Native American ethnobotany

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disease and cancer. Sage can be administered in tea, food, as a poultice or in smoke. Sage contains multiple essential oils as well as tannins and flavonoids, which have "carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, and astringent properties". In addition to being used in modern food preparation, sage is still utilized for herbal and pharmaceutical medicines with strong evidence supporting its impacts. The following table examines why various tribes use sage.

2007:. The resin was also used as a glue for fixing pottery and reattaching arrowheads to the arrow shafts. The nuts were given to babies as an alternative for breast milk; were ground then mixed with water as a drink; were roasted; were ground into mush; and were an important trade item. The pine needles and roots were materials for basketry and the bark was used as roofing material of houses. The wood was burnt as firewood because of high 63: 930:

common cold began when a Swiss herbal supplement maker was "erroneously told" that echinacea was used for cold prevention by Native American tribes who lived in the area of South Dakota. Although Native American tribes didn't use echinacea to prevent the common cold, some Plains tribes did use echinacea to treat some of the symptoms that could be caused by the common cold: The

902:, who refer to it as "Tlingit aspirin". A piece of devil's club hung over a doorway is said to ward off evil. The plant is harvested and used in a variety of ways, including lip balms, ointments, and herbal teas. Some Tlingit disapprove of the commercialization of the plant as they see it as a violation of its sacred status. 1454:. It has been widely used by Native Americans for its medicinal benefits, leading white settlers to incorporate it into their own medical practices. An extract of witch hazel stems is used to treat sore muscles, skin and eye inflammation and to stop bleeding. Witch hazel is utilized by many tribes, including the 2672:

One reason for the vast differences in the use of the willow is that there are many ways to prepare it and these different preparations allow for it to be utilized in different ways. For example, the Thompson people would make a concoction of wood, willow, soapberry branches and "anything weeds" to

2207:

is a small evergreen shrub used to treat inflammation, bacterial or viral infection and chronic illness. Commonly treated conditions include abdominal cramping/pain, bloating, bleeding, bruising, skin disease, cough, excessive sweating, menstrual cramps and flu as well as depression, obesity heart

2560:

trees has been used by Native American groups for health issues including headache, bleeding cuts, skin sores, fever, cough and hoarseness, menstrual cramping, stomach pain and diarrhea. The inner bark is most often made into tea and drank, though it is also made into a poultice to cover the skin

2402:

broke the twigs in half to make baskets, and were curved to make difficult weaves in the baskets. The Pima piled dried bushes for a brush fence, and used the branches for cradle frames too. The Papago deer hunters wore the branches as a disguise as a deer, and the buds and blossoms were dried for

929:

from the mid 19th century through the early 20th century, and its use was documented for snakebite, anthrax, and for relief of pain. In the 1930s echinacea became popular in both Europe and America as an herbal medicine. According to Wallace Sampson, MD, its modern-day use as a treatment for the

1086:

Echinacea contains essential oils and polysaccharides that boost the immune system, leading to a faster recovery from various illnesses. Due to this property, echinacea has been commercialized and has had clinical trials support that it reduces the duration of a cold by 1–4 days and reduces the

2304:

seeds were used in Europe. A tea from the roots was used by the Cahuilla women for healing and strength after childbirth. The leaves are also burnt by many Native American tribes, with the smoke used in different purification rituals. A study performed at the University of Arizona in 1991

2488:

leaves were used to treat rheumatism and neuralgias. A tea was made from the leaves to treat stomach aches, colds, sore throats, and to clear up mucus in the lungs. The leaves were steeped in hot water to make an infusion that was used to wash sores. The Pomo and Yuki tribes of

1082:

The entire echinacea plant is used medicinally, both dried and fresh. Common preparations include making a decoction or infusion of the roots and leaves, making a poultice of parts of the plant, juicing the root or simply using the leaves as they were.

587:

to make a decoction by cooking the twigs. This tea is used to treat colds, sinus headache, and general sore achy ailments. The same tea is also used as a rub for sore muscles. Studies done on plant extracts show that desert broom is rich in leutolin, a

757:

was known as "red root" by many Native American tribes due to the color of the inner root bark, and was used as a medicine for treating lymphatic disorders, ovarian cysts, fibroid tumors, and tonsillitis. Clinical studies of the alkaloid compounds in

1571:

properties, respectively, which are thought to contract and protect blood vessels, thereby reducing inflammation. However, modern witch hazel extracts are often distilled and do not contain tannins due to health concerns.

2393:

used it as food for domesticated animals. The Cahuilla and Pima used it for construction material and firewood. The Havasupai split the twigs to make as basket material and used bundles as a broom for dusting off

479:

by taking it as a decoction, and consuming it regularly before the menstruation period. They also used it as an aid for child labor since the plant stimulates the uterine mucosa, quickening the process. The

5858: 5538: 802:

of the powdered roots to children suffering from convulsions. They would also eat the raw roots, believing that they permanently prevented conception. They would also eat the roots, as would the

5848: 2757:

Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy 1980 Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington. Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum (p. 59)

5049:"Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Property of Sage (Salvia) to Prevent and Cure Illnesses such as Obesity, Diabetes, Depression, Dementia, Lupus, Autism, Heart Disease, and Cancer" 3899:

Black, Meredith Jean 1980 Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65 (p. 216)

6054: 4982:

Black, Meredith Jean 1980 Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65 (p. 88)

3948:

Secrets of Native American Herbal Remedies: A Comprehensive Guide to the Native American Tradition of Using Herbs and the Mind/body/spirit Connection for Improving Health and Well-being

3329:

Black, Meredith Jean 1980 Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65 (p. 84)

560:, urinary disorders and venereal disease. They also used it as a stimulant, an appetite enhancer and a charm. It was also used as an admixture to strengthen other herbal preparations. 6140: 5531: 2817:

Tantaquidgeon, Gladys 1972 Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians. Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3 (p. 69, 128)

3608: 6345: 5496: 5822: 5716: 956:

seeking out the plants and consuming them when sick or wounded, and identified those plants as elk root. The following table examines why various tribes use echinacea.

6209: 5838: 5756: 5524: 6255: 5796: 5701: 5661: 6250: 5904: 5761: 5751: 5746: 5726: 5676: 4091: 5711: 5706: 4973:

Leighton, Anna L. 1985 Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series (p. 54)

3926:

Speck, Frank G. 1917 Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians. Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321 (p. 317)

2095:, the root bark of which was once made into an asperous-textured concoction used to ward off or treat colds, fever and stomach maladies by Native Americans. 6160: 5801: 5766: 5671: 5646: 1450:

adopted this remedy from the natives, and its use became widely established in the United States. It is a flowering plant with multiple species native to

5786: 5736: 5691: 5681: 5666: 5656: 5641: 5621: 5596: 5586: 1687:

reportedly used an infusion of this plant for treating dropsy and urinary tract problems, it was also used as a poultice for sores and inflammation. The

300: 5806: 5781: 5686: 5601: 5571: 3541: 6116: 5696: 5636: 5611: 5566: 2673:

treat broken bones. If they wanted to treat a cold, however, the Thompson people would make a decoction of red willow branches and wild rose roots.

5771: 5651: 5616: 6390: 6044: 5843: 5631: 2273: 4551: 2350: 1100:

to treat toothache. For toothache the bark is removed, the branch heated in ashes, and then placed in the mouth to "harden" a loose tooth. The

4823: 6014: 5889: 443:

made from the bark of red alder to treat lymphatic disorders and tuberculosis. Recent clinical studies have verified that red alder contains

5894: 4225: 1104:

of California also used this as a toothache reliever, and to treat chest pain as well by heating the plant gum and applying it to the chest.

6350: 6275: 6265: 1854: 1726: 1665: 1133: 855:, the plant, often the root but any part of the plant could be used, was made into a tea which was then consumed as a rite of passage in 835: 771: 734: 649: 424: 276: 6295: 6270: 5899: 6112: 6086: 6049: 6039: 5949: 343:

as a cough remedy, and the sap as a sweetening agent and to make maple syrup. It is also used by other tribes for various purposes.

