151:, and wrote that black women had "no sense of virtue" and were "altogether without character". Outraged, Belgarnie sent the letter to Ruffin who distributed the letter to various women's clubs in her call to organize. Soon after, Ruffin organized a national conference in Boston, and asked clubs to send delegates. The first day was to be devoted to the business of organizing, and the second and third to "vital questions concerning our moral, mental, physical and financial growth and well-being." In the call, Ruffin explained the choice of venue:
218:, gave an influential speech titled "Individual Work for Moral Elevation". African-American women, she said, were divided into two classes: those who "had the opportunity to improve and develop mentally, physically, morally, spiritually and financially" and those who had been deprived of that opportunity by slavery. She urged members of the former class to do all they could to uplift and inspire the latter, reasoning that individual success was not enough; that only by "lifting as we climb" was it possible for the race to make progress.
285:(1) the concentration of the dormant energies of the women of the Afro-American race into one broad band of sisterhood: for the purpose of establishing needed reforms, and the practical encouragement of all efforts being put forth by various agencies, religious, educational, ethical and otherwise, for the upbuilding, ennobling and advancement of the race; (2) to awaken the women of the race to the great need of systematic effort in home-making and the divinely imposed duties of motherhood.
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166:
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Our woman's movement is woman's movement in that it is led and directed by women for the good of women and men, for the benefit of all humanity, which is more than any one branch or section of it. We want, we ask the active interest of our men, and, too, we are not drawing the color line; we are
193:
On July 29, 1895, representatives of 42 black women's clubs from 14 states—including the
Colored Women's League of Washington, the Women's Loyal Union of New York, and the Ida B. Wells Club of Chicago—gathered in Berkeley Hall for the First National Conference of the Colored Women of
272:
of Boston gave the opening benediction. Although it was not unheard of for
Christian women to preach in those days, it was unusual for a woman to be given the title of chaplain. Alice T. Miller of Boston read a poem, and singers Moses Hamilton Hodges and Arianna Sparrow gave solo performances.
626:
142:
polled readers to see if there was a need for a national organization of black clubwomen, the response was overwhelmingly positive. In 1895, an obscure
Missouri journalist named John Jacks sent a letter to the secretary of the British
618:"Three Sessions: Convention of Colored Women Opened; First One Ever Held in America Largely Attended. Mrs Ruffin of Boston in the Chair. Able Defense of the Race by Able Speakers. Education and Organization Are Present Needs"
155:
Boston has been selected as a meeting place because it has seemed to be the general opinion that here, and here only, can be found the atmosphere which would best interpret and represent us, our position, our needs, and our
49:. In August 1895, representatives from 42 African-American women's clubs from 14 states convened at Berkeley Hall for the purpose of creating a national organization. It was the first event of its kind in the United States.
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was designated as the organization's news outlet. The NFAAW held another conference in 1896, when it merged with other groups to form the
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gave a speech titled "Social Purity" in which she asserted that being white was not a "criterion for being
American". Civil rights leader
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121:, and one of the first in the country. Its members, prominent black women from the Boston area, devoted their efforts to education,
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The
National Federation of Afro-American Women (NFAAW) was organized during the 1895 conference, and its mission defined as:
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America, with
Josephine Ruffin presiding. They convened at the hall for three days, with an extra session on August 1 at the
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Poem read by Miss Alice T. Miller at the First
National Conference of the Colored Women of America, Boston, 1895
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women, American women, as intensely interested in all that pertains to us as such as all other
American women.
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also spoke. Other club women gave speeches on justice, temperance, and the need for industrial training.
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All Bound Up
Together: The Woman Question in African American Public Culture, 1830–1900
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spoke about the need to organize. In "The Value of Race
Literature", author and former slave
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518:"Colored Women in Conference – National Association for Their Betterment Formed in Boston"
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Several notable speakers addressed the group. Margaret Murray Washington, the wife of
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Delegates from the conference were elected officers for the organization, and were
548:"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin: A pioneer in the black women's club movement Part 2"
368:"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin: A pioneer in the black women's club movement Part 1"
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250:
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stressed the importance of collecting literature by and about African Americans.
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309:(Vice Presidents). Ruffin was nominated for treasurer but refused the position.
