Native American mascot controversy

2552:(APA) issued a resolution "Recommending the Immediate Retirement of American Indian Mascots, Symbols, Images, and Personalities by Schools, Colleges, Universities, Athletic Teams, and Organizations" due to the harm done by creating a hostile environment, the negative effects on the self-esteem of American Indian children, and discrimination that may violate civil rights. Such use also affects non-natives: by reinforcing mainstream stereotypes, and preventing learning about Native American culture. The APA states that stereotyping is disrespectful of the beliefs, traditions and values of Native Americans. In 2021, the New York Association of School Psychologists reiterated the APA position on Native mascots in its position statement advocating the inclusion of Indigenous persons in educational programs regarding diversity. 2580:

other issues faced by Native Americans, including suicide, unemployment, and poverty. European Americans exposed to mascots are more likely to believe not only that stereotypes are true, but that Native Americans have no identity beyond these stereotypes. Two studies examining the effect of exposure to an American Indian sports mascot found a tendency to endorse stereotypes of a different minority group (Asian Americans), which is indicative of a "spreading effect". Exposure to any stereotypes increased the likelihood of stereotypical thinking; demonstrating the harm done to society by stereotyping of any kind. A connection between stereotyping and racism of any group increasing the likelihood of stereotyping others was made by Native Americans opposing the "Indians" mascot in

3012:) found that 81% of Native Americans who live outside traditional Indian reservations and 53% of Indians on reservations did not find the images discriminatory. The authors of the article concluded that "Although most Native American activists and tribal leaders consider Indian team names and mascots offensive, neither Native Americans in general nor a cross section of U.S. sports fans agree". According to the article, "There is a near total disconnect between Indian activists and the Native American population on this issue." An Indian activist commented on the results saying "that Native Americans' self-esteem has fallen so low that they don't even know when they're being insulted". Soon after the 2780:

experiences that reinforce personal and group identification with a team. The name, mascot, cheerleaders, and marching band performances reinforce and become associated with these shared experiences. In an open letter published in 2013, Daniel Snyder explicitly invoked these associations with family, friends, and an 81-year tradition as being the most important reasons for keeping the Redskins name. When self-esteem becomes bound to the players and the team, there are many beneficial but also some unfortunate consequences, including denial or rationalization of misbehavior. However, for some, the identity being expressed is one of supremacy, with the defense of native mascots being clearly racist.

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science research has shown that sports mascots and images are important symbols with deeper psychological and social effects in society. A 2020 analysis of this research indicates only negative effects; those psychologically detrimental to Native American students and to non-Native persons by promoting negative stereotypes and prejudicial ideas of Native Americans and undermining inter-group relations. Based on such research showing negative effects, more than 115 professional organizations representing civil rights, educational, athletic, and scientific experts, have adopted resolutions stating that such use of Native American names and symbols by non-native sports teams is a form of

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7, it was acknowledged that the Redskins were not in contact with a group of Native Americans who petitioned the NFL to force a name change and that Redskins head coach Ron Rivera also stated the team wanted to continue "honoring and supporting Native Americans and our Military." On July 13, 2020, the team made an official statement that their review would result in the retirement of the Redskins name and logo. On July 23, 2020 the team announced that they would be called the Washington Football Team with a block "W" logo for the 2020 season. The new name, Washington Commanders, was selected on February 2, 2022.

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stereotypes, may violate anti-discrimination laws. When found in educational institutions, mascots may also create a hostile environment inconsistent with learning to respect diverse cultures, but instead teach that stereotypes that misrepresent a minority group are permissible. Those schools that claim that their sports imagery stimulate interest in Native American culture have not listened to Native groups and civil rights leaders who point out that even purportedly positive stereotypes both present a false portrayal of the past and prevent understanding of contemporary Native people as fellow Americans.

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Continued discrimination came to those who refused to do so, but asserted their separate identity and rights of sovereignty. The appropriation of native cultures is therefore seen as discriminatory practice by some but is not understood as such by those that think of assimilation as a positive process. The difference is reflected in the continued popularity of Native Americans as mascots when similar usage of the names and images of any other ethnic group, in particular African Americans, would be unthinkable, and the continued claim that the stereotype of the "noble savage" honors Native Americans.

3697: 3409: 3496:(NCAA) distributed a "self evaluation" to 31 colleges in 2005, for teams to examine the use of potentially offensive imagery with their mascot choice. Nineteen teams were cited as having potentially "hostile or abusive" names, mascots, or images, that would be banned from displaying them during post-season play, and prohibited from hosting tournaments. Subsequently, all of the colleges previously using Native American imagery changed except for those granted waivers when they obtained official support from individual tribes based upon the principle of 3328: 3622: 22: 3600:. The Braves were defended by MLB Commissioner Manfred, who referred to the support of the team by Richard Sneed, principal chief of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. Other Native American leaders around the country continue to describe "the Chop" and its associated fan behavior as deeply insulting while avoiding direct criticism of Sneed. Psychologist Stephanie Fryberg believes personal opinions have little to do with the potential detrimental effects of mascots to Native American youth and communities. 3306:

community also wanted to retain it. Some 26% of the Salamanca Central High School students are Native American (primarily Seneca), and its sports teams were called the "Warriors". Since the late 20th century, keeping the Warrior sports identity has resulted in negotiations in Salamanca between the Seneca and non-Seneca populations and actions that have raised general awareness of true Seneca culture. For example, the school logo was changed to accurately depict a Seneca man; this replaced a stereotypical

13069: 3253:, had a Republican majority. It voted to reinstate the team's "Redmen" mascot. The vote reflects a generational split, as the new school board members represent mainly older alumni in the town. Current students of the public high school, its faculty and Native Americans supported dropping the Redmen mascot. A senior active in the debate said, "We look racist ... this is not what I want our school to be known for." The mascot had been removed after the 3319: 2135:

social sciences recognize that all ethnic stereotypes, whether positive or negative, are harmful because they promote false or misleading associations between a group and an attribute, fostering a disrespectful relationship. The injustice of such stereotypes is recognized with regard to other racial or ethnic groups, thus mascots are considered morally questionable regardless of offense being taken by individuals. Defenders of the

2816:, became the subject of protest in 1988. In 1990 the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois called the mascot a dignified symbol: "His ceremonial dance is done with grace and beauty. The Chief keeps the memory of the people of a great Native American tribe alive for thousands of Illinoisans who otherwise would know little or nothing of them." However, the mascot costume was not based on the clothing of the people of the 62: 3871:

alternatives, the team decided in February 2020 to retain the name, finding no consensus among Indigenous groups including the Inuit. However, on July 16, 2020, it was reported that the club would drop the 'Eskimos' name. On July 21, the team officially retired the name, and began using "Edmonton Football Team" and "EE Football Team" until a new name was decided. On June 1, 2021, the team was renamed to the Edmonton Elks.

3738:. The ban went into effect during the 2020 season opener on September 10, 2020. The tomahawk chop also underwent a subtle modification, as Arrowhead-based cheerleaders are now required to lead the chop with a closed fist rather than the traditional open palm. While fans said they will not change their behavior, a Native activist said that the chop should be eliminated entirely. The appearance of the chop in 13079: 3797: 3580:, a member of the Cherokee Nation, said that the tomahawk chop and chant misrepresents Native Americans. In response to this complaint, the Atlanta Braves, in their October 9 game against the Cardinals, did not provide fans with foam tomahawks, although the music accompanying the chant was played while fans performed the arm gesture. When the Braves lost to the Cardinals 13–1, the 6612:, a national Scout camping fraternity, was founded in which ceremonies of initiation were based on 'Indian themes' and local lodges and chapters were given 'Indian names.' The first three individuals who portrayed Illiniwek (Lester Leutwiler, Webber Borchers, and William Newton) became interested in 'Indian lore' through their involvement with the Boy Scouts. They spent time ' 3032:), states that both SI and Annenberg's samples of "self-identified Native Americans ... includes plenty of people who have nothing to do with Indians". Individuals claiming to be Native American when they are not is well known in academic research, and people claiming Indian identity specifically to gain authority in the debate over sports mascots has been criticised. 2891:. Proponents of change also see a false equivalency in the argument that if one group is not insulted by a particular portrayal, then no group has the right to feel insulted, which only serves to discount what Native American voices are saying. This argument ignores the vastly different backgrounds, treatment, and social positions of the groups; and the effects of 3688:

of educating the general public about American Indians and the use of logos and mascots. The AIC, along with members of the community have since decided to end this relationship" and stated that "going forward, AIC will have no professional ties with the Blackhawks, or any other organization that perpetuates harmful stereotypes."

3174:), a musician and activist in Ottawa, filed a human rights complaint against the team on behalf of his five-year-old daughter. Campeau said, "How are they going to differentiate the playing field from the school yard? What's going to stop them from calling my daughter a redskin in the school yard? That's as offensive as using the 2537:

contribute to the development of cultural biases and prejudices, (clearly a contradiction to the educational mission of the University.) In the same vein, we believe that continuation of the use of Indians as symbols and mascots is incongruous with the philosophy espoused by many Americans as promoting inclusivity and diversity.

3510:" in its official statement to the Committee on Diversity, Equity and Outreach. A task force of students, faculty, and alumni was appointed to study the issue and make a recommendation by April 2018. The recommendation was to keep the mascot but take steps to use only respectful references to Aztec culture. 4738:

With the going of Nap Lajoie to the Athletics, a new name had to be selected for the Cleveland American league club. President Somers invited the Cleveland baseball writers to make the selection. The title of Indians was their choice, it having been one of the names applied to the old National league

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To further complicate this controversy, many feel that there are varying levels of offensiveness with team names and mascots. The nature and degree of stereotyping varies depending on the name of the team, the logo, the mascot, and the behavior of fans. The greatest offense is taken when the logo and

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approved a formal statement condemning the name of the Washington football team, stating that "the NFL has violated its core principles for decades by allowing the team playing in Washington, D.C., to carry the name 'redskins,' a racist epithet that insults millions of Native Americans. Continued use

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Social science research has substantiated the objections by Native Americans to use of such elements. In particular, studies support the view that sports mascots and images are not trivial. Stereotyping directly affects academic performance and self-esteem of Native American students, contributing to

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The issue has been reported in terms of Native Americans being affected by the offensiveness of certain terms, images, and performances. A more comprehensive understanding of the history and context of using Native American names and images is a reason for sports teams to eliminate such usage. Social

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encouraging pressure on the Redskins to change their name. FedEx called on the team to change its name on July 2, 2020. The same day, Nike removed Redskins apparel from its website. On July 3, the league and the franchise announced that it was "undergoing a thorough review of the team name." On July

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logo did not appear on uniforms nor on stadium signs, although it was still licensed for team merchandise within the Cleveland area. However, merchandise with Chief Wahoo's image was removed from the team's website. Local groups said they would continue to advocate for a change of the team name, and

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of Chicago ended all ties to the Chicago Blackhawks Foundation, stating they will no longer affiliate "with organizations that perpetuate stereotypes through the use of 'Indian' mascots." The AIC said that they "previously held a relationship with the Chicago Blackhawks Foundation with the intention

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name unless UND received approval from both the Standing Rock and Spirit Lake Sioux tribes by the end of 2010. The Spirit Lake tribal members approved retaining the name, but the Standing Rock tribal council did not allow their members to vote on retaining the name. Therefore, UND selected "Fighting

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urged that it be changed. In March 2019 the local School Board voted to eliminate the mascot at Skowhegan Area High School. This was the last school in the state to retire this name. Similarly, at several other schools with sports teams named "Warriors", Native American imagery was removed. By early

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in both the United States and Canada have displayed a range of actions, with some voluntarily changing names or images, while others have kept current mascots. A 2013 analysis of a database indicated that more than 2,000 high schools have mascots that referred to Native American culture. Following a

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The New York State Education Department (NYSED) issued a memo in November 2022 requiring schools with a Native American mascot to find a replacement by the end of the 2022-23 school year. Those schools that fail to do so without current approval from a recognized tribe may be in willful violation of

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Many supporters of Native American mascots feel that the financial cost of changing mascots would outweigh the benefits. Sales of merchandise with team mascots and nicknames generate millions of dollars in sales each year, and teams contend that a change in team mascots would render this merchandise

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Mainstream opinion reflects the function of identification with a sports team in both individual and group psychology. There are many benefits associated with sports fandom, both private (increased self-esteem) and public (community solidarity). The activity of viewing sporting events provide shared

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Also taking place in 2022 was the New York State Education Department's decision to require every school district in the state with Native American-themed mascots – or Native American-themed team names (such as "Warriors") – to change them unless receiving approval for an exemption from a state- or

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in 2005. Neither of these documents refer to subjective perceptions of offensiveness, but to scientific evidence of harms and legal definitions of discrimination. However, the issue is often discussed in the media in terms of feelings and opinions, and prevents full understanding of the history and

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released an advisory opinion calling for an end to the use of Native American images and team names by non-Native schools. While recognizing the right to freedom of expression, the commission also recognizes those Native Americans and civil rights advocates that maintain these mascots, by promoting

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Stereotypical and historically inaccurate images of Indians, in general, interfere with learning about them by creating, supporting and maintaining oversimplified and inaccurate views of Indigenous peoples and their cultures. When stereotypical representations are taken as factual information, they

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Fox affiliate used the headline "Braves Scalped", drawing criticism as an example of why most Native Americans oppose the use of American Indian imagery and mascots in sports. The station soon apologized. The team front office said in 2019 that there would be talks with Native Americans during the

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Tribal Council objected to it, saying that no Native mascots were flattering to Native Americans. In October 2019, "Red Hawks" had been chosen as the new mascot, but after a contentious meeting in December, the School Board decided the school would have no mascot. Renewed discussion of whether the

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Laws, resolutions, or school board decisions regarding team names and mascots have been approved mostly in states with significant Native American populations. In 2022 Kansas approved a non-binding resolution encouraging the elimination of Native mascots within the next five years. Other states to

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Defenders of mascots often state their intention to honor Native Americans by referring to positive traits, such as fighting spirit and being strong, brave, stoic, dedicated, and proud; while opponents see these traits as being based upon stereotypes of Native Americans as savages. In general, the

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after being told they would not be allowed to wear their war bonnets. Disney released a statement condemning the performance and stating the Indianettes had not been in the school's audition tape. In the wake of the controversy, the Cherokee Nation renewed its demand that the high school drop the

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issued a position statement which said in part "As the sport's national governing body, US Lacrosse believes that the misuse of Native American nicknames, logos, and mascots reflect and promote misleading stereotypes that are degrading and harmful to Native Americans. We will make every effort to

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useless. The cost of removing images from uniforms and all other items, which must be paid out of local school funds, is a greater factor for secondary schools. Opponents feel that despite the cost of a change in team mascots, it should be done to prevent what they believe is racial stereotyping.

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offered a response, saying, "We respect those who disagree with our team's name, but we wish the United Church of Christ would listen to the voice of the overwhelming majority of Americans, including Native Americans, who support our name and understand it honors the heritage and tradition of the

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voted in 2012 to ban Oregon public schools from using Native Americans as mascots. An exception was made in 2014 to allow schools to keep their mascots if a local federally-recognized tribe agreed. Schools using a "Warriors" mascot were allowed to keep the name if any Native American imagery was

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eliminated Native American imagery as the team relocated. Originally the Philadelphia Warriors (1946–1962), their logo was a cartoon Native American dribbling a basketball. When they moved to San Francisco, the logo became a Native American headdress (1962–1968). The final elimination of Native

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people. The use is by agreement with the Florida Seminole Tribal Council and not the Seminole Nation. The majority of Seminoles live in Oklahoma. The Seminole Nation "condemns the use of all American Indian sports team mascots in the public school system, by college and university level and by

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and Native Americans. The effects of slavery continued after emancipation in the form of discrimination that insured a continued source of cheap labor. What European Americans wanted from Native Americans was not labor but land, and many were willing to have native people themselves assimilate.

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expert on Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples cited the continued use of Native American references by sports team as a part of the stereotyping that "obscures understanding of the reality of Native Americans today and instead help to keep alive racially discriminatory attitudes." Justice Murray

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Why do these people continue to make a mockery of our culture? In almost every game of hockey, basketball, baseball, and football— whether high school, college, or professional leagues— I see some form of degrading activity being conducted by non-Indians of Indian culture! We Indian

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In 2001, the commissioner of the New York State Education Department sent a letter to all New York school boards calling for the elimination of Native American mascots. The Seneca Nation Tribal Council responded with support for the Warrior imagery in the Salamanca school. Other members of the

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Due to media coverage of the controversy over the prominent Washington Redskins, high schools with the sports teams named Redskins have received particular attention across the country. Three have a majority of Native American students. Advocates for the name suggest that, because some Native

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Individual school districts have responded to complaints by local Native American individuals and tribes, or have made changes due to an increased awareness of the issue among educators and students. New Native mascots have not been proposed in recent decades, or are withdrawn before becoming

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article, a group of five social scientists experienced in researching the mascot issue published a journal article arguing against the validity of this survey and its conclusions. First they state that "The confidence with which the magazine asserts that a 'disconnect' between Native American

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are the closest living descendants of the Illiniwek Confederacy. In response to requests by those who had portrayed the mascot to bring back occasional performances, Peoria Chief John P. Froman reaffirmed the tribe's position that Chief (Illiniwek) "was not in any way representative of Peoria

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Some individuals who support the use of Native American mascots state that they are meant to be respectful, and to pay homage to Native American people. Many have made the argument that Native American mascots focus on bravery, courage and fighting skills rather than anything derogatory. Karl

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Individuals for whom being American as central to their sense of self, the reality of Native oppression (e.g., genocide, police brutality) threatens their positive national identity. Native mascots erase and dehumanize Natives, and protect that identity. The recent decisions by Washington and

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The NCAI and over 1,500 national Native organizations and advocates have called for a ban on all Native imagery, names, and other appropriation of Native culture in sports. The joint letter included over 100 Native-led organizations, as well as tribal leaders and members of over 150 federally

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is not only outdated, it is now largely considered a derogatory term" and is a "relic of colonial power". The editorial board of the Toronto Star in 2017 saw a name change as the inevitable result of social evolution, and reflecting respect for Indigenous peoples. After a year of considering

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I believe it is acceptable if used in a way that fosters understanding and increased positive awareness of the Native-American culture. And it must also be done with the support of the Native-American community. There is a way to achieve a partnership that works together to achieve mutually

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rights. This encompasses all instances when non-natives use indigenous music, art, costumes, etc. in entertainment and commerce. Scholars contend that harm to Native Americans occurs because the appropriation of Native culture by the majority society continues the systems of dominance and

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updated its 2019 rulebook to include a statement prohibiting "the use of team names, mascots, nicknames or logos that are racially insensitive, derogatory or discriminatory in nature." This decision has been applauded by the National Congress of American Indians. In February, 2019

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Cleveland has not altered the opinions of many who continue to argue that mascots are meant to be an honor to Native Americans, representing bravery, fighting spirit, or prowess. They dismiss efforts to cancel the names and images as political correctness masquerading as morality.