2796:

Tantaquidgeon, Gladys 1928 Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions. SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270 (p. 269)

6260: 6108: 6365: 6285: 6240: 6103: 5329:. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium Vol. VII. Reprinted 1974 by Mendocino County Historical Society. p. 114. 2542:, and a decoction of root was used to treat "yellowish urine". Virginia iris may have been one of the iris species used by the 814:, used by tribes in the southwest to make an infusion to treat stomach illnesses and fevers. Poultices can be used on the eyes. 1605:. They would steep the berries in boiling water to use as a treatment for diarrhea, smallpox, chickenpox and as a blood tonic. 5359: 5334: 5306: 4303: 4162: 3978: 3956: 3884: 3592: 3553: 3050: 2941: 1776: 1434:, also known as Witch Hazel. Native Americans produced witch hazel extract by boiling the stems of the shrub and producing a 1294:

used an extract of the roots for digestive problems, and extracts of the seeds, or of the inner bark, as an external rub for

6180: 3522: 2591: 6315: 2766:

Steedman, E.V. 1928 The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522 (p. 475)

303:, when hunting, use a branch tied in a knot and placed over the bear's tracks while hunting to stop the wounded bear. The 70: 6385: 6280: 6120: 6034: 5444: 3066:

Platt, Steven G.; Brantley, Christopher G.; Rainwater, Thomas R. (September 2009), "Native American ethnobotany of cane (

5158: 6215: 5506: 4574:"Prehistoric peyote use: Alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas" 1653: 1582: 1396: 20: 3363:. Native American Ethnobotany (University of Michigan - Dearborn). UM-Dearborn College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters. 2748:

Hellson, John C. 1974 Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series (p. 65)

6320: 5185:

Smith, Huron H. 1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525 (p. 361)

4865: 4516:(Creosote Bush), an abundant plant of Mexican and US-American deserts and its metabolite nordihydroguaiaretic acid". 4463: 4414: 3568: 3423: 3391: 3258: 3026: 2966: 2909: 2733: 2154:

use a decoction of the stem, either by itself or mixed with wild red raspberry, to prevent clotting after birth. The

1889:

of Northwest California used the roots for a blood and cough tonic, as well as by other tribes for various purposes.

1369:

people to brew a root tea for toothache and for painful nerves. They also mashed the roots for treating hemorrhoids.

6360: 6245: 5959: 5830: 5501: 4088: 3704: 3273: 1113: 722: 6355: 6091: 5934: 4478: 4138: 4017: 5273: 4759: 2407:

fruits from the body, and the rods were used to remove flesh from animal skins. The Pima used the wood for bows.

6185: 5964: 5929: 4406: 3383: 3359: 3227: 3018: 2725: 5389:

Shara, Mohd; Stohs, Sidney J. (2015-08-01). "Efficacy and Safety of White Willow Bark (Salix alba) Extracts".

4694: 4434:"UM-Dearborn College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters | Native American Ethnobotany Database by D. Moerman" 3302:

Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 317)

5969: 5606: 5028: 3457: 2098: 5252: 4735: 3725: 6290: 4993: 4314: 4044:"Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico" 3146:

Felger, R. S. and M. B. Moser, 1985, People of the Desert and Sea. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.

3105: 1780: 1223: 872: 4929: 4385: 4274: 2981: 2493:

treated headaches by placing a single leaf in the nostril or bathing the head with a laurel leaf infusion.

1589:

to be applied to bruises or sores.an infusion of the flowers can be rubbed on the body to repel flies and

6220: 6205: 6096: 5791: 3741: 1403:

used an infusion of the plant as a gargle or placed the plant in their mouths as a toothache remedy. The

4964:

Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 356)

4802: 3935:

Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379 (p. 317)

3339: 1156:

were known to chew this plant as medicine for toothaches, it is unknown what parts of plant they chewed.

636:– the Cherokee would use the roots in teas as a purgative or to treat tooth aches and nausea, while the 6081: 5547: 4620: 4572:

El-Seedi, Hesham R.; Smet, Peter A. G. M. De; Beck, Olof; Possnert, Göran; Bruhn, Jan G. (2005-10-03).

4780: 4573: 4491: 3816: 6380: 5440: 4907: 2776: 1804: 625: 74: 6370: 4827: 4075: 3917:

Rousseau, Jacques 1946 Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti. Archives de Folklore 1:60-71 (p. 68)

3686: 3634: 1756: 1391: 1214: 1160: 3841: 3320:

Waugh, F. W. 1916 Iroquois Foods and Food Preparation. Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines (p. 120)

3155:

Karch, S. B. 1999. The Consumer's Guide to Herbal Medicine. Advanced Research Press, New York, NY.

2512:

of which was to treat gynecological conditions, including menstrual cramps, aiding recovery after

2300:, several tribes used the seed for removing foreign objects from the eye, similar to the way that 1234:

used it to poultice broken bones, wounds, insect bites, and sores. A steam bath was used to treat

5721: 3475:"Counter-current chromatography based analysis of synergy in an anti-tuberculosis ethnobotanical" 3165: 2456: 1174: 4361: 2526:

and other tribes in the southeastern United States are known to have used Virginia iris for its

1717:

root bark in a herbal tea. Native Americans also used juniper berries as a female contraceptive.

881:, traditionally used by Native Americans to treat adult-onset diabetes and a variety of tumors. 6375: 5883: 5105: 5009: 4945: 4714: 2885: 948: 818: 717: 608: 579: 564: 3609:"Echinacea: From Native American Pancea to Modern Phytopharmaceutical – Dr. Christopher Hobbs" 3582: 3415: 2899: 263:(snowball-sand verbena) Used as both food and medicine. See article for complete list of uses. 5511: 4003: 3946: 3525: 2931: 2826: 2805: 2323: 2311: 1913: 1829: 1625: 1376: 1341: 524: 504: 459: 436: 375: 2460:, used by natives of northern California as a cold and fever remedy, a pain reliever, and a 2283: 6395: 5999: 5994: 5954: 5853: 5591: 4658: 2504: 2468: 2190: 2043: 1721: 1430: 1317: 925:

for its general medicinal qualities. Echinacea was one of the basic antimicrobial herbs of

867: 766: 44: 40: 5137:

Potential antiinfective agents from Eriodictyon angustifolium Nutt. and Salvia apiana Jeps

4715:

Univ. Mich.-Dearborn College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters: Native American Ethnobotany:

4333: 3123: 8: 5944: 5924: 5581: 4647:"Ethnobotany of Chumash Indians, California," based on collections by John P. Harrington" 2448: 2063: 1983: 1956: 1597: 1306:(bigleaf aster), used as both food and medicine. Please see article for more information. 1302: 1108: 786: 729: 644: 315:(box elder), used as food, lumber, and medicine. Please see article for full information. 4662: 4296:

Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska

6004: 5486: 5422: 5229: 5196: 5083: 5048: 5005: 4941: 4847:

Ewing, Susan. The Great Alaska Nature Factbook. Portland: Alaska Northwest Books, 1996.

4792:

Fernald, M., A. Kinsey, and R. Rollins. 1943. Edible Wild Plants. Harper & Row, NY.

4676: 3788: 3763: 3499: 3474: 3087: 2561:

over broken bones or used to wash skin and hair to promote skin repair and hair growth.

2204: 1849: 1703: 1660: 1609: 1361: 1266: 1242: 762:

has verified its effectiveness in treating high blood pressure and lymphatic blockages.

702: 632: 488:

used it to remove pain by applying it to wounds and teeth, to treat colds, coughs, and

368: 48: 5107: 5047:

Hamidpour, Mohsen; Hamidpour, Rafie; Hamidpour, Soheila; Shahlari, Mina (2014-01-01).

4043: 3657: 2059:

agent. They also boiled the poisonous root, and used the water to treat stomach aches.

5576: 5414: 5406: 5355: 5330: 5302: 5234: 5216: 5088: 5070: 4861: 4601: 4593: 4533: 4459: 4410: 4299: 3952: 3880: 3793: 3588: 3549: 3504: 3419: 3387: 3254: 3187: 3046: 3022: 2962: 2937: 2905: 2729: 2658: 2431:. Note that this plant is not native to the Americas and was introduced by Europeans. 2399: 2361: 2345:. This was rubbed on the painful area or used to soak one's feet. The plant contains 2329: 2317: 2138: 2131: 2126: 2091: 2075: 1991: 1771: 1648: 1633: 1602: 1577: 1330: 1227: 1128: 926: 656: 419: 356: 5426: 4695:"Native American Ethnobotany Database (University of Michigan - Dearborn): Moonseed" 4680: 3091: 6009: 5816: 5626: 5561: 5491: 5398: 5375: 5224: 5208: 5140: 5078: 5060: 4893: 4666: 4585: 4525: 3783: 3775: 3494: 3486: 3079: 2865: 2860: 2852: 2490: 2411: 2337: 2162: 2155: 2080: 1349: 1322: 1148: 1141: 1092: 899: 810: 803: 691: 617: 540: 472: 411: 319: 259: 52: 4170: 3982: 556:, nerves, sore throats, cramps, heaves, earaches, headaches, convulsions, asthma, 5741: 4095: 3874: 3490: 2428: 2253: 2223: 2027: 1865: 1821: 1618: 1614: 1400: 1021: 878: 852: 680: 613: 347: 304: 5939: 5212: 4554:. EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board. January 2006 2628: 2598: 2032: 2023:, the resin of which was used by the Chippewa to treat infections and gangrene. 2008: 1975: 1898: 1877: 1542: 1514: 1354: 1271: 1247: 1231: 1207: 1165: 1120: 922: 856: 830: 687: 335: 4589: 4529: 4110:"Native American medicine included variety of treatments for ocular disorders" 4109: 1321:(creeping snowberry) Infusion of leaves used as a tonic for overeating by the 415:, used as both food and medicine. Please see the article for full information. 307:

use a decoction of wood and bark taken for nausea caused by smelling a corpse.

