
8339:HighBeam Research
8156:, pp. 15–19.
8006:978-0-520-04667-2
7860:, pp. 19–20.
7744:978-1-317-63646-5
7717:978-0-19-979306-8
7673:978-0-521-53280-8
7628:978-0-8028-6281-5
7524:978-90-04-36101-0
7471:978-81-88456-91-8
7314:Malayala Manorama
7294:978-81-269-0903-2
7282:Varghese, A.P. –
7216:Wilmshurst (2000)
7172:Wilmshurst (2000)
6842:, pp. 67–68.
6830:, pp. 68–69.
6610:Frykenberg (2008)
6600:, pp. 14–15.
6491:Frykenberg (2008)
6388:Frykenberg (2008)
6352:Frykenberg (2008)
6328:Frykenberg (2008)
6237:Frykenberg (2008)
6210:Frykenberg (2008)
6114:Frykenberg (2008)
6102:Frykenberg (2008)
6090:Frykenberg (2008)
6078:Frykenberg (2008)
6054:Wilmshurst (2000)
5994:Wilmshurst (2000)
5920:Wilmshurst (2000)
5881:978-93-80607-00-9
5787:978-90-04-44603-8
5761:978-0-300-05167-4
5703:Frykenberg (2008)
5682:978-1-108-01295-9
5657:Frykenberg (2008)
5613:978-3-447-05937-4
5537:, pp. 42–43.
5508:Swiderski (1988a)
5500:Frykenberg (2010)
5484:Frykenberg (2010)
5482:, pp. 1–20;
5464:Frykenberg (2008)
5387:, pp. 38–61.
5370:Frykenberg (2008)
5328:, pp. 30–32.
5314:Frykenberg (2008)
5258:978-0-8028-4875-8
5165:Frykenberg (2008)
5141:, pp. 12–20.
5139:Whitehouse (1873)
5127:Frykenberg (2008)
5099:Frykenberg (2008)
5014:, pp. 84–85.
5000:Frykenberg (2010)
4970:, pp. 19–20.
4849:978-0-8028-2734-0
4819:978-1-870345-43-9
4789:978-1-59884-204-3
4759:978-90-04-11695-5
4710:978-81-8475-396-7
4599:978-0-912552-33-0
4345:Frykenberg (2008)
4317:Frykenberg (2008)
4218:978-965-278-179-6
4185:978-0-8028-2417-2
4037:978-1-317-48211-6
3942:. David M. Cheney
3366:performed by the
3348:Chantham Charthal
3344:Chantham Charthal
3139:the 25 days' fast
3115:, locally called
2808:Vaikom Satyagraha
2782:Malayala Manorama
2755:Jatiaikya Sangham
2531:Thomas Athanasius
2374:Church of England
2308:Cheppad Dionysios
2286:Further divisions
2223:Madras High Court
2205:Angamāly Padiyōla
1849:Coonan Cross Oath
1825:Church of Antioch
1773:Aleixo de Menezes
1755:Archbishop of Goa
1577:
1488:Sthanu Ravi Varma
1260:families, namely
1232:are often called
1169:Gospel of Matthew
1153:Ephrem the Syrian
990:Syrian Christians
912:Assemblies of God
890:, who joined the
886:represents those
776:Coonan Cross Oath
731:Province of India
696:Oriental Orthodox
657:Indian Christians
642:Malankara Nasrani
623:
622:
477:Prominent persons
432:Coonan Cross Oath
378:
377:
232:Oriental Orthodox
16:(Redirected from
13831:
13766:
13765:
13756:
13755:
13599:Environmentalism
13549:Church buildings
13451:
13450:
13266:Eastern Orthodox
13261:Eastern Catholic
13173:
13172:
13140:Eastern Catholic
13118:Eastern Orthodox
13006:
13005:
12927:Age of Discovery
12912:East–West Schism
12810:Great Commission
12741:
12740:
12593:
12586:
12579:
12570:
12569:
12358:East–West Schism
12311:Malankara Church
12228:Byzantine Empire
12196:(circa 1261) in
12191:
12094:
12093:
12026:
12019:
12012:
12003:
12002:
11989:
11988:
11876:Syriac Malayalam
11810:Coorilos Paulose
11735:Isaac the Syrian
11562:Eastern Catholic
11558:
11557:
11541:Malankara Church
11450:Eastern Catholic
11446:
11445:
11369:Eastern Catholic
11365:
11364:
11339:
11332:
11325:
11316:
11315:
11304:India portal
11302:
11301:
11300:
11290:
11289:
11280:
11279:
11270:
11269:
11234:Synod of Diamper
11103:
10995:
10988:
10981:
10972:
10971:
10864:
10862:
10855:
10847:(August 2007) .
10778:
10754:
10735:
10728:
10724:
10721:
10715:
10710:Please read the
10706:may need cleanup
10695:
10694:
10687:
10677:
10658:
10637:
10616:
10614:
10612:
10595:
10584:
10582:
10580:
10560:
10546:
10525:
10516:
10507:
10496:
10494:
10492:
10475:
10458:: 76–80, 80–83.
10442:
10425:
10406:
10397:
10378:
10369:
10355:The Syriac World
10345:
10331:
10301:
10275:
10251:
10227:
10213:
10194:
10180:
10166:
10152:
10140:
10128:
10117:
10103:
10089:
10075:
10061:
10043:
10030:
10007:
10001:
9993:
9984:
9978:
9970:
9961:
9955:
9947:
9938:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9884:
9882:
9880:
9864:
9851:
9830:
9811:
9809:
9787:
9777:
9751:
9732:
9723:
9704:
9683:
9681:
9679:
9664:Kiraz, George A.
9659:
9657:
9655:
9636:
9617:
9596:
9575:
9573:
9571:
9554:
9552:
9550:
9533:
9531:
9529:
9523:
9516:
9504:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9464:
9439:
9430:
9419:
9417:
9415:
9395:
9393:
9391:
9371:
9369:
9367:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9323:
9295:
9271:
9262:
9227:
9226:
9224:
9222:
9207:
9201:
9200:
9198:
9196:
9182:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9171:
9156:
9150:
9149:
9147:
9145:
9135:
9128:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9108:
9100:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9089:
9079:
9072:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9046:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9025:
9018:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9007:
8997:
8991:
8988:
8982:
8976:
8970:
8964:
8958:
8957:
8937:
8928:
8925:Zachariah (2006)
8922:
8916:
8913:Zachariah (2006)
8910:
8901:
8900:
8898:
8896:
8881:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8870:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8848:on 28 July 2011.
8834:
8828:
8818:
8812:
8802:
8793:
8787:
8781:
8778:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8752:
8743:
8737:
8728:
8727:
8707:
8701:
8700:
8686:
8680:
8674:
8668:
8665:
8659:
8656:Swiderski (1988)
8653:
8647:
8646:
8636:
8612:
8606:
8605:
8568:
8562:
8556:
8550:
8549:
8533:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8513:. Archived from
8503:
8497:
8494:
8485:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8442:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8416:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8405:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8373:
8349:
8343:
8342:
8327:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8313:
8304:. Archived from
8298:
8292:
8289:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8273:. 25 March 2007
8263:
8257:
8256:
8250:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8219:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8178:
8172:
8166:
8163:
8157:
8154:Amaladass (1993)
8151:
8145:
8139:
8130:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8106:
8100:
8094:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8063:
8057:
8051:
8048:
8042:
8032:
8023:
8020:Amaladass (1993)
8017:
8011:
8010:
7990:
7984:
7981:
7975:
7974:
7955:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7922:on 11 July 2012.
7921:
7915:. Archived from
7904:
7893:
7887:
7876:
7870:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7849:
7848:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7819:Social Scientist
7810:
7804:
7798:
7785:
7780:
7774:
7760:
7749:
7748:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7612:
7606:
7605:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7538:
7529:
7528:
7508:
7502:
7495:
7489:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7463:
7449:
7443:
7436:
7430:
7429:, p. 94-96.
7424:
7418:
7410:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7390:
7384:
7378:
7367:
7366:
7359:"ʿAbdulmasīḥ II"
7355:Kiraz, George A.
7351:
7345:
7344:
7336:
7330:
7325:Cheriyan, C.V.,
7323:
7317:
7303:
7297:
7280:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7249:
7243:
7242:, p. 11-26.