2332:, native peoples find their efforts to be treated with a measure of respect and integrity undermined by images that flatten complex tribal, historical and personal experience into one-dimensional representations that tells us more about the depicters than about the depicted. 2644:

While all advocates for elimination of Native mascots agree that the practice is morally wrong, many do not find a basis for legal remedy based upon violation of civil rights. Civil rights law in the United States reflect the difference between the experience of racism by

3506:(SDSU) was not cited by the NCAA in 2005 due to a decision that the Aztecs were not a Native American tribe with any living descendants. However, in February 2017 the SDSU Native American Student Alliance (NASA) supported removal of the mascot, calling its continued use " 2623:

In testimony at a session of the Nebraska Advisory Committee of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights in December 2020, local Tribal leaders said it's time for the 22 schools statewide to review their use of Native American names, symbols, and images for their mascots. The

3928:, and the name itself being defined in current dictionaries of American English as "usually offensive", "disparaging", "insulting", and "taboo". Native American opposition to the name began in the early 1970s with letters to the owner of the team and the editors of 2445:, cites Indigenous mascots as an example of dysconscious racism. By placing images of Native American or First Nations people into an invented media context, this continues to maintain the superiority of the dominant culture. Such practices can be seen as a form of 3130: 2672:

A legal claim of discrimination rests upon a group agreeing that a particular term or practice is offensive, thus opponents of mascot change often point to individuals claiming Native American heritage who say they are not offended. This raised the difficulty of

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legally restrict the use of Native mascots include California (2015), Colorado (2021), Michigan (2012), Nevada (2021), Oregon (2012), and Washington (2021). These laws allow for exemption for schools gaining approval agreements with local tribes. To date,

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and the Redskins perpetuate negative stereotypes of Native American people and demean their traditions and rituals. "Often citing a long-held myth by non-Native people that "Indian" mascots "honor Native people," American sports businesses such as the

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In the 1940s, the NCAI created a campaign to eliminate negative stereotyping of Native American people in the media. Over time, the campaign began to focus on Indian names and mascots in sports. The NCAI maintains that teams with mascots such as the

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March 2019, in independent actions through the state, Maine was the first state to eliminate Indigenous mascots in all secondary schools. In keeping with this movement, a bill to ban Native American mascots in all public schools passed the Maine

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While protests began in the 1970s, national attention to the issue did not occur until widespread television coverage of college and professional games brought the behavior of some fans to the attention of Native Americans. The appearance of the

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said he supported this suit because the word "Redskin" is "offensive and hurtful and completely inappropriate. The team changed its name to the "Nepean Eagles" for the 2014 season; it was chosen from 70 suggestions submitted. Niigaan Sinclair

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focused attention on the Chiefs in 2021 to follow the example set by Washington, Cleveland, and many high schools. A group of two dozen Native Americans from Florida, Kansas City and elsewhere protested in front of the stadium on game day.

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designed a T-shirt showing a Native American behind bars with the legend "Caught a Chippewa about a week ago". It was quickly condemned by both university presidents, who agreed that anyone wearing the shirt at a game would be ejected.

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in 2013. In November, 2015 President Obama, speaking at the White House Tribal Nations Conference, stated "Names and mascots of sports teams like the Washington Redskins perpetuate negative stereotypes of Native Americans" and praised

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announced it would no longer consider teams with racist mascots, such as the Kansas City and Washington football teams, for its annual RWJF Sports Award; this recognizes organizations that contribute to public health through sports.

3358:, among others. No residents of Port Neches or Groves identify as solely American Indian. The school administration has repeatedly stated they would not change their traditions or mascot, including turning down a general offer from 2516:, the Spokane language; this is also used for bilingual signs in the ballpark. The mascot is a person dressed as a trout, in reference to the tribe's tradition of fishing. Opponents of Native mascots are divided on this approach. 2285:

of the late 19th and early 20th centuries separated young Native Americans from their families in an effort to assimilate them to the mainstream and educate them as European Americans. As stated in an editorial by Carter Meland

2867:" are sometimes cited as counter-arguments to those that favor change. However, rather than referring to "others" these teams employ symbols that European American cultures have historically used to represent themselves. The 2748:

Native American community." At its annual meeting in June 2014, the membership of the UCC also passed a resolution supporting the boycott. The resolution and boycott was passed by the National Synod of the UCC in June, 2015.

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adopted the words and material culture of Native Americans in part to establish an aboriginal identity, while ignoring the dispossession and conquest of Indigenous peoples. This practice spread to youth groups, such as the

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recognized tribes, reflecting their consensus that Native mascots are harmful. Use of such imagery and terms has declined, but at all levels of American and Canadian sports it remains fairly common. Former Representative

4077:, stated: "We had no objection to their utilizing those pictures as long as my great-grandfather was represented with honor and dignity." However, not all Native Americans are happy with the presence of any such images. 2844:

Many argue there is a double standard in Native Americans being so frequently used as a sports team name or mascot when the same usage would be unthinkable for other racial or ethnic group. One current exception is the

2665:(OCR). MDCR's complaint asserted that new research clearly establishes that use of American Indian imagery negatively impacts student learning, creating an unequal learning environment in violation of Article VI of the 5479: 3158:

In addition to changing their sports mascots, school boards in Ontario in 2016 were considering a ban on students wearing any articles bearing offensive names or logos, whether related to professional or local teams.

2088:, and Native Americans and their supporters object to the use of images and names in a manner and context they consider derogatory. They have conducted numerous protests and tried to educate the public on this issue. 6616:' (Deloria 1998) at summer camp, learning so-called Indian dances as well as arts and crafts from Ralph Hubbard, a renowned enthusiast who traveled widely in the United States and Europe producing 'Indian pageants'. 4065:. Many Native American images have been removed, and the "Warriors" nickname is now claimed to be generic. The school now has a "circle of courage" logo with eagle feathers and has also "updated" the murals of Chief 2187:) and many summer camps. University students in the late 19th and early 20th centuries adopted Indian names and symbols for their sports teams, as traditional Native American life was imagined by European Americans. 4091:

Native American names and images are used by teams in other countries, generally those playing American-style sports and copying the imagery of American teams. Several are in countries that also have a tradition of

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honor camping society, in which he was "Chief" Lone Bear. In spite of attempts to downplay Native American associations, fan behavior such as the tomahawk chop and wearing face paint and headdresses drew criticism.

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Dai, Juntao Doris; Lopez, Julisa J.; Brady, Laura M.; Eason, Arianne E.; Fryberg, Stephanie A. (August 4, 2021). "Erasing and dehumanizing Natives to protect positive national identity: The Native mascot example".

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mascot is offensive had begun in June 2019, prompted by a student initiative. The name change was used as a wedge issue in the 2019 municipal elections; there was a record turnout and several Republican victories.

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that continues to impact Native Americans but no longer white minorities such as the Irish. Also ignored are the cumulative effects of hundreds of Native mascots compared to the rare use of a white ethnic mascot.

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In addition to the behavior displayed by some fans of the teams with Native American names or mascots, their rival fans often invoke racist stereotypes. In December 2013, when the Washington Redskins played the

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people never looked the way these caricatures portray us. Nor have we ever made a mockery of the white people. So then why do they do this to us? It is painful to see the mockery of our ways. It is a deep pain.

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The stereotyping of Native Americans must be understood in the context of history which includes conquest, forced relocation, and organized efforts to eradicate native cultures. The government-sponsored

6178: 2234:, the team name was changed to the Boston Redskins in 1933, using a "red" identifier while retaining the Braves "Indian Head" logo. While defenders of the Redskins sometimes say the name honored coach 6204: 3382:

federally-recognized tribe; any district which does not comply would risk having state funds withheld and administrators being removed. Many applauded the decision – including several members of the

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Kansas City Chiefs vs. Washington Football Team in 2021. Washington eliminated all Native American imagery from its temporary franchise name while Kansas City continues to use the "Chiefs" branding.

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subordination that have been used to colonize, assimilate, and oppress Indigenous groups. The use of caricatures of Native Americans as sports mascots has been characterized as contributing to the

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King, C. Richard, guest editor. "Re/claiming Indianness: Critical Perspectives on Native American Mascots." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 28, no. 1 (February 2004). www.sagepub.com/ejournals

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call for an end to the use of Native American mascots was only for non-native schools. In cases where universities were founded to educate Native Americans, such mascots may not be examples of

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printed a program for the 2016 game commemorating its 100th game against Dartmouth showing historical program covers featuring depictions of Native Americans that are now viewed as racist.

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activists and Native Americans exists on this issue belies the serious errors in logic and accuracy made in the simplistic labeling of Native Americans who oppose mascots as 'activists.'"

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General public opinion is shifting towards approval of eliminating mascots, with a majority of fans and younger people supporting recent changes by professional teams, as indicated by an

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said in 2015 "sports teams with offensive names, such as Redskins and cartoonish aboriginal-looking mascots have no place in a country trying to come to grips with racism in its past".

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Issues related to misunderstanding of Native American legal status have also arisen in cases of foster care or adoption of Native American children. Among these is what is known as the

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The topic became an issue on a national level in the twenty-first century, with a hearing before the US Senate Committee on Indian Affairs in 2011, and a symposium at the Smithsonian

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In response since the 1970s, an increasing number of secondary schools have retired such Native American names and mascots. Changes accelerated in 2020, following public awareness of

9217:"Protests rare over Blackhawks' name, logo: While critics say use of Indian mascots perpetuates outdated image, hockey club says it has mutually beneficial ties with local community" 5677: 2732:

of the term encourages and perpetuates persecution, disrespect, and bigotry against Native men, women, and children". The Torch Committee, the student government organization of the

2512:. It has abandoned Native American imagery that it had used when the team was founded in 1903. The logo is an "S" and includes a feather; "Spokane" is written on the team jerseys in 11112: 10430: 5014: 2724:

stating their moral obligation to join the "Change the Mascot" movement due to the offensive and inappropriate nature of the name which causes pain whether or not that is intended.

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Ireland has an ethnic fractionalization score of 0.171, meaning that there is only a 17.1% chance that two randomly selected people in Ireland will be from different ethnic groups.

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Since the first Europeans made landfall in North America, native peoples have suffered under a weltering array of stereotypes, misconceptions and caricatures. Whether portrayed as

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also passed a resolution condemning the use of Native American team names and sports mascots, which was highlighted in a meeting of the Black caucus of that organization in 2007.

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indicates that the growing unpopularity of Native American mascots is a financial drain for professional teams, losing money compared to more popular animal mascots. Writing for

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with a tomahawk in one hand and a beer in the other; all of these have significant meaning for us. And the psychological impact it has, especially on our youth, is devastating."

7882: 8338: 13133: 7362: 5486: 5413: 2636:, in addition to advocating legislation, sees the need to revise the history curriculum to include accurate information regarding Native Americans which is currently lacking. 8028: 6350: 3242:'s "Raiders" name and arrowhead logo. "Ravens" was selected at the new mascot in 2021. In January 2022 the board voted 6-5 to reinstate the Raiders name after a long debate. 8489: 7811: 7061: 9295: 10750: 9087: 6837: 3816:

in Cooperstown, New York, enacted a ban on Chief Wahoo being featured on future Hall of Fame plaques. This ban immediately went into effect with new Hall of Fame inductee

2484:. Federal legislation has been passed to strengthen the priority of tribes in determining the care of their children, as often extended family take over care when needed. 2115:

in 2021. Each such change at the professional level has been followed by changes of school teams; for instance, 29 changed their names between August and December 2020. A

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on Long Island – while many others questioned the purpose and constitutionality of the ban. A controversy regarding the ban arose in 2023, when New York state denied the

2824:, and the first three men to portray Illiniwek were not performing authentic Native American dances, but routines they had learned from other non-Native hobbyists in the 13153: 7573: 5996: 2469:

of the people in the larger culture. While consultation with other minorities on major projects has improved, decisions affecting Native Americans, such as building the

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called for the school to discontinue its use of the mascot. In March 2022, the school's "Indianettes" drill team chanted the phrase "Scalp 'Em" during a performance at

2597: 5911: 8070: 6332: 5810: 9902: 3302:, said that use of the word outside American Indian communities should be avoided because it could perpetuate "the legacy of negativity that the term has created." 12558: 11072: 10221: 4008:

to disparage the "Redskins". It was quickly removed with the owner's apologies. A rubber severed "Indian" head impaled on a knife has been used by a sports fan in

1508: 7084: 7952: 6087: 5787: 4958: 2797:, director emeritus of Northeastern University's Center for the Study of Sport in Society, in an article: "Could you imagine people mocking African Americans in 10524: 9264: 4012:

to taunt rival teams with Native American mascots. There have been a number of incidents of rival high school teams displaying banners or signs referencing the

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in the Maryland suburbs of Washington, voted to ban any apparel on the campus which includes the Redskins name, although the logo would continue to be allowed.

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was supported by the Shinnecock Nation. The nearby Massapequa Union Free School District sued around the same time, arguing that the ban is unconstitutional.

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Conservative columnists have asserted that outrage over mascots is manufactured by white liberals, rather than being the authentic voice of Native Americans.

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issued a resolution calling for the end of sports teams names that promote racism, in particular the Atlanta Braves and the Washington Redskins. In 2001, the

2669:. In June 2013, the OCR dismissed the case on the basis that the legal standard required not only harm, but the intent to do harm, which was not established. 2628:

which oversees interscholastic sports indicated support for ongoing discussion, but that they had no authority to issue statewide mandates regarding mascots.

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adopted their name when the Dallas Texans (AFL) relocated. "Chiefs" was not a direct reference to Native Americans, but to the nickname of Kansas City mayor

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period of extended population growth in both countries over 50 years, this compares to around 3,000 schools with such names at the beginning of that period.

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The NCAI has recognized the right of individual tribes to establish relationships with teams that allow the latter to retain tribal names. For instance, the

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survey on the use of Indian nicknames, mascots, etc. Document produced by The Peter Harris Research Group and shared with Ellen Staurowsky in January 2003.

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passed a resolution to establish relationships with groups working to end the use of Indian images and symbols for sports and media mascots. In 2004, the

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may have been another reason for adopting an Indian mascot. The version that the team is named to honor Sockalexis, as the first Native American to play

750: 6763: 6405: 5829: 7690: 6534: 4058: 4054:, or the behavior of the mascot or fans is based upon popular images of Indians which trivialize authentic native cultures, such as the tomahawk chop. 8684: 7300: 12953: 12336: 10854: 10839: 10778: 10122: 5971: 5414:"Statement by the Council of the American Sociological Association on Discontinuing the Use of Native American Nicknames, Logos and Mascots in Sport" 3563: 1919: 1280: 5185: 5163: 3950:. Those officially censuring or demanding the name be changed include more than 80 organizations that represent various groups of Native Americans. 2790:

that his team's name "symbolizes courage, dignity, and leadership", and that the "Redskins symbolize the greatness and strength of a grand people".

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The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) states that as of 2020 there were 1,916 schools in 1,025 school districts that use such mascots.

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The continued performance of the tomahawk chop and war chant by Braves fans was made highly visible nationally by the team's appearance in the

3199:, owner of the professional Washington Redskins team in the US, in keeping that name. (Note: The Washington team did change its name in 2020.) 614: 10195: 6629: 5547:

Fryberg, Stephanie A. (September 2008). "Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses: The Psychological Consequences of American Indian Mascots".

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Kim-Prieto, Chu (March 2010). "Effect of Exposure to an American Indian Mascot on the Tendency to Stereotype a Different Minority Group".

5022: 12311: 11905: 11437: 11092: 10885: 10736: 10374: 5610:"Do American Indian Mascots = American Indian People? Examining Implicit Bias towards American Indian People and American Indian Mascots" 5100:

Longwell-Grice, Robert; Longwell-Grice, Hope (2003). "Chiefs, Braves, and Tomahawks: The Use of American Indians as University Mascots".

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professional teams." The NCAA allows the use even though the NCAA "continues to believe the stereotyping of Native Americans is wrong."

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A flaw unique to polls of Native Americans is they rely upon self-identification to select the target population. In an editorial in the

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in response to the statewide mascot ban passed by Maine in 2019, marketing analyst Henry DeVries compares Native mascots to the retired "

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Staurowsky, Ellen (December 1998). "An Act of Honor or Exploitation? The Cleveland Indians' Use of the Louis Francis Sockalexis Story".

11589: 10304:"Sonic Drive-In Apologizes for Incredibly Racist "Redskins" Sign: A roadside sign even more awful than the team's on-field performance" 9980: 7736: 7128:

C. Richard King; Ellen J. Staurowsky; Lawrence Baca; Laurel R. Davis; Cornel Pewewardy (November 2002). "Of Polls and Race Predudice".

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for a new initiative to help schools change names and mascots by designing new logos and paying for part of the cost of new uniforms.

2495:, has said that there are acceptable ways to use Native American mascots if it is done in a respectful and tasteful manner. He says: 9426: 8659: 7407: 6338:

Even as professional teams shed 'Indian' themed mascots or names, more than 1,000 K-12 schools continue to use Native 'themed' logos.