6339: 5776: 5731: 5516: 5410: 5220: 5162: 5074: 5065: 4597: 2840: 2696: 2519: 2296: 2243: 2147: 2067:, the bark of which contains a substance that can be extracted and used as a 2019: 1926: 1451: 1334: 1071: 1011: 943: 939: 553: 4249: 3436: 2174:(roots and or branches, by the Bella Coolah). Decoctions of: bark to remedy 484:

people chewed on the leaves, dried or fresh, to fight colds and coughs. The

5418: 5238: 5092: 4767: 4605: 4537: 3797: 3508: 3250: 2851:. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 99. 2683: 2576: 2484: 2354: 2341:, the leaves and stems of the plant were made by the Chumash into a strong 2183: 2175: 2118: 2056: 1792: 1784: 1459: 1439: 1416: 1187: 1051: 888: 823: 779: 710: 660:, traditionally used by the Cherokee to make a poultice to treat headaches. 637: 557: 363: 351:(black cohosh), used to treat gynecological and other disorders, including 311: 286: 266: 3779: 3473:

Inui T, Wang Y, Deng S, Smith DC, Franzblau SG, Pauli GF (June 1, 2000).

3211: 2662: 2382: 2370: 2346: 2179: 2151: 1869:, an infusion of the root of which was used some Plateau tribes to treat 1742: 1679: 1568: 1447: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1235: 1097: 1001: 839: 742: 604:

a chemical which binds to the same brain receptor sites that Valium does.

597: 593: 584: 532: 509: 431: 352: 331:

for cough medicine. It is also used by other tribes for various purposes.

36: 5144: 4511: 3712: 3103: 2669:

properties. The following table examines why various tribes use willow.

612:, used as food and medicine by many Native American groups, such as the 371:

for stomach pains, in some seasons for males, other seasons for females.

5106:

USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center; Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden.

4671: 4646: 3083: 2856: 2513: 2366: 2301: 1902: 1870: 1788: 1556: 1532: 1463: 1372: 1295: 1203: 775: 738: 489: 396: 1329:. Decoction of leaves or whole plant taken for unspecified purpose by 93: 5473: 5402: 2688: 2666: 2509: 2378: 2377:. The Cahuilla dried the pods then ground it for mush and cakes, the 2233: 2143: 2052: 1906: 1858: 1835: 1816: 1796: 1564: 1522: 1455: 1435: 1381:

Collections for an Essay Toward a Materia Medica of the United States

1326: 1287: 1255: 1251: 913: 860: 799: 750: 663: 589: 545: 476: 404: 296: 6141:

List of species described by the Lewis and Clark Expedition § Plants

3293:

Moerman, D. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, Oregon: 1988.

435:, used to treat poison oak, insect bites, and skin irritations. The 5046: 2692: 2638: 2586: 2543: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2420: 2390: 2386: 2374: 2167: 2084: 2012: 1996: 1961: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1738: 1713: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1590: 1586: 1509: 1495: 1485: 1467: 1384: 1366: 1291: 1275: 1199: 1195: 1179: 1153: 1137: 1101: 1041: 991: 971: 935: 891: 883: 795: 791: 695: 621: 601: 517: 493: 481: 464: 440: 392: 384: 380: 324: 280: 28: 24: 3458:

University of Michigan (Dearborn): Native American Ethnobotany — '

2976: 2974: 1458:

for sore legs of tribesmen who participate in sporting games, the

3817:"Using Santa Barbara's Yerba Santa to Treat Cold, Flu, and Cough" 3726:

University of Michigan - Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany —

2654: 2650: 2608: 2530:

properties. The root was pounded into a paste that was used as a

2441: 2404: 2342: 2228:

Colds, shampoo, deodorant, cleanse hunting equipment of bad luck

2171: 2068: 2036: 2004: 1893: 1811: 1547: 1443: 1283: 1191: 981: 895: 596:

lowering capabilities. Desert broom also has quercetin, a proven

444: 400: 340: 328: 4403:

Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land

3380:

Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land

3228:

Native American Ethnobotany (University of Michigan - Dearborn:

3015:

Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land

2722:

Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land

1737:. The berries were also sometimes boiled into a drink used as a 1559:, a substance that causes the constriction of body tissues. The 299:

take an infusion of the bark in the morning as a cathartic. The

5296: 4781:

Native American Ethnobotany (University of Michigan - Dearborn)

3761: 2971: 2618: 2557: 2424: 2395: 2263: 2048: 1934: 1882: 1800: 1560: 1501: 1357:

Indians used the boiled roots as medicine to relieve back pain.

1259: 1219: 1183: 753:. Leaves were also used when rinsing to help prevent dandruff. 706:, used for food and medicine. See article for full information. 667: 549: 497: 485: 468: 448: 388: 327:

of bark removed from the south side of the tree is used by the

32: 5917: 3876:

Native American Medicinal Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary

3104:

Whittemore, Alan T.; Mesler, Michael R.; Lu, Karen L. (2006),

2933:

Native American Medicinal Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary

2011:

and incense for the pleasant smell it emitted when burnt. The

6256:

List of species endemic to the San Francisco Bay Area § Flora

4433: 3112:, vol. 3, New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press 2961:

Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford,

2539: 2531: 2000: 1938: 1886: 1779:

in the Southwest as a treatment for many maladies, including

1734: 1730: 1692: 1279: 1061: 1031: 931: 746: 528:, used by several tribes for a variety of medicinal purposes. 513: 452: 6074: 5467: 4200: 4076:

Ethnobotanical Use of Plants, Part 4: The American Continent

3635:"ETHNOBOTANICAL USE OF PLANTS PART 4 THE AMERICAN CONTINENT" 2897: 2886:

http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Actaea

2633:

Orthopedic Aid (i.e. broken bones), colds, coughs, laxative

1656:

for medicinal purposes, the origin of the name "fever bush".

1136:

tribes. They boiled the stalks to produce a drink used as a

3834: 3166:"Balsamorhiza sagittata | Forest Service Fire Ecology" 2838: 2461: 2146:

of the root for back pain and for "female weakness" by the

1942: 1815:, used to treat respiratory and muscle disorders, and as a 5327:

Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California

4089:

Which Witch Is Witch Hazel (and Which Dickinson Makes It)?

3811: 3809: 3807: 3045:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. 2827:

http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Acer

2806:

http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Acer

592:

that has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and

16:

List of plants used by indigenous peoples of North America

3697: 3204: 2385:

ground it to meal to mix with water and sea lion oil for

2003:

and making a face cream usually used by girls to prevent

1725:, the leaves and inner bark of which were boiled by some 953: 548:, digestive problems, swollen breasts, coughs and colds, 4571: 4294:

Pojar; J, MacKinnon, A.; Alaback, P., et al. 1956/1994.

3858: 1819:. The species used most commonly in modern herbalism is 1621:

as medicine for problems such as stomachaches and colds.

1182:

to pure blood and to treat coughs, colds, sore throats,

894:. The plant is used medicinally and ceremonially by the 6251:

List of species endemic to Mendocino County, California

5905:

List of Northern American nectar sources for honey bees

4878:

Trees of Michigan and the Upper Great Lakes 6th edition

3804: 451:, compounds shown to be effective against a variety of 4512:

Arteaga, S.; Andrade-Cetto, A.; Cardenas, R. (2005). "

4163:"Cherokee Messenger - Native American Herbal Remedies" 3979:"Cherokee Messenger - Native American Herbal Remedies" 3065: 6198: 5134: 3768:

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

2538:

made from the root was used to treat ailments of the

2444:, previously used for a variety of medicinal purposes 1629:, used in the treatment of kidney and bladder stones. 946:

used it as an analgesic. Native Americans learned of

887:

studies showed that extracts of devil's club inhibit

826:

as a strengthener for weakened tuberculosis patients.

