Native American name controversy

1426: 39: 5516: 2492: 2207: 1438: 1517:, Columbus referred to the resident peoples he encountered there as "Indians", reflecting his purported belief that he had reached the Indian Ocean. The name was adopted by other Spanish and ultimately other Europeans; for centuries the Indigenous peoples of the Americas were collectively called "Indians" in various European languages. This misnomer was perpetuated in place naming; the islands of the 2273: 2088:"Native" or "Native Canadian" is an ambiguous term, but people frequently use it in conversation or informal writing. A majority use this term for describing Indigenous peoples, including some Indigenous people themselves. This is considered to be quite offensive as Indigenous peoples living in Canada existed prior to colonization and some do not view themselves as Canadians. 2850:, a number of histories from various countries make reference to the myth of a continent existing atop a turtle's back. Though not present across all nations and countries, this symbolism and icon has spread to become nearly pan-Indigenous. As Europeans, Asians and Africans have terms that allude to their home continents, "Turtle Islander" is an attempt to do just that. 2060:"First Nations" came into common usage in the 1980s to replace the term "Indian band". Elder Sol Sanderson says that he coined the term in the early 1980s. Others state that the term came into common usage in the 1970s to avoid using the word "Indian", which some people considered offensive. Apparently, no legal definition of the term exists. However, the 2903:"Injun" is an originally 17th-century mispronunciation of "Indian", generally considered offensive today, used to mock or impersonate Native Americans' or early settlers' supposed heavily accented English (e.g., "Honest Injun", "Injun time"). The word and related terms have been defined as derogatory by Indigenous peoples and are not widely used. 1973:, but from its creation has been controversial. It was rejected by some leading members of the Association, and while adopted by many it was never universally accepted. Usage in English occurs primarily in anthropological and linguistic contexts, rather than Native American ones; it also finds some use in news outlets in describing the 1663:. Both terms are still widely used today. "American Indian" appears often in treaties between the United States and the Indigenous peoples with whom they have been negotiating since the colonial period, and many federal, state, and local laws also use it. "American Indian" is the term used in the United States Census. 3533:'We would capitalize "Indigenous" in both contexts: that of Indigenous people and groups, on the one hand, and Indigenous culture and society, on the other. Lowercase "indigenous" would be reserved for contexts in which the term does not apply to Indigenous people, for example, indigenous plant and animal species.' 1369:

In the 20th and 21st centuries, there has been greater awareness among non-Indigenous peoples that Indigenous peoples in the Americas have been active in discussions of how they wish to be known. Indigenous people have pressed for the elimination of terms they consider to be obsolete, inaccurate, or

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inferiority based on race, such as "negress". There is a movement to remove the name "squaw" from geographic place names across the United States. There is a minority counter-movement among a small number of academics to "reclaim" what they claim is the possible original meaning of the word, as an

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As European colonists began to settle in the Americas in the 16th and 17th centuries, and have more sustained contact with the resident peoples, they understood that the residents were not a homogeneous group sharing a unified culture and government, but discrete societies with their own distinct

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responded by proposing the use of the term "Native American" to recognize the primacy of Indigenous peoples' tenure in the country. The term has become widespread nationally but only partially accepted by various Indigenous groups. Other naming conventions have been proposed and used, but none is

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Objections to the usage of "Indian" and "American Indian" include the fact that "Indian" arose from a historical error, and does not accurately reflect the origin of the people to whom it refers. In addition, some feel that the term has so absorbed negative and demeaning connotations through its

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Whereas the term "Eskimo" is not an Inuit term, and is not one that Inuit have themselves adopted; . . . Let it therefore be resolved that the research, science, and other communities be called upon to use the term "Inuit", instead of "Eskimo" and "paleo-Inuit" instead of "paleo-Eskimo" in the

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In most of Latin America there are also large segments of the population with mixed Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestry, who are largely integrated into mainstream society, and by and large no longer identify themselves with their Indigenous ancestral groups unless they coexist with their

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of the 1960s and 1970s. This term was considered to represent historical fact more accurately (i.e., "Native" cultures predated European colonization). In addition, activists also believed it was free of negative historical connotations that had come to be associated with previous terms.

2884:, who may use the term "Princess" as a component in the titles they award. Generally, these events are for recognizing cultural skills and community leadership. However, some have called for participants to stop using the term "Princess" for these titles, due to the negative 1582:

that this phrase does not appear in any of Columbus' writing. Wilton says that many European languages since Greek and Roman times used variations of the term "Indian" to describe the peoples of the Indian subcontinent, more than a millennium before the voyages of Columbus.

