Ethnic minorities in China

4483:. But according to an investigative report by The Associated Press published at 28 June 2020, the Chinese government is taking draconian measures to slash birth rates among Uighurs and other minorities as part of a sweeping campaign to curb its Muslim population, even as it encourages some of the country's Han majority to have more children. While individual women have spoken out before about forced birth control, the practice is far more widespread and systematic than previously known, according to an AP investigation based on government statistics, state documents and interviews with 30 ex-detainees, family members and a former detention camp instructor. The campaign over the past four years in the far west region of Xinjiang is leading to what some experts are calling a form of "demographic genocide". Ethnic minorities enjoy other special exemptions which vary by province- these include lower tax thresholds and lower required scores for entry into university. The use of these measures to raise ethnic minorities' human capital is seen by the central government as important for improving the economic development of ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities are represented in the National People's Congress as well as governments at the 3656:—but the Soviet definition of minorities did not cleanly map onto the Chinese people's historical definition of minorities. Soviet thinking about minorities was based on the belief that a nation consisted of people who spoke and wrote a common language, people whose culture was historic, and historic territory. Therefore, The people who inhabited each nation had the theoretical right to secede from a proposed federated government. This differed from the previous way of thinking mainly in that instead of defining all those under imperial rule as Chinese, the nation (as defined as a space upon which power is projected) and ethnicity (the identity of the governed) were now separate; being under central rule no longer automatically meant being defined as Chinese. The Soviet model as applied to China gave rise to the autonomous regions in China; these areas were thought to be their own nations that had theoretical autonomy from the central government. 1700: 4720:

that China has been engaged with since the Reform Era. These policies attempt to promote stability and legitimacy among the ethnic minority population through concerted efforts to involve them in the country's politics . Thus the authors argue this is why ethnic minorities enjoyed an advantage in the Reform Period. Other scholars add that the Party is eager to include ethnic minorities in the government because of the backlash that China has faced from the rest of the world concerning the way they treated Tibet and most recently the Uyghurs in Xinjiang. Including ethnic minorities in the Party's leadership adds to the "United Front" that China wants to portray. Though they are included, it remains unclear as to what amount of influence they assert.

3590: 57: 4495:. These "regional autonomies" guarantee ethnic minorities the freedom to use and develop their ethnic languages, and to maintain their own cultural and social customs. In addition, the PRC government has provided preferential economic development and aid to areas where ethnic minorities live. Furthermore, the Chinese government has allowed and encouraged the involvement of ethnic minority participation in the party. Even though ethnic minorities in China are granted specific rights and freedoms, many ethnic minorities still have headed towards the urban life in order to obtain a well paid job. 4732: 3306: 1710: 3831:, there was a shift in official conceptions of minorities in China: rather than defining them as 'nationalities', they became 'ethnic groups'. The difference between 'nationality' and 'ethnicity', as Uradyn Erden-Bulag describes it, is that the former treats the minorities of China as societies with "a fully functional division of labor," history, and territory, whereas the latter treats minorities as a "category" and focuses on their maintenance of boundaries and their self-definition in relation to the majority group. These changes are reflected in uses of the term 4454: 3788: 4442: 3764:

to perform on television and radio in an attempt to reinforce the government's narrative of China as a multi-ethnic state and to prevent the culture of the minority ethnic groups from assimilating by the Han and the rest of the world. However, with the development of modern technology, these attempts brought little effect. In fact, many of those labeled as specific minorities bore no relationship to the music, clothing, and other practices presented with images and representations of "their people" in the media.

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the 19th Congress there are only 16 full time members who are ethnic minorities. While only 6 of the 55 ethnic minorities are represented in the Central Committee, the percentage of ethnic minority members in the Central Committee exceeds the percentage of ethnic minority population in China. Ethnic minorities only make up roughly 7.5% of China's population, whereas 92% are Han Chinese, the dominant ethnicity. Still the majority of ethnic minorities are severely underrepresented in the Central Committee.

1683: 4502:) a programme introduced nationwide in 1999 whose number of participants had reached nearly twenty million by 2012. The nature of the selection process entails that the programme's providers be proactive and willing in seeking out impoverished prospective participants, as opposed to more comprehensive welfare schemes such as the Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme (URBMI), which is universally implemented. As such, the selection process for participants in the 8012: 7607: 3672:

problem was posed with a comparison to Chinese Buddhists, who were not considered a separate race. It concluded that the reason Chinese Muslims were considered separate was because of different factors like religion, culture, military feudalism, and that considering them a "racial minority" was wrong. It also came to the conclusion that the Japanese military spokesman was the only person who was propagating the false assertion that Chinese Muslims had "

3915: 8022: 7617: 3676:", which was disproved by the fact that Muslims in China were composed of multitudes of different races, separate from each other as were the "Germans and English", such as the Mongol Hui of Hezhou, Salar Hui of Qinghai, and Chan Tou Hui of Turkistan. The Japanese were trying to spread the lie that Chinese Muslims were one race, in order to propagate the claim that they should be separated from China into an "independent political organization." 3877:. The Chinese model for identifying and categorizing ethnic minorities established at the founding of the PRC followed the Soviet model, drawing inspiration from Joseph Stalin's 1953 'four commons' criteria to identify ethnic groups: "(1) a distinct language; (2) a recognized indigenous homeland or common territory; (3) a common economic life; and (4) a strong sense of identity and distinctive customs, including dress, religion and foods." 3881:

Chinese Communist Party had unwittingly created a "dual structure" of governance in which the representation and identity given to recognized ethnic groups would increase ethnocultural differences and create social conflict. He recommended new policies of ethnic fusion and assimilation. These proposals made by Ma and others were controversial at the time but they would find a place at the heart of the policy of the

3628:, there was little attempt by Chinese authors to separate the concepts of nationality, culture, and ethnicity. Those outside of the reach of imperial control and dominant patterns of Chinese culture were thought of as separate groups of people regardless of whether they would today be considered as a separate ethnicity. The self-conceptualization of 3740:. An immediate difficulty was that identities "on the ground" did not necessarily follow logically from things like shared languages or cultures; two neighboring regions might seem to share a common culture, and yet insist on their distinct identities. Since this would lead to absurd results—every village could hardly send a representative to the 3812:'s Nationalist government that came to power in 1911, which also engaged in the common use of derogatory names to refer to minorities (a practice officially abolished in 1951). However, the Communist Party's categorization was also rampantly criticized since it reduced the number of recognized ethnic groups by eightfold, and today the 4476:

regions and the autonomous prefectures and counties set aside for minority administration, local states via the local people's congresses "have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations in the light of the political, economic, and cultural characteristics" of those areas.