3346:"Indian" mascot has garnered controversy for being racist and culturally insensitive. These depictions include the use of the chant " 8465:"A Texas High School Drill Team Is Being Criticized For Doing A Racist Chant Against Native Americans During A Disney World Routine" 7665: 4621: 13103: 11519: 11407: 11150: 7610: 6677: 4138: 3771: 3493: 3077: 3064: 2916: 2900: 2604: 441: 329: 8764: 8545: 8127: 7819: 7213:

Charles Springwood (February 2004). "'I'm Indian Too!': Claiming Native American Identity, Crafting Authority in Mascot Debates".

3080:(NCPHL) was announced as the Lake Erie Warriors with a caricature Mohawk logo it was immediately changed to the Lake Erie Eagles. 2532:

A consensus on the damage caused by the use of Native American mascots was stated by the Society of Indian Psychologists in 1999:

13138: 10949: 10329: 8435:"'Indianettes' Drill Team Not Allowed to Wear War Bonnets, But Are Allowed to Chant 'Scalp 'Em' During Magic Kingdom Performance" 4911:"Before the Redskins Were the Redskins: The Use of Native American Team Names in the Formative Era of American Sports, 1857–1933" 3497: 2908: 2152: 9730: 9095: 5766:"Statement of the United States Commission on Civil Rights on the use of Native American images and nicknames as sports symbols" 5583: 5362: 13054: 11768: 11529: 11357: 11342: 11337: 11183: 10849: 10143: 6907: 6383: 3653: 3090:

assure that offensive or stereotypical mascots and logos will not be visible or promoted at events that US Lacrosse controls."

2993: 2768: 2625: 2433:. Vernon Bellecourt also founded the National Coalition Against Racism in Sports and Media (NCARSM) in 1989. Cornel Pewewardy ( 2020: 706: 451: 279: 264: 259: 89: 8998: 6717: 6197:"UCC Central Atlantic Conference Passes Resolution Calling for Washington NFL Team Name Change & Calls for Member Boycott" 6004: 4549: 13082: 11663: 11594: 11322: 10844: 10024: 9511: 7534: 7319: 7171: 4507: 4265: 3899: 2686: 2658: 2167: 2116: 2065: 593: 524: 244: 9016: 8790: 8629: 7381: 5730: 4368:"Legislative efforts to eliminate native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos: Slow but steady progress post-APA resolution" 2849:"Arabs" which has also been the subject of controversy, resulting in the retirement of its more cartoonish representations. 12117: 11412: 11234: 10922: 10834: 5919: 4794: 3893: 3487: 3387: 3228: 2860: 2564: 2044: 1063: 334: 148: 10954: 8464: 6057: 3390:

proposal to retain their "Warriors" nickname while removing the associated images – despite the fact that the proposal in

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responds that even if the team's use of the name may be respectful, opposing fans may use racist gestures and references.

12763: 12433: 12346: 12237: 11895: 11715: 11347: 11332: 10807: 10505: 10168: 9575: 8905: 8089: 7792: 5848: 5211: 4093: 3705: 2654: 2617: 1721: 1377: 1290: 1183: 833: 651: 269: 254: 10412: 10239: 9744: 9546:"As the All-Star Game Goes on Without Chief Wahoo, Local Groups Say They'll Continue Pushing for Indians to Change Name" 6814: 3420:

had "The Stanford Indian" as its mascot from 1930 to 1972. Today Stanford's athletic team identity is built around the "

11795: 10644: 9602: 4221: 3343: 3224: 3068: 2984:" mascot, and argues that "offensive marketing mascots" are a bad idea financially and "on the wrong side of history". 2549: 733: 10277: 8957: 6095: 5795: 13168: 13118: 11969: 11800: 11286: 11264: 10626: 9272: 9216: 9156: 7440: 6967: 5325: 5260: 4691: 4367: 3162:

Since the early 21st century, the Nepean Redskins Football Club, a minor league youth team operating for 35 years in

2912: 2556: 907: 738: 200: 178: 8209: 7777: 7487: 6882: 13158: 12716: 12553: 12453: 11900: 11790: 11082: 10607:

Remillard, Arthur. "Holy War on the Football Field: Religion and the Florida State University Mascot Controversy."

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began discussion regarding the propriety of the Redskins name and images in 1972, and changed its team nickname to

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This issue was dealt with differently in Maine, where there was also support for changing such offensive names. In

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included the elimination of Indian mascots and sports team names as a recommendation for improvement. In 2018, the

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also state that the issue is not important, being only about sports, and that the opposition is nothing more than "

2099:. National attention was focused on the prominent use of names and images by professional franchises including the 1674: 1503: 1397: 838: 728: 10077: 9234: 6937: 5234: 3734:

On August 20, 2020, the Chiefs announced that headdresses and Native American–style face paint would be banned at

3645:. The National Congress of American Indians opposes the Blackhawks' logo, as it does all Native American mascots. 2600:(NAACP) passed a resolution calling for the end of the use of Native American names, images, and mascots in 1999. 13113: 12306: 11807: 11559: 11362: 9408: 8975: 8864: 8516: 3215: 2808:

Others claim Native American mascots help promote the culture to those who might be unaware of its significance.

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Swanson, vice-president of the Washington Redskins professional football team in 2003, declared in the magazine

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off-season regarding the tomahawk chop tradition, while leaders of two tribes that once inhabited Georgia, the

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context of the use of Native American names and images and why their use by sports teams should be eliminated.

2999: 2572: 2568: 2545:, the everyday insults that members of marginalized minority groups are subject to by other groups in society. 344: 11569: 9759: 9464: 7475:

SB21-116 is headed to the governor's desk and would make Colorado fifth state to get rid of derogatory mascots

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The practices of individual schools and teams have changed in response to the controversy. A local example is

3117:. The penalties for such a violation include the removal of school officers and the withholding of State Aid. 2480:, in which a child was adopted by a white family without the consent of her father, an enrolled member of the 499: 13208: 12985: 12701: 11402: 8830: 7991:"Getting rid of 'Redmen' sparked an uproar. So school officials voted to reinstate the 'demeaning' team name" 6549: 2492: 2253:

to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace the "Naps", following the departure of their star player

1951: 1659: 324: 7990: 7189:"Some collected materials about the NCAA's decision to ban Indian sports mascots from the Indianapolis area" 4328:"The Psychosocial Effects of Native American Mascots: A Comprehensive Review of Empirical Research Findings" 3063:

The documents most often cited to justify the elimination of Native mascots are the advisory opinion by the

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in the gym. Duane Hollow Horn Bear, the chief's great-grandson, who teaches Lakota language and history at

3114: 2846: 2629: 2477: 2195: 2143:", which change advocates argue ignores the extensive evidence of harmful effects of stereotypes and bias. 2131:; it promotes misunderstanding and prejudice that contributes to other problems faced by Native Americans. 2085: 1210: 1158: 79: 13173: 13123: 12896: 12748: 12167: 11758: 11704: 10975: 7908: 5881:"Michigan Department of Civil Rights: Continued Use of American Indian Mascots Hurts Student Achievement" 5189: 5135:

Riley, Angela (2005). "Straight Stealing: Towards an Indigenous System of Cultural Property Protection".

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Pewewardy, Cornel (1999). "From enemy to mascot: The deculturation of Indian mascots in sports culture".

4029: 3673: 3126: 3081: 2733: 1862: 1706: 1113: 696: 634: 8714:"Shinnecock Nation open to Wyandanch keeping Warriors name, but state says it's too late for exemptions" 8051: 7933: 7363:"NCAI Applauds Decision by Little League International to Ban Racially Offensive Team Names and Mascots" 6452:"The Social Psychology of the Creation of a Sports Fan Identity: A Theoretical Review of the Literature" 5972:"Resolution to Establish Formal Relationships with the National Coalition on Racism in Sports and Media" 3428:

that has been used from the earliest days, while the unofficial mascot shown on its primary logo is the

13183: 13005: 11780: 11457: 11188: 6566: 5788:"USA: 'Redskins' Team mascot hurtful reminder of past suffering of Native Americans – UN rights expert" 4017: 3514: 3503: 3148: 2864: 1971: 718: 379: 94: 6035: 5289: 2257:

after the 1914 season. The name "Indians" was chosen. It was a nickname previously applied to the old

12358: 12172: 12069: 11949: 11611: 11579: 11244: 11178: 10448: 6592: 6406:"Native American Mascot Controversy Takes Center Stage at the National Museum of the American Indian" 4925: 4062: 3179: 2856: 2442: 2175: 1302: 1118: 1007: 887: 541: 509: 158: 84: 8164: 4286:"Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses: The Psychological Consequences of American Indian Mascots" 3782:

as the sport's governing body in the U.S. and chose the simpler Hawks as the new name for the team.

2931:. Pembroke Middle School, which also has close ties to the Lumbee tribe, is nicknamed the Warriors. 2555:

Similar resolutions have been adopted by the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport, the

13203: 12618: 12506: 12353: 12122: 12054: 11877: 11832: 11694: 11574: 11551: 11487: 11417: 11301: 3661: 3530: 3383: 3151:

passed a resolution in 2013 calling for the retirement of all school mascots and logos that depict

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In 2013 group of sixty-one religious leaders in Washington, D.C. sent a letter to NFL Commissioner

2666: 2410: 2375: 2239: 1568: 1456: 1297: 1068: 992: 815: 770: 624: 504: 479: 409: 339: 215: 8630:"Massapequa school district files lawsuit claiming Native American mascot ban is unconstitutional" 7566:"Native-themed school mascots on borrowed time in Washington state — unless nearby tribe approves" 4496:"2. Teaching Them Respect Not Racism: Common Themes and Questions About the Use of "Indian" Logos" 2702:

A child once asked me why Indians were "mean." Where did he get that idea? By schools such as the

2402:, continue to profit from harmful stereotypes originated during a time when white superiority and 13108: 13072: 12901: 12881: 12743: 12733: 12691: 12321: 12162: 12019: 12014: 11984: 11979: 11922: 11857: 11842: 11775: 11748: 11733: 11136: 11041: 10932: 10659: 6678:"Liberals Fabricate Outrage Over 'Redskins': The team name is an anachronism, but a harmless one" 5387: 4846: 4812: 4070: 3863: 3590: 3526: 3235: 3152: 2801:

at a game? Yet go to a game where there is a team with an Indian name and you will see fans with

2740: 2694: 2662: 2303: 2299: 2069: 1867: 1847: 1701: 1691: 1649: 1267: 1108: 957: 952: 922: 917: 860: 795: 780: 713: 686: 671: 45: 11959: 8546:"Port Neches-Groves High School faces backlash following controversial Disney World performance" 8029:"Native American tribe reiterates opposition to Killingly Redmen symbol; mascot will be changed" 5949: 897: 13000: 12973: 12963: 12443: 12423: 12286: 12157: 12049: 11994: 11964: 11944: 11872: 11852: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11728: 11699: 11672: 11643: 11638: 11564: 11229: 11219: 11077: 10259:"NFL franchise to go by 'Washington Football Team' this season, delaying permanent name change" 9924: 8265:

Taylor, Michael (2011). "THE SALAMANCA WARRIORS: A Case Study of an 'Exception to the Rule.'".

7337: 6789: 6376:"OVERSIGHT HEARING on Stolen Identities: The Impact of Racist Stereotypes on Indigenous People" 5186:"The Washington Redhawks Culture Jam: Jacqueline Keeler joins the show to talk native mascotry" 4285: 3684: 3581: 3250: 3220: 3192: 3057: 2919:(UNCP), which continues to have a substantial number of native students, and close ties to the 2904: 2817: 2813: 2690: 2542: 2470: 2457: 2395: 2324: 2190:

Professional team names had similar origins. In professional baseball the team that is now the

1966: 1939: 1929: 1387: 1367: 1232: 1103: 987: 932: 902: 882: 810: 790: 765: 760: 755: 666: 629: 602: 573: 568: 494: 143: 133: 10616: 7752:"Nepean Redskins Human Rights Complaint: A Tribe Called Red Member Takes Football To Tribunal" 7127: 5888: 5315: 4981: 4195:"To Native American Groups, Redskins Name Is 'Worst Offender.' Now They Hope for More Changes" 3820:, who was inducted as an Indian without Chief Wahoo's image. Starting in the 2019 season, the 3751:

Several teams changed when they moved to other cities, while others went out of business. The

3696: 12968: 12928: 12861: 12758: 12706: 12633: 12388: 12152: 12059: 12034: 12029: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11939: 11887: 11847: 11753: 11723: 11621: 11239: 10826: 10691: 7250:"Maine remains only state to fully ban Native American mascots. Why haven't others followed?" 6451: 5148: 5082: 4148: 4074: 3958: 3921: 3909: 3880: 3813: 3727: 3719: 3299: 3246: 3203: 2872: 2825: 2739:

In a meeting March 1, 2014, the Board of Directors of the Central Atlantic Conference of the

2429:, were among the first to protest team names and mascots such as the Washington Redskins and 2383: 2274: 2238:, who claimed Native American heritage, the use of Native American names and imagery by this 2215: 2180: 2140: 2100: 1934: 1894: 1827: 1716: 1664: 1583: 1332: 1098: 997: 972: 967: 947: 942: 937: 877: 825: 785: 691: 661: 551: 153: 9119:"News station apologizes for 'racially insensitive' Braves headline after loss to Cardinals" 6700:"The Left vs. the Redskins: Teaching people to take offense is one of the Left's black arts" 4707: 12839: 12373: 12247: 12074: 11954: 11912: 11862: 11837: 11653: 11616: 11352: 11214: 10937: 5344: 4016:, which have been criticized for both insensitivity and ignorance of history. Although the 3837: 3760: 3507: 3408: 3295: 2446: 2092: 1805: 1317: 1193: 1012: 892: 850: 800: 775: 583: 546: 274: 128: 10597:. SUNY Series on Sport, Culture, and Social Relations. State University of New York Press. 10413:"Cheerleaders Display "Trail Of Tears" Banner Before Game Against Team With Indian Mascot" 10222:"As Redskins conduct name review, Native American groups say they haven't heard from team" 9621: 9434: 6351:"More than Mascots: It's Time to End Cultural Appropriation of Native Americans in Sports" 5523:"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation: We honored sports teams with racist mascots. Not anymore" 3924:

received the most public attention due to the prominence of the team being located in the

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Americans use the name to refer to themselves, it is not insulting. But, the principal of

8: 13015: 12876: 12511: 12413: 12393: 12182: 12090: 12044: 12024: 11989: 11882: 11677: 11482: 11046: 10880: 10864: 9242: 8068: 5444:"Opposition to Use of Stereotypical Native American Images as Sports Symbols and Mascots" 4627: 4199: 3930: 3829: 3669: 3573: 3437: 3417: 3391: 3239: 2924: 2246: 2235: 2128: 2108: 1981: 1842: 1461: 1357: 1337: 1128: 1036: 982: 962: 927: 820: 607: 404: 9390:"The NFL's pledge to fight racism has a blind spot, Native groups say: the Chiefs' name" 5765: 3825:

objected to the continued sale outside the stadium of merchandise with the Wahoo image.

3433: 12788: 12783: 12773: 12721: 12711: 12686: 12628: 12586: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12398: 11689: 11036: 10802: 10790: 9998: 9778: 8290: 8282: 7230: 7145: 6860: 6609: 6304: 5564: 4891: 4476: 4308: 4001: 3989: 3723: 3711: 3649: 3634: 3471: 3351: 3167: 3029: 3004: 2786: 2403: 2399: 2379: 2184: 1746: 1741: 1731: 1679: 1669: 1644: 1578: 1536: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1342: 619: 8191:"Mills signs bill to make Maine the first state to ban Native American school mascots" 7597:"Mills signs bill to make Maine the first state to ban Native American school mascots" 5830:"U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Holds Hearings On Native Mascots In Nebraska Schools" 4951:"Ending the Legacy of Racism in Sports & the Era of Harmful Indian Sports Mascots" 3440:

from 1931 until 1978. After a brief attempt to use a Roman warrior, the mascot became

3336:

Port Neches–Groves High School students during a halftime performance in December 2020

13047: 12958: 12886: 12871: 12670: 12613: 12418: 12326: 12217: 12137: 11974: 11269: 11031: 11021: 11011: 10996: 10728: 10622: 10609:

Horsehide, Pigskin, Oval Tracks, and Apple Pie: Essays on Sports and American Culture

9831: 9519: 9352:"Kansas City Chiefs nix headdresses, face paint as team prepares to start NFL season" 9164: 8809:"Memorandum of Understanding between the Ute Indian Tribe and the University of Utah" 8294: 8069:

Shawnte Passmore; Courtney Zieller; Caitlin Nuclo; Rob Polansky (December 10, 2019).

7415: 7234: 7167: 7149: 6864: 6308: 5662: 5631: 5518: 5480:"AAA Calls on Sports Organizations to Denounce Inappropriate American Indian Mascots" 5321: 5144: 5117: 5074: 4989: 4895: 4687: 4524:"Native Leaders and Investors Respond to Washington D.C. Football Team Name 'Review'" 4503: 4480: 4431: 4349: 4326:

Davis-Delano, Laurel R.; Gone, Joseph P.; Fryberg, Stephanie A. (September 2, 2020).