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The term "Redskins" is now mostly seen, by Native Americans in particular, as pejorative and offensive, as it is the term that was used for body parts used as "proof of kill" when Native Americans were hunted for bounty by colonists on the frontier. There was an American

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is still in common use, including among people of Indigenous identity. In Mexico, Brazil, and several other countries, these names are normally applied only to the ethnic groups that have maintained their identity and, to some extent, their original way of life.

1770:—whether capitalized or not—include a concern that it is often understood to exclude American groups outside the contiguous United States (e.g., Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico), and Indigenous groups in South America, Mexico, and Canada. The word 2740:) and European with the latter being mostly European and African (with fair hair and skin, but black facial features and/or hair texture) admixed ancestry, respectively, with the first three necessarily involving a degree of Indigenous ancestry. 3159:

Although the name "Eskimo" was commonly used in Alaska to refer to Inuit and Yupik people of the world, this usage is now considered unacceptable by many or even most Alaska Natives, largely since it is a colonial name imposed by non-Indigenous

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SOL SANDERSON: ...if you've ever wondered where that term First Nations came from, I coined that in the early 80s when we were disputing in our forum about our positions on the agenda that we wanted to advance respecting the constitution.

1903:, and includes all the above-named peoples. While Athabascans, Haida, Eyak, and Tlingit are American Indians, Inuit, Yupik, and Unangan (Aleut) are not. Likewise, Yupik, Unangan, and Inuit are all district peoples with distinct languages. 2822:. The "I" is always capitalized as it is in references to a group of people. In the Americas, the term "Indigenous peoples of the Americas" was adopted, and the term is tailored to specific geographic or political regions, such as " 3026:). At the beginning of the nineteenth century, representatives of the relatively new United States government often used the term in official records when referring to Indian nations (e.g., Justice Baldwin's concurring opinion in 1994:, first passed in 1876, in defining the rights of people of recognized First Nations, refers to them as "Indians". The responsible federal government department was the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, now 4997:

Through communication and education American Indian people have come to understand the derogatory meaning of the word. American Indian women claim the right to define ourselves as women and we reject the offensive term

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was once common, but it is now perceived as derogatory and is being replaced in common use with "Inuit" or individual groups' own names for themselves. As mentioned above, Yupik and Unangan are distinct from Inuit.

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to describe themselves, as well as how they prefer to be referred to by others. Preferred terms vary primarily by region and age. As Indigenous peoples and communities are diverse, there is no consensus on naming.

2787:, or brown people), the same term used for people of European and Amerindian ancestry who do not have at the same time a white-passing phenotype and a mainstream Brazilian cultural identity—which also means that 1358:, or other European language terminology used by earlier explorers and colonists, many of which were derived from the names that tribes called each other. Some resulted from the colonists' attempt to translate 5015: 2064:, the national advocacy group for First Nations peoples, adopted the term in 1985. The singular commonly used is "First Nations person" (when gender-specific, "First Nations man" or "First Nations woman"). 1818:

used the term "Indigenous peoples" for the first time in its official political declaration in 2002. Before this date, the term was considered to be "still under debate" for usage in official UN documents.

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historical usage as to render it objectionable in context. Additionally, "American Indian" is often understood to mean only the peoples of the mainland body of the United States, which excludes other

2369:) is used as a cross-tribal term in Algonquian-majority areas, such as Anishnabe Health, Anishnabe Education, and Training Circle. The term is also used among historically Anishinaabe peoples in the 4862: 2038:. More recently, the term Indigenous peoples has been used more frequently and in 2015 the federal government department responsible for First Nations, Metis, and Inuit issues changed its name from 2987:

perpetuate negative stereotypes of Native Americans, "Often citing a long held myth by non-Native people that 'Indian' mascots 'honor Native people', American sports businesses such as the NFL's

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from the native language into their own, or to transliterate by sound. In addition, some names or terms were pejorative, arising from prejudice and fear, during periods of conflict (such as the

1839:. Until about 1910, these terms were used in English to refer to various Indigenous peoples. Today throughout most of the English-speaking world, it is most commonly understood to refer to the 2814:

During the late 20th century the term "Indigenous peoples" evolved into a political term that refers to ethnic groups with historical ties to groups that existed in a territory prior to

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Supporters of the terms "Indian" and "American Indian" argue that they have been in use for such a long time that many people have become accustomed to them and no longer consider them

2417:. The accent in the latter is on the second syllable, resembling the French original, and is used in Grand Ronde Jargon meaning "anything native or Indian"; by contrast, they consider 994: 4807: 2885: 2777:

who do not have significant European ancestry, but have adopted the culture of the dominant non-Indigenous population. In Brazil, however, assimilated Indigenous people are called