6161:

Flora of the Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region

6133: 3742:"Dr. Moermann's Ethnobotanical database: E. bulbosa" 3523:

Use of devil's club plant central to Tlingit culture

3274:"Native American Ethnobotany Database by D. Moerman" 3142: 3140: 3070:

spp.) in the southeastern United States: a review",

2403:

perfume pouches. The branches were used to dislodge

1210:

also used this as a liniment for the feet and chest.

536:, used for medicinal as well as many other purposes. 6346:

Plants used in traditional Native American medicine

5497:

Plants used in traditional Native American medicine

5297:Goodrich, J. S.; Lawson, C.; Lawson, V. P. (1980). 5115:

United States Department of Agriculture Plant Guide

3124:"Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses - Whorled milkweed" 2258:Colds, poison oak treatment, general strengthening 5895:List of invasive species in North America § Plants 3681: 3679: 3677: 1799:. The shrub is still widely used as a medicine in 1707:– Western American tribes combined the berries of 871:, the root of which was used as a narcotic by the 842:by eating the berries. Also used to slow bleeding. 790:(Virginia spring-beauty), used medicinally by the 5349: 5053:Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 4841: 4496:(Sesse' and Moc. ex DC.) Coville - Creosote Bush" 3472: 3137: 2929: 2083:and other tribes for medicinal purposes, such as 1585:peoples. Perhaps the most common use was to make 1218:(Yerba Santa), Native Americans used it to treat 6337: 4328: 4326: 4226:"The Mysterious Past and Present of Witch Hazel" 4098:, Connecticut Business Journal, 20 October 1997. 2839:Predny ML, De Angelis P, Chamberlain JL (2006). 1838:and medicinal use by indigenous North Americans. 1517:, blood purifier, arthritis, appetite stimulant 1325:. Fruit used as food. Used as a sedative by the 3674: 2309:has potential antibacterial properties against 2178:(with the roots, by the Skokomish); or for the 1964:for blood and venereal diseases and conditions. 544:, used to treat a number of ailments including 6308: 5546: 4754: 4752: 4396: 4394: 3373: 3371: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 1933:aid. The root was used for skin diseases. The 6015:List of medicinal plants of the American West 5890:List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA) 5532: 5368: 4323: 3944: 2832: 2715: 2713: 942:for headaches, and many tribes including the 5292: 5290: 3116: 2898:James W. Herrick & Dean R. Snow (1997). 721:, the branches of which were used among the 6276:List of flora of the Santa Monica Mountains 6266:List of plants on the Modoc National Forest 5320: 5318: 5139:(PhD dissertation). University of Arizona. 4749: 4391: 4356: 4354: 3971: 3368: 2995: 2516:, and in treating the effects of menopause. 2452:, used for a variety of medicinal purposes. 23:. For lists pertaining specifically to the 6296:List of plants of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) 6271:List of San Francisco Bay Area wildflowers 6173: 5982: 5900:List of endangered plants of North America 5539: 5525: 5388: 5343: 3762:James D. Adams Jr; Cecilia Garcia (2005). 2957: 2955: 2953: 2904:. Syracuse University Press. p. 161. 2710: 2546:to treat "shock following alligator-bite". 2365:, the fresh pods were eaten unripe by the 1490:Pain relief, colds, skin issues and fever 1246:, used by the Cherokee for nausea, by the 1168:to keep airways open for proper breathing. 6316:Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands § Plants 6233: 6027: 5287: 5228: 5128: 5082: 5064: 4670: 3787: 3498: 3434: 2864: 2182:(Skagit): leaves and twigs, as a general 1897:, the root bark of which was used by the 1567:found in witch hazel have astringent and 1466:in sweat lodges for sore muscles and the 1419:decorations, and for roasting sweet corn. 1206:, fatigued limbs, sores, and fevers. The 934:used it for coughs and sore throats, the 6087:Wildflowers of the Great Smoky Mountains 5950:Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Province 5315: 5266: 5245: 5201:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 5194: 4900: 4882:Norman F. Smith, Thunder Bay Press, 2002 4644: 4351: 4223: 3546:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians 670:, respiratory aid, and other treatments. 6261:List of Little Picacho Wilderness flora 6153: 5324: 4991: 4927: 4505: 4456:Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West 4453: 4081: 4041: 3872: 3580: 3540: 3400: 3244: 3185: 2950: 2381:ground it to make bread flour, and the 1691:used a decoction of the plant to treat 1664:, the roots of which were used by some 492:by making it into a tea bath, and as a 6391:Plants used in Native American cuisine 6338: 6286:Flora of the Sierra Nevada alpine zone 6241:List of plants endemic to Hells Canyon 5874: 5197:"Medicinal uses of tobacco in history" 5159:"Palliative Care Among Chumash People" 5042: 5040: 4795: 4728: 4687: 4428: 4426: 4267: 4250:"Witch Hazel — The Dermatology Review" 3938: 3764:"Palliative Care Among Chumash People" 3734: 3441:The Journal of California Anthropology 3266: 2925: 2923: 2921: 1760:, used for a wide variety of ailments. 1729:tribes to create an infusion to treat 1290:of the leaves as a general tonic; the 921:was widely used by the North American 741:to induce sweating as a treatment for 6055:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests 5520: 5470:Native American Ethnobotany Database. 5099: 4886: 4816: 4774: 4544: 4458:. Mountain Press Publishing Company. 4308: 4288: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4143:The University of Illinois at Chicago 4139:"12.4 North American Indian Medicine" 4107: 4068: 3662:University of Maryland Medical Center 3562: 3179: 3097: 3059: 3043:RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants 2769: 2122:, used as medicine by several tribes. 1601:, used by Indian tribes, such as the 1438:, which was used to treat swellings, 19:This is a list of plants used by the 6181:List of endemic flora of Puerto Rico 5022: 5002:Native American Ethnobotany Database 4938:Native American Ethnobotany Database 4860:. Sonora, California: Hooker Press. 4824:"Unusual Uses of Plants and Flowers" 4400: 4275:"University of Michigan Ethnobotany" 4224:Andriote, John-Manuel (2012-11-06). 3996: 3548:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 156. 3466: 3435:Applegate, Richard B. (1975-07-01). 3377: 3012: 2719: 2142:(skunk currant), used in a compound 1087:chance of developing a cold by 58%. 463:(California Sagebrush), used by the 383:to treat diarrhea. Also used by the 57: 6351:North American traditional medicine 6281:Lichens of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) 5037: 5034:University of Michigan Ethnobotany. 4618: 4501:. US Forest Service. February 2016. 4423: 4320:University of Michigan Ethnobotany. 3863:University of Michigan Ethnobotany. 3569:Study: Echinacea Cuts Colds by Half 3437:"The Datura Cult Among the Chumash" 3332: 2918: 2472:, see article for full information. 2107:, see article for full information. 1124:, see article for full information. 725:in treating women after childbirth. 427:tribes for female health treatment. 242: 13: 6216:List of Sonoran Desert wildflowers 5507:Traditional Alaska Native medicine 5474:https://mc.miamioh.edu/mahkihkiwa/ 5161:. Wild Food Plants. Archived from 4826:. voices.yahoo.com. Archived from 4334:"Mrs. M. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. 4184: 4131: 4101: 3650: 3158: 652:tribes to treat pimples and sores. 21:indigenous people of North America 14: 6407: 6321:List of Samoan plant common names 5461: 4627:. University of Michigan-Dearborn 4205:University of Michigan - Dearborn 3981:. powersource.com. Archived from 3705:"Temalpakh Ethnobotanical Garden" 3691:enduringknowledgepublications.com 3632: 3408:Cornus sericea ssp. occidentallis 2015:also ate nuts and the seeds also. 391:for urinary problems, and by the 6246:List of California native plants 5960:Laurentian Mixed Forest Province 5502:List of plants used in herbalism 5433: 5382: 5354:. Rodale Press. pp. 79–81. 5188: 5179: 5151: 4985: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4921: 4870: 4850: 3571:WebMD Health News, June 26, 2007 3414:Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 2936:. Timber Press. pp. 52–53. 2130:, used by various tribes in the 1114:indigenous peoples of California 806:, who cooked them like potatoes. 