7237:
7231:
7225:
7219:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7181:
7175:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7116:keralawindow.net
7108:
7099:
7098:
7087:
7081:
7080:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7056:
7049:
7043:
7037:
7014:
7008:
6999:
6992:
6986:
6980:
6974:
6964:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6772:
6766:
6757:
6751:
6722:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6682:
6676:
6665:Medlycott (1912)
6662:
6656:
6650:
6637:
6631:
6625:
6619:
6613:
6607:
6601:
6598:Amaladass (1993)
6595:
6589:
6588:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6527:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6501:, pp. 7–8;
6484:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6457:Tisserant (1957)
6454:
6445:
6439:
6430:
6424:
6415:
6402:Menachery (
6400:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6361:
6355:
6349:
6343:
6337:
6331:
6325:
6319:
6313:
6302:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6255:
6249:
6240:
6234:
6225:
6222:Takahashi (2011)
6219:
6213:
6207:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6170:
6163:
6157:
6142:Takahashi (2011)
6138:Medlycott (1912)
6135:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6087:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6015:
6009:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5985:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5961:
5952:
5946:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5904:
5898:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5826:
5819:
5813:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5645:
5639:
5630:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5569:
5563:
5556:
5550:
5547:Nedungatt (2001)
5544:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5511:
5497:
5491:
5476:Medlycott (1912)
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5452:Medlycott (1912)
5449:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5402:Menachery (2000)
5399:
5388:
5382:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5335:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5198:
5192:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5148:
5142:
5135:Medlycott (1912)
5120:
5114:
5111:Medlycott (1912)
5096:
5090:
5087:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4986:
4980:
4971:
4965:
4956:
4950:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4898:The Muslim World
4893:
4887:
4886:
4867:Županov, Ines G.
4863:
4854:
4853:
4833:
4824:
4823:
4803:
4794:
4793:
4773:
4764:
4763:
4743:
4734:
4728:
4715:
4714:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4670:. Archived from
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4607:
4606:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4547:. Archived from
4541:
4535:
4534:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4489:
4488:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4438:
4437:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4386:Synod of Diamper
4380:
4374:
4373:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4286:DailyHistory.org
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4251:
4242:
4236:
4223:
4222:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4162:Fahlbusch, Erwin
4158:
4147:
4141:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4027:The Syriac World
4021:
4012:
4011:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3746:Synod of Diamper
3398:Parichamuttukali
3375:Chatta and Mundu
3237:West Syriac Rite
3228:(Jesus' name in
3178:
3177:
2988:Synod of Diamper
2949:Latin liturgical
2898:President's rule
2882:
2871:Finance Minister
2867:Railway Minister
2855:Abraham Marthoma
2802:were advised by
2661:Major Archbishop
2642:Metropolitan See
2626:Jacob Theophilos
2617:Malankara Church
2594:
2591:
2586:Baselios Augen I
2574:Coorilos Paulose
2567:
2564:
2551:Malankara Church
2501:Malankara Church
2493:East Syriac Rite
2465:East Syriac Rite
2453:
2423:
2420:
2408:Mar Elias Mellus
2353:Malankara Church
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2329:Malankara Church
2316:Malankara Church
2219:Thozhiyur Church
2174:Kariattil Iousep
2110:
2102:
2098:
2085:East Syriac Rite
2027:West Syriac Rite
1968:Jacobite Syrians
1853:Synod of Diamper
1845:Malankara Church
1793:East Syriac Rite
1781:Synod of Diamper
1642:in 1329–1338 in
1611:
1582:
1576:romanized:
1575:
1573:
1568:Classical Syriac
1556:Pauline Epistles
1469:
1451:
1425:Alfred the Great
1392:was probably in
1390:metropolitan see
1333:Classical period
1141:Ambrose of Milan
1024:Ethnic divisions
1002:West Syriac Rite
998:East Syriac Rite
764:Synod of Diamper
692:Eastern Catholic
676:liturgical rites
659:in the state of
615:
608:
601:
577:Parichamuttukali
531:Kariattil Iousep
427:Synod of Diamper
380:
379:
291:West Syriac Rite
283:East Syriac Rite
71:Total population
61:
54:
52:
47:
41:
21:
13839:
13838:
13834:
13833:
13832:
13830:
13829:
13828:
13804:Malayali people
13779:
13778:
13777:
13772:
13750:
13738:
13692:
13647:
13565:
13446:
13440:
13395:
13320:One true church
13176:
13144:
13104:
12993:
12981:
12931:
12888:
12833:
12760:in Christianity
12746:
12732:
12726:
12718:
12677:
12653:
12645:
12602:
12597:
12567:
12562:
12526:
12457:Filioque clause
12430:
12389:
12316:Arab Christians
12238:Proto-orthodoxy
12200:
12192:
12179:
12161:
12130:
12088:
12081:
12035:
12030:
12000:
11995:
11983:
11977:* Defunct with
11969:
11903:Assyrian people
11891:
11824:
11705:Jacob of Serugh
11700:Jacob Baradaeus
11669:
11633:
11612:
11581:
11546:
11544:
11537:
11535:
11522:
11492:
11467:
11433:
11427:
11420:
11407:
11388:
11377:Maronite Church
11357:
11348:
11343:
11313:
11308:
11298:
11296:
11258:
11199:Hermann Gundert
11147:
11110:
11104:
11095:
11046:Kerala Brethren
11004:
10999:
10966:Wayback Machine
10944:Wayback Machine
10918:
10913:
10863:on 1 July 2019.
10860:
10853:
10775:
10736:
10725:
10719:
10716:
10709:
10702:Further reading
10696:
10692:
10685:
10683:Further reading
10666:
10664:Primary sources
10661:
10655:
10634:
10610:
10608:
10607:. Gorgias Press
10578:
10576:
10575:. Gorgias Press
10543:
10490:
10488:
10487:. Gorgias Press
10464:10.2307/1178253
10422:
10394:
10366:
10350:Perczel, István
10336:Perczel, István
10328:
10306:Perczel, István
10298:
10272:
10248:
10210:
10041:
10027:
9995:
9994:
9972:
9971:
9949:
9948:
9927:
9902:
9900:
9878:
9876:
9848:
9827:
9785:
9774:
9748:
9720:
9701:
9677:
9675:
9674:. Gorgias Press
9653:
9651:
9650:. Gorgias Press
9633:
9614:
9593:
9569:
9567:
9566:. Gorgias Press
9548:
9546:
9545:. Gorgias Press
9527:
9525:
9521:
9514:
9501:
9479:
9477:
9476:. Gorgias Press
9413:
9411:
9410:. Gorgias Press
9389:
9387:
9386:. Gorgias Press
9365:
9363:
9362:. Gorgias Press
9341:
9339:
9338:. Gorgias Press
9320:
9292:
9259:
9236:
9231:
9230:
9220:
9218:
9209:
9208:
9204:
9194:
9192:
9184:
9183:
9179:
9169:
9167:
9158:
9157:
9153:
9143:
9141:
9130:
9129:
9125:
9115:
9113:
9106:
9102:
9101:
9097:
9087:
9085:
9074:
9073:
9069:
9059:
9057:
9048:
9047:
9043:
9033:
9031:
9020:
9019:
9015:
9005:
9003:
8999:
8998:
8994:
8989:
8985:
8977:
8973:
8965:
8961:
8954:
8938:
8931:
8923:
8919:
8911:
8904:
8894:
8892:
8882:
8878:
8868:
8866:
8858:
8857:
8853:
8836:
8835:
8831:
8819:
8815:
8803:
8796:
8788:
8784:
8779:
8775:
8765:
8763:
8753:
8746:
8738:
8731:
8724:
8708:
8704:
8687:
8683:
8675:
8671:
8666:
8662:
8654:
8650:
8613:
8609:
8569:
8565:
8557:
8553:
8535:
8534:
8530:
8520:
8518:
8505:
8504:
8500:
8495:
8488:
8476:
8472:
8457:
8443:
8439:
8429:
8427:
8417:
8413:
8403:
8401:
8392:
8391:
8387:
8350:
8346:
8329:
8328:
8321:
8311:
8309:
8300:
8299:
8295:
8290:
8286:
8276:
8274:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8253:ARAM Periodical
8248:
8239:
8235:
8229:Palackal (2016)
8227:
8223:
8209:
8205:
8197:
8193:
8185:
8181:
8173:
8169:
8164:
8160:
8152:
8148:
8140:
8133:
8125:
8121:
8113:
8109:
8101:
8097:
8089:
8085:
8077:
8066:
8058:
8054:
8049:
8045:
8033:
8026:
8018:
8014:
8007:
7991:
7987:
7982:
7978:
7971:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7942:
7940:
7932:
7931:
7927:
7919:
7913:
7902:
7894:
7890:
7877:
7873:
7868:
7864:
7856:
7852:
7839:
7838:
7834:
7829:on 3 June 2012.
7811:
7807:
7799:
7788:
7781:
7777:
7761:
7752:
7745:
7729:
7725:
7718:
7702:
7698:
7685:
7681:
7674:
7658:
7654:
7649:. 13 June 2024.
7641:
7640:
7636:
7629:
7613:
7609:
7582:
7578:
7563:
7539:
7532:
7525:
7509:
7505:
7496:
7492:
7483:
7479:
7472:
7461:
7450:
7446:
7437:
7433:
7425:
7421:
7411:
7407:
7399:
7391:
7387:
7379:
7370:
7352:
7348:
7337:
7333:
7324:
7320:
7304:
7300:
7281:
7270:
7262:
7258:
7250:
7246:
7238:
7234:
7226:
7222:
7214:
7210:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7145:
7141:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7110:
7109:
7102:
7089:
7088:
7084:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7040:Varghese (2011)
7038:
7017:
7009:
7002:
6993:
6989:
6981:
6977:
6965:
6961:
6953:
6949:
6942:
6928:
6924:
6918:
6907:
6903:
6892:
6888:
6879:Kochumon, M.P.