4399:"Undistinguished" ethnic groups are ethnic groups that have not been officially recognized or classified by the central government. The group numbers more than 730,000 people, and would constitute the twentieth most populous ethnic group of China if taken as a single group. The vast majority of this group is found in 3706:), borrowed from Japanese during the Republican period, translates this Soviet concept. The English translation (common in official documents) of 'nationality' again follows Soviet practice; in order to avoid confusion, however, alternative phraseology such as 'ethnicity' or 'ethnic group' is often used. Since the 3760:) that had a surname considered to belong to a particular ethnic group, then one was awarded the coveted minority status. This had the result that villages that had previously thought of themselves as homogenous and essentially Han were now divided between those with ethnic identity and those without. 3954:

The degree of variation between ethnic groups is not consistent. Many ethnic groups are described as having unique characteristics from other minority groups and from the dominant Han, but there are also some that are very similar to the Han majority group. Most Hui Chinese are indistinguishable from

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The team of social scientists that assembled the list of all the ethnic groups also described what they considered to be the key differentiating attributes between each group, including culture, custom, and language. The center then used this list of attributes to select representatives of each group

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were Chinese or a separate 'ethnic minority', and the factors which led to either classification. It tackled the question of why Muslims who were Chinese were considered a different race from other Chinese, and the separate question of whether all Muslims in China were united into one race. The first

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Since the People's Republic of China was established, ethnic minorities have made up around 10% of the Central Committee, whereas the rest of the members are of the Han Chinese ethnic group. That being said, a majority of the ethnic minority members of the Central Committee are alternate members. In

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post-1979, many Han acquired enough money to begin to travel. One of the favorite travel experiences of the wealthy was visits to minority areas, to see the exotic rituals of the minority peoples. Responding to this interest, many minority entrepreneurs, despite themselves perhaps never having grown

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A study conducted by three scholars in 2012, "Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members", found that ethnic minorities had an advantage when being considered for promotion in Congress. They explain this phenomenon through the United Front policies

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Much of the dialog within China regarding minorities has generally portrayed minorities as being further behind the Han in progress toward modernization and modernity. Minority groups are often portrayed as rustic, wild, and antiquated. As the government often portrays itself as a benefactor of the

3951:) is fixed at birth, a practice that can be traced to the foundation of the PRC, when the Communist Party commissioned studies to categorize and delineate groups based on research teams' investigation of minorities' social history, economic life, language and religion in China's different regions. 5606:

Despite tremendous diversity among this broad and dubious ethnic category, the Han became the personification of the new nation and a symbol of modernity and progress. The new Communist Party leaders continued this project, presenting the Han peoples as the harbingers of modernity and progress, a

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Following the breakup of the Soviet Union intellectuals and policymakers within China began to argue that the designation of minority groups could be a threat to the country. Violence in Xinjiang and Tibet provided evidence for this argument. Beijing University professor Ma Rong argued that the

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and laws guarantee equal rights to all ethnic groups in China and help promote ethnic minority groups' economic and cultural development. The constitution prohibits both discrimination and acts of disunity. Articles 115 and 116 of the constitution state that in the provincial level autonomous

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beacon to the non- Han peoples of the political periphery who found themselves unwitting members of a new nation-state defined by clear borders (...) Ethnic minorities entered the national imagination as the primitive Other against which China's modern national identity could be constructed.

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The actual census taking of who was and was not a minority further eroded the neat differentiating lines the social scientists had drawn up. Individual ethnic status was often awarded based on family tree histories. If one had a father (or mother, for ethnic groups that were considered

3744:—the social scientists attempted to construct coherent groupings of minorities using language as the main criterion for differentiation. Thus some villages with very different cultural practices and histories were lumped together under the same ethnonym. For example, the " 4506:

programme has generated a perception among observers of the scheme that this programme have been used to mitigate dissent and neutralize any threat to the government that could lead to unrest- including negative performance evaluations of local officials.

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China is officially composed of 56 ethnic groups (55 minorities plus the dominant Han). However, some of the ethnic groups as classified by the PRC government contain, within themselves, diverse groups of people. Various groups of the

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largely revolved around this center-periphery cultural divide. Thus, the process of Sinicization throughout history had as much to do with the spreading of imperial rule and culture as it did with actual ethnic migration.

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up practicing the dances, rituals, or songs themselves, began to cater to these tourists by performing acts similar to what the older generation or the local residents told. In this way, the groups of people named

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or other named minorities have begun to have more in common with their fellow co-ethnics, as they have adopted similar self-conceptions in response to the economic demand of consumers for their performances.

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of China have a Han majority. In Beijing itself, the Han ethnic composition makes up nearly 96% of the total population, while the ethnic minority total is 4.31%, or a population of 584,692 (as of 2008).

3947:, and practice a variety of different cultural customs. Whereas in many nations a citizen's minority status is defined by their self-identification as an ethnic minority, in China minority nationality ( 4433:). However, if a newly naturalized citizen already belongs to a recognized existing group among the 56 ethnic groups, then he or she is classified into that ethnic group rather than the special label. 1615: 978: 3885:. Xi has shifted state policy towards assimilation in what he calls the "grand minzu fusion" or "the coalescing of blood and minds." The CCP under Xi has reacted to violence committed by a number of 1641: 1602: 415: 7982: 1628: 1099: 995: 209: 7941: 7846: 3772: 974: 4488: 3768: 2084: 218: 4484: 7951: 3991:

minorities, those less willing to assimilate (despite the offers of assistance) are portrayed as masculine, violent, and unreasonable. Groups that have been depicted this way include the

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A tiny minority have made their displeasure known violently. China has reacted by building a vast network of prison camps and tossing perhaps 1m Uighurs into it for "vocational training"

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The largest ethnic group, Han, according to a 2005 sampling, constitute about 91.9% of the total population. The next largest ethnic groups in terms of population include the

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Mullaney, Thomas (2004). "Ethnic Classification Writ Large: The 1954 Yunnan Province Ethnic Classification Project and its Foundations in Republican-Era Taxonomic Thought".

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Shih, Victor; Adolph, Christopher; Liu, Mingxing (February 2012). "Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members in China".

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Oakes, Timothy S. (31 December 2017), Picard, Michel; Wood, Robert E. (eds.), "2. Ethnic Tourism in Rural Guizhou: Sense of Place and the Commerce of Authenticity",

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The categorization of 55 minority groups was a major step forward from denial of the existence of different ethnic groups in China which had been the policy of

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within China in addition to the Han majority. As of 2010, the combined population of officially-recognized minority groups comprised 8.49% of the population of

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government in Taiwan, as of 2020, officially recognises 16 Taiwanese indigenous tribes, the PRC classifies them all under a single ethnic group, the

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The Chinese government has committed a series of ongoing human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other ethnic and religious minorities in Xinjiang.

6075: 4895: 3137: 1798: 1471: 773: 702: 691: 681: 6034: 3378:. In addition to these officially-recognized ethnic minority groups, there are Chinese nationals who privately classify themselves as members of 3155: 3115: 2459: 1666: 750: 443: 170: 3546:, 'high mountain') minority, out of reluctance to recognize ethnic classifications derived from the work of Japanese anthropologists during the 3975: 2870: 2252: 1656: 1194: 5089:

Michaud J., 2009 Handling Mountain Minorities in China, Vietnam and Laos : From History to Current Issues. Asian Ethnicity 10(1): 25–49.