147:, Florence Belgarnie. In the letter, Jacks criticized the anti-lynching work of
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991:
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Intimate Practices: Literacy and Cultural Work in U.S. Women's Clubs, 1880-1920
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226:
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Ella L. Smith, the first African-American woman to receive an M.A. degree from
69:
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Daughters of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World
492:"Historical Records of Conventions of 1895-96 of the Colored Women of America"
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Historical Records of Conventions of 1895–96 of the Colored Women of America
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Historical Records of Conventions of 1895–96 of the Colored Women of America
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African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
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650:"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin: A pioneer in the black women's club movement"
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Gender, Race, and Politics in the Midwest: Black Club Women in Illinois
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297:(Cor. Sec.), L. C. Carter (Rec. Sec.), Libby B. Anthony (Treasurer),
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109:, an advocacy group for black women, with the help of her daughter,
84:. The National Federation of Afro-American Women, which became the
1147:
Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs
1526:
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Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought
135:, an illustrated monthly publication, was the club's newspaper.
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Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories
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34:
31:
The First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
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Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
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225:, spoke about the need for higher education. Noted scholar
202:, it was "the first movement of the kind ever attempted".
1912:
First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
680:"The Value of Race Literature" by Victoria Earle Matthews
88:
the following year, was organized during the conference.
595:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 173–174.
129:
reform. Its slogan was "Help to make the world better".
1653:
General Federation of Women's Clubs of South Carolina
1382:
Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
957:
California State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
565:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 82.
1658:South Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
616:
1183:Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
823:National Society of the Colonial Dames of America
1952:
1225:Topeka Council of Colored Women's Clubs Building
753:Associated Daughters of Early American Witches
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277:The National Federation of Afro-American Women
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1580:Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
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27:1895 conference in Boston, Massachusetts, US
1309:Colored Female Religious and Moral Society
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205:In her opening address, Ruffin explained:
18:National Federation of Afro-American Women
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418:
379:
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117:. It was the first black women's club in
1497:Empire State Federation of Women's Clubs
1345:Ladies' Library Association of Kalamazoo
1204:Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
743:American Association of University Women
425:. Indiana University Press. p. 18.
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1377:Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs
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361:
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14:
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546:Neal, Anthony W. (February 18, 2016).
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1971:History of women in the United States
1314:New England Woman's Press Association
868:Women's Joint Congressional Committee
828:National Society of New England Women
813:National Association of Colored Women
693:
648:Neal, Anthony W. (18 February 2016).
629:from the original on February 4, 2016
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579:
384:Jenkins, Maude T. (1999). "Letters".
366:Neal, Anthony W. (February 3, 2016).
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317:National Association of Colored Women
86:National Association of Colored Women
1246:Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs
778:Daughters of the American Revolution
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392:(12). Old City Publishing, Inc.: 5.
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1283:Maryland Woman Suffrage Association
878:Young Women's Christian Association
848:United Daughters of the Confederacy
793:General Federation of Women's Clubs
773:Daughters of the American Colonists
24:
1705:Texas Association of Women's Clubs
1700:Daughters of the Republic of Texas
1278:Woman's Literary Club of Baltimore
858:Women's Christian Temperance Union
125:, and race-related issues such as
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2002:
1986:History of women in Massachusetts
1725:Dallas Equal Suffrage Association
1720:Texas Federation of Women's Clubs
863:Women's National Republican Club
673:
469:
249:spoke about political equality.
1715:Texas Equal Suffrage Association
1517:Equal Suffrage League (Brooklyn)
818:National Council of Jewish Women
257:, Anna Sprague (the daughter of
1162:Frederick Douglass Woman's Club
843:United States Daughters of 1812
183:Officers of Convention of 1896.
169:Officers of Convention of 1895.
1710:Texas Equal Rights Association
894:Alabama's Colored Women's Club
439:
412:
268:As the convention's chaplain,
261:), and anti-lynching activist
33:was a three-day conference in
13:
1:
499:University of Chicago Library
336:Smith, Jessie Carney (1996).
322:
160:
138:In the early 1890s, when the
96:
1522:Newswomen's Club of New York
997:Hollywood Women's Press Club
803:Ladies' Memorial Association
625:. July 30, 1895. p. 5.
455:. The New Press. p. 7.
419:Hendricks, Wanda A. (1998).
339:Notable Black American Women
7:
783:Daughters of the Cincinnati
763:Colonial Dames XVII Century
561:Gere, Anne Ruggles (1997).
386:The Women's Review of Books
103:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
60:), author and former slave
39:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
10:
2007:
1809:University Club of Seattle
1764:Daughters of Utah Pioneers
1095:Atlanta Neighborhood Union
873:Women's Trade Union League
838:Queen Isabella Association
524:. July 29, 1895. p. 6
291:Margaret Murray Washington
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54:Margaret Murray Washington
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101:In 1892, Boston activist
64:, anti-lynching activist
1319:New England Women's Club
748:American Woman's League
550:. The Bay State Banner.