6877:
6873:
6862:
6858:
6850:
6846:
6838:
6834:
6826:
6822:
6814:
6810:
6802:
6775:
6767:
6760:
6754:Fenwick (2011a)
6752:
6725:
6701:
6697:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6663:
6659:
6651:
6640:
6632:
6628:
6620:
6616:
6608:
6604:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6569:
6565:
6548:
6544:
6529:
6528:
6521:
6513:
6509:
6493:, p. 361;
6485:
6481:
6475:
6467:
6463:
6455:
6448:
6440:
6433:
6427:Podipara (1970)
6425:
6418:
6401:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6362:
6358:
6350:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6326:
6322:
6314:
6305:
6297:
6293:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6265:
6258:
6250:
6243:
6235:
6228:
6220:
6216:
6208:
6204:
6196:
6192:
6184:
6180:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6136:
6132:
6124:
6120:
6112:
6108:
6100:
6096:
6088:
6084:
6076:
6072:
6064:
6060:
6052:
6048:
6033:
6029:
6016:
6012:
6004:
6000:
5992:
5988:
5980:
5976:
5971:. 6 April 2012.
5963:
5962:
5955:
5947:
5938:
5930:
5926:
5918:
5914:
5905:
5901:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5866:
5862:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5836:
5829:
5820:
5816:
5811:
5807:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5746:
5742:
5738:, pp. 4–5.
5734:
5730:
5713:
5709:
5701:
5697:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5667:
5663:
5655:
5648:
5640:
5633:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5598:
5594:
5586:
5582:
5570:
5566:
5557:
5553:
5545:
5541:
5533:
5529:
5521:
5514:
5502:, p. 113;
5498:
5494:
5486:, p. 113;
5474:
5470:
5462:
5458:
5450:
5441:
5435:
5427:
5420:
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5408:
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5312:
5308:
5301:
5285:
5281:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5245:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5216:
5212:
5199:
5195:
5184:, Ollur, 1998.
5175:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5129:, p. 103;
5121:
5117:
5107:Childers (2011)
5097:
5093:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5064:. 11 June 2006.
5060:
5059:
5055:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5022:
5018:
5010:
5006:
4998:
4989:
4983:Podipara (1971)
4981:
4974:
4966:
4959:
4951:
4944:
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4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4638:marthomanae.org
4632:
4631:
4627:
4621:Fenwick (2011b)
4619:
4610:
4600:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4575:
4564:
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4416:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4381:
4377:
4358:Perczel, István
4355:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4262:. Gorgias Press
4252:
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3912:
3907:
3902:
3850:
3763:
3719:
3631:
3606:
3598:
3569:
3411:
3241:canonical hours
3200:or West Syriac
3152:during worship.
3117:Anpathu noyambu
3052:
3028:Marthanda Varma
2914:
2879:Communist Party
2876:
2860:Padma Vibhushan
2822:, to break the
2806:to detach from
2777:Nasrani Deepika
2768:Nasrani Deepika
2738:
2716:and many other
2690:Kerala Brethren
2592:
2576:, succeeded by
2565:
2545:excommunicated
2421:
2362:Anglican Church
2343:
2336:
2288:
2235:
2114:Propaganda Fide
2093:Shemʿon of ʿAda
2081:
2063:. Their Indian
2061:Kariattil Ousep
1906:Propaganda Fide
1903:mission of the
1874:, Kaduthuruthi
1805:
1702:
1696:Goa Inquisition
1692:
1623:as Yahaballaha
1613:
1607:
1599:
1592:
1472:Delhi Sultanate
1409:Islamic empires
1335:
1252:in present-day
1173:Hebrew language
1085:
1079:
1074:
1026:
940:Nasrani Mappila
924:
904:Kerala Brethren
892:Anglican Church
852:along with the
653:ethno-religious
648:Nasrani Mappila
619:
463:Syriac language
196:
66:
64:Mar Thoma Cross
50:
49:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13837:
13827:
13826:
13821:
13816:
13811:
13806:
13801:
13799:Kerala society
13796:
13791:
13774:
13773:
13771:
13770:
13760:
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13649:
13648:
13646:
13645:
13640:
13635:
13630:
13625:
13616:
13611:
13609:Fundamentalism
13606:
13604:Existentialism
13601:
13596:
13591:
13586:
13581:
13575:
13573:
13567:
13566:
13564:
13563:
13558:
13557:
13556:
13546:
13541:
13536:
13531:
13526:
13521:
13516:
13515:
13514:
13504:
13503:
13502:
13497:
13495:God the Father
13492:
13487:
13482:
13472:
13471:
13470:
13459:
13457:
13448:
13442:
13441:
13439:
13438:
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13397:
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13375:
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13369:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13334:
13333:
13332:
13327:
13322:
13317:
13315:Body of Christ
13312:
13302:
13297:
13292:
13291:
13290:
13280:
13275:
13274:
13273:
13268:
13263:
13258:
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13243:
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13218:
13217:
13216:
13211:
13206:
13201:
13190:
13188:
13182:
13181:
13178:
13177:
13175:
13174:
13165:
13160:
13154:
13152:
13150:Restorationist
13146:
13145:
13143:
13142:
13137:
13132:
13127:
13126:
13125:
13114:
13112:
13106:
13105:
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12890:
12889:
12887:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12875:
12874:
12869:
12859:
12854:
12852:Late antiquity
12849:
12843:
12841:
12835:
12834:
12832:
12831:
12830:
12829:
12822:Church fathers
12819:
12814:
12813:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12772:
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12595:
12588:
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12563:
12561:
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12555:
12550:
12545:
12543:Divine Liturgy
12540:
12534:
12532:
12528:
12527:
12525:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12504:
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12091:
12083:
12082:
12058:Eastern Europe
12040:
12037:
12036:
12029:
12028:
12021:
12014:
12006:
11997:
11996:
11994:
11993:
11981:
11979:schism of 1552
11974:
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11823:
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11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11790:Cyril VI Tanas
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11730:Thomas of Cana
11727:
11722:
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11707:
11702:
11697:
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10990:
10983:
10975:
10969:
10968:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10917:
10916:External links
10914:
10912:
10911:
10908:
10905:
10902:
10898:
10895:
10892:
10889:
10886:
10872:
10865:
10841:
10838:
10835:
10832:
10821:
10814:
10811:
10808:
10805:
10802:
10799:
10796:
10787:Mathew, N. M.
10785:
10782:
10779:
10773:
10758:
10755:
10741:
10738:
10737:
10699:
10697:
10690:
10684:
10681:
10680:
10679:
10673:Church History
10665:
10662:
10660:
10659:
10653:
10638:
10632:
10617:
10596:
10585:
10565:Varghese, Baby
10561:
10547:
10541:
10526:
10517:
10508:
10497:
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10443:
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10364:
10346:
10332:
10326:
10302:
10296:
10276:
10270:
10256:Neill, Stephen
10252:
10246:
10232:Neill, Stephen
10228:
10218:Neill, Stephen
10214:
10208:
10195:
10181:
10167:
10153:
10141:
10129:
10118:
10104:
10090:
10076:
10062:
10052:(2): 435–514.
10031:
10025:
10008:
9985:
9962:
9939:
9925:
9919:. Thomapedia.
9909:
9885:
9865:
9852:
9846:
9831:
9825:
9812:
9778:
9772:
9752:
9746:
9733:
9724:
9718:
9705:
9699:
9684:
9660:
9639:
9638:
9637:
9632:978-0199575831
9631:
9612:
9597:
9591:
9576:
9555:
9534:
9524:on 26 May 2012
9505:
9499:
9486:
9465:
9440:
9431:
9420:
9396:
9372:
9348:
9324:
9318:
9296:
9290:
9272:
9263:
9257:
9243:Coward, Harold
9237:
9235:
9232:
9229:
9228:
9202:
9177:
9166:. Didymos Live
9151:
9123:
9111:Kerala Tourism
9095:
9067:
9041:
9013:
8992:
8983:
8971:
8959:
8952:
8929:
8917:
8902:
8876:
8851:
8829:
8813:
8794:
8782:
8773:
8744:
8742:, p. 119.
8740:Collins (2007)
8729:
8722:
8702:
8681:
8669:
8660:
8648:
8607:
8580:(4): 475–476.
8563:
8561:, p. 120.
8559:Collins (2007)
8551:
8528:
8498:
8486:
8470:
8455:
8437:
8419:Kurian, Jake.
8411:
8385:
8344:
8319:
8308:on 9 July 2021
8293:
8284:
8258:
8233:
8221:
8203:
8191:
8179:
8177:, p. 273.