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use the Ute name in its athletic organizations with the explicit permission from the

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official due to public opposition. For example, in 2016 when one of the teams in the

3049: 2948:

stated: "It's the behavior that accompanies all of this that's offensive. The rubber

2521: 2517: 2418: 2387: 2270: 2258: 2219: 2163: 2096: 2013: 1924: 1852: 1837: 1620: 1563: 1362: 1272: 1163: 1083: 912: 183: 10123:"Nike pulls Washington Redskins apparel from its website amid team name controversy" 9803: 9191:"Rome Braves, High-A affiliate of the Braves, announce new identity as the Emperors" 7188: 6915: 6324:"Will U.S. schools follow the big leagues and leave behind Native American mascots?" 5709:"KKK flyers in Skowhegan prompt school letters, renewed angst over 'Indians' mascot" 5568: 4312: 4101: 3621: 3175: 13010: 12995: 12923: 12844: 12814: 12645: 12481: 12187: 11743: 11738: 11584: 11477: 10783: 10052:"First Peoples Worldwide Leads Investors' Call for NFL Washington Team Name Change" 9043:"Cardinals pitcher calls Braves' tomahawk chop 'disappointing' and 'disrespectful'" 8597:"NYS tells schools to ditch 'racist' Native American mascots or risk state funding" 8274: 8109:"In Killingly, a debate over the high school mascot leads to a political reckoning" 7222: 7137: 6852: 6294: 6286: 5658: 5621: 5556: 5109: 4883: 4842: 4775: 4468: 4339: 4300: 4066: 3925: 3775: 3475: 3445: 3262: 3195:, applauded the team's action. He contrasted it with the insistence at the time of 3021: 2968: 2941: 2884: 2880: 2794: 2646: 2581: 2466: 2414: 2291: 2262: 2199: 1976: 1961: 1889: 1810: 1780: 1595: 1431: 1133: 681: 676: 514: 399: 21: 7542: 4732:"Baseball writers select "Indians" as the best name to apply to the former Naps". 4344: 4327: 13025: 12933: 12829: 12778: 12638: 12623: 12603: 12568: 12281: 12192: 12127: 11917: 11867: 11648: 11502: 11051: 10927: 10105:"FedEx calls on Redskins to change name following investors' demands on sponsors" 9862: 8410:"Port Neches-Groves High's Cheerleaders Yell "Scalp 'em!" While Others Call Foul" 8278: 5811:"Stop using offensive Indigenous mascots in sports, Justice Murray Sinclair says" 5738: 5502: 4681: 4495: 4472: 4253: 4122: 3939: 3935: 3460: 3441: 3366: 3362:

to provide free design resources and financial assistance to change the imagery.

3053: 2928: 2892: 2809: 2703: 2505: 2481: 1991: 1899: 1795: 1736: 1588: 1573: 1553: 1518: 1227: 1138: 1073: 855: 805: 578: 424: 9296:"How the Kansas City Chiefs got their name and the Boy Scout Tribe of Mic-O-Say" 9157:"The 'tomahawk chop' lives on in Atlanta. Now it has the World Series spotlight" 7691:"Staff at Saskatchewan university calls for end of First Nations logos, mascots" 5086: 13020: 12978: 12948: 12938: 12856: 12849: 12834: 12824: 12660: 12596: 12538: 12533: 12518: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12177: 12112: 11626: 11599: 11447: 11159: 11026: 10942: 10773: 8857:"NCAA puts limited ban on Indian mascots: Postseason policy doesn't hit Aztecs" 6613: 6504:"The psychology of why sports fans see their teams as extensions of themselves" 6065: 4887: 4605: 4050:; the name of the team is often regarded as a racial slur, such as Redskins or 4013: 3993: 3832:

at the end of the 2021 season. The new name was selected with reference to the

3764: 3665: 3518: 3449: 3045: 2949: 2727:

Members of the Indian Affairs Committee of the Baltimore Yearly Meeting of the

2612: 2450: 2391: 2250: 2231: 2191: 1986: 1944: 1914: 1904: 1822: 1815: 1800: 1790: 1610: 1546: 1488: 1483: 1468: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1123: 1058: 556: 529: 369: 53: 26: 9409:"'We're not mascots': Indigenous-led Super Bowl protest decries Chiefs mascot" 7770:"Nepean Redskins says changing its 'controversial' name to cost about $ 100Gs" 6856: 5863: 5626: 5609: 5560: 5345:"Summary of the Resolution Recommending Retirement of American Indian Mascots" 5102:

NASPA Journal (National Association of Student Personnel Administrators, Inc.)

5047: 4304: 2269:

tribe of Maine, played for Cleveland. The success of the Boston Braves in the

13097: 13032: 12655: 12591: 12576: 12438: 12403: 12383: 12254: 12197: 12132: 11524: 11427: 11117: 11001: 10897: 10703: 10394:"OSU football: 'Trail of Tears' College GameDay sign condemned by university" 10196:"Washington Redskins, under pressure from corporate sponsors, reviewing name" 9523: 9168: 8601: 7419: 7226: 7141: 6822: 6764:"Should the Notre Dame Fighting Irish Leprechaun Logo Be Banned by the NCAA?" 6695: 5172:

The U.S. has gained far too much from the marginalization of Native Americans

5121: 5078: 4993: 4435: 4353: 4096:

often associated with the popularity of the stories written by German author

3943: 3855: 3752: 3739: 3604: 3569: 3429: 3425: 3374: 3307: 3196: 2981: 2957: 2888: 2829: 2821: 2802: 2721: 2717: 2509: 2426: 2112: 2077: 1998: 1605: 1541: 1526: 1382: 1347: 1327: 1200: 1143: 1078: 446: 349: 30: 8976:"Fighting Hawks selected as new nickname for the University of North Dakota" 6119:"Faith leaders urge Redskins owner Dan Snyder and NFL to change team's name" 4683:

Dancing at Halftime: Sports and the Controversy Over American Indian Mascots

3637:

have escaped the scrutiny given to other teams using Native imagery because

16:

Controversy regarding the use of Indigenous names and images by sports teams

12866: 12753: 12581: 12548: 12528: 12458: 12448: 12428: 12408: 12039: 11932: 11927: 11658: 11633: 11492: 11432: 11397: 11367: 11056: 8808: 8571:"NYS education department requiring schools change Native American mascots" 6160:"Md. private school bans use of the 'R-word' on campus to promote equality" 5635: 5113: 4009: 3961:, a group of investors worth $ 620 billion wrote letters to major sponsors 3801: 3626: 3577: 3283: 2876: 2761: 2633: 2422: 2360: 2312: 2223: 2203: 1832: 1711: 1531: 1498: 1478: 1402: 1392: 1372: 1352: 977: 870: 865: 588: 563: 414: 354: 319: 289: 8739: 7467:"Colorado lawmakers vote to ban American Indian mascots in public schools" 6975: 6299: 5505:

A Report on the Status of American Indians and Alaska Natives in Education

2111:(Indians until November 2021). In Canada, the Edmonton Eskimos became the 12768: 12728: 12696: 12563: 12523: 12363: 12276: 12227: 12202: 12102: 11785: 11514: 11497: 11452: 11372: 11016: 10890: 10544:"Tomahawk Chops and Indian Mascots: In Europe, Teams Don't See a Problem" 10375:"Here's Another High School Football Team Promoting the "Trail of Tears"" 6179:"Churches propose a boycott of Redskins unless the team changes its name" 4779: 4393: 4047: 3913: 3821: 3805: 3756: 3677: 3657: 3355: 3287: 3202:

In 2017, the Swift Current Indians baseball club changed its name to the

3188: 3183: 3086: 2793:

However, many note that the behavior of fans at games is not respectful.

2744: 2430: 2287: 2227: 2148: 1726: 1686: 1654: 1513: 1473: 1307: 1222: 1173: 1148: 1048: 723: 436: 419: 374: 294: 9833:

The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition

8286: 4982:"Vernon Bellecourt, Who Protested the Use of Indian Mascots, Dies at 75" 2508:, a minor league baseball team, has established a relationship with the 13042: 13037: 12918: 12913: 12809: 12793: 12650: 12543: 12501: 12463: 12271: 12259: 12232: 12222: 12142: 11541: 11536: 11507: 11442: 11291: 11097: 11006: 7639: 6945: 6673: 6290: 3962: 3859: 3828:

On July 23, 2021, the ball club announced the name would change to the

3638: 2961: 2953: 2254: 2136: 2008: 2003: 1884: 1879: 1775: 1751: 1600: 1493: 1451: 1407: 1217: 1205: 1178: 1168: 1088: 463: 458: 429: 364: 205: 10711: 10431:"WMU, CMU presidents offer swift action following t-shirt controversy" 8932:"SDSU president assembling task force to review Aztec mascot, moniker" 8241:"In debate over Redskins name, is the 'R-word' for racism or respect?" 4579:"Haaland: We Won't Stop Until the Racist Name and Mascot Have Changed" 4104:. In Brazil, these teams may be referred to using the derogatory term 3265:, where the area high school sports team was named the "Indians", the 12943: 12891: 12608: 12207: 11317: 10859: 10604:. Foreword by Vine Deloria Jr. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 10563:"Global sport's problem with the appropriation of Indigenous culture" 10356:"McAdory High School in Alabama apologizes for 'Trail of Tears' sign" 10127: 10025:"Washington Redskins Urged to Lose Name, or Millions in Sponsorships" 9062:"Braves shelve foam tomahawks 'out of respect' for Cardinals pitcher" 8391:"PN-G not budging as Cherokee chief demands removal of Indian mascot" 8128:"Skowhegan schools become last in Maine to retire 'Indians' nickname" 6028:"Native American mascots must go: Time to remove them is long passed" 5912:"Feds toss Michigan complaint to ban Indian mascots for sports teams" 5317:

Microaggressions and Marginality: Manifestation, Dynamics, and Impact

3947: 3817: 3467: 3412:

1930 football ticket stub depicting the former Stanford Indian mascot

3266: 2798: 2488: 2266: 2171: 2123:

schools in 970 school districts with Native “themed” school mascots.

1909: 1857: 1558: 1153: 239: 9688:"Edmonton's Eskimos should get with the times and change their name" 8685:"Shinnecock tribal leader debunks arguments opposing the mascot ban" 7441:"AB-30 School or athletic team names: California Racial Mascots Act" 6247:"Cleveland church calls on Washington Redskins to change name, logo" 3109:

is the only state to completely ban Native American-themed mascots.

12908: 12738: 12665: 12316: 12242: 12147: 12107: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11387: 11382: 11327: 10029: 9375:"Chiefs fans react to changes regarding tomahawk chop, headdresses" 8888:"Native American Student Alliance proposes removal of Aztec mascot" 8010:"Officials Called 'Redmen' a Racist Mascot. Then Voters Weighed In" 7812:"Swift Current baseball team changes name from "Indians" to "57's"" 7005: 4419: 4097: 4025: 3997: 3586: 3534: 3347: 3025: 2434: 2207: 1874: 1696: 1615: 1262: 1188: 1093: 1053: 394: 389: 384: 309: 304: 249: 34: 10713:

Imagining the Indian | The Fight Against Native American Mascoting

9138:"Braves team to talk with Native Americans about future of ritual" 8660:"All Native American mascots and nicknames must go, New York says" 6548:(2 (Winter 2003)). New Jersey State Bar Foundation. Archived from 4100:. In South America there are a number of teams that reference the 3318: 2567:. In a 2005 report on the status of Native American students, the 11392: 11296: 11276: 11249: 11224: 11128: 11113:

Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States

11107: 11102: 10600:

King, C. Richard, and Charles Fruehling Springwood, eds. (2001).

10278:"Washington Football Team announces 'Commanders' as its new name" 9760:"Edmonton's CFL team changes name to Elks after dropping Eskimos" 9626: 3970: 3904: 3171: 2728: 2520:

says that there is no such thing as a positive stereotype; while

2218:

in 1937 was originally also known as the Boston Braves; both the

2104: 314: 210: 190: 163: 138: 61: 10698: 9650:"Washington Redskins fight could put pressure on Edmonton Inuit" 8490:"Disney sorry about performance by Texas high school drill team" 3416:

Some college teams voluntarily changed their names and mascots.

3131:

List of secondary schools using Native American names or mascots

2487:

Not all Native Americans totally oppose mascots. Steven Denson (

2214:, then known as the Delaware. The team that moved to become the 12368: 11377: 11281: 11259: 11254: 11204: 10686: 10475:"Squaws are region runner-ups:host first round of state Friday" 10169:"Washington Redskins to undergo thorough review of team's name" 7909:"Four school districts win approval of Native American mascots" 7666:"The 2,128 Native American Mascots People Aren't Talking About" 6157: 5792:

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

5164:"Beyond Standing Rock: The Native American Economic Experience" 5048:"About - National Coalition Against Racism in Sports and Media" 4005: 3359: 3254: 3163: 3056:

prompted the largest response because the games were played in

2976: 2920: 2773: 2370: 2295: 2211: 2151:(D-New Mexico), approved in March 2021 as the first Indigenous 2081: 2073: 1312: 299: 195: 173: 168: 118: 8999:"The Florida State Seminoles: The Champions of Racist Mascots" 8147:"Last Maine high school to use 'Indians' retires the nickname" 7842:"State Board of Education Bans Use of Native American Mascots" 7535:"State Board of Education Bans Use of Native American Mascots" 7085:"Why Maine Banning Indian Mascots Is A Marketing Wake Up Call" 6535:"Native American Mascots: Racial Slur or Cherished Tradition?" 3858:

were rarely mentioned with regard to the controversy. However

2194:

was founded as the Boston Red Stockings in 1871; becoming the

2166:

have had a history of "playing Indian" that dates back to the

12378: 11209: 9779:"The History and Evolution of The Golden State Warriors Logo" 9745:"Edmonton Football Team Discontinues Use Of The Name Eskimos" 9265:"Statement: AIC ends ties with Chicago Blackhawks Foundation" 7517:"Nevada Bans Racially Offensive Mascots and 'Sundown Sirens'" 5261:"Why One Team Named the Indians Won't Be Changing Their Name" 4840: 4142: 4051: 3966: 3641:

is not a cultural force in the United States on the level of

3274: 3106: 2438: 2076:

has been the subject of increasing public controversy in the

1322: 123: 10585:

Indian Spectacle: Mascots and the Anxiety of Modern America.

9731:"Eskimos make internal decision to change team name: report" 5503:

Trujillo, Octaviana (Ph.D.); Alston, Denise (Ph.D.) (2005),

5099: 3796: 3656:, the "Black Hawks"; the nickname originated from prominent 3648:

The team's name originates from the nickname applied to the

12990: 12819: 10593:

King, C. Richard, and Charles Fruehling Springwood (2001).

10449:"Coalition Of Religious Investors Fight Baseball Team Logo" 9713:"Eskimos decide to keep name in wake of calls to change it" 9512:"Cleveland Indians Will Abandon Chief Wahoo Logo Next Year" 9088:"SF Bay Area FOX Station on Atlanta Loss: "Braves Scalped"" 7382:"US Lacrosse Position Statement on Native American Mascots" 4874:

Banks, D. J. (1993). "Tribal Names and Mascots in Sports".

3866:, Canada's national Inuit organization, said in 2015 that " 3481: 2805:

on their faces. Is this not the equivalent to black face?"

2441:), Professor and Director of Indigenous Nations Studies at 2170:. In the 19th century, fraternal organizations such as the 2120: 1956: 1785: 9819:

Definition of REDSKIN (usually offensive): american indian

9603:"Here's Why Cleveland Chose 'Guardians' for New Team Name" 7408:"More States Push Schools to Drop Native American Mascots" 6477:"Letter from Washington Redskins owner Dan Snyder to fans" 6456:

Athletic Insight - The Online Journal of Sports Psychology

5678:"Native American imagery as sports mascots: A new problem" 5363:

Statement on the Rights and Autonomy of Indigenous Persons

4651:"Native Americans to Boy Scouts: Stop Plundering Our Past" 4087:

Native American mascots of teams outside the US and Canada

3840:. The name change was made official on November 19, 2021. 3227:

Braves to the singular "Brave" (as an adjective), and the

2598:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

10671: 9195:

Sports Illustrated Atlanta Braves News, Analysis and More

8517:"Disney said it regrets racist cheer by high school team" 8339:"CN calls for retirement of Texas school's Indian mascot" 7301:"Social Media Blasts Lake Erie Warriors Over Racist Logo" 3854:

In part because they did not use any native imagery, the

2585: 11073:

Contemporary Native American issues in the United States

10078:"FedEx requests Washington Redskins to change team name" 9406: 9040: 8365:"PN-G responds to Adidas' offer to change Indian mascot" 8071:"Killingly High School is mascot-less following meeting" 7320:"Lake Erie Warriors Renamed Lake Erie Eagles (probably)" 6815:"Notre Dame Fighting Irish - Traditions: The Leprechaun" 6745:"'Mighty Arab' takes its place at Coachella Valley High" 6137:"Quaker Indian Affairs Call for Redskins to Change Name" 5614:

American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research

4042:

mascot are caricatures viewed as insulting, such as the

10710:

Kempner, Aviva (Director), Ben West (Director) (2022).

10016: 7174:). Peter Harris Research Group. (2002) Methodology for 6600:

Journal for the Anthropological Study of Human Movement

6398: 6158:

Moriah Balingit; John Woodrow Cox (February 13, 2015).

5161: 4795:"The Cleveland Indians, Louis Sockalexis, and The Name" 4394:"National Coalition Against Racism in Sports and Media" 4325: 3603:

The minor league affiliate Rome Braves was renamed the

3404:

List of colleges using Native American names or mascots

3350:'Em", referring to the school's football field as "the 3028:

citizen and associate professor of criminal justice at

2155:, has long advocated for teams to change such mascots. 10758: 10240:"Statement From The Washington Redskins Football Team" 10144:"Nike removes Redskins name, apparel from its website" 8389:

Windes, Isaac; Faye, Matt; Brent, Kim (July 9, 2020).

8310:"Handmade headdresses a labor of love for Indianettes" 8087: 7737:"Redskins name scrapped by Ottawa minor football club" 7718:"School boards onside with move to ban 'racist logos'" 7488:"Use of American Indian Mascots, Nicknames, and Logos" 6627: 3166:, Ontario, had been asked to change its name. In 2013 3120: 2711:

Rev. Alvin Deer (Kiowa/Creek), United Methodist Church

13134:

College basketball controversies in the United States

10645:"National School Mascot Tracking Database - Overview" 10602:

Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy

10595:

Beyond the Cheers: Race as Spectacle in College Sport

9484: 9482: 5052:

National Coalition Against Racism in Sports and Media

4398:

National Coalition Against Racism in Sports and Media

4222:"National School Mascot Tracking Database - Overview" 4134:

List of name changes due to the George Floyd protests

2839: 2348:

Stereotypes about indigenous peoples of North America

2242:

team began in 1932 - before Dietz was hired in 1933.