723:Indigenous peoples of California 694:used it as a treatment for mild 61: 6092:Flora of Door County, Wisconsin 5935:Rocky Mountain Floristic Region 5918:Floristic regions and provinces 5476:Myaamia Ethnobotanical Database 5445:University of Michigan–Dearborn 4786: 4708: 4638: 4612: 4565: 4484: 4472: 4447: 4379: 4242: 4217: 4155: 4035: 4010: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3866: 3852: 3755: 3719: 3626: 3601: 3574: 3534: 3515: 3451: 3428: 3353: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3238: 3221: 3212:"Blephilia ciliata (L.) Benth." 3149: 3035: 2891: 2879: 2849:General Technical Report SRS–97 1462:for skin ulcers and sores, the 640:made an eyewash with the plant. 237: 96: 6186:List of grasses of Puerto Rico 5965:Great Basin Floristic Province 5930:North American Atlantic Region 5135:Dentali, Steven John. (1991). 4407:University of Washington Press 3384:University of Washington Press 3019:University of Washington Press 2820: 2811: 2799: 2790: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2726:University of Washington Press 1: 6366:Native American-related lists 6075:East of the Mississippi River 5970:California Floristic Province 5441:"Native American Ethnobotany" 5301:. Heyday Books. p. 176. 4201:"Native American Ethnobotany" 3879:. Timber Press. p. 227. 3587:. Timber Press. p. 205. 2845:): An annotated Bibliography" 2703: 2100:Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium 1781:sexually transmitted diseases 1383:(1798), as being used by the 1202:, and a tea bath to treating 367:(red baneberry), used by the 6291:Flora of the Colorado Desert 4578:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4518:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4454:Tilford, Gregory L. (1997). 4108:Medow, Norman (2006-04-15). 3491:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.127 3186:Broyles, Patrick J. (2004), 1979:, used as food and medicine. 1834:has at least 5,500 years of 1527:Predictor of future healing 1470:in tea for coughs and colds. 1224:upper respiratory infections 822:, infusion of plant used by 95: 7: 6221:Flora of the Arizona Upland 6206:Flora of the Sonoran Desert 6097:List of lichens of Maryland 5480: 4625:Native American Ethnobotany 4042:Hocking, George M. (1956). 4022:Native American Ethnobotany 3873:Moerman, Daniel E. (2009). 3584:Native American Ethnobotany 3581:Moerman, Daniel E. (1998). 3479:Journal of Chromatography A 3412:Native American ethnobotany 3406:Moerman, Daniel E. (1998) " 3247:Native American ethnobotany 3245:Moerman, Daniel E. (1998), 3215:Native American Ethnobotany 2248:Disinfectant, stomach ache 1178:(Yerba Santa), used by the 1096:(brittlebush), used by the 339:(sugar maple), used by the 10: 6412: 6386:Flora of the United States 6082:Wildflowers of New England 6035:Flora of the United States 5548:Flora of the United States 5350:Michael Castleman (1991). 5213:10.1177/014107680409700614 4858:Discover California Shrubs 4018:"Gutierrezia microcephala" 3842:"Eriodictyon californicum" 2930:Daniel E. Moerman (2009). 2357:, that are pain relievers. 1995:, used medicinally by the 1668:tribes to treat toothache. 859:ceremonies due to being a 279:tribes as a treatment for 6067: 5867: 5829: 5815: 5554: 5468:http://herb.umd.umich.edu 4590:10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022 4530:10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.002 1805:nordihydroguaiaretic acid 1411:both used the plant as a 1399:for various reasons. The 1345:, used by various tribes. 275:(Douglas maple), used by 5849:Northern Mariana Islands 5066:10.4103/2225-4110.130373 4401:Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). 4024:. University of Michigan 3613:www.christopherhobbs.com 3378:Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). 3013:Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). 2720:Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). 2653:, a compound similar to 2158:use the berries as food. 1757:Krascheninnikovia lanata 1555:Witch hazel works as an 1392:Gutierrezia microcephala 1379:in his first edition of 1250:used it as a remedy for 1215:Eriodictyon californicum 1194:. It was also used as a 1161:Eriodictyon crassifolium 1006:Colds, toothache, colic 794:, who would give a cold 6361:Native American culture 5325:Chesnut, V. K. (1902). 5195:Charlton, Anne (2004). 4725:). accessed 2011-01-12. 3365:. Retrieved 2011-01-25. 3230:Sanguinaria canadensis' 2982:"Artemisia californica" 2901:Iroquois Medical Botany 2866:2027/mdp.39015075629660 2457:Trichostema lanceolatum 2288:Consumed seeds as food 2278:Heal damage from birth 1637:, used by the Cherokee. 1375:, referred to by Prof. 1175:Eriodictyon trichocalyx 996:Toothache, sore throat 387:to treat fever, by the 355:, kidney problems, and 6356:Native American health 6199:Arizona and New Mexico 5884:Flora of North America 5108:"Salvia apiana Jepson" 5010:University of Michigan 4946:University of Michigan 4645:Timbrook, Jan (1990). 4481:. accessed 2011-10-01. 4388:. accessed 2011-01-11. 4364:Hydrangea arborescens 4362:"Plants for a Future: 3945:Cichoke, A.J. (2001). 3821:sbhealthandhealing.com 3731:. accessed 2013-10-01. 3463:. accessed 2013-10-01. 3361:Commelina dianthifolia 3234:. accessed 2011-01-12. 3110:Flora of North America 1510:Iroquois Confederation 1387:as a cancer treatment. 938:for sore throats, the 919:Echinacea angustifolia 861:deliriant hallucinogen 819:Commelina dianthifolia 718:Ceanothus integerrimus 609:Balsamorhiza sagittata 580:Baccharis sarothroides 565:Asclepias verticillata 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 6134:Missouri River valley 6117:Ferns and fern allies 5512:Traditional knowledge 5391:Phytotherapy Research 4892:USDA Plants Profile: 4856:Casebeer, M. (2004). 4336:Hydrangea arborescens 4254:www.thedermreview.com 4002:Plants for a Future: 3951:. Avery. p. 79. 3526:National Public Radio 3460:Delphinium nudicaule' 2649:Willow bark contains 2324:Klebsiella pneumoniae 2312:Staphylococcus aureus 2238:Eye cleanser, fevers 1914:Menispermum canadense 1830:Lophophora williamsii 1626:Hydrangea arborescens 1442:, and tumors. Early 1377:Benjamin Smith Barton 1342:Gaultheria procumbens 1262:for intestinal worms. 525:Artemisia ludoviciana 505:Artemisia douglasiana 460:Artemisia californica 437:Blackfoot Confederacy 376:Agrimonia gryposepala 5955:Appalachian Province 5276:. herb.umd.umich.edu 5255:. herb.umd.umich.edu 5030:Ribes oxyacanthoides 4910:. herb.umd.umich.edu 4805:. herb.umd.umich.edu 4783:. accessed 1.13.2013 4738:. herb.umd.umich.edu 4697:. herb.umd.umich.edu 4436:. herb.umd.umich.edu 4277:. herb.umd.umich.edu 4087:Michael C. Bingham, 3744:. herb.umd.umich.edu 3276:. herb.umd.umich.edu 2779:. herb.umd.umich.edu 2676: 2623:Ceremonial Medicine 2550: 2505:Viburnum prunifolium 2497: 2476: 2469:Triodanis perfoliata 2435: 2198: 2191:Ribes oxyacanthoides 2111: 2044:Podophyllum peltatum 1968: 1949: 1842: 1764: 1749: 1722:Juniperus scopulorum 1680:Jeffersonia diphylla 1672: 1641: 1431:Hamamelis virginiana 1423: 1318:Gaultheria hispidula 1310: 1076:Bowels, tonsillitis 1036:Coughs, sore throat 906: 868:Delphinium nudicaule 846: 767:Chimaphila umbellata 674: 572: 252: 75:adding missing items 45:Iroquois ethnobotany 41:Cherokee ethnobotany 5945:Caribbean bioregion 5925:Circumboreal Region 5859:U.S. Virgin Islands 5299:Kashaya Pomo Plants 4663:1990EcBot..44..236T 4167:www.powersource.com 4114:Ophthalmology Times 3780:10.1093/ecam/neh090 3728:Ephedra californica 2777:"results of search" 2699:, and other tribes. 2449:Trichostema lanatum 2194:, used medicinally. 2087:and bark infusions. 2064:Populus tremuloides 1987:, used medicinally. 1984:Persicaria amphibia 1957:Osmunda claytoniana 1598:Holodiscus discolor 1337:to make a beverage. 1303:Eurybia macrophylla 1109:Ephedra californica 787:Claytonia virginica 730:Ceanothus velutinus 645:Betula occidentalis 568:, used medicinally. 