8167:
8158:
8146:
8131:
8119:
8107:
8095:
8093:, p. 142.
8091:Collins (2007)
8083:
8064:
8052:
8043:
8024:
8012:
8005:
7985:
7976:
7969:
7950:
7925:
7911:
7888:
7871:
7862:
7850:
7832:
7805:
7786:
7775:
7750:
7743:
7723:
7716:
7696:
7679:
7672:
7652:
7634:
7627:
7607:
7576:
7561:
7530:
7523:
7503:
7499:Faith on Trial
7490:
7477:
7470:
7444:
7431:
7419:
7405:
7385:
7368:
7346:
7331:
7318:
7312:.(Malayalam),
7298:
7268:
7266:, p. 103.
7256:
7252:Perczel (2013)
7244:
7232:
7220:
7208:
7194:
7176:
7164:
7157:
7139:
7121:
7100:
7082:
7064:
7044:
7015:
7013:, p. 300.
7000:
6987:
6985:, p. 241.
6975:
6959:
6947:
6940:
6922:
6916:
6901:
6886:
6871:
6856:
6852:Perczel (2013)
6844:
6832:
6820:
6808:
6773:
6769:Perczel (2013)
6758:
6723:
6719:Perczel (2013)
6695:
6677:
6673:Thalian (1961)
6657:
6638:
6636:, p. 417.
6634:Perczel (2013)
6626:
6614:
6612:, p. 249.
6602:
6590:
6583:
6563:
6542:
6519:
6507:
6505:, p. 425.
6503:Perczel (2013)
6497:, p. 79;
6489:, p. 84;
6479:
6473:
6461:
6446:
6431:
6416:
6392:
6380:
6378:, p. 323.
6368:
6356:
6344:
6332:
6320:
6318:, p. 320.
6303:
6291:
6271:
6269:, p. 319.
6256:
6241:
6239:, p. 367.
6226:
6214:
6212:, p. 136.
6202:
6200:, p. 484.
6190:
6178:
6158:
6156:, p. 484.
6152:, p. 78;
6130:
6118:
6106:
6094:
6082:
6070:
6058:
6046:
6027:
6010:
5998:
5996:, p. 378.
5986:
5982:Mingana (1926)
5974:
5953:
5936:
5934:, p. 105.
5924:
5912:
5899:
5887:
5880:
5860:
5842:
5838:Perczel (2018)
5827:
5814:
5805:
5793:
5786:
5767:
5760:
5740:
5728:
5707:
5695:
5681:
5661:
5659:, p. 112.
5646:
5631:
5619:
5612:
5592:
5580:
5564:
5551:
5539:
5527:
5525:, p. 129.
5512:
5506:, p. 52;
5492:
5490:, p. 286.
5468:
5456:
5439:
5433:
5418:
5406:
5389:
5374:
5362:
5345:
5330:
5318:
5306:
5299:
5279:
5264:
5257:
5239:
5225:
5210:
5193:
5169:
5157:
5143:
5133:, p. 52;
5115:
5105:, p. 15;
5101:, p. 99;
5091:
5079:
5077:, p. 244.
5067:
5053:
5035:
5016:
5004:
5002:, p. 113.
4987:
4972:
4957:
4955:, p. 0-1.
4953:Vellian (1986)
4942:
4930:
4915:
4888:
4881:
4855:
4848:
4825:
4818:
4795:
4788:
4765:
4758:
4735:
4716:
4709:
4685:
4655:
4644:on 1 July 2017
4625:
4608:
4598:
4581:
4562:
4551:on 15 May 2011
4536:
4525:George, V. C.
4517:
4490:
4472:
4439:
4432:
4410:
4400:
4375:
4349:
4337:
4321:
4319:, p. 111.
4309:
4291:
4273:
4243:
4224:
4217:
4191:
4184:
4148:
4103:
4101:, p. 416.
4099:Perczel (2013)
4091:
4077:(PhD thesis).
4063:
4057:Across a World
4043:
4036:
4013:
4000:10.2307/833968
3975:
3953:
3925:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3849:
3846:
3809:Manimala river
3762:
3759:
3718:
3715:
3651:Pathanamthitta
3630:
3627:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3594:
3568:
3565:
3474:. The primary
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3386:
3371:
3335:Madhuram Veppu
3330:
3315:
3308:Pudavakodukkal
3275:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3250:
3233:
3217:
3190:
3155:On the day of
3153:
3142:
3121:Valiya noyambu
3109:
3051:
3048:
2996:Duarte Barbosa
2984:Untouchability
2913:
2910:
2804:Mahatma Gandhi
2746:princely state
2737:
2734:
2678:Pentecostalism
2657:Cyril Baselios
2434:Joseph VI Audo
2287:
2284:
2234:
2233:British period
2231:
2120:) leadership.
2103:1708), Bishop
2099:1720) and in (
2080:
2077:
2042:Baselios Yaldo
1912:Kadavil Chandy
1876:Kadavil Chandy
1804:
1801:
1785:untouchability
1691:
1688:
1621:Yahballaha III
1590:
1589:
1334:
1331:
1189:Ēḻarappaḷḷikaḷ
1129:Acts of Thomas
1083:Acts of Thomas
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1030:Vadakkumbhagar
1025:
1022:
971:Jonaka Mappila
923:
920:
838:full communion
786:Puthenkūttukār
665:Malabar region
629:, also called
621:
620:
618:
617:
610:
603:
595:
592:
591:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
566:
565:
561:
560:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
486:Abraham Malpan
480:
479:
473:
472:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
442:
441:
437:
436:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
412:Thomas of Cana
409:
401:
400:
396:
395:
389:
388:
376:
375:
353:
352:
348:
347:
342:
341:
314:
313:
295:
294:
287:Syro-Malankara
268:
267:
243:
242:
228:
227:
212:
211:
207:
206:
189:
188:
184:
183:
83:
82:
78:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
62:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13836:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13786:
13784:
13769:
13761:
13759:
13754:
13749:
13748:
13745:
13735:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13712:
13710:
13707:
13705:
13702:
13701:
13699:
13695:
13689:
13686:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13671:
13667:
13666:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13656:
13654:
13650:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13620:
13617:
13615:
13612:
13610:
13607:
13605:
13602:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13576:
13574:
13572:
13568:
13562:
13559:
13555:
13552:
13551:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13544:Popular piety
13542:
13540:
13537:
13535:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13513:
13510:
13509:
13508:
13505:
13501:
13498:
13496:
13493:
13491:
13488:
13486:
13483:
13481:
13478:
13477:
13476:
13473:
13469:
13466:
13465:
13464:
13461:
13460:
13458:
13456:
13452:
13449:
13443:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13425:
13422:
13421:
13420:
13417:
13415:
13412:
13410:
13407:
13406:
13404:
13402:
13398:
13390:
13387:
13386:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13377:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13339:
13338:
13335:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13325:People of God
13323:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
13311:
13308:
13307:
13306:
13303:
13301:
13298:
13296:
13293:
13289:
13286:
13285:
13284:
13281:
13279:
13276:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13253:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13197:
13196:
13195:
13192:
13191:
13189:
13187:
13183:
13171:
13166:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13156:
13155:
13153:
13151:
13147:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13124:
13121:
13120:
13119:
13116:
13115:
13113:
13111:
13107:
13101:
13098:
13094:
13091:
13089:
13086:
13084:
13081:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13061:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13035:
13034:
13031:
13029:
13026:
13024:
13021:
13019:
13016:
13015:
13013:
13011:
13007:
13004:
13001:
12997:
12992:
12991:Denominations
12988:
12976:
12973:
12972:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12960:Enlightenment
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12942:
12940:
12938:
12934:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12899:
12897:
12895:
12891:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12864:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12845:
12844:
12842:
12840:
12836:
12828:
12825:
12824:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12757:
12756:
12753:
12752:
12750:
12748:
12742:
12739:
12736:
12730:
12725:
12721:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12686:
12684:
12680:
12674:
12673:New Testament
12671:
12669:
12668:Old Testament
12666:
12664:
12661:
12660:
12658:
12656:
12652:
12648:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12608:
12605:
12601:
12594:
12589:
12587:
12582:
12580:
12575:
12574:
12571:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12535:
12533:
12529:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12439:
12437:
12433:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12411:New Testament
12409:
12407:
12406:Old Testament
12404:
12402:
12399:
12398:
12396:
12392:
12382:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12368:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12355:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12318:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12308:
12305:
12301:
12298:
12297:
12296:
12293:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12275:
12274:
12271:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12248:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12234:
12231:
12229:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12211:
12209:
12207:
12203:
12199:
12195:
12190:
12176:
12173:
12172:
12170:
12168:
12167:Protestantism
12164:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12142:Old Believers
12140:
12139:
12137:
12133:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12103:
12101:
12099:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12084:
12079:
12075:
12071:
12067:
12063:
12059:
12055:
12051:
12047:
12043:
12042:Cultural area
12038:
12034:
12027:
12022:
12020:
12015:
12013:
12008:
12007:
12004:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11980:
11976:
11975:
11972:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11954:
11953:Phoenicianism
11951:
11949:
11946:
11945:
11944:
11941:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11923:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11910:
11907:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11900:
11898:
11894:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11833:
11831:
11827:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11682:
11680:
11676:
11665:
11662:
11659:
11656:
11653:
11650:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11640:
11636:
11629:
11626:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11615:
11608:
11605:
11602:
11599:
11596:
11593:
11592:
11590:
11588:
11584:
11577:
11574:
11571:
11568:
11567:
11565:
11563:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11550:
11543:
11542:
11533:
11529:
11518:
11515:
11512:
11509:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11499:
11495:
11488:
11485:
11482:
11479:
11478:
11476:
11474:
11470:
11463:
11459:
11456:
11455:
11453:
11451:
11447:
11444:
11441:
11437:
11431:
11426:
11425:
11418:
11414:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11397:
11395:
11391:
11384:
11381:
11378:
11375:
11374:
11372:
11370:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11355:
11351:
11347:
11340:
11335:
11333:
11328:
11326:
11321:
11320:
11317:
11305:
11295:
11293:
11285:
11283:
11275:
11273:
11265:
11264:
11261:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11169:Arnos Pathiri
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11156:
11154:
11150:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11115:
11113:
11111:organisations
11107:
11102:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11009:Denominations
11007:
11003:
10996:
10991:
10989:
10984:
10982:
10977:
10976:
10973:
10967:
10963:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10941:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10919:
10909:
10906:
10903:
10899:
10896:
10893:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10884:81-87370-18-1
10881:
10877:
10873:
10870:
10866:
10859:
10852:
10851:
10846:
10845:Samuel, V. C.