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These "undistinguished ethnic groups" do not include groups that have been controversially classified into existing groups. For example, the

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does not precisely match the Chinese or Soviet concepts (which, after all, are defined and regulated by the state), some scholars use the

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who are of foreign origin are classified using yet another separate label: "foreigners naturalized into the Chinese citizenship" (

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does not precisely match the Chinese or Soviet concepts (which are defined and regulated by the state), some scholars use the

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Perry, Elizabeth J.; Selden, Mark, eds. (5 April 2010), "Alter/native Mongolian identity: From nationality to ethnic group",

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or its variations, since it might suggest that Han people are not indigenous to Taiwan, or that Taiwan is not historically a

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Perry, Elizabeth J.; Selden, Mark; Uradyn Erden-Bulag. "Alter/native Mongolian identity: From nationality to ethnic group".

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Mullaney, Thomas (2010). "Seeing for the State: The Role of Social Scientists in China's Ethnic Classification Project".

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One notable preferential treatment ethnic minorities enjoy was their exemption from the population growth control of the

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The ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the PRC include those residing within mainland China, as well as

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do not use this ethnic classification system, so figures by the PRC government exclude these two territories.

7886: 7841: 7811: 7711: 7491: 7456: 7411: 6048: 5637: 3741: 3692:' in the sense of ethnic groups (the concept is not to be confused with state citizenship). The Chinese term 1998: 1396: 1066: 153: 5191: 3501: 3416: 7911: 7826: 7806: 7681: 7381: 7376: 7271: 7116: 5598: 5042: 4840: 4492: 3641: 3510: 3383: 3206: 3043: 2877: 2767: 2746: 2611: 2598: 2131: 2042: 2032: 1966: 520: 366: 361: 82: 4083:

Ethnic minorities with low populations (fewer than 100,000 individuals) were not taken into account here.

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Gladney, Dru C. (1994). "Representing Nationality in China: Refiguring Majority/Minority Identities".

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Early documents of the People's Republic of China (PRC), such as the 1982 constitution, followed the

3644:. Their understanding of minorities had been heavily influenced by the policies of the Soviet leader 3605: 2517: 2464: 1893: 1391: 515: 405: 101: 89: 5988: 3663:, the American Asiatic Association published an entry in the 40th volume of their academic journal, 7668: 7646: 7506: 7421: 7401: 7286: 7276: 7263: 7239: 7178: 6497: 6007: 3936: 3399: 3165: 3058: 2797: 2726: 2714: 2500: 2241: 2225: 1703: 1140: 609: 381: 3966:

China's official 55 minorities are located primarily in the south, west, and north of China. Only

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Ma, Rong (June 2010). "The Soviet Model's Influence and the Current Debate on Ethnic Relations".

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Minorities have widely benefited from China's minimum livelihood guarantee program (known as the

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in 1964, with the Lhoba group added in 1965. The last change was the addition of the

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in 1995. Similarly, the Central University for Nationalities changed its name to

3648:—and they also influenced the Communist regimes in the neighbouring countries of 3579: 3391: 3188: 2792: 1720: 107: 7188: 7171: 6997: 6942: 6801: 6796: 6739: 6679: 6624: 6442: 6436: 6426: 6337: 6316: 6165: 6160: 4855: 4610: 4583: 4426: 4367: 4056: 3992: 3757: 3736:

After 1949, a team of social scientists was assembled to enumerate the various

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Moseley, George. "China's Fresh Approach to the National Minority Question."

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in 1979, bringing the number of recognized ethnic groups to the current 56.

3608:) wearing a distinctive cap and face veil, possibly a camel rider or even a 7145: 7121: 7085: 7064: 6990: 6960: 6950: 6917: 6902: 6842: 6816: 6731: 6552: 6517: 6505: 6405: 6381: 6374: 6325: 6305: 6291: 6275: 5440: 4835: 4737: 4660: 4634: 4567: 4411: 4304: 4279: 4274: 4214: 4117: 4048: 4008: 3730: 3707: 3685: 3673: 3660: 3637: 3594: 3462: 3310: 3282: 2621: 2551: 2260: 1481: 1373: 1350: 1323: 1115: 778: 3748:" ethnic group largely served as a catch-all for various hill villages in 8025: 7620: 6931: 6870: 6858: 6853: 6823: 6694: 6559: 6511: 6431: 6421: 6416: 6298: 6237: 6220: 6208: 6201: 6190: 6140: 6053: 5673: 4687: 4673: 4669: 4579: 4531: 4527: 4419: 4269: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4219: 4209: 4036: 4004: 3932: 3919: 3809: 3776: 3629: 3613: 3609: 3489: 3360: 2919: 2801: 2707: 2560: 2475: 2137: 2100: 2088: 1595: 1050: 865: 851: 376: 222: 174: 7224: 5246:

Kaup, Katherine Palmer (2002). "Regionalism versus Ethnic nationalism".

3443:' (as in ethnic group)—in line with the Soviet concept of ethnicity—and 1778:

State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense

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Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission

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levels. Some ethnic minorities in China live in what are described as

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are considered to be largely assimilated into dominant Han society.

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have a majority population of official minorities, while all other

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When Does The Word 'Minority Nationality' Appear in Our Country?

7009: 6711: 6699: 6689: 6669: 6629: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6003:"How much of the NPC is composed of women and ethnic minorities?" 5709: 5707: 4896:"Han Chinese proportion in China's population drops: census data" 4824: 4691: 4683: 4656: 4622: 4618: 4400: 4357: 4351: 4341: 4309: 4259: 4234: 4040: 3996: 3923: 3886: 3749: 3649: 3484:, 'ethnic group') to unambiguously refer to ethnicity. Including 2336: 5568:"Macho Minority: Masculinity and Ethnicity on the Edge of Tibet" 5386:

Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies

7003: 6896: 6674: 6634: 6604: 6582: 6487: 6214: 4703: 4699: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4563: 4559: 4539: 4523: 4513: 4372: 4294: 4028: 3817: 3601: 3531: 3440: 3395: 3387: 2637: 2428: 2401: 1230: 923: 910: 857: 820: 813: 594: 5713: 5704: 2422:

Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization

1423:

State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission

7023: 6751: 6726: 6684: 6411: 6285: 5716:"China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization" 5101:

The National Question: Decolonizing the Theory of Nationalism

4595: 4571: 4547: 4407: 4362: 4060: 3956: 3563: 3555: 3364: 3075: 2678: 5518:"Dismantling China's Muslim gulag in Xinjiang is not enough" 5166: 5145:

Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40

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Under this process, 39 ethnic groups were recognized by the

4711:

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This understanding persisted (with some changes during the

5968:"Ethnic Minority Elites in China's Party-State Leadership" 5099:

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3679: 2395:

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Demographics of China#Population density and distribution

4806:

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5880:"LibGuides: Chinese Ethnic Groups: Overview Statistics" 5014:

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3935:

minority, for example, speak different dialects of the

6035:

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3832: 3693: 3444: 3422: 3407: 1868:

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4727: 4436: 2689:

Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs

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5554:

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3955:Han Chinese except for the fact that they practice 3640:due to the importation of Western ideas) until the 2940:

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Retrieved 27 February 2007. 5192:Constitution of the People's Republic of China 4767:Demographics of the People's Republic of China 3918:The Long-horn tribe, a small branch of ethnic 2343:Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police 341:"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1) 7661: 7647: 7240: 6069: 5903: 5794: 4757:China National Ethnic Song and Dance Ensemble 3845:) and its translations. The official journal 3771:in 1954. This further increased to 54 by the 3337: 2460:National Press and Publication Administration 1161:Education, Science, Culture and Public Health 5480: 4925:," translated by Tibet Information Network. 4893: 4514:Religions and their most common affiliations 3517:. However, the PRC does not accept the term 3039:International Development Cooperation Agency 2491:National Radio and Television Administration 1657:Reform & Organizational Structure Office 1387:National Development & Reform Commission 965:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 829:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission 5638:"China & Mongolia Regional DNA Project" 5173:. Hartford Seminary Foundation. p. 182 4976: 1264:State Council (Central People's Government) 874:Financial & Economic Affairs Commission 7654: 7640: 7247: 7233: 6083: 6076: 6062: 5314: 5312: 4940:Conclusion: Splendid China and Being Minzu 3344: 3330: 352:Constitutional oath of office (Article 27) 30:For a list of ethnic groups in China, see 7254: 5012:Landis, Dan, and Rosita D. Albert. 2012. 4944:Being Shaoshu Minzu in Contemporary China 3889:by the imprisonment of this group in the 3096:International Military Cooperation Office 2364:Office for Safeguarding National Security 1009:Central Leading Group for Inspection Work 367:Highest state organ of power (Article 57) 5280: 5210: 4452: 4440: 4078: 3913: 3786: 3782: 3733:') to unambiguously refer to ethnicity. 3588: 3394:communities, as well as the much larger 3370:The PRC officially recognizes 55 ethnic 2908:Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs 2888:Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement 1736:National Defense Mobilization Commission 943:Office of the Central Secrecy Commission 5741: 5735: 5675:The transformation of Chinese socialism 5565: 5552:Xiaobing Li, and Patrick Fuliang Shan, 5419: 5318: 5309: 5060: 3680:Distinguishing nationalities in the PRC 3184:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 2253:CCP Central Politics and Law Commission 1933:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police 357:Protection of human rights (Article 33) 14: 8039: 6049:China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2016 5788: 5744:"China Sticking With One-Child Policy" 4796:Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese 3212:China and the World Trade Organization 3148:Visa requirements for Chinese citizens 2285:Public Security Organs People's Police 579:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 7635: 7228: 6057: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5667: 5665: 5383: 5365:. 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(28 April 2011). 4846:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China 4395:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China 3176:National Immigration Administration 2221:Federation of Industry and Commerce 1858:Anti-corruption campaign since 2012 1616:National Defense Mobilization Dept. 417:General Principles of the Civil Law 24: 6027: 5965: 5815: 5662: 5132: 5123: 5041:Lee Lawrence. (3 September 2011). 2964:Central Foreign Affairs Commission 2646:Cyberspace Administration of China 653:Two Establishes and Two Safeguards 25: 8063: 5907:American Political Science Review 5877: 4967: 4949: 4910: 4827:designated for ethnic minorities. 4437:Guarantee of rights and interests 3612:priest engaging in a ritual at a 3382:, such as the very small Chinese 3217:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 2074:Political Consultative Conference 1662:Int'l Military Cooperation Office 1647:Science and Technology Commission 1603:Training and Administration Dept. 1450:Central Military Commission (CMC) 623:Scientific Outlook on Development 347:Democratic centralism (Article 3) 8020: 8011: 8010: 7615: 7606: 7605: 7209:Immigrant ethnic groups in China 6033:Tang, Wenfang and He, Gaochao. " 5043:"A Mysterious Stranger in China" 4786:Ethnic groups in Chinese history 4730: 3972:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 3903: 3584: 3576:Ethnic groups in Chinese history 3304: 2470:State Council Information Office 2292:State Immigration Administration 1708: 1698: 1681: 1629:Discipline Inspection Commission 1151:Supervisory and Judicial Affairs 362:Freedom of religion (Article 36) 55: 5995: 5959: 5934: 5897: 5871: 5846: 5763: 5648: 5630: 5612: 5559: 5546: 5510: 5466:. Routledge. pp. 261–287. 5455: 5413: 5377: 5355: 5274: 5239: 5204: 5185: 5170:The Moslem World, Volumes 31–34 5160: 5117: 5092: 5083: 4851:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 4018: 3900:for the first time since 1954. 3898:State Ethnic Affairs Commission 3829:dissolution of the Soviet Union 3642:Communists seized power in 1949 3558:.) The regional governments of 3515:its sovereign claim over Taiwan 3121:Overseas Chinese Affairs Office 2506:China Global Television Network 2486:Ministry of Culture and Tourism 2350:Bureau of Prison Administration 1910:People's Courts Judicial Police 1837:National Supervisory Commission 918:Office of the General Secretary 7978:British Indian Ocean Territory 7573:British Indian Ocean Territory 5942:"Uyghurs | Human Rights Watch" 5067:University of Washington Press 5054: 5035: 5006: 4932: 4887: 4869: 4816:List of ethnic groups in China 3910:List of ethnic groups in China 3849:changed its English name from 3618:Museum of Oriental Art (Turin) 3240:China–European Union relations 2732:Special administrative regions 1917:Supreme People's Procuratorate 1156:Financial and Economic Affairs 32:List of ethnic groups in China 13: 1: 5795:Jackie Armijo (Winter 2006). 4862: 4602:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 4410:are officially classified as 4389:Undistinguished ethnic groups 3570:History of ethnicity in China 3260:China–United States relations 3245:China–Latin America relations 3106:NPC Foreign Affairs Committee 2702:HK & Macau Affairs Office 2445:Central Propaganda Department 2297:Local public security bureaus 1672:Offices Administration Agency 1181:Agriculture and Rural Affairs 5797:"Islamic Education in China" 5742:Yardley, Jim (11 May 2008). 5321:The Journal of Asian Studies 5225:10.1080/14631369.2010.510874 4841:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 3624:Throughout much of recorded 3511:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 3207:China and the United Nations 3111:CCP International Department 3091:Ministry of National Defense 3018:Diplomatic missions of China 2878:Taiwan independence movement 2599:Publishing industry in China 2132:United Front Work Department 1977:Regular Disciplined Services 1967:Law enforcement in Hong Kong 1773:Ministry of Veterans Affairs 1755:Ministry of National Defense 790:National Security Commission 630:Harmonious Socialist Society 521:Death sentence with reprieve 495:Administrative Procedure Law 18:National minorities of China 7: 5148:. 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Retrieved 31 August 2016. 