323:(silver maple), an 97:Contents: 6102:Soldiers Delight: 5487:Navajo ethnobotany 5006:Dearborn, Michigan 4942:Dearborn, Michigan 4764:herb.umd.umich.edu 4672:10.1007/BF02860489 4479:U.Mich.ethnobotany 4316:Holodiscus dumosus 4094:2009-08-02 at the 4074:Anthony C. Dweck, 4005:Geranium maculatum 3860:Eryngium aquaticum 3126:. kswildflower.org 3106:"Asarum canadense" 3084:10.2179/08-023R2.1 2857:10.2737/SRS-GTR-97 2556:The inner bark of 2305:demonstrated that 1850:Mahonia aquifolium 1709:Juniperus communis 1704:Juniperus communis 1661:Iris missouriensis 1610:Holodiscus dumosus 1581:, used by various 1362:Geranium maculatum 1267:Erythrina herbacea 1243:Eryngium aquaticum 1016:Cool inflammation 986:Coughs, dyspepsia 733:, used by certain 703:Cardamine diphylla 633:Baptisia australis 73:; you can help by 49:Navajo ethnobotany 6333: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6304: 6303: 6229: 6228: 6194: 6193: 6169: 6168: 6149: 6148: 6129: 6128: 6063: 6062: 6045:Plant communities 6023: 6022: 5978: 5977: 5913: 5912: 5376:"Plants.USDA.gov" 5361:978-0-87596-181-1 5352:The Healing Herbs 5336:978-1-150-78114-8 5308:978-0-930588-86-1 4932:Ribes divaricatum 4514:Larrea tridentata 4494:Larrea tridentata 4304:978-1-55105-530-5 3958:978-1-58333-100-2 3886:978-0-88192-453-4 3687:"Cahuilla Plants" 3594:978-0-88192-453-4 3555:978-0-8032-9862-0 3542:Wishart, David J. 3052:978-1-4053-3296-5 2943:978-0-88192-987-4 2659:anti-inflammatory 2647: 2646: 2362:Senegalia greggii 2330:Candida brassicae 2318:Bacillus subtilis 2292: 2291: 2139:Ribes glandulosum 2132:Pacific Northwest 2127:Ribes divaricatum 2092:Prunus virginiana 2076:Prunus emarginata 1992:Pinus quadrifolia 1941:for sores on the 1825:(Indian tobacco). 1772:Larrea tridentata 1649:Ilex verticillata 1634:Hydrangea cinerea 1578:Heracleum maximum 1553: 1552: 1333:. Leaves used by 1228:allergic rhinitis 1129:Equisetum hyemale 1080: 1079: 1022:Delaware (Lenape) 927:eclectic medicine 737:tribes to create 657:Blephilia ciliata 420:Alnus rhombifolia 301:Okanagan-Colville 91: 90: 6403: 6381:Medicinal plants 6306: 6305: 6231: 6230: 6196: 6195: 6171: 6170: 6151: 6150: 6131: 6130: 6107: 6072: 6071: 6025: 6024: 5980: 5979: 5915: 5914: 5872: 5871: 5823:Washington, D.C. 5817:Federal district 5541: 5534: 5527: 5518: 5517: 5492:Zuni ethnobotany 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5403:10.1002/ptr.5377 5397:(8): 1112–1116. 5386: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5322: 5313: 5312: 5294: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5232: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5112: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5086: 5068: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 4996:Ribes laxiflorum 4989: 4983: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4904: 4898: 4890: 4884: 4874: 4868: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4766:. Archived from 4756: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4732: 4726: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4674: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4621:"Mahonia repens" 4616: 4610: 4609: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4430: 4421: 4420: 4398: 4389: 4386:U.M. Ethnobotany 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4306: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4197: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4169:. 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Archived from 3701: 3695: 3694: 3683: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3633:Dweck, Anthony. 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3615:. 15 August 2014 3605: 3599: 3598: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3538: 3532: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3470: 3464: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3432: 3426: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3242: 3236: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3189:Blue Wild Indigo 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3010: 2993: 2992: 2991:. February 2016. 2986: 2978: 2969: 2959: 2948: 2947: 2927: 2916: 2915: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2717: 2565: 2564: 2491:Mendocino County 2412:Silene latifolia 2338:Salvia mellifera 2212: 2211: 2163:Ribes laxiflorum 2156:Algonquin people 1857:tribes to treat 1777:Native Americans 1654:Native Americans 1474: 1473: 1397:Native Americans 1350:Gentiana villosa 1323:Algonquin people 1278:of the root for 1149:Erigenia bulbosa 1142:venereal disease 1093:Encelia farinosa 1056:Septic diseases 976:Sore mouth/gums 960: 959: 900:Southeast Alaska 838:tribes to treat 811:Cleome serrulata 804:Algonquin people 692:British Columbia 541:Asarum canadense 508:, used to treat 473:menstrual cramps 412:Allium tricoccum 320:Acer saccharinum 260:Abronia fragrans 98: 86: 83: 65: 64: 58: 53:Zuni ethnobotany 6411: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6371:Lists of plants 6336: 6335: 6334: 6325: 6309:Pacific islands 6300: 6225: 6190: 6165: 6145: 6125: 6101: 6059: 6019: 5990:Native American 5974: 5909: 5863: 5825: 5811: 5550: 5545: 5483: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5449: 5447: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5387: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5295: 5288: 5279: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5133: 5129: 5120: 5118: 5110: 5104: 5100: 5045: 5038: 5027: 5023: 5014: 5012: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4950: 4948: 4926: 4922: 4913: 4911: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4887: 4875: 4871: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4833: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4808: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4741: 4739: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4651:Economic Botany 4643: 4639: 4630: 4628: 4617: 4613: 4570: 4566: 4557: 4555: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4452: 4448: 4439: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4409:. p. 354. 4399: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4371: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4352: 4343: 4341: 4340:. botanical.com 4332: 4331: 4324: 4313: 4309: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4234: 4232: 4222: 4218: 4209: 4207: 4199: 4198: 4185: 4176: 4174: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4147: 4145: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4121: 4106: 4102: 4096:Wayback Machine 4086: 4082: 4073: 4069: 4060: 4058: 4046: 4040: 4036: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3997: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3853: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3815: 3814: 3805: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3724: 3720: 3709:malkimuseum.org 3703: 3702: 3698: 3685: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3539: 3535: 3529:Morning Edition 3521:Levine, Ketzel 3520: 3516: 3471: 3467: 3456: 3452: 3433: 3429: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3386:. p. 353. 3376: 3369: 3358: 3354: 3345: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3279: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3253:, p. 133, 3243: 3239: 3226: 3222: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3169: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3129: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3102: 3098: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3021:. p. 352. 3011: 2996: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2960: 2951: 2944: 2928: 2919: 2912: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2871: 2869: 2843:Actaea racemosa 2841:"Black cohosh ( 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2728:. p. 351. 2718: 2711: 2706: 2679: 2613:Cough Medicine 2553: 2500: 2479: 2438: 2244:Dakota (Oglala) 2201: 2114: 2028:Pluchea sericea 1971: 1952: 1866:Mahonia nervosa 1853:, used by some 1845: 1822:Lobelia inflata 1767: 1752: 1675: 1644: 1583:Native American 1426: 1313: 1260:Delaware people 1132:, used by some 1012:Dakota (Oglala) 949:E. angustifolia 909: 853:Datura wrightii 849: 770:, used by some 677: 648:, used by some 575: 423:, used by some 348:Actaea racemosa 305:Thompson people 255: 250: 249: 248: 247: 99: 87: 81: 78: 62: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6409: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6310: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6210:by common name 6202: 6200: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5940:Madrean Region 5937: 5932: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5878: 5876: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5839:American Samoa 5835: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5757:South Carolina 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5722:North Carolina 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5471: 5463: 5462:External links 5460: 5457: 5456: 5432: 5381: 5367: 5360: 5342: 5335: 5314: 5307: 5286: 5265: 5244: 5207:(6): 292–296. 