10842:
10839:
10836:
10833:
10830:
10829:0-19-814264-1
10826:
10822:
10819:
10815:
10812:
10809:
10806:
10803:
10800:
10797:
10794:
10790:
10786:
10783:
10780:
10776:
10774:9780582086951
10770:
10766:
10765:
10759:
10756:
10752:
10748:
10743:
10742:
10734:
10731:
10723:
10713:
10712:editing guide
10707:
10703:
10698:
10689:
10688:
10675:
10674:
10668:
10667:
10656:
10654:9788125030096
10650:
10646:
10645:
10639:
10635:
10633:9789042908765
10629:
10625:
10624:
10618:
10606:
10602:
10597:
10593:
10592:
10586:
10574:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10557:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10542:9788174952585
10538:
10534:
10533:
10527:
10523:
10518:
10514:
10509:
10505:
10504:
10498:
10486:
10482:
10477:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10461:
10457:
10453:
10449:
10444:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10427:
10423:
10417:
10413:
10408:
10404:
10399:
10395:
10389:
10385:
10380:
10376:
10371:
10367:
10361:
10357:
10356:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10342:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10327:9781463233136
10323:
10319:
10315:
10314:Baby Varghese
10311:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10293:
10289:
10285:
10281:
10277:
10273:
10271:9780521893329
10267:
10263:
10262:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10247:9780521548854
10243:
10239:
10238:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10224:
10219:
10215:
10211:
10205:
10201:
10196:
10192:
10191:
10186:
10182:
10178:
10177:
10172:
10168:
10164:
10163:
10158:
10154:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10126:
10125:
10119:
10115:
10114:
10109:
10108:Mooken, Aprem
10105:
10101:
10100:
10095:
10094:Mooken, Aprem
10091:
10087:
10086:
10081:
10080:Mooken, Aprem
10077:
10073:
10072:
10067:
10066:Mooken, Aprem
10063:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10040:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10026:81-87133-05-8
10022:
10018:
10017:The Nazranies
10014:
10009:
10005:
9999:
9991:
9986:
9982:
9976:
9968:
9963:
9959:
9953:
9945:
9940:
9936:
9932:
9928:
9926:81-87132-13-2
9922:
9918:
9914:
9910:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9889:Medlycott, A.
9886:
9875:
9871:
9866:
9862:
9858:
9853:
9849:
9843:
9839:
9838:
9832:
9828:
9826:81-88979-00-7
9822:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9784:
9779:
9775:
9773:9783447068857
9769:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9753:
9749:
9747:9789382762287
9743:
9739:
9734:
9730:
9725:
9721:
9715:
9711:
9706:
9702:
9700:90-04-12937-5
9696:
9692:
9691:
9685:
9673:
9669:
9665:
9661:
9649:
9645:
9640:
9634:
9628:
9624:
9619:
9618:
9615:
9613:9780198263777
9609:
9605:
9604:
9598:
9594:
9592:9780670057696
9588:
9584:
9583:
9577:
9565:
9561:
9556:
9544:
9540:
9535:
9520:
9513:
9512:
9506:
9502:
9496:
9492:
9487:
9475:
9471:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9446:
9441:
9437:
9432:
9428:
9427:
9421:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9319:9781134430192
9315:
9311:
9310:
9305:
9301:
9300:Baum, Wilhelm
9297:
9293:
9291:9780521891035
9287:
9283:
9282:
9277:
9273:
9269:
9264:
9260:
9254:
9250:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9238:
9216:
9212:
9206:
9191:
9187:
9181:
9165:
9161:
9155:
9139:
9134:
9127:
9112:
9105:
9099:
9083:
9078:
9071:
9056:. 15 May 2012
9055:
9051:
9045:
9029:
9024:
9017:
9002:
8996:
8987:
8980:
8975:
8968:
8963:
8955:
8953:9780700701292
8949:
8945:
8944:
8936:
8934:
8926:
8921:
8914:
8909:
8907:
8891:
8887:
8880:
8865:
8861:
8855:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8833:
8827:
8826:81-250-2504-9
8823:
8817:
8811:
8810:81-7625-227-1
8807:
8801:
8799:
8792:, p. 11.
8791:
8786:
8777:
8762:
8758:
8751:
8749:
8741:
8736:
8734:
8725:
8723:0-664-22655-8
8719:
8715:
8714:
8706:
8698:
8694:
8693:
8685:
8678:
8673:
8664:
8657:
8652:
8644:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8611:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8567:
8560:
8555:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8532:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8502:
8493:
8491:
8484:
8483:0-7619-9822-5
8480:
8474:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8456:81-904135-0-3
8452:
8448:
8441:
8426:
8422:
8415:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8381:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8348:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8326:
8324:
8307:
8303:
8297:
8288:
8272:
8268:
8262:
8254:
8247:
8243:
8237:
8230:
8225:
8217:
8213:
8207:
8200:
8195:
8188:
8183:
8176:
8171:
8162:
8155:
8150:
8143:
8138:
8136:
8129:, p. 58.
8128:
8127:Pothan (1963)
8123:
8116:
8111:
8104:
8099:
8092:
8087:
8080:
8079:Prasad (2009)
8075:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8061:
8060:Prasad (2009)
8056:
8047:
8041:
8040:9783668858749
8037:
8031:
8029:
8022:, p. 16.
8021:
8016:
8008:
8002:
7998:
7997:
7989:
7980:
7972:
7970:9788120830752
7966:
7962:
7961:
7954:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7918:
7914:
7912:9788173627866
7908:
7901:
7900:
7892:
7886:, pp. 91–103.
7885:
7884:81-7022-282-6
7881:
7875:
7866:
7859:
7854:
7846:
7842:
7836:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7809:
7802:
7797:
7795:
7793:
7791:
7784:
7779:
7773:
7772:0-520-04667-6
7769:
7765:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7746:
7740:
7736:
7735:
7727:
7719:
7713:
7709:
7708:
7700:
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7675:
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7572:
7568:
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7562:9789004444867
7558:
7554:
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7537:
7535:
7526:
7520:
7516:
7515:
7507:
7500:
7494:
7487:
7481:
7473:
7467:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7448:
7441:
7435:
7428:
7423:
7416:
7415:
7409:
7398:
7397:
7389:
7382:
7381:Kiraz (2011a)
7377:
7375:
7373:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7322:
7315:
7311:
7309:
7305:M.P. Varkey,
7302:
7296:, pp. 376–378
7295:
7291:
7287:
7286:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7265:
7260:
7253:
7248:
7241:
7240:Mooken (1975)
7236:
7229:
7228:Mooken (1987)
7224:
7218:, p. 75.
7217:
7212:
7204:
7198:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7174:, p. 34.
7173:
7168:
7160:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7125:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7105:
7096:
7092:
7086:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7060:
7055:
7048:
7041:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7020:
7012:
7007:
7005:
6997:
6991:
6984:
6979:
6973:
6972:81-250-2495-6
6969:
6963:
6956:
6951:
6943:
6941:0-7864-2145-2
6937:
6933:
6926:
6920:
6912:
6905:
6897:
6890:
6882:
6875:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6848:
6841:
6836:
6829:
6824:
6818:, p. 67.