2202:, was a member of New York City's political machine, 9836:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2011 9685: 8144: 7988: 4280: 3934:. National protests began in 1988, after the team's 2879:, which is both an ethnic and a national group. The 10614: 10535: 9899:

RANDOM HOUSE KERNERMAN WEBSTER'S College Dictionary

9669:"Attention Edmonton Eskimos: Inuit are not mascots" 9116: 6228:"Church group latest to boycott Redskins over name" 6025: 5093: 5015:"Russell Means: A Look at His Journey Through Life" 4036: 3884:imagery occurred with the move to Oakland in 1971. 3290:in May 2019. This was another first for the state. 3219:changed. Changes made following the policy include 13154:Ethnic and racial stereotypes in the United States 10330:"Thanks for the severed head. You proved my point" 9963:"The Great Redskins Name Debate of ... 1972?" 9944:"Moving beyond the 'imaginary Indians' perception" 9479: 9155:Kilgore, Adam; Janes, Chelsea (October 28, 2021). 7212: 7164:The Native American Mascot Controversy: A Handbook 7054:"The Financial Impact of Mascots on Sports Brands" 6653: 6433:"Obama: Teams should drop Native American mascots" 6331: 6275: 6058:"Mascot issue raises specters of racism, idolatry" 4500:The Native American Mascot Controversy: A Handbook 4258:The Native American Mascot Controversy: A Handbook 3664:, who fought against the United States during the 3093: 2473:, have been made while excluding Native concerns. 12954:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 10702:(2017). Directed by John Little and Kenn Little ( 10327: 9850:Used as a disparaging term for a Native American. 9315:"The True Tale Of The Original Kansas City Chief" 9293: 8791:"Football programs criticized for racist imagery" 8232: 6593:"Choreographing Colonialism in the American West" 5997:"Black caucus joins Native American mascot fight" 5517: 5392:North American Society for the Sociology of Sport 4493: 3718:, who was instrumental in bringing the Texans to 3564:Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy 3147:The Department of Educational Foundations at the 1920:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 13095: 10690:(1997). Written and produced by Jay Rosenstein. 9366: 9331: 8978:. North Dakota Fighting Hawks. November 18, 2015 8165:"State of Maine Legislature - Summary of LD 944" 6787: 6718:"California high school's Arab mascot draws ire" 6321: 5827: 4847:"Stereotypes in sports, chaos in federal policy" 4459:S.P. Morris (2015). "The Trouble with Mascots". 4319: 3354:", and cheerleaders crafting and wearing ersatz 3310:warrior image that had been used prior to 1978. 3223:Eagle Indians changing to the "Riverhawks", the 3060:, which has a large Native American population. 2541:Sports mascots have been cited as an example of 2527: 2456:Native mascots are part of the larger issues of 12614:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 10506:"Yeah, the "Tomahawk Chop" bugs me. Here's why" 9622:"Guardians era officially arrives in Cleveland" 9600: 9457:"Hawks swoop in for new USA National Team Name" 9407:Margo Snipe; Natalie Weber (February 7, 2021). 9334:"Kansas City Chiefs Ban Headdresses at Stadium" 8388: 8382: 7872:"Appendix C: Native American Mascots in Oregon" 6761: 6630:"Peoria tribe leader doesn't back Chief return" 5485:(Press release). March 25, 2015. Archived from 5313: 5258: 4648: 4251: 3996:in Missouri placed a message outside that used 2249:' name originated from a request by club owner 2072:names and images being used by sports teams as 1564:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 12096:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 10560: 10301: 10256: 10213: 9776: 9576:"Cleveland announces name change to Guardians" 9135: 9041:Jake Russell; Jacob Bogage (October 5, 2019). 8482: 7275:"Native Mascots Become a National Controversy" 5058: 4454: 4452: 4080: 3920:While playing as the Washington Redskins, the 3459:had not used an Indian mascot for many years, 3378:mascot and end its Indian-related traditions. 1042:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 11144: 10744: 10525:"Does Washington High have nickname problem?" 10257:Carpenter, Les; Maske, Mark (July 23, 2020). 9312: 9208: 8885: 8539: 8537: 8188: 8106: 8049: 7594: 6694: 6449: 4869: 4867: 4193:Kilgore, Adam; Stubbs, Roman (July 9, 2020). 4192: 3982: 3759:Blackhawks (using an "Indian" logo), and the 2934: 2675:Native American identity in the United States 2632:Professor Edouardo Zendejas, a member of the 2045: 10618:American Indians at Risk [2 volumes] 10615:Jeffrey Ian Ross Ph, D. (October 28, 2013). 10587:New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 10219: 9490:"Thome HOF plaque won't feature Chief Wahoo" 9354:. KTLA. Associated Press. September 10, 2020 9154: 9085: 8955: 8854: 8458: 8456: 8401: 8356: 8007: 7950: 7379: 4274: 3804:wearing a baseball cap showing the image of 3617:Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy 3397: 12312:List of people killed for being transgender 11093:Native American mascot laws and regulations 10611:. Edited by James Vlasich. McFarland, 2005. 9981:"2,000 at Metrodome protest Indian mascots" 9543: 8929: 8332: 8330: 8125: 8090:"Redmen mascot racist? Community weighs in" 6501: 5706: 5581: 4458: 4449: 4420:"The problems with Native American mascots" 4247: 4245: 4128:List of ethnic sports team and mascot names 3792:Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy 3607:, with a penguin mascot, in November 2023. 3593:agree that the tradition is inappropriate. 3191:), a writer and assistant professor at the 3100:Native American mascot laws and regulations 2881:University of Louisiana at Lafayette mascot 1258:List of people killed for being transgender 13149:Indigenous-related controversies in Canada 11151: 11137: 10902: 10751: 10737: 10541: 9757: 9686:Star Editorial Board (November 26, 2017). 9387: 9059: 8534: 8508: 8119: 7464: 7108: 6838:"Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country" 6672: 5648: 5388:"NASSS Native American Imagery Resolution" 5183: 4864: 4765: 4675: 4673: 4671: 3722:. Bartle took his nickname as founder of 3568:The Atlanta Braves continue to use of the 3478:. This permission was reaffirmed in 2020. 2875:, is a mythical being that represents the 2680: 2052: 2038: 9960: 9509: 8453: 8337:Reporter, CHAD HUNTER (August 27, 2020). 8301: 7989:Antonia Noori Farzan (January 10, 2020). 7563: 7298: 7102: 7082: 6298: 6279:Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5625: 5162:Dedrick Asante-Muhammad (March 1, 2017). 5064: 4943: 4792: 4411: 4343: 3533:use names and images associated with the 2987: 11408:Social determinants of health in poverty 10706:Sioux tribe): Black Tongue Dakota Media. 10275: 10022: 9747:. Edmonton Football Team. July 21, 2020. 9737: 9294:Vincent Schilling (September 19, 2019). 8835:National Collegiate Athletic Association 8336: 8327: 8088:Anna Maria Della Costa (June 11, 2019). 7969: 7934:"Rutland schools ditch 'Raiders' mascot" 7790: 7728: 7514: 6912:University of North Carolina at Pembroke 6654:W. James Antle III (November 13, 2013). 5942:"Resolution Adopted by the CCAR: Racism" 5760: 5758: 5756: 5675: 4386: 4242: 4169:"Where Did the Tomahawk Chop Come From?" 4166: 3903: 3874: 3795: 3774:was known as the Tomahawks until 2015. 3772:United States national rugby league team 3695: 3620: 3517:(UND) agreed to retire the university's 3494:National Collegiate Athletic Association 3482:National Collegiate Athletic Association 3407: 3078:National College Prospects Hockey League 3065:United States Commission on Civil Rights 3052:and the Washington Redskins at the 1992 2917:University of North Carolina at Pembroke 2095:prompted by nationally covered cases of 330:Social determinants of health in poverty 20: 10522: 9880:Slang: Often Disparaging and Offensive. 9372: 9214: 8407: 8363:Libardi, Manuella (November 10, 2015). 8362: 8238: 8220:from the original on September 19, 2013 8201: 8026: 7852:from the original on September 25, 2022 7809: 7749: 7715: 7663: 7399: 6942:Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference 6829: 6590: 6584: 6176: 5909: 5546: 5229: 5227: 5225: 4686:. New York: New York University Press. 4679: 4668: 4626:. Yale University Press. Archived from 4603: 4559:. First Peoples Worldwide. July 6, 2020 4530:. First Peoples Worldwide. July 6, 2020 3298:, a Native American-majority school in 13194:Native American cultural appropriation 13189:National Football League controversies 13096: 10372: 10353: 10193: 10141: 10102: 9505: 9503: 9373:Aguilar, Leslie (September 10, 2020). 9227: 9188: 8855:Schrotenboer, Brent (August 6, 2005). 8708: 8706: 8653: 8651: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8543: 8264: 8207: 8145:The Associated Press (March 8, 2019). 7906: 7716:Rushowy, Kristin (February 24, 2016). 7026: 6835: 6742: 6656:"Redskins: A Manufactured Controversy" 6628:Christine Des Garennes (May 7, 2013). 6528: 6526: 6524: 6430: 6322:Daniella Zalcman (September 9, 2021). 6244: 6116: 5846: 5828:Christina Stella (December 17, 2020). 5808: 5607: 5582:Murphy PAUL, Annie (October 6, 2012). 5339: 5337: 5320:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 384. 5019:Indian Country Today Media Network.com 4979: 4908: 4360: 4167:Anderson, L. V. (September 26, 2012). 4145:until 1981 (an anti-Asian racial slur) 3887: 3522:Hawks" as their new nickname in 2015. 3388:Wyandanch Union Free School District's 3286:, and was signed into law by Governor 2994:Washington Redskins name opinion polls 2907:or stereotyping. Examples include the 2769:National Museum of the American Indian 2626:Nebraska School Activities Association 13219:Stereotypes of Native American people 13199:Native American-related controversies 11132: 10732: 10672:"American Indian Sports Team Mascots" 10503: 10391: 9941: 9647: 9235:"A brief history: Chicago Blackhawks" 9189:Crosby, Lindsay (November 16, 2023). 8996: 8958:"SDSU should celebrate Aztec culture" 8658:Moore, Kathleen (November 18, 2022). 8657: 8408:Edwards, Schaefer (August 11, 2020). 8307: 7953:"Board approves Ravens as new mascot" 7791:Sinclair, Niigaan (January 4, 2014). 7734: 7664:Munguia, Hayley (September 5, 2014). 7317: 7247: 6880: 6532: 6225: 6080: 6026:Rev. Chebon Kernell (April 5, 2011). 5946:Central Conference of American Rabbis 5849:"Red: Racism and the American Indian" 5753: 5239:National Congress of American Indians 5188:(Podcast). The Nation. Archived from 5134: 4873: 4736:. Cleveland, Ohio. January 17, 1915. 4502:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 4260:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 3900:Washington Redskins trademark dispute 3691: 3610: 3541: 2687:Central Conference of American Rabbis 2117:National Congress of American Indians 13144:College mascots in the United States 13078: 12118:Capital punishment for homosexuality 11413:Social determinants of mental health 10923:NCAA Native American mascot decision 10716:(Documentary). The Ciesla Foundation 10410: 10276:Jhabvala, Nicki (February 2, 2022). 9666: 9619: 9332:Michael Levenson (August 20, 2020). 9117:Natalie O'Neill (October 10, 2019). 7972:"Board votes to reinstate 'Raiders'" 7750:MacNeil, Jason (September 4, 2013). 7539:Oregon State Department of Education 7405: 7299:Schilling, Vincent (July 28, 2016). 7248:Reyes, Lorenzo (December 29, 2020). 7206: 7029:"State bans Native American mascots" 6788:Cassidy McDonald (October 9, 2014). 6743:Kelman, Brett (September 10, 2014). 6117:Vargas, Theresa (December 5, 2013). 5873: 5809:Puxley, Chinta (November 15, 2015). 5676:Vedantam, Shankar (March 25, 2010). 5651:Journal of Applied Social Psychology 5601: 5222: 5067:Canadian Journal of Native Education 4980:Martin, Douglas (October 17, 2007). 4909:Hylton, J Gordon (January 1, 2010). 4876:Journal of Sport & Social Issues 4755:. Cleveland, Ohio. January 18, 1915. 3955:the removal of many names and images 3894:Washington Redskins name controversy 3785: 3488:NCAA Native American mascot decision 3245:In January 2020 the school board of 2887:, an ingredient frequently found in 2861:University of Louisiana at Lafayette 2565:American Anthropological Association 1064:Capital punishment for homosexuality 335:Social determinants of mental health 29:encouraged fans to gesture with the 13214:Sports mascots in the United States 13179:Major League Baseball controversies 12238:Genital modification and mutilation 10561:Calum Trenaman (January 18, 2021). 10481:. February 15, 2017. Archived from 10302:Benjamin Freed (December 9, 2013). 9500: 9427:"Tri-Cities Blackhawks (1946–1951)" 9136:Johnny Edwards (October 13, 2019). 8886:Allyson Myers (February 27, 2017). 8828: 8788: 8703: 8648: 8617: 8462: 8267:Journal of Anthropological Research 8208:Reilly, Rick (September 18, 2013). 7810:Huffman, Alexa (January 10, 2017). 7618:New York State Education Department 7060:. December 19, 2013. Archived from 6794:University of Notre Dame Scholastic 6521: 6431:Fabian, Jordan (November 5, 2015). 5735:American Indian Sports Team Mascots 5549:Basic and Applied Social Psychology 5334: 5212:"Native-American Nicknames/Mascots" 5204: 4610:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4293:Basic and Applied Social Psychology 3843: 3706:Kansas City Chiefs name controversy 3121:Secondary schools and youth leagues 2655:Michigan Department of Civil Rights 2618:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 2261:baseball club during the time when 2206:. It was nominally formed to honor 2084:. This has been a period of rising 1184:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 11158: 10779:Tomahawk chop and name controversy 10760:Native American mascot controversy 10576: 10411:Burk, Timothy (October 29, 2016). 10354:Bleier, Evan (November 19, 2013). 10328:Adrienne J. Keene (June 5, 2010). 10142:Grimes, Prince J. (July 2, 2020). 9942:Hiatt, Fred (September 21, 2014). 9313:Dave Caldwell (February 1, 2020). 9017:"The history of the tomahawk chop" 8740:"Color: Stanford Identity Toolkit" 8107:Eliza Fawcett (December 1, 2019). 7970:Sabataso, Jim (January 12, 2022). 7951:Jim Sabataso (February 11, 2021). 7776:. January 14, 2014. Archived from 7640:"The Dignity for All Students Act" 7445:California Legislative Information 7215:Journal of Sport and Social Issues 7130:Journal of Sport and Social Issues 6819:University of Notre Dame Athletics 6807: 5976:Unitarian Universalist Association 5349:American Psychological Association 5288:. January 27, 1999. Archived from 5279:"Indian Mascot Position Statement" 5259:David Waldstein (August 3, 2020). 5021:. October 22, 2012. Archived from 4820:American Psychological Association 4649:Cecily Hilleary (August 5, 2019). 4461:Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 4372:American Psychological Association 3672:had served in the division on the 3225:Reedsport Community Charter School 3069:American Psychological Association 2840:Other team names and ethnic groups 2751: 2691:Unitarian Universalist Association 2657:(MDCR) filed a complaint with the 2550:American Psychological Association 2341: 2119:(NCAI) database tracks some 1,900 14: 13235: 10660:"Native American-related mascots" 10637: 10523:Whitney, Stu (January 17, 2015). 10373:Murphy, Tim (November 21, 2013). 9667:Obed, Natan (November 27, 2015). 9620:Bell, Mandy (November 19, 2021). 9601:Michael Shapiro (July 23, 2021). 9086:Levi Rickert (October 10, 2019). 8956:Peyton Antil (October 23, 2019). 8906:"NASA 2016-2017 Mascot Statement" 8514: 8239:Peirano, Michelle (May 1, 2013). 8050:Stephen Beale (October 8, 2019). 8008:Aaron Randle (January 11, 2020). 7888:from the original on July 5, 2022 7380:Paul Ohanian (February 7, 2019). 6908:"NCAA: UNCP will keep the Braves" 6762:Jason S. Parini (March 6, 2013). 6567:"Mascots are a matter of respect" 5418:American Sociological Association 4793:Posnanski, Joe (March 18, 2014). 4739:club of Cleveland many years ago. 4417: 3850:Edmonton Elks § Team history 3680:, where he learned the nickname. 3557: 2913:Haskell Indian Nations University 2639: 2557:American Sociological Association 2086:Indigenous civil rights movements 13077: 13068: 13067: 12717:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 12554:Law for Protection of the Nation 12454:White genocide conspiracy theory 11083:Indigenous intellectual property 10554: 10516: 10497: 10467: 10441: 10423: 10404: 10385: 10366: 10347: 10321: 10295: 10269: 10250: 10232: 10187: 10161: 10135: 10115: 10096: 10070: 10044: 10023:McDonald, Scott (July 1, 2020). 9991: 9973: 9954: 9935: 9917: 9887: 9855: 9824: 9796: 9777:Garrett Parker (April 6, 2019). 9770: 9751: 9723: 9705: 9679: 9660: 9641: 9613: 9594: 9568: 9537: 9449: 9419: 9400: 9381: 9344: 9325: 9306: 9287: 9269:American Indian Center - Chicago 9257: 9182: 9148: 9142:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution 9129: 9110: 9079: 9053: 9034: 9009: 8990: 8968: 8949: 8930:Kirk Kenney (January 19, 2018). 8923: 8910:Native American Student Alliance 8898: 8879: 8848: 8822: 8801: 8789:Rao, Manasa (October 10, 2016). 8782: 8757: 8732: 8677: 8589: 8563: 8544:Nguyen, Rosie (March 24, 2022). 8427: 8258: 8182: 8157: 8138: 8100: 8081: 8062: 8043: 8020: 8001: 7982: 7963: 7944: 7926: 7913:Oregon School Boards Association 7900: 7864: 7834: 7803: 7784: 7762: 7743: 7709: 7683: 7657: 7632: 7611:"Use of Native American Mascots" 7603: 7588: 7557: 7527: 7508: 7480: 7458: 7433: 7406:Blad, Evie (November 28, 2022). 7373: 7355: 7330: 7311: 7292: 7267: 7241: 7181: 7156: 7121: 7076: 7046: 7020: 6990: 6960: 6930: 6914:. August 9, 2005. Archived from 6900: 6790:"Is "Fighting Irish" Offensive?" 6502:Eric Simons (January 30, 2015). 6177:Morello, Carol (March 1, 2014). 5663:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00586.x 5608:Chaney, John (January 1, 2011). 5507:, National Education Association 5184:Dave Zirin (December 19, 2017). 4037:Varying degrees of offensiveness 3908:Protest against the name of the 3552: 3432:. Another early change was the " 3326: 3317: 3209: 3067:in 2001 and a resolution by the 2923:tribe. The UNCP nickname is the 2677:, also an evolving controversy. 2462:indigenous intellectual property 2363:, American Indian Movement, 1970 1675:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1504:Law for Protection of the Nation 1398:White genocide conspiracy theory 60: 13104:American football controversies 12559:MSM blood donation restrictions 12307:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 10950:Fighting Sioux name controversy 10392:Horne, Erik (August 30, 2014). 10194:Lantry, Lauren (July 3, 2020). 10175:. NFL Enterprises. July 3, 2020 10084:. NFL Enterprises. July 2, 2020 9961:Steinberg, Dan (June 3, 2014). 9388:Liz Clarke (February 5, 2021). 9215:Keilman, John (June 19, 2013). 8997:Zirin, Dave (January 7, 2014). 7879:Oregon State Board of Education 7846:Oregon State Board of Education 6881:Sharp, Gwen (October 5, 2008). 6874: 6781: 6755: 6736: 6710: 6688: 6666: 6647: 6621: 6559: 6495: 6469: 6443: 6424: 6368: 6343: 6315: 6269: 6245:Taylor, Scott (June 29, 2015). 6238: 6219: 6203:. June 15, 2014. Archived from 6189: 6170: 6151: 6143:. July 29, 2014. Archived from 6129: 6110: 6064:. March 9, 2001. Archived from 6050: 6019: 6003:. April 4, 2007. Archived from 5989: 5964: 5934: 5903: 5840: 5821: 5802: 5780: 5723: 5700: 5669: 5642: 5575: 5540: 5511: 5496: 5472: 5451:American Counseling Association 5436: 5420:. March 6, 2007. Archived from 5406: 5380: 5355: 5307: 5286:Society of Indian Psychologists 5271: 5252: 5177: 5155: 5128: 5040: 5007: 4973: 4902: 4834: 4813:"APA Resolution Justifications" 4805: 4786: 4759: 4744: 4725: 4700: 4642: 4614: 4597: 4571: 4542: 4516: 4487: 3977: 3548:List of prior names and mascots 3216:Oregon State Board of Education 3094:Legal and administrative action 2901:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 2616:Sinclair, the head of Canada's 2605:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 2591: 2588:were distributed in that town. 2561:American Counseling Association 2409:Several of the founders of the 1509:MSM blood donation restrictions 1253:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 13139:College football controversies 12572:(as religious or racial quota) 10981:List of secondary school teams 10058:(Press release). June 30, 2020 9271:. July 8, 2019. Archived from 9060:Des Bieler (October 9, 2019). 