5187: 5178: 5150: 5127: 5098: 5036: 5021: 4984: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4920: 4899: 4885: 4869: 4849: 4840: 4815: 4794: 4785: 4773: 4770:on 2012-07-15. 4748: 4727: 4723:O. claytoniana 4707: 4686: 4657:(2): 236–253. 4637: 4619:Moerman, Dan. 4611: 4584:(1): 238–242. 4564: 4543: 4524:(3): 231–239. 4504: 4483: 4471: 4464: 4446: 4422: 4415: 4390: 4378: 4350: 4322: 4307: 4287: 4266: 4241: 4216: 4183: 4154: 4130: 4100: 4080: 4067: 4034: 4009: 3995: 3970: 3957: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3885: 3865: 3851: 3833: 3803: 3774:(2): 143–147. 3754: 3733: 3718: 3715:on 2008-05-15. 3696: 3673: 3649: 3625: 3600: 3593: 3573: 3561: 3554: 3533: 3514: 3485:(1–2): 211–5. 3465: 3450: 3427: 3399: 3392: 3367: 3352: 3342:. www2.nau.edu 3331: 3322: 3313: 3311:Herrick, p.318 3304: 3295: 3286: 3265: 3259: 3237: 3220: 3203: 3178: 3157: 3148: 3136: 3115: 3096: 3078:(3): 271–285, 3058: 3051: 3034: 3027: 2994: 2970: 2949: 2942: 2917: 2910: 2890: 2878: 2831: 2819: 2810: 2798: 2789: 2768: 2759: 2750: 2741: 2734: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2687:, used by the 2678: 2675: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2603:Antidiarrheal 2601: 2595: 2594: 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It contains 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1718: 1700: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1657: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1622: 1613:, used by the 1606: 1594: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1395:, used by the 1388: 1370: 1365:, used by the 1358: 1346: 1338: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1299: 1274:women used an 1263: 1248:Choctaw people 1239: 1211: 1170: 1169: 1166:Chumash people 1164:, used by the 1157: 1145: 1125: 1121:Epigaea repens 1117: 1112:, used by the 1105: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1072:Sioux (Dakota) 1068: 1067: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1004: 998: 997: 994: 988: 987: 984: 978: 977: 974: 968: 967: 964: 958: 957: 923:Plains Indians 908: 905: 904: 903: 876: 864: 848: 845: 844: 843: 831:Cornus sericea 827: 815: 807: 783: 763: 726: 714: 707: 699: 686:, used by the 676: 673: 672: 671: 661: 653: 641: 629: 605: 583:, used by the 574: 571: 570: 569: 561: 537: 529: 521: 501: 456: 428: 416: 408: 379:, used by the 372: 360: 344: 336:Acer saccharum 332: 316: 308: 284: 264: 254: 251: 246: 245: 243:External links 240: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 100: 94: 92: 89: 88: 68: 66: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6408: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6376:Medical lists 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6098: 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5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5377: 5371: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5319: 5310: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5291: 5275: 5274:"Ethnobotany" 5269: 5254: 5253:"Ethnobotany" 5248: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5182: 5168:on 2007-10-06 5164: 5160: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5041: 5033: 5031: 5025: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4997: 4992:Dan Moerman. 4988: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4933: 4928:Dan Moerman. 4924: 4909: 4908:"Ethnobotany" 4903: 4897: 4896: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4866:0-9665463-1-8 4863: 4859: 4853: 4844: 4830:on 2014-07-28 4829: 4825: 4819: 4804: 4803:"Ethnobotany" 4798: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4760:"Herb Search" 4755: 4753: 4737: 4736:"Ethnobotany" 4731: 4724: 4720: 4718: 4711: 4696: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4553: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4467: 4465:0-87842-359-1 4461: 4457: 4450: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4418: 4416:0-295-97119-3 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4395: 4387: 4382: 4367: 4365: 4357: 4355: 4339: 4337: 4329: 4327: 4319: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4276: 4270: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4173:on 2011-07-23 4172: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3999: 3985:on 2011-07-23 3984: 3980: 3974: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3888: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3869: 3862: 3861: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3636: 3629: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3425: 3424:0-88192-453-9 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3395: 3393:0-295-97119-3 3389: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3372: 3364: 3362: 3356: 3341: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3260:0-88192-453-9 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3191: 3190: 3182: 3167: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3141: 3125: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3030: 3028:0-295-97119-3 3024: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2990: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2968: 2967:0-87842-359-1 2964: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2911:0-8156-0464-5 2907: 2903: 2902: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2793: 2778: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2737: 2735:0-295-97119-3 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2592:Antirheumatic 2590: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2534:for skin. An 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520:Virginia iris 2518: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2482:Poultices of 2481: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2415:, subspecies 2414: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2307:Salvia apiana 2303: 2299: 2298: 2297:Salvia apiana 2294: 2293: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2268:Inflammation 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2148:Ojibwa people 2145: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2081:Kwakwaka'wakw 2078: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2047:, used as an 2046: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2033:antidiarrheal 2031:, used as an 2030: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2020:Pinus strobus 2017: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1937:used it in a 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927:gynecological 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1905:for treating 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1744: 1741:and to treat 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1695:problems and 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1537:Sore muscles 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1515:Antidiarrheal 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1500:Skin issues, 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452:North America 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440:inflammations 1437: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1335:Ojibwa people 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1258:, and by the 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1140:and to treat 1139: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 995: 993: 990: 989: 985: 983: 980: 979: 975: 973: 970: 969: 965: 962: 961: 955: 952:by observing 951: 950: 945: 941: 937: 933: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915: 911: 910: 901: 897: 893: 890: 886: 885: 880: 877: 874: 870: 869: 865: 862: 858: 854: 851: 850: 841: 837: 833: 832: 828: 825: 821: 820: 816: 813: 812: 808: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 788: 784: 781: 777: 774:tribes in an 773: 769: 768: 764: 761: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 731: 727: 724: 720: 719: 715: 713: 712: 708: 705: 704: 700: 697: 693: 689: 685: 683: 679: 678: 669: 666:, used as an 665: 662: 659: 658: 654: 651: 647: 646: 642: 639: 635: 634: 630: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 610: 606: 603: 599: 595: 591: 586: 582: 581: 577: 576: 567: 566: 562: 559: 555: 554:scarlet fever 551: 547: 543: 542: 538: 535: 534: 530: 527: 526: 522: 519: 515: 511: 507: 506: 502: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 474: 471:to alleviate 470: 466: 462: 461: 457: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 433: 429: 426: 422: 421: 417: 414: 413: 409: 406: 402: 399:used it as a 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 377: 373: 370: 366: 365: 361: 358: 354: 350: 349: 345: 342: 338: 337: 333: 330: 326: 322: 321: 317: 314: 313: 309: 306: 302: 298: 294: 293: 289: 285: 282: 278: 274: 273: 269: 265: 262: 261: 257: 256: 244: 241: 239: 236: 235: 234: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 101: 85: 76: 72: 69:This list is 67: 60: 59: 56: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 6113:Woody plants 5989: 5882: 5854:Puerto Rico 5762:South Dakota 5752:Rhode Island 5747:Pennsylvania 5727:North Dakota 5448:. Retrieved 5435: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5370: 5351: 5345: 5326: 5298: 5278:. Retrieved 5268: 5257:. Retrieved 5247: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5181: 5170:. Retrieved 5163:the original 5153: 5145:10150/185511 5136: 5130: 5119:. Retrieved 5114: 5101: 5059:(2): 82–88. 