6817:
6812:
6805:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6770:
6765:
6763:
6755:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6711:Mooken (1983)
6708:
6707:Mooken (1977)
6704:
6699:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6661:
6654:
6653:Brock (2011d)
6649:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6635:
6630:
6624:, p. 88.
6623:
6618:
6611:
6606:
6599:
6594:
6586:
6584:9781230341651
6580:
6576:
6575:
6567:
6560:
6559:Roman claims.
6555:
6554:
6546:
6539:
6534:
6533:
6526:
6524:
6517:, p. 84.
6516:
6511:
6504:
6500:
6499:Chaput (1999)
6496:
6492:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6470:
6465:
6458:
6453:
6451:
6443:
6438:
6436:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6399:
6397:
6389:
6384:
6377:
6372:
6365:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6341:
6336:
6329:
6324:
6317:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6300:
6295:
6288:
6283:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6263:
6261:
6253:
6248:
6246:
6238:
6233:
6231:
6223:
6218:
6211:
6206:
6199:
6198:Prasad (2009)
6194:
6187:
6182:
6174:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6154:Prasad (2009)
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6134:
6127:
6122:
6115:
6110:
6103:
6098:
6091:
6086:
6079:
6074:
6067:
6062:
6055:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6031:
6023:
6022:
6014:
6007:
6002:
5995:
5990:
5983:
5978:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5958:
5950:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5933:
5928:
5921:
5916:
5909:
5903:
5897:, p. 43.
5896:
5891:
5883:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5864:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5839:
5834:
5832:
5824:
5818:
5809:
5802:
5801:Liščák (2018)
5797:
5789:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5771:
5763:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5744:
5737:
5736:Liščák (2018)
5732:
5725:
5724:1-84212-409-9
5721:
5717:
5711:
5704:
5699:
5684:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5665:
5658:
5653:
5651:
5643:
5642:Walker (2011)
5638:
5636:
5629:, p. 53.
5628:
5623:
5615:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5596:
5589:
5588:Pothan (1963)
5584:
5578:
5577:0-415-35615-6
5574:
5568:
5561:
5555:
5548:
5543:
5536:
5531:
5524:
5519:
5517:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5465:
5460:
5453:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5415:
5410:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5371:
5366:
5358:
5357:
5349:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5322:
5316:, p. 99.
5315:
5310:
5302:
5300:818-685-222-0
5296:
5292:
5291:
5283:
5275:
5268:
5260:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5235:
5229:
5221:
5214:
5206:
5205:
5197:
5191:
5190:81-87133-05-8
5187:
5183:
5182:The Nazranies
5179:
5173:
5167:, p. 92.
5166:
5161:
5153:
5147:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5086:
5084:
5076:
5071:
5063:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4984:
4979:
4977:
4969:
4964:
4962:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4940:, p. 52.
4939:
4934:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4882:0-472-11490-5
4878:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4832:
4830:
4821:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4802:
4800:
4791:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4772:
4770:
4761:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4742:
4740:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4712:
4706:
4702:
4701:Penguin Books
4698:
4697:
4689:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4578:
4577:Brock (2011b)
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4533:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4513:Brock (2011c)
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4469:
4468:Joseph (2011)
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4435:
4433:9780192802903
4429:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4404:
4388:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4346:
4341:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4261:
4257:
4256:"Timotheos I"
4250:
4248:
4241:, p. 52.
4240:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4203:Israel Museum
4198:
4196:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4145:
4144:Brock (2011a)
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4095:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4050:
4048:
4039:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4018:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3980:
3963:
3957:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3922:
3921:Thomas (2018)
3917:
3915:
3910:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:, spices and
3616:
3612:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:Persian cross
3573:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3434:followed the
3432:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3403:
3402:Kalaripayattu
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3225:Īshoʿ Mîshîħa
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3088:Holy Thursday
3085:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3020:Kalaripayattu
3017:
3013:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2839:T.M. Varghese
2836:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:George Joseph
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2659:as the first
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2527:Mulanthuruthy
2524:
2520:
2517:Metropolitan
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2416:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:United Church
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2181:the Rajah of
2179:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2071:as the first
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1738:Padroado Real
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:Vasco da Gama
1707:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:Malabar Coast
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1569:
1566:(Cranganore,
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:Catalan Atlas
1450:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:Thomma Parvam
1243:
1239:
1238:Thomma Parvam
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:Kokkamangalam
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1186:and founding
1185:
1181:
1180:Thomma Parvam
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1042:Chera dynasty
1039:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:
973:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:
787:
783:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
655:community of
654:
650:
649:
644:
643:
638:
637:
632:
628:
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
596:
594:
593:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
567:
563:
562:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
481:
478:
475:
474:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
453:Denominations
451:
449:
446:
445:
444:
443:
439:
438:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
403:
402:
398:
397:
394:
391:
390:
386:
382:
381:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
345:
339:
335:
331:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
319:
318:
312:
309:
308:
307:
305:
301:
300:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
266:
263:
262:
261:
259:
258:
253:
252:
248:
247:
241:
238:
237:
236:
234:
233:
226:
225:
221:
220:
219:
218:
213:
208:
204:
200:
195:
190:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
65:
60:
55:
46:
37:
33:
19:
13668:
13463:Architecture
13357:Confirmation
13305:Ecclesiology
13236:Original sin
13226:Nicene Creed
13023:Old Catholic
12907:Papal States
12839:Great Church
12805:Resurrection
12747:Christianity
12704:New Covenant
12655:(Scriptures)
12600:Christianity
12472:Nestorianism
12467:Dyophysitism
12462:Miaphysitism
12452:Apophaticism
12416:Deuterocanon
12306:
12261:Paulicianism
12251:Nestorianism
12224:Roman Empire
12198:Hagia Sophia
12193:
11888:(Liturgical)
11795:Elias Mellus
11755:Bar Hebraeus
11715:Paul the Jew
11539:
11429:
11422:
11356:, legacy of
11243:
11218:
11138:Potta Ashram
10875:
10868:
10858:the original
10849:
10817:
10788:
10763:
10750:
10726:
10717:
10705:
10672:
10643:
10622:
10611:22 September
10609:. Retrieved
10604:
10590:
10579:22 September
10577:. Retrieved
10572:
10555:
10531:
10521:
10512:
10502:
10491:22 September
10489:. Retrieved
10484:
10451:
10447:
10430:
10411:
10402:
10383:
10374:
10354:
10340:
10317:
10287:
10260:
10236:
10222:
10199:
10189:
10175:
10161:
10148:
10136:
10123:
10112:
10098:
10084:
10070:
10049:
10045:
10016:
10012:
9989:
9966:
9943:
9916:
9901:. Retrieved
9896:
9877:. Retrieved
9873:
9860:
9836:
9816:
9789:
9763:
9737:
9728:
9709:
9689:
9678:22 September
9676:. Retrieved
9671:
9654:22 September
9652:. Retrieved
9647:
9622:
9602:
9581:
9570:22 September
9568:. Retrieved
9563:
9549:22 September
9547:. Retrieved
9542:
9526:. Retrieved
9519:the original
9510:
9490:
9480:22 September
9478:. Retrieved
9473:
9452:
9448:
9435:
9425:
9414:22 September
9412:. Retrieved
9407:
9390:22 September
9388:. Retrieved
9383:
9366:22 September
9364:. Retrieved
9359:
9342:22 September
9340:. Retrieved
9335:
9308:
9280:
9276:Bayly, Susan
9267:
9247:
9234:Bibliography
9219:. Retrieved
9214:
9205:
9193:. Retrieved
9189:
9180:
9168:. Retrieved
9163:
9154:
9142:. Retrieved
9137:
9126:
9114:. Retrieved
9110:
9098:
9086:. Retrieved
9081:
9070:
9058:. Retrieved
9053:
9044:
9032:. Retrieved
9027:
9016:
9004:. Retrieved
8995:
8986:
8974:
8962:
8942:
8927:, p. 3.