8189:Alex Acquisto (May 16, 2019). 7907:Arnold, Jake (June 22, 2017). 7595:Alex Acquisto (May 16, 2019). 7027:Specht, Sanne (May 18, 2012). 6533:Emert, Phyllis Raybin (2003). 6088:"Letter to Goodell and Snyder" 5910:Higgins, Lori (June 3, 2013). 4557:University of Colorado Boulder 4528:University of Colorado Boulder 4214: 4186: 4160: 4022:Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation 3780:American National Rugby League 3746: 3344:Port Neches–Groves High School 2998:A survey conducted in 2002 by 2611:In a report issued in 2012, a 2573:Robert Wood Johnson Foundation 2569:National Education Association 2064:Since the 1960s, the issue of 1522:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 12986:Second-generation gender bias 12702:Constitutional colorblindness 11403:Social determinants of health 10955:San Diego State Aztec Warrior 10855:Original Americans Foundation 10220:Roman Stubbs (July 7, 2020). 9733:. 3DownNation. July 16, 2020. 9648:Kwong, Matt (June 20, 2014). 8831:"Where Pride Meets Prejudice" 8126:Doug Harlow (March 7, 2019). 7793:"No 'honour' in native names" 7318:Lukas, Paul (July 30, 2016). 6382:. May 5, 2011. Archived from 6226:Brady, Erik (June 14, 2014). 5707:Doug Harlow (April 5, 2017). 5368:(Report). NYASP. May 14, 2021 5235:"Anti-Defamation and Mascots" 4345:10.1080/13613324.2020.1772221 4154: 3942:between the Redskins and the 3024:, Steve Russell (an enrolled 2528:Social sciences and education 2493:Southern Methodist University 2378:'s Washington 'Redskins' and 2336: 2328:or, most recently, simply as 2222:and baseball teams played at 1952:Second-generation gender bias 1660:Constitutional colorblindness 325:Social determinants of health 10479:The Dodge County News Online 10103:Clarke, Liz (July 2, 2020). 9544:Nick Pedone (July 9, 2019). 8279:10.3998/jar.0521004.0067.205 7564:Tom Banse (April 26, 2021). 7521:U.S. News & World Report 7109:S.L. Price (March 4, 2002). 4498:. In C. Richard King (ed.). 4473:10.1080/00948705.2014.997740 4332:Race Ethnicity and Education 4256:. In C. Richard King (ed.). 3938:victory, and again when the 3115:Dignity for All Students Act 2960:and making these ridiculous 2847:Coachella Valley High School 2812:, the former mascot for the 2630:University of Nebraska Omaha 2584:, when fliers promoting the 2325:teary-eyed environmentalists 7: 12897:Medical model of disability 12749:Hate speech laws by country 10976:Sports teams named Redskins 10583:Guiliano, Jennifer (2015). 10504:Bates, Mike (May 1, 2013). 9882:1. a North American Indian. 9758:Des Bieler (June 1, 2021). 8936:The San Diego Union-Tribune 8308:Brent, Kim (July 7, 2019). 7495:Michigan Board of Education 7465:Saja Hindi (June 4, 2021). 7342:Little League International 5847:Berger, Bethany R. (2009). 4604:Deloria, Philip J. (1998). 4139:Pekin Community High School 4118:Crusader Mascot Controversy 4111: 4081:Teams outside North America 4030:Western Michigan University 3231:Indians to the "Mustangs". 3127:Sports teams named Redskins 3082:Little League International 2734:Sandy Spring Friends School 1863:Medical model of disability 1707:Hate speech laws by country 10: 13240: 13006:Social model of disability 11458:Discrimination against men 10542:Andrew Keh (May 7, 2018). 9929:Collins English Dictionary 8169:State of Maine Legislature 7735:staff (January 13, 2014). 7570:Oregon Public Broadcasting 6845:Journal of Economic Growth 4888:10.1177/019372359301700102 4768:Sociology of Sport Journal 4494:Barbara E. Munson (2010). 4084: 4018:Central Michigan Chippewas 3983:Stereotyping by rival fans 3897: 3891: 3847: 3789: 3703: 3625:Blackhawks jersey worn by 3614: 3561: 3545: 3515:University of North Dakota 3513:In 2008, the NCAA and the 3504:San Diego State University 3485: 3424:", reflecting the primary 3401: 3149:University of Saskatchewan 3124: 3097: 2991: 2935:Financial impact of change 2659:US Department of Education 2345: 2183:(BSA) (in particular, the 2158: 1972:Social model of disability 380:Discrimination against men 37:at games and other events. 13063: 12802: 12679: 12472: 12359:Opposition to immigration 12083: 11713: 11550: 11310: 11260:Race / Ethnicity 11197: 11166: 11065: 10989: 10968: 10915: 10886:name and logo controversy 10873: 10825: 10818: 10796:name and logo controversy 10767:Professional sports teams 10766: 9510:Waldstein, David (2018). 8210:"Have the people spoken?" 8052:"Mascot pick sent to BOE" 7515:Sam Metz (June 4, 2021). 5836:. Nebraska PBS & NPR. 5627:10.5820/aian.1801.2011.42 5561:10.1080/01973530802375003 4305:10.1080/01973530802375003 4094:Native American hobbyists 4063:Sioux Falls, South Dakota 3800:Cleveland Indians player 3398:Colleges and universities 3234:The city school board in 3180:Assembly of First Nations 3142: 3035: 2764:conducted in March 2021. 2706:"honoring" my ancestors? 2443:Portland State University 2176:Improved Order of Red Men 2153:Secretary of the Interior 2107:until July 2020) and the 1303:Opposition to immigration 174:Race / Ethnicity 13169:Ice hockey controversies 13119:Basketball controversies 12354:Occupational segregation 12123:Compulsory sterilization 10679: 7279:Miami University of Ohio 7227:10.1177/0193732503261477 7142:10.1177/0193732502238255 6591:Farnell, Brenda (2010). 5314:Derald Wing Sue (2010). 4252:C. Richard King (2010). 4020:have the support of the 3531:Florida State University 3384:Shinnecock Indian Nation 3280:House of Representatives 3022:Bloomington Herald Times 2972:Goizueta Business School 2946:American Indian Movement 2869:University of Notre Dame 2854:University of Notre Dame 2667:Civil Rights Act of 1964 2411:American Indian Movement 1298:Occupational segregation 1277:Native American mascots 1069:Compulsory sterilization 13159:Florida State Seminoles 12882:Internalized oppression 12744:Fighting Discrimination 12734:Fat acceptance movement 12692:Anti-discrimination law 12332:Native American mascots 10933:Florida State Seminoles 9925:"Definition of redskin" 9895:"definition of redskin" 9804:"Definition of REDSKIN" 9415:. The Kansas City Star. 8861:San Diego Union-Tribune 6857:10.1023/A:1024419522867 6410:Smithsonian Institution 6032:United Methodist Church 6001:United Methodist Church 5731:"NAACP 1999 Resolution" 5584:"It's Not Me, It's You" 4918:North Dakota Law Review 4680:Spindel, Carol (2002). 4424:Multicultural Education 4071:Sinte Gleska University 3864:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami 3836:statues that adorn the 3812:On March 21, 2018, the 3591:Muscogee (Creek) Nation 3527:Florida State Seminoles 2944:, when director of the 2741:United Church of Christ 2695:United Methodist Church 2681:Religious organizations 2663:Office for Civil Rights 2634:Omaha Tribe of Nebraska 2304:University of Minnesota 2300:American Indian Studies 1848:Internalized oppression 1702:Fighting Discrimination 1692:Fat acceptance movement 1650:Anti-discrimination law 13114:Baseball controversies 13001:Social identity threat 12974:Reverse discrimination 12964:Racial color blindness 12444:Violence against women 12424:Sex-selective abortion 11078:Cultural appropriation 10969:Youth and school teams 9999:"Supporters of Change" 7002:Pembroke Middle School 6972:Pembroke Middle School 6836:Fearon, James (2003). 6450:Beth Jacobson (2003). 6336:on September 9, 2021. 5948:. 1992. Archived from 5916:The Detroit Free Press 5453:. 2001. Archived from 5114:10.2202/0027-6014.1255 4059:Washington High School 3917: 3914:Minneapolis, Minnesota 3809: 3701: 3685:American Indian Center 3654:86th Infantry Division 3633:It is argued that the 3630: 3582:San Francisco Bay Area 3444:for the school color. 3413: 3238:voted in 2020 to drop 3221:The Dalles High School 3193:University of Manitoba 3058:Minneapolis, Minnesota 2988:Public opinion surveys 2927:, but the mascot is a 2905:cultural appropriation 2883:is an anthropomorphic 2818:Illinois Confederation 2814:University of Illinois 2708: 2704:University of Illinois 2653:In February 2013, the 2539: 2502: 2471:Dakota Access Pipeline 2458:cultural appropriation 2357: 2334: 2298:), both professors of 2198:in 1912. Their owner, 1967:Social identity threat 1940:Reverse discrimination 1930:Racial color blindness 1388:Violence against women 1368:Sex-selective abortion 38: 13164:Golden State Warriors 12969:Religious intolerance 12929:Political correctness 12759:Intersex human rights 12707:Cultural assimilation 12389:Religious persecution 12153:Disability hate crime 11928:Jewish / Antisemitism 10960:List of college teams 10903:Golden State Warriors 10840:Name change advocates 10692:Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey 10334:Native Appropriations 9021:Major League Baseball 8132:Portland Press Herald 7780:on February 13, 2015. 7756:HuffPost Canada Music 6938:"Member institutions" 6883:"Sociological Images" 6660:The National Interest 5862:: 591. Archived from 5768:(Press release). 2001 5713:Portland Press Herald 5460:on September 15, 2013 5137:Washington Law Review 4924:: 879. Archived from 4845:(November 22, 2012). 4751:"Looking Backwards". 4708:"The Boston Redskins" 4141:, known as the Pekin 4085:Further information: 4028:, a student at rival 3959:George Floyd protests 3953:In July 2020, amidst 3922:Washington Commanders 3907: 3881:Golden State Warriors 3875:Golden State Warriors 3848:Further information: 3814:Baseball Hall of Fame 3799: 3720:Kansas City, Missouri 3699: 3624: 3411: 3402:Further information: 3300:Teec Nos Pos, Arizona 3247:Killingly High School 3125:Further information: 2826:Boy Scouts of America 2700: 2534: 2497: 2460:and the violation of 2352: 2308: 2275:Major League Baseball 2181:Boy Scouts of America 2141:political correctness 2101:Washington Commanders 1935:Religious intolerance 1895:Political correctness 1717:Intersex human rights 1665:Cultural assimilation 1333:Religious persecution 1099:Disability hate crime 866:Jewish / Antisemitism 24: 13209:Sports controversies 12374:Political repression 11363:Anti-left handedness 11353:Anti-intellectualism 10938:Osceola and Renegade 10437:. November 22, 2014. 9719:. February 14, 2020. 8636:. September 22, 2023 7599:. Bangor Daily News. 7305:Indian Country Today 6918:on December 22, 2005 6825:on December 1, 2007. 6542:Respect (Newsletter) 6386:on December 12, 2012 6380:United States Senate 6141:Indian Country Today 6062:Worldwide Faith News 5891:on February 18, 2013 5741:on November 28, 2012 5492:on December 4, 2016. 5424:on February 21, 2013 5192:on December 22, 2017 5028:on December 28, 2014 4780:10.1123/ssj.15.4.299 4282:Stephanie A. Fryberg 3838:Hope Memorial Bridge 3834:Guardians of Traffic 3763:were originally the 3761:Los Angeles Clippers 3755:were originally the 3508:institutional racism 3296:Red Mesa High School 2967:A study done by the 2447:cultural imperialism 2380:Kansas City 'Chiefs' 2093:institutional racism 1318:Political repression 285:Anti-left handedness 275:Anti-intellectualism 33:, distributing foam 13224:Washington Redskins 13129:Cleveland Guardians 12877:Historical eugenics 12414:Segregation academy 12394:Religious terrorism 12183:Enemy of the people 12091:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 11595:Jehovah's Witnesses 11483:Perpetual foreigner 10865:Washington Redhawks 10827:Washington Redskins 10282:The Washington Post 10263:The Washington Post 10226:The Washington Post 9987:. January 27, 1992. 9967:The Washington Post 9948:The Washington Post 9764:The Washington Post 9550:The Cleveland Scene 9437:on January 20, 2015 9394:The Washington Post 9243:NHL Enterprises, LP 9098:on October 11, 2019 9066:The Washington Post 9047:The Washington Post 8867:on October 25, 2016 8744:Stanford University 8605:. November 18, 2022 8577:. November 18, 2022 8395:Beaumont Enterprise 8369:Beaumont Enterprise 8343:cherokeephoenix.org 8314:Beaumont Enterprise 7995:The Washington Post 7940:. October 21, 2020. 7797:Winnipeg Free Press 7697:. November 16, 2013 7670:fivethirtyeight.com 7620:. November 17, 2022 7545:on February 5, 2013 7523:. Associated Press. 7369:. January 11, 2019. 7064:on October 20, 2014 6768:The Bleacher Report 6698:(August 13, 2013). 6676:(October 8, 2013). 6555:on January 3, 2011. 6508:The Washington Post 6481:The Washington Post 6412:. December 24, 2012 6328:National Geographic 6183:The Washington Post 6164:The Washington Post 6123:The Washington Post 6098:on January 14, 2021 6092:The Washington Post 6068:on January 18, 2017 6038:on February 3, 2014 6007:on February 4, 2014 5295:on October 31, 2015 5168:The Huffington Post 4961:on January 24, 2021 4550:"Letter to Goodell" 4200:The Washington Post 3992:, an employee of a 3931:The Washington Post 3910:Washington Redskins 3888:Washington Redskins 3862:, the President of 3830:Cleveland Guardians 3670:Frederic McLaughlin 3574:St. Louis Cardinals 3438:Syracuse University 3436:" that represented 3418:Stanford University 3240:Rutland High School 2954:feather headdresses 2720:and Redskins owner 2406:were commonplace." 2400:Chicago Black Hawks 2388:Cleveland 'Indians' 2236:William Henry Dietz 2216:Washington Redskins 2129:ethnic stereotyping 2109:Cleveland Guardians 1843:Historical eugenics 1358:Segregation academy 1338:Religious terrorism 1129:Enemy of the people 1037:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 525:Jehovah's Witnesses 405:Perpetual foreigner 13174:Kansas City Chiefs 13124:Chicago Blackhawks 12789:Social integration 12784:Self-determination 12774:Racial integration 12722:Diversity training 12712:Cultural pluralism 12687:Affirmative action 12587:Racial segregation 12497:Crime of apartheid 12399:Religious violence 11892:Indigenous people 11287:Sexual orientation 11037:Mary Kathryn Nagle 10803:Kansas City Chiefs 10791:Chicago Blackhawks 10548:The New York Times 9985:The New York Times 9905:on October 6, 2014 9673:The Globe and Mail 9607:Sports Illustrated 9556:on January 9, 2021 9516:The New York Times 9431:Sports Ecyclopedia 9338:The New York Times 9239:NHL.com/Blackhawks 9092:Native News Online 8496:. Associated Press 8031:. Norwich Bulletin 8014:The New York Times 7957:The Rutland Herald 7367:Alaska Native News 7193:Indiana University 7176:Sports Illustrated 7162:King, C. Richard. 7115:Sports Illustrated 6968:"About Us/History" 6724:. November 7, 2013 6610:Order of the Arrow 6291:10.1111/spc3.12632 6201:Native News Online 6147:on August 1, 2014. 5869:on April 23, 2015. 5798:on April 13, 2014. 5588:The New York Times 5394:. October 28, 2005 5265:The New York Times 4986:The New York Times 4712:Sports Ecyclopedia 4284:(September 2008). 3990:Kansas City Chiefs 3918: 3810: 3724:Tribe of Mic-O-Say 3712:Kansas City Chiefs 3702: 3692:Kansas City Chiefs 3650:United States Army 3635:Chicago Blackhawks 3631: 3611:Chicago Blackhawks 3542:Professional teams 3498:tribal sovereignty 3472:University of Utah 3414: 3229:Mohawk High School 3204:Swift Current 57's 3030:Indiana University 3005:Sports Illustrated 2787:Sports Illustrated 2729:Society of Friends 2491:), a professor at 2478:Baby Veronica case 2265:, a member of the 2226:. After moving to 2185:Order of the Arrow 2164:European Americans 1747:Social integration 1742:Self-determination 1732:Racial integration 1680:Diversity training 1670:Cultural pluralism 1645:Affirmative action 1537:Racial segregation 1447:Crime of apartheid 1343:Religious violence 830:Indigenous people 201:Sexual orientation 39: 13184:NBA controversies 13091: 13090: 12959:Racism by country 12887:Intersectionality 12872:Heteronormativity 12671:Voter suppression 12419:Sexual harassment 12218:Forced conversion 12138:Cultural genocide 11791:African Americans 11605:post–Cold War era 11590:Eastern Orthodoxy 11348:Anti-drug addicts 11343:Anti-homelessness 11270:Scientific racism 11126: 11125: 11032:Jacqueline Keeler 11022:Suzan Shown Harjo 11012:Stephanie Fryberg 10997:Amanda Blackhorse 10911: 10910: 10881:Cleveland Indians 10845:Trademark dispute 10003:Change the Mascot 9496:. March 21, 2018. 9123:The New York Post 8515:Maruf, Ramishah. 8195:Bangor Daily News 8151:The Boston Herald 7881:. March 8, 2012. 7338:"Rulebook Update" 7172:978-0-8108-6732-1 7117:. pp. 66–71. 7111:"The Indian Wars" 6948:on March 28, 2015 6887:The Society Pages 6483:. October 9, 2013 5952:on March 19, 2016 5885:State of Michigan 5719:on April 6, 2017. 5688:on April 19, 2013 5519:Richard E. Besser 4509:978-0-8108-6731-4 4418:Davis, Laurel R. 4267:978-0-8108-6731-4 4130:(all ethnicities) 4044:Cleveland Indians 3786:Cleveland Indians 3736:Arrowhead Stadium 3716:Harold Roe Bartle 3598:2021 World Series 3457:Dartmouth College 3422:Stanford Cardinal 3371:Walt Disney World 3136:Secondary schools 3050:1991 World Series 2956:, people wearing 2647:African Americans 2522:Stephanie Fryberg 2518:Suzan Shown Harjo 2500:beneficial goals. 2419:Vernon Bellecourt 2271:1914 World Series 2259:Cleveland Spiders 2247:Cleveland Indians 2210:, a chief of the 2172:Tammany Societies 2097:police misconduct 2062: 2061: 1925:Racism by country 1853:Intersectionality 1838:Heteronormativity 1621:Voter suppression 1363:Sexual harassment 1164:Forced conversion 1084:Cultural genocide 729:African Americans 535:post–Cold War era 520:Eastern Orthodoxy 270:Anti-drug addicts 265:Anti-homelessness 184:Scientific racism 13231: 13081: 13080: 13071: 13070: 13011:Social privilege 12996:Social exclusion 12924:Police brutality 12845:Multiculturalism 12815:Amatonormativity 12646:Social exclusion 12482:Age of candidacy 12282:Homeless dumping 12188:Ethnic cleansing 11153: 11146: 11139: 11130: 11129: 10990:Change advocates 10898:Edmonton Eskimos 10835:Name controversy 10823: 10822: 10808:name controversy 10784:Chief Noc-A-Homa 10753: 10746: 10739: 10730: 10729: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10699:More Than a Word 10694:: New Day Films. 10675: 10667: 10655: 10649: 10632: 10571: 10570: 10558: 10552: 10551: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10520: 10514: 10513: 10501: 10495: 10494: 10492: 10490: 10485:on March 7, 2017 10471: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10453:Catholic Culture 10445: 10439: 10438: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10408: 10402: 10401: 10389: 10383: 10382: 10370: 10364: 10363: 10351: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10325: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10246:. July 13, 2020. 10236: 10230: 10229: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10165: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10119: 10113: 10112: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10020: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10009: 9995: 9989: 9988: 9977: 9971: 9970: 9958: 9952: 9951: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9921: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9910: 9901:. Archived from 9891: 9885: 9884: 9875: 9873: 9859: 9853: 9852: 9843: 9841: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9816: 9814: 9800: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9755: 9749: 9748: 9741: 9735: 9734: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9664: 9658: 9657: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9572: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9552:. Archived from 9541: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9507: 9498: 9497: 9486: 9477: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9463:. Archived from 9461:USA Rugby League 9453: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9433:. Archived from 9423: 9417: 9416: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9385: 9379: 9378: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9291: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9275:on July 16, 2020 9261: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9245:. August 8, 2010 9231: 9225: 9224: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9094:. Archived from 9083: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9057: 9051: 9050: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9013: 9007: 9006: 8994: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8972: 8966: 8965: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8902: 8896: 8895: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8863:. Archived from 8852: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8769:Miami University 8761: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8710: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8691:. April 21, 2023 8681: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8655: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8626: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8541: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8463:Skinner, Paige. 