4747:Affirmative action in China 4723: 4467:Affirmative action in China 4290:Taiwanese indigenous people 3833: 3694: 3445: 3423: 3408: 3199:Community of Common Destiny 2989:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2859:Republic of China on Taiwan 2269:Ministry of Public Security 1590:Equipment Development Dept. 757:Central Military Commission 10: 8068: 5390:University of Hawaii Press 4464: 4392: 3907: 3742:National People's Congress 3573: 3380:unrecognized ethnic groups 3365:People's Republic of China 3357:Ethnic minorities in China 2854:Political status of Taiwan 2304:Ministry of State Security 2004:Public Prosecutions Office 1804:Military reform since 2015 1416:Deputy Secretaries-General 1186:Social Development Affairs 1067:National People's Congress 605:Primary stage of socialism 573:Admission Oath (Article 6) 140:Current provincial leaders 29: 8006: 7965: 7925: 7667: 7662:Ethnic minorities in Asia 7601: 7560: 7520: 7262: 7199: 7159: 7094: 7040: 6941: 6886: 6768: 6542: 6496: 6466: 6395: 6347: 6315: 6266: 6174: 6113: 6104: 6091: 5920:10.1017/S0003055411000566 5398:10.1515/9780824865252-003 5260:10.1017/s0009443902000530 5061:Harrell, Stephan (1996). 4821:Minzu University of China 4430: 4137:Jilin & Liaoning Hans 3891:Xinjiang internment camps 3883:Xi Jinping administration 3867: 3866: 3859:Minzu University of China 3839: 3838: 3723: 3722: 3700: 3699: 3688:practice of identifying ' 3540: 3539: 3500: 3499: 3478: 3477: 3451: 3450: 3429: 3428: 3415: 3414: 3235:China–Caribbean relations 2819:Mainland & Macau CEPA 2518:China Radio International 2465:China Film Administration 1652:Strategic Planning Office 1382:Cabinet-level departments 474:Intellectual property law 7727:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7322:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7179:Local ethnic nationalism 6098:recognized ethnic groups 6008:South China Morning Post 5587:10.1177/0097700405286186 5295:10.1177/0920203X04044685 4991:10.4324/9780203856314-17 4877:"Ethnic Groups in China" 3278:Administrative divisions 3059:Belt and Road Initiative 2756:Hong Kong SAR Government 2727:One country, two systems 2715:Hong Kong Liaison Office 2501:China Central Television 2011:Secretariat for Security 1687:People's Liberation Army 1428:most Central Enterprises 1171:Overseas Chinese Affairs 610:Four Cardinal Principles 7988:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7583:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5048:The Wall Street Journal 4762:Chinese nationality law 4666:Protestant Christianity 4493:ethnic autonomous areas 3968:Tibet Autonomous Region 3922:in the western part of 3873:, 'ethnic group') over 3532:Republic of China (ROC) 3250:China–Pacific relations 3129:Chinese nationality law 2021:Unitary Police Services 1678:National armed forces: 1094:Council of Chairpersons 950:Organization Department 682:National Party Congress 387:Socialist law tradition 264:Organization Department 8047:Ethnic groups in China 7256:Ethnic groups in Asia 7214:Historic ethnic groups 6085:Ethnic groups in China 5983:Cite journal requires 5801:Harvard Asia Quarterly 5441:10.1080/14631360301654 4921:Binggao, Jin. 1988. " 4791:Ethnic issues in China 4462: 4450: 3927: 3797:opened up and reformed 3792: 3773:second national census 3621: 3606:Eastern Iranian person 3519: 3255:China–Russia relations 3225:China–Africa relations 3054:China Development Bank 3030:Foreign aid from China 2871:"Taiwan Province", PRC 2839:Cross-Strait relations 2832:Cross-Strait relations 2785:Mainland & HK CEPA 2226:People's organizations 2033:Public Security Police 1982:Hong Kong Police Force 1943:Judiciary of Hong Kong 1894:Supreme People's Court 1799:Military modernization 1577:Logistic Support Dept. 310:Previous constitutions 183:Communist Party leader 78:Leadership generations 5811:on 28 September 2007. 5680:Duke University Press 5566:Hillman, Ben (2006). 5420:Hillman, Ben (2003). 5103:. London: Zed Books. 4801:Human rights in China 4752:Han Chinese subgroups 4456: 4444: 4079:List of ethnic groups 3917: 3825:breakup of Yugoslavia 3790: 3783:Reform and opening up 3769:first national census 3598:Chinese clay figurine 3592: 3574:Further information: 2927:Taiwan Affairs Office 2778:Independence movement 2763:Politics of Hong Kong 1999:Court of Final Appeal 1960:Prosecutions Division 1955:Department of Justice 1948:Court of Final Appeal 1704:People's Armed Police 1397:National Audit Office 1028:Provincial committee 259:Collective leadership 254:Democratic centralism 135:Current state leaders 90:Hu–Wen Administration 7902:United Arab Emirates 7497:United Arab Emirates 5604:on 6 February 2016. 3937:Hmong–Mien languages 3230:China–Arab relations 3162:Visa policy of China 3081:New Development Bank 3044:Ministry of Commerce 2807:Macau SAR Government 2720:Macau Liaison Office 2513:China National Radio 2196:Historical parties: 2016:Macau Security Force 1564:Political Work Dept. 1202:State representative 1146:Constitution and Law 931:Central Guard Bureau 600:Deng Xiaoping Theory 377:Chinese legal system 192:State representative 154:Orders of precedence 117:20th Party Politburo 96:Xi–Li Administration 7929:limited recognition 7524:limited recognition 5878:Solis, Jacqueline. 5807:(1). Archived from 5624:Factsanddetails.com 5248:The China Quarterly 5197:23 May 2006 at the 4961:The China Quarterly 4598:("Yellow Uyghurs"). 4067:(3.1 million), and 3941:Tai–Kadai languages 3008:Diplomatic missions 2980:Secretary-General: 2898:Chinese unification 2742:Hong Kong Basic Law 2612:Internet censorship 2570:Censorship in China 2327:Ministry of Justice 1853:Corruption in China 1225:Presidential Office 864:Secretary-General: 747:Central Secretariat 648:Four Comprehensives 452:Labour Contract Law 382:Civil law tradition 219:Conference Chairman 108:4th Leadership Core 83:Succession of power 5966:Li, Cheng (2008). 5884:guides.lib.unc.edu 5749:The New York Times 5672:Lin, Chun (2006). 5524:. 9 January 2020. 5392:, pp. 35–70, 4831:Secession in China 4823:, a university in 4473:PRC's Constitution 4463: 4451: 4418:are classified as 4140:Lower Yangtze Hans 3928: 3795:However, as China 3793: 3622: 3530:. Also, where the 3363:population in the 3049:Exim Bank of China 2883:Anti-Secession Law 2773:Pro-democracy camp 2539:China News Service 2525:Xinhua News Agency 2079:National Committee 1994:Judiciary of Macau 1923:Procurator-General 1136:Special Committees 1084:Standing Committee 1042:Deputy secretaries 1032:Standing committee 975:Standing Committee 936:Central Guard Unit 734:Standing Committee 638:Xi Jinping Thought 595:Mao Zedong Thought 511:Capital punishment 489:Administrative law 228:Commander-in-chief 201:Head of government 126:14th State Council 36:Languages of China 8052:Ethnic minorities 8034: 8033: 7971:other territories 7629: 7628: 7566:other territories 7222: 7221: 6391: 6390: 5689:978-0-8223-3785-0 5473:978-0-203-85631-4 5407:978-0-8248-6525-2 5283:China Information 5110:978-0-86232-439-1 5076:978-0-295-97380-7 5000:978-0-203-85631-4 4883:. 26 August 2014. 4385: 4384: 4189:Ethnic minorities 4125:Heilongjiang Hans 3851:Nationality Unity 3354: 3353: 3293:Ethnic minorities 3194:Beijing Consensus 3134:Chinese passports 2974:Deputy Director: 2957:Foreign relations 2844:Chinese Civil War 2814:Politics of Macau 2607:Internet in China 2496:China Media Group 2435:Deputy Director: 2372:Urban Management 2121:Political parties 2108:Secretary-General 2095:Vice-Chairpersons 1829:Supervisory organ 1714:China Coast Guard 1548:Joint Staff Dept. 1459:supreme commander 1411:Secretary-General 1370:Secretary-General 1124:Secretary-General 1110:Vice-Chairpersons 887:Deputy Director: 842:Deputy Directors: 723:Central Politburo 703:General Secretary 692:Central Committee 552:Principal leaders 210:Congress Chairman 102:Xi Administration 98:(2012–2017) 92:(2002–2012) 48:Politics of China 16:(Redirected from 8059: 8024: 8014: 8013: 7983:Christmas Island 7669:Sovereign states 7656: 7649: 7642: 7633: 7632: 7619: 7609: 7608: 7578:Christmas Island 7264:Sovereign states 7249: 7242: 7235: 7226: 7225: 7080:Tajiks (Pamiris) 6111: 6110: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6055: 6054: 6043:East–West Center 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5986: 5981: 5979: 5971: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5824: 5813: 5812: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5721:Associated Press 5711: 5702: 5701: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5597:. Archived from 5572: 5563: 5557: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5490:Leibold, James. 