8920:
8893:. Retrieved
8890:Manoramanews
8889:
8879:
8867:. Retrieved
8863:
8854:
8846:the original
8841:
8832:
8816:
8785:
8776:
8764:. Retrieved
8760:
8712:
8705:
8691:
8684:
8672:
8663:
8651:
8624:
8620:
8610:
8577:
8573:
8566:
8554:
8537:
8531:
8519:. Retrieved
8515:the original
8510:
8501:
8473:
8446:
8440:
8428:. Retrieved
8414:
8402:. Retrieved
8398:the original
8388:
8361:
8357:
8347:
8335:the original
8310:. Retrieved
8306:the original
8296:
8287:
8275:. Retrieved
8270:
8261:
8252:
8236:
8224:
8215:
8206:
8199:Bayly (2004)
8194:
8187:Bayly (2004)
8182:
8175:Bayly (2004)
8170:
8161:
8149:
8122:
8115:Bayly (2004)
8110:
8098:
8086:
8055:
8046:
8015:
7995:
7988:
7979:
7959:
7953:
7941:. Retrieved
7937:
7928:
7917:the original
7898:
7891:
7874:
7865:
7853:
7844:
7835:
7827:the original
7822:
7818:
7808:
7778:
7763:
7733:
7726:
7706:
7699:
7689:
7682:
7662:
7655:
7646:
7637:
7617:
7610:
7593:
7589:
7579:
7543:
7513:
7506:
7498:
7493:
7485:
7480:
7457:
7447:
7439:
7434:
7422:
7413:
7408:
7395:
7388:
7362:
7349:
7340:
7334:
7326:
7321:
7306:
7301:
7284:
7259:
7247:
7235:
7223:
7211:
7197:
7188:
7179:
7167:
7148:
7142:
7133:
7124:
7115:
7094:
7085:
7076:
7067:
7058:
7047:
7011:Bayly (2004)
6995:
6990:
6983:Neill (2004)
6978:
6962:
6955:Bayly (2004)
6950:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6910:
6904:
6895:
6889:
6880:
6874:
6865:
6859:
6847:
6840:Neill (2004)
6835:
6828:Neill (2002)
6823:
6816:Neill (2002)
6811:
6715:Neill (2002)
6703:Brown (1956)
6698:
6689:
6680:
6660:
6629:
6617:
6605:
6593:
6573:
6566:
6557:
6552:
6545:
6536:
6531:
6510:
6482:
6476:
6464:
6442:Brown (1956)
6383:
6376:Neill (2004)
6371:
6359:
6347:
6340:Neill (2004)
6335:
6323:
6316:Neill (2004)
6299:Neill (2004)
6294:
6285:
6280:
6274:
6267:Neill (2004)
6252:Neill (2004)
6217:
6205:
6193:
6181:
6172:
6161:
6146:Neill (2004)
6133:
6126:Neill (2004)
6121:
6109:
6097:
6085:
6073:
6061:
6049:
6040:
6030:
6020:
6013:
6008:, p. 4.
6001:
5989:
5977:
5968:
5951:, p. 3.
5927:
5915:
5907:
5902:
5890:
5870:
5863:
5854:
5845:
5817:
5808:
5803:, p. 5.
5796:
5776:
5770:
5750:
5743:
5731:
5715:
5710:
5698:
5686:. Retrieved
5671:
5664:
5622:
5602:
5595:
5583:
5567:
5559:
5554:
5542:
5535:Neill (2004)
5530:
5495:
5471:
5459:
5436:
5414:Brown (1956)
5409:
5365:
5355:
5348:
5339:
5333:
5321:
5309:
5289:
5282:
5267:
5248:
5242:
5233:
5228:
5219:
5213:
5203:
5196:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5160:
5146:
5118:
5103:Klijn (2003)
5094:
5075:Bayly (2004)
5070:
5056:
5048:the original
5038:
5029:
5019:
5007:
4985:, p. 2.
4933:
4924:
4918:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4871:
4838:
4808:
4778:
4748:
4731:Neill (2002)
4695:
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4672:the original
4667:
4658:
4646:. Retrieved
4642:the original
4637:
4628:
4603:
4589:
4584:
4553:. Retrieved
4549:the original
4539:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4484:
4475:
4423:
4413:
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4385:
4378:
4369:
4365:
4352:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4276:
4266:22 September
4264:. Retrieved
4259:
4207:
4174:
4094:
4082:. Retrieved
4073:
4066:
4056:
4026:
3994:(1): 80–98.
3991:
3987:
3968:24 September
3966:. Retrieved
3956:
3944:. Retrieved
3937:
3928:
3923:, p. 4.
3835:
3824:
3813:
3798:
3787:
3783:Kozhencherry
3781:next to the
3775:Kozhencherry
3764:
3751:
3731:
3720:
3644:
3632:
3629:Demographics
3622:
3607:
3599:
3590:
3578:
3550:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:Holy Qurbana
3495:
3483:
3479:
3467:
3465:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3367:
3363:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3307:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:Mangalasutra
3262:Panchavadyam
3256:(ornamental
3253:
3244:
3220:
3212:are sung in
3210:Holy Qurbana
3209:
3206:Holy Qurbana
3205:
3198:Holy Qurbana
3194:Holy Qurbana
3193:
3189:(Holy Mass).
3184:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3138:
3134:
3131:Clean Monday
3124:
3120:
3116:
3105:
3101:Pesaha Appam
3099:
3091:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3058:
3040:
3011:
3008:
3004:
2981:
2968:
2957:
2930:
2926:
2875:
2850:
2828:
2793:
2787:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2743:
2739:
2676:
2669:
2615:
2613:
2596:
2584:consecrated
2550:
2540:
2510:Reform Party
2509:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2460:Shimun XVIII
2448:, bishop of
2446:Elias Mellus
2414:
2412:
2351:
2347:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2301:
2279:
2262:, founded a
2255:
2236:
2218:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2082:
2073:Metropolitan
2046:
2016:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1943:
1929:
1904:
1894:
1887:
1861:
1836:Mattancherry
1833:
1829:
1806:
1766:
1759:
1751:Latin church
1745:, forming a
1736:
1730:
1703:
1659:
1649:
1643:
1624:
1614:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1585:Mar Quriaqos
1553:
1549:
1543:, including
1523:Kollavarsham
1520:
1510:Qandishangal
1508:
1490:
1478:The port at
1477:
1461:
1433:Prester John
1406:
1374:Ishoyahb III
1359:
1323:
1291:
1266:
1262:Pakalomattom
1245:
1237:
1234:Arappallikal
1233:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1138:
1127:
1105:
1086:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1034:Tekkumbhagar
1033:
1029:
1027:
1013:
1009:
1008:. The terms
989:
977:Yuda Mappila
975:
974:) and Jews (
969:
961:
960:in English.
953:
947:
943:
939:
935:
925:
858:
835:
820:
811:
799:
795:
789:
785:
779:
753:
728:
711:
647:
646:
641:
640:
635:
634:
630:
626:
624:
407:Saint Thomas
392:
321:
320:
315:
297:
296:
279:Syro-Malabar
270:
269:
255:
254:
249:
244:
230:
229:
222:
215:
197:Liturgical:
192:Vernacular:
144:Philadelphia
39:Ethnic group
36:
13724:Persecution
13659:Christendom
13652:Cooperation
13589:Charismatic
13500:Holy Spirit
13409:Natural law
13372:Holy orders
13221:Christology
13214:Holy Spirit
13083:Pentecostal
13063:Evangelical
13058:Charismatic
12902:Monasticism
12894:Middle Ages
12857:Constantine
12800:Crucifixion
12682:Foundations
12548:Iconography
12522:Metousiosis
12381:2018 schism
12376:1996 schism
12074:South India
12066:East Africa
12054:Middle East
11815:Thoma Darmo
11678:Key figures
11617:Nestorian (
11419:, legacy of
11417:East Syriac
11354:West Syriac
11292:WikiProject
9879:6 September
9874:NSC Network
9861:NSC Network
8915:, p. .
8761:NSC Network
8658:, p. .
8536:"NAṢRĀNĪ".
8521:12 December
8404:6 September
8364:: 115–130.
8271:NSC Network
7803:, p. .
7596:(2): 7–18.
6471:, p. .
6188:, p. .
5416:, p. .
4393:23 December
3988:Asian Music
3962:"The Stcei"
3805:Kallooppara
3779:Pamba River
3729:community.
3727:Upper caste
3436:East Syriac
3394:Nilavilakku
3364:Panan Pattu
3319:Nilavilakku
3304:golden zari
3296:Manthrakodi
3288:Manthrakodi
3239:, pray the
3202:Holy Qurobo
3157:Palm Sunday
3144:Generally,
3126:Sawma Rabba
3096:Last Supper
3065:Palm Sunday
3060:Kozhukkatta
3044:Hindu kings
2937:West Syriac
2933:East Syriac
2902:Article 356
2863:John Mathai
2835:lower house
2820:Dandi March
2698:evangelical
2694:Marthomites
2593: 1975
2570:autocephaly
2566: 1914
2422: 1900
2382:South India
2344: 1874
2337: 1846
2247:Tipu Sultan
2176:Malpan and
2140:. However,
2065:East Syriac
2053:East Syriac
2019:West Syriac
2014:originate.