5056: 5052: 5029: 5024: 5013:. Retrieved 5001: 4995: 4994:"Search for 4987: 4978: 4969: 4960: 4949:. Retrieved 4937: 4931: 4930:"Search for 4923: 4912:. Retrieved 4902: 4895:Acer glabrum 4894: 4888: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4857: 4852: 4843: 4832:. Retrieved 4828:the original 4818: 4807:. Retrieved 4797: 4788: 4776: 4768:the original 4763: 4740:. Retrieved 4730: 4722: 4721:(scroll for 4716: 4710: 4699:. Retrieved 4689: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4629:. Retrieved 4624: 4614: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4556:. Retrieved 4546: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4493: 4486: 4474: 4455: 4449: 4438:. Retrieved 4402: 4381: 4370:. Retrieved 4363: 4342:. Retrieved 4335: 4315: 4310: 4295: 4290: 4279:. Retrieved 4269: 4258:. Retrieved 4256:. 2013-11-25 4253: 4244: 4233:. Retrieved 4230:The Atlantic 4229: 4219: 4208:. Retrieved 4204: 4175:. Retrieved 4171:the original 4166: 4157: 4146:. Retrieved 4142: 4133: 4122:. Retrieved 4117: 4113: 4103: 4083: 4070: 4059:. Retrieved 4054: 4050: 4037: 4026:. Retrieved 4021: 4012: 4004: 3998: 3987:. Retrieved 3983:the original 3973: 3962:. Retrieved 3947: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3908:Black, p.102 3904: 3895: 3875: 3868: 3859: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3824:. Retrieved 3820: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3746:. Retrieved 3736: 3727: 3721: 3713:the original 3708: 3699: 3690: 3665:. Retrieved 3661: 3652: 3641:. Retrieved 3628: 3617:. Retrieved 3612: 3603: 3583: 3576: 3564: 3545: 3536: 3528: 3517: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3459: 3453: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3379: 3360: 3355: 3344:. Retrieved 3334: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3289: 3278:. Retrieved 3268: 3251:Timber Press 3246: 3240: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3214: 3206: 3196:, retrieved 3188: 3181: 3170:. Retrieved 3160: 3151: 3128:. 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Retrieved 2771: 2762: 2753: 2744: 2721: 2684:Yucca glauca 2682: 2671: 2648: 2503: 2485:Umbellularia 2483: 2467: 2455: 2447: 2423:used by the 2416: 2410: 2360: 2355:ursolic acid 2351:aethiopinone 2347:diterpenoids 2336: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2295: 2189: 2176:tuberculosis 2161: 2137: 2125: 2119:Ribes aureum 2117: 2104:obtusifolium 2103: 2099: 2090: 2074: 2062: 2057:anthelmintic 2042: 2026: 2018: 1990: 1982: 1974: 1955: 1912: 1892: 1876: 1864: 1848: 1828: 1820: 1810: 1793:dysmenorrhea 1785:tuberculosis 1770: 1755: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1678: 1659: 1647: 1632: 1624: 1608: 1596: 1576: 1554: 1504:, sore eyes 1446:settlers in 1429: 1417:prayer stick 1390: 1380: 1360: 1348: 1340: 1316: 1301: 1265: 1241: 1213: 1188:tuberculosis 1173: 1159: 1147: 1127: 1119: 1107: 1091: 1085: 1081: 947: 918: 912: 889:tuberculosis 882: 879:Devil's club 866: 829: 817: 809: 785: 780:tuberculosis 765: 760:C. velutinus 759: 755:C. velutinus 754: 728: 716: 711:Caulophyllum 709: 701: 681: 655: 643: 631: 607: 578: 563: 558:tuberculosis 539: 531: 523: 503: 458: 430: 418: 410: 395:and Prairie 374: 364:Actaea rubra 362: 353:sore throats 346: 334: 318: 312:Acer negundo 310: 291: 288:Acer glabrum 287: 271: 268:Acer glabrum 267: 258: 238:References 233: 79: 18: 6396:Ethnobotany 6174:Puerto Rico 6109:Wildflowers 5983:Ethnobotany 5831:Territories 5677:Mississippi 5592:Connecticut 3658:"Echinacea" 3531:, 8/11/2004 3168:. fs.fed.us 3068:Arundinaria 2808:saccharinum 2663:antipyretic 2284:Tübatulabal 2180:common cold 2170:to make an 2152:Cree people 2071:substitute. 1925:, and as a 1901:to make an 1836:entheogenic 1789:chicken pox 1603:Stl'atl'imx 1569:antioxidant 1448:New England 1413:carminative 1236:hemorrhoids 1062:Omaha-Ponca 688:Nlaka'pamux 598:antioxidant 594:cholesterol 585:Seri people 533:Arundinaria 432:Alnus rubra 6340:Categories 6234:California 6104:Graminoids 6050:Grasslands 6040:Ecoregions 6028:Categories 5792:Washington 5712:New Mexico 5707:New Jersey 5582:California 5450:2012-09-17 5280:2015-08-14 5259:2015-08-14 5172:2007-07-14 5121:2012-01-03 5015:2010-07-20 4951:2010-08-02 4914:2015-08-14 4834:2015-08-14 4809:2015-08-14 4742:2015-08-14 4701:2015-08-14 4631:2013-01-01 4558:2007-09-12 4440:2015-08-14 4372:2015-08-14 4368:. pfaf.org 4344:2015-08-14 4281:2015-08-14 4260:2016-03-15 4235:2016-03-15 4210:2016-03-16 4177:2016-03-15 4148:2016-03-14 4124:2016-03-15 4061:2012-12-29 4051:El Palacio 4028:2012-12-29 3989:2015-08-14 3964:2015-08-14 3748:2015-08-14 3667:2016-03-15 3643:2016-03-16 3619:2016-03-15 3346:2015-08-14 3280:2015-08-14 3198:2007-06-19 3172:2015-08-14 3130:2015-08-14 2872:2009-08-24 2783:2015-08-14 2704:References 2643:Analgesic 2581:Analgesic 2514:childbirth 2464:repellent. 2373:, and the 2367:Chemehuevi 2349:, such as 2302:Clary sage 2166:, used an 2079:, used by 1921:used as a 1903:herbal tea 1871:rheumatism 1775:, used by 1652:, used by 1591:mosquitoes 1565:flavonoids 1557:astringent 1533:Potawatomi 1464:Potawatomi 1373:Goldenseal 1298:disorders. 1282:pain; the 1204:rheumatism 1026:Gonorrhea 898:people of 834:, used by 776:herbal tea 739:herbal tea 490:rheumatism 405:nosebleeds 397:Potawatomi 357:depression 71:incomplete 5802:Wisconsin 5767:Tennessee 5672:Minnesota 5647:Louisiana 5411:1099-1573 5221:0141-0768 5075:2225-4110 4598:0378-8741 4552:"Lobelia" 3846:fs.fed.us 3826:1 January 3340:"Beeweed" 2989:fs.fed.us 2829:saccharum 2689:Blackfoot 2667:analgesic 2657:that has 2528:medicinal 2510:decoction 2379:Havasupai 2234:Costanoan 2144:decoction 2085:poultices 2053:cathartic 1907:dysentery 1859:dyspepsia 1817:purgative 1797:snakebite 1587:poultices 1523:Menominee 1456:Menominee 1436:decoction 1327:Anticosti 1296:rheumatic 1288:decoction 1256:gonorrhea 1252:snakebite 1066:Eye wash 914:Echinacea 873:Mendocino 800:decoction 778:to treat 751:influenza 664:Bloodroot 614:Nez Perce 590:flavonoid 546:dysentery 518:headaches 477:menopause 369:Algonquin 297:Blackfoot 272:douglasii 6154:Colorado 6000:Iroquois 5995:Cherokee 5787:Virginia 5737:Oklahoma 5717:New York 5692:Nebraska 5682:Missouri 5667:Michigan 5657:Maryland 5642:Kentucky 5622:Illinois 5597:Delaware 5587:Colorado 5577:Arkansas 5481:See also 5427:25506009 5419:25997859 5239:15173337 5093:24860730 4876:pg. 81, 4681:25807034 4606:15990261 4538:15814253 4092:Archived 3798:15937554 3544:(2007). 3509:17316661 3416:page 178 3092:85780027 3072:Castanea 2693:Cheyenne 2639:Seminole 2629:Thompson 2587:Hualapai 2544:Seminole 2536:infusion 2524:Cherokee 2421:Infusion 2391:Diegueno 2387:porridge 2375:Cahuilla 2254:Diegueno 2224:Cahuilla 2186:(Lummi). 2168:infusion 2013:Diegueno 1997:Cahuilla 1962:Iroquois 1931:venereal 1923:laxative 1919:Cherokee 1739:laxative 1714:Berberis 1697:diarrhea 1689:Iroquois 1685:Cherokee 1619:Shoshone 1496:Chippewa 1486:Cherokee 1468:Iroquois 1401:Cahuilla 1385:Cherokee 1367:Meskwaki 1292:Seminole 1276:infusion 1200:poultice 1196:liniment 1180:Cahuilla 1154:Cherokee 1138:diuretic 1102:Cahuilla 1042:Meskwaki 992:Comanche 982:Choctaws 972:Cheyenne 936:Cheyenne 892:microbes 884:In vitro 796:infusion 792:Iroquois 696:epilepsy 684:(orchid) 622:Cheyenne 618:Kootenai 602:apigenin 494:poultice 482:Cahuilla 465:Cahuilla 441:infusion 439:used an 393:Meskwaki 385:Cherokee 381:Iroquois 325:infusion 281:diarrhea 82:May 2013 29:Iroquois 25:Cherokee 6121:Lichens 5875:General 5807:Wyoming 5782:Vermont 5687:Montana 5627:Indiana 5607:Georgia 5602:Florida 5572:Arizona 5562:Alabama 5378:. 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Native American ethnobotany

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