5487: 5478: 5477: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5426: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5316: 5307: 5306: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5208: 5202: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5058: 5052: 5039: 5033: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4938:Chang, Ntxheb. " 4936: 4930: 4929:1(19). p. 45 ff. 4919: 4908: 4907: 4902:. Archived from 4891: 4885: 4884: 4873: 4781:Dzungar genocide 4740: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4627:Dongxiang people 4594:(minority), and 4481:One-Child Policy 4432: 4401:Guizhou Province 4087: 4073:One Child Policy 3872: 3871: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3814:wei shibie menzu 3728: 3727: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3545: 3544: 3505: 3504: 3483: 3482: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3311:China portal 3309: 3308: 3307: 2768:Pro-Beijing camp 2751:John Lee Ka-chiu 2408:Deputy Leaders: 2358: 2046: 2038:Judiciary Police 2029: 1787:Military history 1712: 1702: 1692:Theater commands 1685: 1523: 1516: 1509: 1491: 1484: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1335:State Councilors 1326: 1319: 1312: 1305: 1269:Li Qiang Cabinet 1130: 860: 854: 848: 710: 617:Three Represents 590:Marxism–Leninism 516:Capital offences 406:List of statutes 161:Paramount leader 149:National leaders 59: 43: 42: 21: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8030: 8002: 7970: 7961: 7942:Northern Cyprus 7928: 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5213:Asian Ethnicity 5209: 5205: 5199:Wayback Machine 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5140: 5133: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5059: 5055: 5040: 5036: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4985:, p. 284, 4979:Chinese Society 4975: 4968: 4957: 4950: 4937: 4933: 4920: 4911: 4900:English.news.cn 4892: 4888: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4713: 4516: 4469: 4439: 4397: 4391: 4386: 4335: 4200:Chinese Koreans 4183: 4081: 4059:(5.4 million), 4055:(5.8 million), 4047:(7.8 million), 4021: 3912: 3906: 3785: 3708:anthropological 3682: 3669:Chinese Muslims 3626:Chinese history 3593:An 8th-century 3587: 3582: 3580:Racism in China 3572: 3463:anthropological 3372:minority groups 3350: 3321: 3317:Other countries 3305: 3303: 3298: 3297: 3288:Family planning 3273: 3265: 3264: 3221: 3203: 3189:Panda diplomacy 3180: 3125: 3102: 3087: 3026: 3014: 2959: 2949: 2948: 2918:Deputy Leader: 2904: 2834: 2824: 2823: 2798:Chief Executive 2793:Macao Basic Law 2789: 2747:Chief Executive 2738: 2684: 2683: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2640: 2603: 2566: 2454: 2439: 2431: 2416: 2404: 2390: 2380: 2379: 2368: 2352: 2339: 2316: 2281: 2263: 2255: 2247: 2246: 2242:Law enforcement 2231: 2230: 2215: 2189: 2091: 2069: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2040: 2023: 1990: 1972:Security Bureau 1939: 1929: 1906: 1888: 1887: 1886:Judicial organs 1882: 1872: 1864: 1849: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1794:Armed conflicts 1767: 1749: 1738: 1526: 1519: 1512: 1505: 1494: 1487: 1480: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1376: 1363: 1356: 1349: 1342: 1329: 1322: 1315: 1308: 1301: 1285: 1258: 1257: 1256:Executive organ 1252: 1247: 1221: 1204: 1203: 1166:Foreign Affairs 1122: 1106: 1074: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1025: 899: 891: 883: 868: 856: 850: 844: 843: 838: 823: 804: 799: 777: 769: 741: 701: 676: 675: 668: 632: 625: 581: 567: 566: 540: 538:Communist Party 530: 529: 502: 485: 412: 400:Legislation Law 373: 343: 332: 300: 299: 279: 278: 243:Related systems 177: 73: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8065: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8018: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7974: 7972: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7933: 7931: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7673: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7636: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7613: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7569: 7567: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7528: 7526: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7268: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7252: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7229: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7189:Zhonghua minzu 7181: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7057: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7020: 7013: 7006: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6947: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6892: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6873: 6868: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6787: 6782: 6774: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6748: 6743: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6478: 6472: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6401: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6321: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6253: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6217: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6180: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6119: 6117: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6081: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6039:Policy Studies 6029: 6026: 6023: 6022: 5994: 5985:|journal= 5958: 5933: 5914:(1): 166–187. 5896: 5870: 5845: 5834:. 11 June 2022 5832:China-US Focus 5814: 5787: 5762: 5734: 5703: 5688: 5661: 5647: 5629: 5611: 5581:(2): 251–272. 5558: 5545: 5509: 5498:. The Diplomat 5479: 5472: 5454: 5435:(2): 177–190. 5412: 5406: 5376: 5354: 5308: 5289:(2): 207–241. 5273: 5238: 5219:(3): 325–342. 5203: 5184: 5159: 5131: 5116: 5109: 5091: 5082: 5075: 5053: 5034: 5022:978-1461404477 5005: 4999: 4981:(0 ed.), 4966: 4948: 4931: 4909: 4906:on 2 May 2011. 4886: 4881:English.gov.cn 4867: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4856:Zhonghua minzu 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4725: 4722: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4677: 4663: 4654: 4608: 4599: 4515: 4512: 4465:Main article: 4438: 4435: 4427:mainland China 4393:Main article: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4368:Khalka Mongols 4365: 4360: 4354: 4346: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4101: 4100:Chongqing Hans 4098: 4085: 4080: 4077: 4035:(10 million), 4031:(10 million), 4027:(18 million), 4020: 4017: 3980:municipalities 3905: 3902: 3784: 3781: 3681: 3678: 3586: 3583: 3571: 3568: 3495:zhōnghuá mínzú 3492:used the term 3376:Mainland China 3352: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3313: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3272:Related topics 3271: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3159: 3145: 3131: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3064:Silk Road Fund 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3025: 3024: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2923: 2922: 2916: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2851: 