1847:regard the
1823:, from the
1733:Reconquista
1714:spice trade
1564:Kodungallūr
1362:East Syriac
1294:East Syriac
1226:Malayattoor
1194:Kodungallur
1108:Cochin Jews
1097:Kodungallur
1038:Kodungallur
922:Terminology
900:Pentecostal
880:evangelical
516:Mar Thoma I
373:Cochin Jews
158:); Canada (
152:Los Angeles
13783:Categories
13638:Prosperity
13614:Liberation
13554:Cathedrals
13539:Pilgrimage
13524:Literature
13401:Philosophy
13337:Sacraments
13310:Four marks
13271:Protestant
13246:Born again
13043:Anabaptist
13033:Protestant
12975:Influences
12937:Modern era
12641:By country
12558:Omophorion
12553:Asceticism
12507:Hypostasis
12492:Philokalia
12421:Septuagint
12394:Scriptures
12331:Ghassanids
12266:Bogomilism
12256:Iconoclasm
12157:Tolstoyans
12098:Communions
12070:Asia Minor
11740:John Maron
11639:Protestant
11498:Protestant
10704:" section
10209:8872103312
10015:, Vol. I,
9917:Thomapedia
9719:8872102898
9668:"Maphrian"
9221:22 January
9195:22 January
9170:22 January
9144:22 January
9116:22 January
9088:22 January
9060:22 January
9034:22 January
7158:8876525432
5855:Quilon.com
5688:3 November
5180:, Vol. I,
4904:(2): 300.
4590:South Asia
4084:26 January
3946:23 January
3905:References
3831:Mallapally
3790:Makamkunnu
3754:intermarry
3703:Coimbatore
3619:cash crops
3492:baptistery
3484:diaqonikon
3455:) and the
3390:Margamkali
3300:silk saree
2858:India was
2688:came from
2649:Thiruvalla
2638:Trivandrum
2473:Shimun XIX
2312:Mavelikara
2260:John Munro
2211:Travancore
2075:and Head.
2057:Diophysite
1884:laid hands
1706:Portuguese
1684:Portuguese
1617:Estrangela
1415:traveller
1402:Archdeacon
1394:Cranganore
1306:anglicized
1302:Knāi Thoma
1230:Aruvithura
1184:Maliankara
1165:Alexandria
1114:-speaking
1081:See also:
1049:Knai Thoma
1006:Roman Rite
982:Travancore
870:. Being a
796:Pazhayakūr
768:Roman Rite
746:Portuguese
742:archdeacon
700:Protestant
572:Margamkali
361:Dravidians
323:Protestant
176:Birmingham
168:Whitehorse
148:New Jersey
13714:Criticism
13664:Ecumenism
13628:Mysticism
13594:Democracy
13584:Anarchism
13571:Movements
13534:Mythology
13512:Catechism
13507:Education
13424:Evolution
13347:Eucharist
13330:Canon law
13288:Theotokos
13283:Mariology
13241:Salvation
13231:Tradition
13078:Methodist
13038:Adventist
12872:Chalcedon
12502:Theotokos
12442:Hesychasm
12247:Heresies
12089:divisions
11829:Languages
11695:Nestorius
11536:legacy of
11473:Nestorian
11272:Templates
11109:Religious
10793:Tiruvalla
10720:July 2017
10439:614902709
10258:(2002) .
10234:(2004) .
10220:(1984) .
9998:cite book
9975:cite book
9952:cite book
9693:. BRILL.
9666:(2011a).
9402:(2011d).
9378:(2011c).
9354:(2011b).
9330:(2011a).
9138:The Hindu
9082:The Hindu
9028:The Hindu
8842:The Hindu
8643:2081-1330
8627:: 43–53.
8602:229510798
8594:0094-0496
8465:255155413
8380:2081-1330
7845:The Hindu
7602:2414-8636
7571:234532613
7357:(2011b).
7059:The Hindu
6173:The Hindu
5851:"History"
5825:, p. 244.
4555:2 October
4372:(2): 291.
4304:Listverse
3707:Hyderabad
3683:Bangalore
3679:Mangalore
3667:Ernakulam
3655:Alappuzha
3561:pilasters
3553:vestibule
3504:Eucharist
3488:sacristry
3445:sanctuary
3254:muthukoda
3176:ܐܘܿܫܲܥܢܵܐ
3159:known as
2831:bicameral
2763:Puthenkur
2759:Paḻayakūṟ
2645:sui juris
2628:left the
2415:Paḻayakūṟ
2348:Puthenkur
2304:Puthenkur
2296:cattanars
2280:Puthenkur
2256:Puthenkur
2241:with the
2215:Samuthiri
2200:Paḻayakūṟ
2170:Paḻayakūṟ
2162:Puthenkur
2160:upon the
2157:Paḻayakūṟ
2150:Paḻayakūṟ
2134:Puthenkur
2129:Puthenkur
1964:Puthenkur
1960:Paḻayakūṟ
1955:Puthenkur
1945:Paḻayakūṟ
1901:Carmelite
1864:Ahathalla
1817:Ahatallah
1656:Shemon IV
1625:the fifth
1446:, flags:
1421:Sri Lanka
1413:Byzantine
1378:Timothy I
1314:Northists
1270:Upanayana
1198:Kottakavu
1161:Pantaenus
1054:K'nā'nāya
966:honorific
954:Nazōraioi
944:Christian
812:Puthenkur
800:Paḻayakūṟ
791:Paḻayakūṟ
781:Puthenkur
738:Timothy I
735:Patriarch
724:Near East
708:Malayalam
704:Malayalis
651:, are an
357:Malayalis
217:Christian
194:Malayalam
187:Languages
180:Amsterdam
96:Bangalore
13768:Category
13633:Pacifism
13447:features
13431:Politics
13384:Ablution
13352:Marriage
13256:Catholic
13186:Theology
13093:Reformed
13073:Lutheran
13068:Holiness
13048:Anglican
13018:Catholic
12922:Crusades
12867:Nicaea I
12817:Apostles
12790:Miracles
12785:Parables
12775:Ministry
12765:Nativity
12729:timeline
12626:Prophets
12621:Glossary
12487:Phronema
12435:Theology
12426:Peshitta
12078:Far East
11948:Arameans
11905:/Syriac
11896:See also
11856:Hertevin
11851:Garshuni
11690:Aphrahat
11282:Category
10962:Archived
10940:Archived
10751:Nasranis
10567:(2011).
10553:(1983).
10318:The Harp
10308:(2011).
10282:(2016).
10187:(1984).
10173:(1970).
10159:(1967).
10135:(1943).
10110:(1987).
10096:(1983).
10082:(1977).
10068:(1975).
10037:(1926).
9935:56405161
9915:(2000).
9891:(1912).
9528:27 April
9455:: 5–23.
9306:(2003).
9278:(2004).
8430:2 August
8214:(2005).
7455:(2012).
6041:Nasranis
5969:Nasranis
5560:K. S. P.
5123:Eusebius
4869:(2005).
4678:27 April
4485:Nasranis
4205:(1995).
4172:(2008).
3848:See also
3659:Kottayam
3642:regime.
3546:lecterns
3524:qestroma
3512:qestroma
3449:qestroma
3383:Churidar
3360:turmeric
3280:Kathanar
3258:umbrella
3135:Pētūrttà
2795:Devaswom
2682:American
2481:Qochanis
2442:Verapoly
2378:Kottayam
2364:. These
2358:Reformed
2272:Anglican
2268:Kottayam
2264:seminary
2146:Thoma VI
2118:Padroado
2039:Maphrian
2000:Marthoma
1992:Orthodox
1988:Jacobite
1813:Mylapore
1797:Peshitta
1664:Yohannan
1640:Jordanus
1580:Shengala
1572:ܫܸܢܓܲܲܠܐ
1537:dioceses
1535:and its
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1429:Crusades
1398:Mylapore
1250:Mylapore
1210:Nilackal
1202:Palayoor
1155:, while
1093:Pattanam
958:Nazarene
872:reformed
866:and the
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755:Padroado
716:Nazarene
458:Churches
440:Religion
385:a series
383:Part of
304:Reformed
272:Catholic
210:Religion
164:Edmonton
102:); UAE (
18:Nasranis
13697:Related
13490:Trinity
13455:Culture
13419:Science
13389:Hygiene
13379:Mission
13362:Penance
13342:Baptism
13278:Worship
13251:Liturgy
13199:Trinity
13110:Eastern
13088:Quakers
13053:Baptist
13010:Western
13000:members
12770:Baptism
12724:History
12714:Worship
12616:Outline
12531:Worship
12482:Theoria
12477:Theosis
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12288:Mongols
12206:History
12052:in the
11775:Thoma I
11152:Related
10795:. 2003.
10472:1178253
9794:Bibcode
9245:(ed.).
9215:Youtube
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8277:16 June
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7316:. 1901.
4648:26 June
4408:33–112.
3900:Sources
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2033:of the
1975:Thoma I
1950:Thoma I
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1495:of the
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1460:reads:
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1072:History
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829:-based
760:schisms
712:Nasrani
673:Western
669:Eastern
582:Cuisine
564:Culture
448:Crosses
399:History
369:Knanaya
332:of the
203:Aramaic
170:); UK (
160:Toronto
140:Atlanta
136:Detroit
124:Houston
120:Chicago
114:; USA (
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13414:Ethics
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12735:spread
12699:Gospel
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11866:Mlaḥsô
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11660:(1961)
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11630:(1701)
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