8460: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8441:. March 16, 2022 8431: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8360: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8334: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8113:Hartford Courant 8104: 8098: 8097: 8094:Norwich Bulletin 8085: 8079: 8078: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7887: 7876: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7822:on March 1, 2017 7818:. Archived from 7807: 7801: 7800: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7722:The Toronto Star 7713: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7615: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7572:. Archived from 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7541:. Archived from 7531: 7525: 7524: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7492: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7185: 7179: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7058:Emory University 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7004:. Archived from 6994: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6974:. Archived from 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6944:. Archived from 6934: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6842: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6821:. Archived from 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6597: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6539: 6530: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330:. Archived from 6319: 6313: 6312: 6302: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6257:on July 26, 2015 6253:. Archived from 6242: 6236: 6235: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6207:on July 14, 2014 6193: 6187: 6186: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6094:. Archived from 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6034:. Archived from 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5918:. Archived from 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5887:. Archived from 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5853: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5815:The Toronto Star 5806: 5800: 5799: 5794:. Archived from 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5762: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5737:. Archived from 5727: 5721: 5720: 5715:. Archived from 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5684:. Archived from 5682:Psychology Today 5673: 5667: 5666: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5629: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5484: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5459: 5448: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5367: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5294: 5283: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5231: 5220: 5219: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5027: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4957:. Archived from 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4931:on June 16, 2020 4930: 4915: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4851:The Star Tribune 4843:David E. Wilkins 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4817: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4753:The Plain Dealer 4748: 4742: 4741: 4734:The Plain Dealer 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4677: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4655:Voice of America 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4630:on June 30, 2016 4618: 4612: 4611: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4554: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4456: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4347: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4290: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4226: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4164: 4067:Hollow Horn Bear 3926:nation's capital 3856:Edmonton Eskimos 3844:Edmonton Eskimos 3776:USA Rugby League 3476:Ute Indian Tribe 3446:Miami University 3330: 3321: 3263:Skowhegan, Maine 3236:Rutland, Vermont 2969:Emory University 2942:Clyde Bellecourt 2909:Fighting Indians 2795:Richard Lapchick 2712: 2582:Skowhegan, Maine 2543:microaggressions 2415:Clyde Bellecourt 2392:Atlanta 'Braves' 2364: 2292:David E. Wilkins 2283:boarding schools 2263:Louis Sockalexis 2054: 2047: 2040: 1977:Social privilege 1962:Social exclusion 1890:Police brutality 1811:Multiculturalism 1781:Amatonormativity 1596:Social exclusion 1432:Age of candidacy 1228:Homeless dumping 1134:Ethnic cleansing 64: 41: 40: 13239: 13238: 13234: 13233: 13232: 13230: 13229: 13228: 13204:Racism in sport 13094: 13093: 13092: 13087: 13059: 12934:Polyculturalism 12830:Civil liberties 12798: 12779:Reappropriation 12680:Countermeasures 12675: 12604:Racial steering 12570:Numerus clausus 12474: 12468: 12193:Ethnic conflict 12128:Corrective rape 12079: 11709: 11664:minority Muslim 11546: 11438:HIV/AIDS stigma 11306: 11255:Mental disorder 11193: 11162: 11157: 11127: 11122: 11061: 11052:Charlene Teters 10985: 10964: 10928:Chief Illiniwek 10907: 10869: 10814: 10762: 10757: 10719: 10717: 10709: 10687:In Whose Honor? 10682: 10670: 10658: 10647: 10643: 10640: 10635: 10629: 10579: 10577:Further reading 10574: 10559: 10555: 10540: 10536: 10521: 10517: 10502: 10498: 10488: 10486: 10473: 10472: 10468: 10458: 10456: 10455:. July 10, 1997 10447: 10446: 10442: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10409: 10405: 10390: 10386: 10371: 10367: 10352: 10348: 10338: 10336: 10326: 10322: 10312: 10310: 10300: 10296: 10286: 10284: 10274: 10270: 10255: 10251: 10238: 10237: 10233: 10218: 10214: 10204: 10202: 10192: 10188: 10178: 10176: 10167: 10166: 10162: 10152: 10150: 10140: 10136: 10131:. July 3, 2020. 10121: 10120: 10116: 10109:Washington Post 10101: 10097: 10087: 10085: 10076: 10075: 10071: 10061: 10059: 10050: 10049: 10045: 10035: 10033: 10021: 10017: 10007: 10005: 9997: 9996: 9992: 9979: 9978: 9974: 9959: 9955: 9940: 9936: 9923: 9922: 9918: 9908: 9906: 9893: 9892: 9888: 9871: 9869: 9861: 9860: 9856: 9848:Offensive Slang 9839: 9837: 9830: 9829: 9825: 9812: 9810: 9808:Merriam-Webster 9802: 9801: 9797: 9787: 9785: 9775: 9771: 9756: 9752: 9743: 9742: 9738: 9729: 9728: 9724: 9711: 9710: 9706: 9696: 9694: 9684: 9680: 9665: 9661: 9646: 9642: 9632: 9630: 9618: 9614: 9599: 9595: 9585: 9583: 9582:. July 23, 2021 9574: 9573: 9569: 9559: 9557: 9542: 9538: 9528: 9526: 9508: 9501: 9488: 9487: 9480: 9470: 9468: 9467:on May 29, 2015 9455: 9454: 9450: 9440: 9438: 9425: 9424: 9420: 9413:Tampa Bay Times 9405: 9401: 9386: 9382: 9371: 9367: 9357: 9355: 9350: 9349: 9345: 9330: 9326: 9311: 9307: 9292: 9288: 9278: 9276: 9263: 9262: 9258: 9248: 9246: 9233: 9232: 9228: 9221:Chicago Tribune 9213: 9209: 9199: 9197: 9187: 9183: 9173: 9171: 9161:Washington Post 9153: 9149: 9134: 9130: 9115: 9111: 9101: 9099: 9084: 9080: 9070: 9068: 9058: 9054: 9039: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9015: 9014: 9010: 8995: 8991: 8981: 8979: 8974: 8973: 8969: 8962:The Daily Aztec 8954: 8950: 8940: 8938: 8928: 8924: 8914: 8912: 8904: 8903: 8899: 8892:The Daily Aztec 8884: 8880: 8870: 8868: 8853: 8849: 8839: 8837: 8827: 8823: 8813: 8811: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8795:Yale Daily News 8787: 8783: 8773: 8771: 8763: 8762: 8758: 8748: 8746: 8738: 8737: 8733: 8723: 8721: 8712: 8711: 8704: 8694: 8692: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8668: 8666: 8656: 8649: 8639: 8637: 8628: 8627: 8618: 8608: 8606: 8595: 8594: 8590: 8580: 8578: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8554: 8552: 8542: 8535: 8525: 8523: 8513: 8509: 8499: 8497: 8494:Tampa Bay Times 8488: 8487: 8483: 8473: 8471: 8461: 8454: 8444: 8442: 8433: 8432: 8428: 8418: 8416: 8406: 8402: 8387: 8383: 8373: 8371: 8361: 8357: 8347: 8345: 8335: 8328: 8318: 8316: 8306: 8302: 8263: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8237: 8233: 8223: 8221: 8206: 8202: 8187: 8183: 8173: 8171: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8143: 8139: 8124: 8120: 8105: 8101: 8086: 8082: 8067: 8063: 8048: 8044: 8034: 8032: 8025: 8021: 8006: 8002: 7987: 7983: 7968: 7964: 7949: 7945: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7905: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7874: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7840: 7839: 7835: 7825: 7823: 7808: 7804: 7789: 7785: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7748: 7744: 7733: 7729: 7714: 7710: 7700: 7698: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7674: 7672: 7662: 7658: 7648: 7646: 7638: 7637: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7593: 7589: 7579: 7577: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7546: 7533: 7532: 7528: 7513: 7509: 7499: 7497: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7471:The Denver Post 7463: 7459: 7449: 7447: 7439: 7438: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7404: 7400: 7390: 7388: 7378: 7374: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7344: 7336: 7335: 7331: 7316: 7312: 7297: 7293: 7283: 7281: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7258: 7256: 7246: 7242: 7211: 7207: 7197: 7195: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7161: 7157: 7126: 7122: 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7083:Henry DeVries. 7081: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7025: 7021: 7011: 7009: 7008:on July 7, 2015 6996: 6995: 6991: 6981: 6979: 6978:on July 7, 2015 6966: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6921: 6919: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6879: 6875: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6760: 6756: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6704:National Review 6693: 6689: 6682:National Review 6671: 6667: 6652: 6648: 6638: 6636: 6626: 6622: 6595: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6552: 6537: 6531: 6522: 6512: 6510: 6500: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6460: 6458: 6448: 6444: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6413: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6320: 6316: 6274: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6243: 6239: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6175: 6171: 6156: 6152: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5925: 5923: 5922:on June 5, 2013 5908: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5856:UCLA Law Review 5851: 5845: 5841: 5826: 5822: 5807: 5803: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5771: 5769: 5764: 5763: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5705: 5701: 5691: 5689: 5674: 5670: 5647: 5643: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5580: 5576: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5521:(May 7, 2018). 5516: 5512: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5233: 5232: 5223: 5218:. June 2, 2005. 5210: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5182: 5178: 5160: 5156: 5133: 5129: 5098: 5094: 5063: 5059: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4872: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4841:Carter Meland; 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4791: 4787: 4764: 4760: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4678: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4492: 4488: 4457: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4324: 4320: 4288: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4250: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4123:Fighting Whites 4114: 4089: 4083: 4039: 3985: 3980: 3957:as part of the 3940:1992 Super Bowl 3936:Super Bowl XXII 3916:, November 2014 3902: 3896: 3890: 3877: 3852: 3846: 3794: 3788: 3749: 3708: 3694: 3668:. Team founder 3619: 3613: 3566: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3490: 3484: 3461:Yale University 3442:Otto the Orange 3434:Saltine Warrior 3406: 3400: 3367:Cherokee Nation 3340: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3323: 3322: 3269:Nation and the 3212: 3182:National Chief 3145: 3133: 3123: 3102: 3096: 3038: 3000:The Harris Poll 2996: 2990: 2937: 2929:red-tailed hawk 2893:systemic racism 2842: 2810:Chief Illiniwek 2754: 2752:Popular opinion 2714: 2710: 2683: 2642: 2594: 2530: 2506:Spokane Indians 2482:Cherokee Nation 2467:marginalization 2366: 2361:Dennis J. Banks 2359: 2350: 2344: 2342:Native American 2339: 2319:ignoble savages 2168:colonial period 2161: 2066:Native American 2058: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2025: 1900:Polyculturalism 1796:Civil liberties 1768: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1737:Reappropriation 1637: 1636:Countermeasures 1629: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1554:Racial steering 1520:Numerus clausus 1424: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1139:Ethnic conflict 1074:Corrective rape 1029: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1017: 654: 643: 642: 641: 640: 639: 594:minority Muslim 482: 472: 471: 470: 469: 468: 360:HIV/AIDS stigma 232: 224: 223: 222: 221: 220: 169:Mental disorder 111: 103: 102: 101: 100: 99: 72: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13237: 13227: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13109:Atlanta Braves 13106: 13089: 13088: 13086: 13085: 13075: 13064: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13057: 13052: 13051: 13050: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13029: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12982: 12981: 12979:Reverse racism 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12949:Prisoner abuse 12946: 12941: 12939:Power distance 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12905: 12904: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12857:Ethnic penalty 12854: 12853: 12852: 12850:Neurodiversity 12847: 12837: 12835:Dehumanization 12832: 12827: 12825:Cisnormativity 12822: 12817: 12812: 12806: 12804: 12803:Related topics 12800: 12799: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12725: 12724: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12683: 12681: 12677: 12676: 12674: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12661:State religion 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12642: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12600: 12599: 12597:Nuremberg Laws 12594: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12539:Ghetto benches 12536: 12534:Gerrymandering 12531: 12526: 12521: 12519:Gender pay gap 12516: 12515: 12514: 12509: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12478: 12476: 12473:Discriminatory 12470: 12469: 12467: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12350: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12302:Lavender scare 12299: 12297:Kill Haole Day 12294: 12292:Indian rolling 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12268: 12267: 12257: 12252: 12251: 12250: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12178:Eliminationism 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12113:Cancel culture 12110: 12105: 12100: 12099: 12098: 12087: 12085: 12084:Manifestations 12081: 12080: 12078: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11970:Middle Eastern 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11936: 11935: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11804: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11772: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11720: 11718: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11707: 11705:Zoroastrianism 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11681: 11680: 11670: 11669: 11668: 11667: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11631: 11630: 11629: 11627:Untouchability 11624: 11614: 11609: 11608: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11556: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11533: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11512: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11448:Leprosy stigma 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11314: 11312: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11273: 11272: 11267: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11201: 11199: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11170: 11168: 11164: 11163: 11160:Discrimination 11156: 11155: 11148: 11141: 11133: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11069: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11027:Adrienne Keene 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10993: 10991: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10972: 10970: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10946: 10945: 10943:Sammy Seminole 10940: 10930: 10925: 10919: 10917: 10913: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10831: 10829: 10820: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10781: 10774:Atlanta Braves 10770: 10768: 10764: 10763: 10756: 10755: 10748: 10741: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10707: 10695: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10668: 10656: 10639: 10638:External links 10636: 10634: 10633: 10627: 10612: 10605: 10598: 10591: 10588: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10572: 10553: 10534: 10515: 10496: 10466: 10440: 10422: 10403: 10384: 10365: 10346: 10320: 10294: 10268: 10249: 10231: 10212: 10200:ABCNews.go.com 10186: 10160: 10134: 10114: 10095: 10069: 10043: 10015: 9990: 9972: 9953: 9934: 9916: 9886: 9867:Dictionary.com 9854: 9823: 9795: 9769: 9750: 9736: 9722: 9704: 9678: 9659: 9640: 9612: 9593: 9567: 9536: 9499: 9478: 9448: 9418: 9399: 9380: 9365: 9343: 9324: 9305: 9286: 9256: 9226: 9207: 9181: 9147: 9128: 9109: 9078: 9052: 9033: 9008: 8989: 8967: 8948: 8922: 8897: 8878: 8847: 8829:Schwarb, Amy. 8821: 8800: 8781: 8765:"Mascot Story" 8756: 8731: 8720:. May 11, 2023 8702: 8676: 8647: 8616: 8588: 8562: 8533: 8507: 8481: 8452: 8439:WDW News Today 8426: 8400: 8381: 8355: 8326: 8300: 8273:(2): 245–265. 8257: 8231: 8200: 8181: 8156: 8137: 8118: 8099: 8080: 8061: 8042: 8019: 8000: 7981: 7976:Rutland Herald 7962: 7943: 7925: 7899: 7863: 7833: 7802: 7783: 7761: 7742: 7727: 7708: 7682: 7656: 7631: 7602: 7587: 7576:on May 9, 2021 7556: 7526: 7507: 7479: 7457: 7432: 7412:Education Week 7398: 7372: 7354: 7329: 7310: 7291: 7266: 7240: 7205: 7180: 7155: 7120: 7101: 7075: 7045: 7019: 6989: 6959: 6929: 6899: 6873: 6851:(2): 195–222. 6828: 6806: 6780: 6754: 6749:The Desert Sun 6735: 6709: 6687: 6665: 6646: 6620: 6614:Playing Indian 6583: 6558: 6520: 6494: 6468: 6442: 6423: 6397: 6367: 6342: 6314: 6300:2027.42/170309 6268: 6251:19 Action News 6237: 6218: 6188: 6169: 6150: 6128: 6109: 6079: 6049: 6018: 5988: 5963: 5933: 5902: 5872: 5839: 5820: 5801: 5779: 5752: 5722: 5699: 5668: 5641: 5600: 5574: 5539: 5510: 5495: 5471: 5435: 5405: 5379: 5354: 5333: 5326: 5306: 5270: 5251: 5221: 5203: 5176: 5154: 5127: 5092: 5073:(2): 176–189. 5057: 5039: 5006: 4972: 4942: 4901: 4863: 4833: 4804: 4785: 4758: 4743: 4724: 4699: 4692: 4667: 4641: 4623:Playing Indian 4613: 4607:Playing Indian 4596: 4585:. July 3, 2020 4570: 4541: 4515: 4508: 4486: 4467:(2): 287–297. 4448: 4410: 4385: 4359: 4338:(5): 613–633. 