2846: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2795: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2744: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2698: 2697: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2653:Zhuang Rongwen 2650: 2642: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2617:Great Firewall 2602: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2592:Internal media 2587:Media of China 2584: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2565: 2564: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2545:People's Daily 2541: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2531:Reference News 2522: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2467: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2426: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2399: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2331: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2308: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2273: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2092: 2083: 2070: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2035: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1921: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1898: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1870: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1801: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1759: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1741: 1734: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1635:Zhang Shengmin 1626: 1625: 1624: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1535:General Office 1529: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1521:Zhang Shengmin 1517: 1510: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1485: 1477: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1442:Military organ 1441: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1406:General Office 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1378: 1377: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1354: 1347: 1339: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1320: 1313: 1306: 1298: 1286: 1273: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1241:Vice President 1239: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1209: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1141:Ethnic Affairs 1133: 1132: 1131: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1107: 1098: 1081: 1075: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1002:Zhang Shengmin 993: 992: 991: 962: 961: 960: 959: 958: 947: 946: 945: 940: 939: 938: 928: 927: 926: 914: 913: 905:General Office 902: 901: 900: 895:Office Chief: 894: 892: 886: 884: 878: 871: 870: 869: 863: 861: 841: 839: 833: 826: 825: 824: 819:Office Chief: 818: 816: 803:Vice-Chairman: 802: 800: 794: 787: 786: 785: 772: 770: 761: 754: 744: 743: 742: 732: 719: 718: 717: 716: 671: 670: 669: 667: 666: 665: 664: 663: 662: 657: 656: 655: 650: 645: 635: 634: 633: 628: 621: 619: 614: 613: 612: 607: 597: 592: 587: 577: 575: 558: 557: 556: 555: 554: 548: 547: 541: 536: 535: 532: 531: 528: 527: 526: 525: 524: 523: 518: 501: 500: 499: 498: 484: 483: 482: 481: 471: 470: 469: 457: 456: 455: 448: 436: 429: 421: 411: 410: 409: 408: 403: 391: 390: 389: 384: 372: 371: 370: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 336: 335: 334: 333: 331: 330: 325: 320: 314: 301: 298: 297: 292: 286: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 245: 244: 240: 239: 234: 225: 216: 207: 198: 189: 180: 179: 178: 169: 157: 156: 151: 145: 144: 143: 142: 137: 132: 123: 114: 99: 93: 86: 85: 80: 74: 69: 68: 65: 64: 61: 60: 52: 51: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8064: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8017: 8009: 8008: 8005: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7952:South Ossetia 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7657: 7652: 7650: 7645: 7643: 7638: 7637: 7634: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7612: 7604: 7603: 7600: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7547:South Ossetia 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7250: 7245: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7081: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7042:Indo-European 7039: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6705:Upper Mongols 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6397:Austroasiatic 6394: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6074: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5990: 5977: 5969: 5962: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5900: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5708: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5668: 5666: 5657: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5549: 5542: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5522:The Economist 5519: 5513: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5484: 5475: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5364: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5327:(1): 92–123. 5326: 5322: 5315: 5313: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5188: 5172: 5171: 5163: 5147: 5146: 5138: 5136: 5127: 5120: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5086: 5078: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5002: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4971: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4868: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4728: 4721: 4717: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4631:Kyrgyz people 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4460: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4434: 4428: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4396: 4381: 4374: 4373:Oirat Mongols 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4151:Shandong Hans 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4134:Jiaoliao Hans 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4063:(3 million), 4062: 4058: 4054: 4051:(8 million), 4050: 4046: 4043:(8 million), 4042: 4039:(9 million), 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3950: 3949:xiaoshu minzu 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3904:Ethnic groups 3901: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3847:Minzu Tuanjie 3842: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3690:nationalities 3687: 3677: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3646:Joseph Stalin 3643: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3591: 3585:Early history 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3548:Japanese rule 3543: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3528:part of China 3525: 3523: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3486:shaoshu mínzu 3481: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3461:'. Since the 3460: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3410: 3409:shǎoshù mínzú 3403: 3402:communities. 