370:. The Bay State Banner.
342:. VNR AG. p. 240.
231:Victoria Earle Matthews
76:, and social reformers
62:Victoria Earle Matthews
1304:College Club of Boston
1230:Woman's Club of Topeka
1157:Fortnightly of Chicago
808:League of Women Voters
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247:William Lloyd Garrison
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82:William Lloyd Garrison
72:, civil rights leader
1936:List of women's clubs
1925:List of women's clubs
1606:Colored Women's Clubs
1502:Brooklyn Woman's Club
1329:Saturday Morning Club
853:United Order of Tents
833:Phillis Wheatley Club
447:Guy-Sheftall, Beverly
295:Florida Ruffin Ridley
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196:Charles Street Church
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111:Florida Ruffin Ridley
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1152:Chicago Woman's Club
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655:The Bay State Banner
216:Booker T. Washington
145:Anti-Slavery Society
115:Maria Louise Baldwin
58:Booker T. Washington
1981:Women's conferences
1131:Daughters of Hawaii
198:. According to the
962:Berkeley City Club
522:The New York Times
259:Frederick Douglass
255:Alexander Crummell
243:Henry B. Blackwell
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78:Henry B. Blackwell
52:Speakers included
1966:History of Boston
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1674:19th Century Club
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1532:Women's City Club
1512:Cosmopolitan Club
1414:20th Century Club
1017:Metropolitan Club
270:Eliza Ann Gardner
239:T. Thomas Fortune
235:Agnes Jones Adams
223:Wellesley College
74:T. Thomas Fortune
16:(Redirected from
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56:(the wife of
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1911:
1885:
1875:Publications
1778:Mount Vernon
1637:Plastic Club
1625:Pennsylvania
1398:East Glacier
659:. Retrieved
653:
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631:. Retrieved
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139:
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105:founded the
100:
66:Ida B. Wells
51:
43:civil rights
30:
29:
1901:Conventions
1750:San Antonio
1745:Lyceum Club
1507:Colony Club
1481:Silver City
1430:Kalmia Club
1370:Mississippi
987:Ebell of LA
926:Casa Grande
661:31 December
528:October 19,
140:Woman's Era
45:leader and
1955:Categories
1787:Washington
1735:Fort Worth
1476:Las Cruces
1466:Alamogordo
1459:New Mexico
1445:Rutherford
1435:Morristown
1423:New Jersey
1361:Saint Paul
1209:Des Moines
1048:Wilmington
950:California
736:Nationwide
323:References
303:Helen Crum
161:Conference
97:Background
68:, scholar
47:suffragist
1825:Wauwatosa
1818:Wisconsin
1667:Tennessee
1616:Town Club
1548:Charlotte
1471:Carrizozo
1354:Minnesota
1255:Louisiana
1188:Vincennes
1064:Bradenton
1022:San Pedro
910:Anchorage
1799:Longview
1794:Kirkland
1771:Virginia
1573:Oklahoma
1490:New York
1440:Red Bank
1338:Michigan
1271:Maryland
1262:Era Club
1239:Kentucky
1140:Illinois
1115:Tennille
1110:Demorest
1036:Delaware
1002:La Jolla
931:Glendale
627:Archived
589:(2009).
1834:Wyoming
1804:Olympia
1730:El Paso
1601:Ashland
1527:Sorosis
1391:Montana
1299:Chilton
1176:Indiana
1088:Georgia
1057:Florida
1043:Milford
1007:Lincoln
941:Willcox
919:Arizona
887:Alabama
633:July 6,
501:. 1902.
406:4023208
92:History
1841:Casper
1611:Dundee
1594:Oregon
1564:Dayton
1407:Nevada
1218:Kansas
1124:Hawaii
1105:Dawson
977:Corona
903:Alaska
599:
569:
459:
429:
404:
346:
305:, and
119:Boston
35:Boston
1693:Texas
1079:Miami
1069:Davie
729:Clubs
495:(PDF)
402:JSTOR
156:aims.
1759:Utah
1557:Ohio
1197:Iowa
936:Mesa
663:2023
635:2017
597:ISBN
567:ISBN
530:2017
457:ISBN
427:ISBN
344:ISBN
245:and
80:and
41:, a
394:doi
1957::
652:.
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396::
352:.
20:)
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