4318: 4273: 4266: 4254:"Introduction" 4241: 4213: 4185: 4173:Slate Magazine 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4110: 4102:Guaraní people 4082: 4079: 4038: 4035: 4014:Trail of Tears 3994:Sonic Drive-In 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3892:Main article: 3889: 3886: 3876: 3873: 3845: 3842: 3790:Main article: 3787: 3784: 3765:Buffalo Braves 3748: 3745: 3704:Main article: 3693: 3690: 3666:Black Hawk War 3615:Main article: 3612: 3609: 3562:Main article: 3559: 3558:Atlanta Braves 3556: 3554: 3551: 3543: 3540: 3519:Fighting Sioux 3486:Main article: 3483: 3480: 3399: 3396: 3335: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3211: 3208: 3144: 3141: 3122: 3119: 3098:Main article: 3095: 3092: 3046:Atlanta Braves 3037: 3034: 2989: 2986: 2952:, the chicken 2936: 2933: 2885:cayenne pepper 2857:Fighting Irish 2841: 2838: 2753: 2750: 2699: 2682: 2679: 2641: 2640:Legal remedies 2638: 2613:United Nations 2593: 2590: 2529: 2526: 2451:neocolonialism 2351: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2251:Charles Somers 2232:Boston Red Sox 2230:, home of the 2192:Atlanta Braves 2160: 2157: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2042: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1945:Reverse racism 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1915:Prisoner abuse 1912: 1907: 1905:Power distance 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1823:Ethnic penalty 1820: 1819: 1818: 1816:Neurodiversity 1813: 1803: 1801:Dehumanization 1798: 1793: 1791:Cisnormativity 1788: 1783: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1767:Related topics 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1611:State religion 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1547:Nuremberg Laws 1544: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1489:Ghetto benches 1486: 1484:Gerrymandering 1481: 1476: 1471: 1469:Gender pay gap 1466: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1248:Lavender scare 1245: 1243:Kill Haole Day 1240: 1238:Indian rolling 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1124:Eliminationism 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1059:Cancel culture 1056: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1028:Manifestations 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 908:Middle Eastern 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 874: 873: 863: 858: 853: 848: 847: 846: 841: 836: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 742: 741: 736: 731: 721: 716: 711: 710: 709: 704: 699: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 658: 657: 656: 655: 649: 648: 645: 644: 638: 637: 635:Zoroastrianism 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 611: 610: 600: 599: 598: 597: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 561: 560: 559: 557:Untouchability 554: 544: 539: 538: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 507: 502: 497: 492: 486: 485: 484: 483: 478: 477: 474: 473: 467: 466: 461: 456: 455: 454: 449: 444: 434: 433: 432: 427: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 370:Leprosy stigma 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 236: 235: 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 225: 219: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 187: 186: 181: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 115: 114: 113: 112: 109: 108: 105: 104: 98: 97: 92: 87: 82: 76: 75: 74: 73: 70: 69: 66: 65: 57: 56: 54:Discrimination 50: 49: 27:Atlanta Braves 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13236: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13101: 13099: 13084: 13076: 13074: 13066: 13065: 13062: 13056: 13053: 13049: 13046: 13045: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13033:Social stigma 13031: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13013: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12980: 12977: 12976: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12842: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12723: 12720: 12719: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12684: 12682: 12678: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12656:State atheism 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12592:Jim Crow laws 12590: 12589: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12577:One-drop rule 12575: 12573: 12571: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12492:Blood quantum 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12471: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12439:Victimisation 12437: 12435: 12434:Trans bashing 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12404:Religious war 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12384:Racialization 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12266: 12263: 12262: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12255:Glass ceiling 12253: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12198:Ethnic hatred 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12133:Counter-jihad 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12082: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11934: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11907: 11906:United States 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11770: 11769:United States 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11721: 11719: 11717: 11712: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11690:Protestantism 11688: 11686: 11683: 11679: 11676: 11675: 11674: 11671: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11637: 11636: 11635: 11632: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11600:LDS or Mormon 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11549: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11525:Transmisogyny 11523: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11513: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11428:Gerontophobia 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11358:Anti-intersex 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11333:Anti-albinism 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11309: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11262: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11196: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11174:Institutional 11172: 11171: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11154: 11149: 11147: 11142: 11140: 11135: 11134: 11131: 11119: 11118:Tomahawk chop 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11088:List of teams 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11064: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11002:Brett Chapman 11000: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10967: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10935: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10916:College teams 10914: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10872: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10850:Opinion polls 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10817: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10801: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10792: 10789: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10754: 10749: 10747: 10742: 10740: 10735: 10734: 10731: 10715: 10714: 10708: 10705: 10704:Standing Rock 10701: 10700: 10696: 10693: 10689: 10688: 10684: 10683: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10646: 10642: 10641: 10630: 10628:9780313397653 10624: 10620: 10619: 10613: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10599: 10596: 10592: 10589: 10586: 10582: 10581: 10568: 10564: 10557: 10549: 10545: 10538: 10530: 10526: 10519: 10511: 10507: 10500: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10470: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10436: 10432: 10426: 10418: 10414: 10407: 10399: 10395: 10388: 10380: 10376: 10369: 10361: 10357: 10350: 10335: 10331: 10324: 10309: 10308:Washingtonian 10305: 10298: 10283: 10279: 10272: 10264: 10260: 10253: 10245: 10241: 10235: 10227: 10223: 10216: 10201: 10197: 10190: 10174: 10170: 10164: 10149: 10148:NBCSports.com 10145: 10138: 10130: 10129: 10124: 10118: 10110: 10106: 10099: 10083: 10079: 10073: 10057: 10053: 10047: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10019: 10004: 10000: 9994: 9986: 9982: 9976: 9968: 9964: 9957: 9949: 9945: 9938: 9930: 9926: 9920: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9890: 9883: 9881: 9868: 9864: 9858: 9851: 9849: 9835: 9834: 9827: 9820: 9809: 9805: 9799: 9784: 9780: 9773: 9765: 9761: 9754: 9746: 9740: 9732: 9726: 9718: 9714: 9708: 9693: 9689: 9682: 9674: 9670: 9663: 9655: 9651: 9644: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9616: 9608: 9604: 9597: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9540: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9506: 9504: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9483: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9452: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9414: 9410: 9403: 9395: 9391: 9384: 9376: 9369: 9358:September 13, 9353: 9347: 9339: 9335: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9309: 9301: 9297: 9290: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9260: 9249:September 27, 9244: 9240: 9236: 9230: 9222: 9218: 9211: 9196: 9192: 9185: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9151: 9143: 9139: 9132: 9124: 9120: 9113: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9082: 9067: 9063: 9056: 9048: 9044: 9037: 9022: 9018: 9012: 9004: 9000: 8993: 8977: 8971: 8963: 8959: 8952: 8937: 8933: 8926: 8911: 8907: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8882: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8851: 8836: 8832: 8825: 8810: 8804: 8796: 8792: 8785: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8707: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8665: 8661: 8654: 8652: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8604: 8603: 8602:New York Post 8598: 8592: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8551: 8550:ABC13 Houston 8547: 8540: 8538: 8522: 8518: 8511: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8470: 8469:BuzzFeed News 8466: 8459: 8457: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8415: 8414:Houston Press 8411: 8404: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8370: 8366: 8359: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8331: 8315: 8311: 8304: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8261: 8246: 8245:Cronkite News 8242: 8235: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8204: 8196: 8192: 8185: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8133: 8129: 8122: 8114: 8110: 8103: 8095: 8091: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8030: 8027:John Penney. 8023: 8015: 8011: 8004: 7996: 7992: 7985: 7977: 7973: 7966: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7918:September 25, 7914: 7910: 7903: 7892:September 25, 7884: 7880: 7873: 7867: 7856:September 25, 7851: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7746: 7738: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7671: 7667: 7660: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7619: 7612: 7606: 7598: 7591: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7496: 7489: 7483: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7461: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7034: 7030: 7023: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6810: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6769: 6765: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6728:September 17, 6723: 6719: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6696:Dennis Prager 6691: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6635: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6608:In 1915, the 6605: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5506: 5499: 5488: 5481: 5475: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5439: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5364: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5329: 5327:9780470627204 5323: 5319: 5318: 5310: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5010: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4868: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4821: 4814: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4728: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4695: 4693:9780814781272 4689: 4685: 4684: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4617: 4609: 4608: 4600: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4558: 4551: 4545: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4374:. August 2010 4373: 4369: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4246: 4230: 4223: 4217: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4189: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3944:Buffalo Bills 3941: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3895: 3885: 3882: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3778:replaced the 3777: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753:Atlanta Hawks 3744: 3741: 3740:Super Bowl LV 3737: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3698: 3689: 3686: 3683:In 2019, the 3681: 3679: 3675: 3674:Western Front 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3605:Rome Emperors 3601: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3570:tomahawk chop 3565: 3553:Current usage 3549: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430:Stanford Tree 3427: 3423: 3419: 3410: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3375:Magic Kingdom 3372: 3368: 3365:In 2020, the 3363: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3309: 3308:Plains Indian 3303: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3210:United States 3207: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3197:Daniel Snyder 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3153:First Nations 3150: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3110: 3108: 3101: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2982:Frito Bandito 2979: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2889:Cajun cuisine 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865:Ragin' Cajuns 2862: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2830:Peoria people 2827: 2823: 2822:Lakota people 2820:, but of the 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2722:Daniel Snyder 2719: 2718:Roger Goodell 2713: 2707: 2705: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2685:In 1992, the 2678: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2603:In 2001, the 2601: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2548:In 2005, the 2546: 2544: 2538: 2533: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510:Spokane tribe 2507: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2427:Russell Means 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2313:noble savages 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200:James Gaffney 2197: 2196:Boston Braves 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2113:Edmonton Elks 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078:United States 2075: 2071: 2070:First Nations 2067: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1999:Social stigma 1997: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1763: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1633: 1632: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1606:State atheism 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1542:Jim Crow laws 1540: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1527:One-drop rule 1525: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1442:Blood quantum 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1383:Victimisation 1381: 1379: 1378:Trans bashing 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348:Religious war 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1328:Racialization 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1201:Glass ceiling 1199: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1144:Ethnic hatred 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1079:Counter-jihad 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1025: 1024: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 872: 869: 868: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 845: 844:United States 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 831: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 708: 707:United States 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 659: 653: 647: 646: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 620:Protestantism 618: 616: 613: 609: 606: 605: 604: 601: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 571: 570: 567: 566: 565: 562: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 548: 545: 543: 540: 536: 533: 531: 530:LDS or Mormon 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 512: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 481: 476: 475: 465: 462: 460: 457: 453: 450: 448: 447:Transmisogyny 445: 443: 440: 439: 438: 435: 431: 428: 426: 423: 422: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 350:Gerontophobia 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 280:Anti-intersex 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 255:Anti-albinism 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 228: 227: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 185: 182: 180: 177: 176: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 107: 106: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 80:Institutional 78: 77: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 55: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 36: 32: 31:tomahawk chop 28: 23: 19: 12867:Gender-blind 12754:Human rights 12582:Racial quota 12569: 12549:Jewish quota 12529:Gerontocracy 12524:Gender roles 12502:Disabilities 12487:Blood purity 12459:Wife selling 12449:White flight 12429:Slut-shaming 12409:Scapegoating 12331: 12327:Murder music 11990:Palestinians 11933:Anti-Zionism 11801:South Africa 11786:Black people 11764:South Africa 11580:Christianity 11570:Baháʼí Faith 11493:Sectarianism 11433:Heterosexism 11398:Ephebiphobia 11368:Anti-Masonry 11235:Hair texture 11057:Philip Yenyo 11042:Robert Roche 10759: 10720:February 14, 10718:. Retrieved 10712: 10697: 10685: 10663: 10651: 10621:. Abc-Clio. 10617: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10584: 10566: 10556: 10547: 10537: 10529:Argus Leader 10528: 10518: 10509: 10499: 10487:. Retrieved 10483:the original 10478: 10469: 10457:. Retrieved 10452: 10443: 10434: 10425: 10416: 10406: 10397: 10387: 10379:Mother Jones 10378: 10368: 10359: 10349: 10337:. Retrieved 10333: 10323: 10311:. Retrieved 10307: 10297: 10285:. Retrieved 10281: 10271: 10262: 10252: 10244:Redskins.com 10243: 10234: 10225: 10215: 10203:. Retrieved 10199: 10189: 10177:. Retrieved 10172: 10163: 10151:. Retrieved 10147: 10137: 10126: 10117: 10108: 10098: 10086:. Retrieved 10081: 10072: 10060:. Retrieved 10056:Colorado.edu 10055: 10046: 10034:. Retrieved 10028: 10018: 10008:November 13, 10006:. Retrieved 10002: 9993: 9984: 9975: 9966: 9956: 9947: 9937: 9928: 9919: 9907:. Retrieved 9903:the original 9898: 9889: 9879: 9877: 9870:. Retrieved 9866: 9857: 9847: 9845: 9838:. Retrieved 9832: 9826: 9818: 9811:. 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CBC News. 7701:January 14, 7675:November 6, 7391:February 8, 7386:US Lacrosse 7347:January 11, 7198:January 27, 6922:December 8, 6576:February 6, 6487:January 15, 6461:January 15, 6416:December 1, 6390:December 8, 6355:Nielson.com 6072:October 19, 6042:January 21, 6011:December 8, 5926:December 8, 5745:January 29, 5692:February 5, 5464:January 23, 5428:January 23, 5398:February 5, 5244:January 12, 5108:(3): 1–12. 4965:October 10, 4935:October 21, 4856:January 30, 4826:January 21, 4441:October 10, 4378:January 23, 4178:October 10, 4048:Chief Wahoo 3822:Chief Wahoo 3806:Chief Wahoo 3747:Prior usage 3678:World War I 3356:war bonnets 3352:reservation 3288:Janet Mills 3251:Connecticut 3189:Anishinaabe 3184:Shawn Atleo 3168:Ian Campeau 3087:US Lacrosse 2745:Tony Wyllie 2431:Chief Wahoo 2404:segregation 2330:casino-rich 2288:Anishinaabe 2228:Fenway Park 2149:Deb Haaland 1727:Nonviolence 1722:LGBT rights 1687:Empowerment 1655:Anti-racism 1569:Segregation 1514:No kid zone 1308:Persecution 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