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3003:Spokespersons 3001: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2695:Ding Xuexiang 2692: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2654: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2575:Radio jamming 2573: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2279:Wang Xiaohong 2276: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2112:Wang Dongfeng 2109: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1730:State Council 1728: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541:Zhong Shaojun 1538: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531:Departments: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1472:Vice Chairmen 1470: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1344:Wang Xiaohong 1341: 1340: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1317:Zhang Guoqing 1314: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1303:Ding Xuexiang 1300: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1289:Vice-Premiers 1287: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1052: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 998: 997: 994: 990: 986: 983: 982: 980: 976: 973: 972: 970: 966: 963: 957: 953: 952: 951: 948: 944: 941: 937: 934: 933: 932: 929: 925: 921: 920: 919: 916: 915: 912: 908: 907: 906: 903: 898: 893: 890: 885: 882: 877: 876: 875: 872: 867: 862: 859: 853: 847: 840: 837: 832: 831: 830: 827: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 801: 798: 793: 792: 791: 788: 784: 780: 775: 774:Vice Chairmen 771: 768: 764: 760: 759: 758: 755: 752: 748: 745: 739: 735: 731: 730: 728: 724: 721: 720: 715: 712: 711: 708: 704: 700: 699: 697: 693: 690: 689: 687: 683: 680: 679: 678: 677: 674: 661: 658: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 643:Chinese Dream 641: 640: 639: 636: 631: 627: 626: 624: 620: 618: 615: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 580: 576: 574: 571: 570: 569: 568: 565: 561: 553: 550: 549: 546: 543: 542: 539: 534: 533: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 512: 509: 508: 507: 504: 503: 497: 496: 492: 491: 490: 487: 486: 480: 477: 476: 475: 472: 468: 467: 463: 462: 461: 458: 454: 453: 449: 447: 446: 442: 441: 440: 437: 435: 434: 430: 427: 426: 422: 419: 418: 414: 413: 407: 404: 402: 401: 397: 396: 395: 392: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 378: 375: 374: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 342: 338: 337: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 315: 313: 312: 311: 308: 307: 306: 303: 302: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 283: 282: 275: 274:Civil service 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 249:Unified power 247: 246: 242: 241: 238: 235: 233: 229: 226: 224: 220: 217: 215: 211: 208: 206: 202: 199: 197: 193: 190: 188: 184: 181: 176: 172: 168: 167: 166: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 127: 124: 122: 118: 115: 113: 109: 106: 105: 104:(since 2017) 103: 100: 97: 94: 91: 88: 87: 84: 81: 79: 76: 75: 72: 67: 66: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 49: 45: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7967:Dependencies 7897:Turkmenistan 7862:Saudi Arabia 7716: 7562:Dependencies 7492:Turkmenistan 7457:Saudi Arabia 7128: 7122:Kaifeng Jews 7078: 7071: 7022: 7015: 7008: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6895: 6875: 6863: 6841: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6789: 6777: 6750: 6738: 6587: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6531: 6524: 6510: 6480: 6468:Austronesian 6455: 6448: 6441: 6404: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6336: 6324: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6255: 6243: 6236: 6219: 6207: 6200: 6183: 6176:Lolo-Burmese 6153: 6139: 6122: 6106:Sino-Tibetan 6093: 6038: 6015:22 September 6013:. Retrieved 6006: 5997: 5976:cite journal 5961: 5951:22 September 5949:. Retrieved 5945: 5936: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5889:22 September 5887:. Retrieved 5883: 5873: 5863:22 September 5861:. Retrieved 5857: 5848: 5838:22 September 5836:. Retrieved 5831: 5809:the original 5804: 5800: 5790: 5778:. Retrieved 5775:China.org.cn 5774: 5765: 5753:. Retrieved 5747: 5737: 5725:. Retrieved 5719: 5674: 5650: 5641: 5632: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5599:the original 5578: 5575:Modern China 5574: 5561: 5553: 5548: 5540: 5533:. Retrieved 5521: 5512: 5500:. Retrieved 5495: 5463: 5457: 5432: 5428: 5415: 5385: 5379: 5369:20 September 5367:. Retrieved 5357: 5324: 5320: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5187: 5175:. Retrieved 5169: 5162: 5150:. Retrieved 5144: 5125: 5119: 5100: 5094: 5085: 5062: 5056: 5046: 5037: 5016:. Springer. 5013: 5008: 4978: 4959: 4943: 4934: 4926: 4904:the original 4899: 4889: 4880: 4871: 4836:Sinocentrism 4738:China portal 4718: 4714: 4661:Kaifeng Jews 4590:(minority), 4534:(minority), 4530:(minority), 4509: 4503: 4499: 4497: 4478: 4470: 4425:Citizens of 4424: 4405: 4398: 4379: 4334: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4163:Tianjin Hans 4157:Sichuan Hans 4148:Shaanxi Hans 4111:Guizhou Hans 4097:Beijing Hans 4091: 4090: 4082: 4022: 4019:Demographics 3989: 3965: 3953: 3948: 3929: 3895: 3879: 3874: 3862: 3855:Ethnic Unity 3854: 3850: 3846: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3794: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3737: 3735: 3731:ethnic group 3718: 3711: 3683: 3674:racial unity 3664: 3661:World War II 3658: 3638:Qing dynasty 3635: 3623: 3595:Tang dynasty 3535: 3518: 3513:pursuant to 3508: 3494: 3485: 3473: 3466: 3406: 3404: 3369: 3359:are the non- 3356: 3355: 3292: 3283:Hukou system 2622:Great Cannon 2559: 2552:Global Times 2550: 2543: 2529: 2474: 2373: 2261:Chen Wenqing 2127:CCP (ruling) 2099:Top-ranked: 2067:United front 1667:Audit Office 1482:Zhang Youxia 1392:Central bank 1374:Wu Zhenglong 1351:Wu Zhenglong 1324:Liu Guozhong 1116:Li Hongzhong 1114:Top-ranked: 779:Zhang Youxia 673:Organization 560:Constitution 506:Criminal law 494: 466:Property Law 465: 460:Property law 451: 444: 433:Marriage Law 432: 424: 416: 399: 305:Constitution 290:Constitution 40: 8026:Asia portal 7927:States with 7847:Philippines 7787:South Korea 7782:North Korea 7677:Afghanistan 7621:Asia portal 7522:States with 7442:Philippines 7382:South Korea 7377:North Korea 7272:Afghanistan 6966:Fuyu Kyrgyz 5946:www.hrw.org 5755:20 November 5678:. Durham : 5535:16 November 5254:: 863–884. 5126:Global Asia 5065:. Seattle: 4674:Lisu Church 4570:(including 4489:prefectural 4420:Han Chinese 4344:(sub)groups 4179:Yunnan Hans 4160:Taiwan Hans 4154:Shanxi Hans 4114:Hainan Hans 4092:Ethnic Hans 3959:, and most 3810:Sun Yet-Sen 3777:Jino people 3758:matrilineal 3710:concept of 3614:fire temple 3610:Zoroastrian 3490:Sun Yat-sen 3465:concept of 3437:nationality 3421:), wherein 2920:Wang Huning 2864:Taiwan Area 2802:Ho Iat-seng 2708:Xia Baolong 2561:China Today 2476:China Daily 2374:(chengguan) 2353: [ 2259:Secretary: 2138:Shi Taifeng 2101:Shi Taifeng 2089:Wang Huning 2041: [ 2024: [ 1633:Secretary: 1596:Xu Xueqiang 1051:Party group 1000:Secretary: 866:Wang Huning 852:Wang Huning 428:(From 2021) 223:Wang Huning 175:Peng Liyuan 8041:Categories 7907:Uzbekistan 7882:Tajikistan 7797:Kyrgyzstan 7777:Kazakhstan 7697:Bangladesh 7687:Azerbaijan 7502:Uzbekistan 7477:Tajikistan 7392:Kyrgyzstan 7372:Kazakhstan 7292:Bangladesh 7282:Azerbaijan 7172:chauvinism 7151:Pakistanis 7134:Chaoxianzu 6746:Sogwo Arig 6665:Muumyangan 6650:Khishigten 6498:Hmong-Mien 6450:Vietnamese 6094:Underlined 4863:References 4672:(70%; see 4485:provincial 4414:, and the 4171:Xiang Hans 4131:Hubei Hans 4128:Henan Hans 4122:Hebei Hans 4118:Hakka Hans 4108:Gansu Hans 3908:See also: 3823:After the 3752:province. 3552:Tao People 3521:indigenous 2970:Xi Jinping 2968:Director: 2931:Director: 2914:Xi Jinping 2706:Director: 2651:Director: 2636:Director: 2427:Director: 2414:Shen Yiqin 2388:Propaganda 2314:Chen Yixin 1843:Liu Jinguo 1841:Director: 1815:Xi Jinping 1622:Liu Faqing 1620:Director: 1607:Director: 1594:Director: 1581:Director: 1568:Director: 1557:Liu Zhenli 1539:Director: 1507:Liu Zhenli 1489:He Weidong 1465:Xi Jinping 1358:Shen Yiqin 1219:Xi Jinping 909:Director: 881:Xi Jinping 879:Director: 836:Xi Jinping 834:Director: 797:Xi Jinping 795:Chairman: 783:He Weidong 767:Xi Jinping 714:Xi Jinping 479:Patent law 445:Labour Law 439:Labour law 425:Civil Code 232:Xi Jinping 196:Xi Jinping 187:Xi Jinping 171:First lady 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