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of the word—the small parts that make up larger, historical forms—not the English form currently used as a slur. Any effort at "reclamation" would not apply to the much larger

5797: 5457: 104: 5420: 4425: 3206: 2393:) for "Indian", "Native American", or "First Nations", either as adjective or noun. While normally meaning a male native, it is used in certain combinations, such as 1425: 5500: 2179:, uses "Inuit", as does the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, the national organization that represents the Inuit in Canada. The preferred term in Canada's Central Arctic is 2888:

and the discomfort the nomenclature can cause when interacting with non-Natives, and to replace the term with "more culturally relevant and accurate nomenclature."

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languages and social systems. Early historical accounts show that some colonists, including Jesuit missionaries in New France, attempted to learn and record the

1957:(now Utqiaġvik), in 1977 officially adopted "Inuit" as a designation for the circumpolar Indigenous groups of the United States, Canada, Greenland, and Russia. 3488: 1212: 299: 2826:". "'Indigenous peoples' ... is a term that internationalizes the experiences, the issues and the struggles of some of the world's colonized peoples", writes 5758: 5753: 5530: 3022: 2139:(Indian) and since they are not Indians, the word is no longer favored and it has, for example, been removed from some elementary school textbooks. The term 3050:

once broadly used the word "heathens" to refer to Native Americans, a pejorative Christian term that refers to people who do not worship the Christian god.

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Let's just agree the following words are never okay to call Indigenous peoples: savage, red Indian, redskin, primitive, half-breed, squaw/brave/papoose.

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word adopted in regional English to mean a native woman or, as in the Jargon, all women and also anything female. It originated as a compound of Nootka

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In the late 20th century, some etymologists suggested that the origin of the term was not from a confusion with India, but from the Spanish expression

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accepted by all Indigenous groups. Typically, each name has a particular audience and political or cultural connotation, and regional usage varies.

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David Robichaux, "Defining the Indian: State definitions, perception of the other and community organization in southwestern Tlaxcala and Mexico."

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negatively, but others use it freely. They consider use by non-natives to be derogatory. In the creolized form of Chinook Jargon spoken at the

2002:. The Act officially recognizes people commonly known as "Status Indians", although "Registered Indian" is the official term for those on the 1843:, with the notable exception of Canada, where the term "aboriginal" (but not aborigine) came into use in the Canadian Constitution Act, 1982. 6021: 1187: 743: 246: 109: 4675: 4599: 6099: 4100: 3076:. Although there has been some controversy on the topic, it is almost always grouped with other words that carry a colonial implication of 1256: 1229: 1163: 999: 324: 4815: 2834:. "The final 's' in 'Indigenous peoples' ... a way of recognizing that there are real differences between different Indigenous peoples." 6094: 6065: 5910: 5443: 3671: 1999: 1682: 1133: 1055: 5770: 5765: 1148: 309: 149: 1288:

After Europeans discovered the Americas, they called most of the Indigenous people collectively "Indians". The distinct people in the

6072: 5823: 5548: 4951: 3804: 159: 3727: 1721:. The Know-Nothings also called themselves the "Native American Party" and were referred to in the press with the capitalized term. 6109: 2991:... continue to profit from harmful stereotypes originated during a time when white superiority and segregation were commonplace." 2686:

in Spanish, for people with European and Native, African and Native or European and African admixed ancestry respectively, besides

2123:(The Indian Act), but it is unacceptable outside of this specific context. First Nations in Québec have also called for the term 1815: 1249: 304: 4547: 3097:

community of women who are affected by this slur, as Algonquian-speakers make up only a small minority of those affected by it.

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in spring to paint not only their bodies, but also their houses, canoes, weapons, household appliances and musical instruments.

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in Portuguese, for people of European and Native, Native and African, European, Native and African, East Asian (especially the

2043: 1995: 1693:, which declares "the Indian is the only native American; he holds his charter from God himself". During the 1850s, a group of 1108: 5831: 4519: 4267: 3347: 2925:

which colonists and settlers historically used in North America and Europe, and also to distinguish Native Americans from the

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came to agree that "color terms" referring to ethnic groups, such as Black, should be capitalized as proper names, as well as

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specifies that something or someone is native rather than coming or being brought in from elsewhere: an indigenous crop; the

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When discussing broad groups of peoples, naming may be based on shared language, region, or historical relationship, such as

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Dailey referenced "Puget Sound Geography" by T. T. Waterman. Washington DC: National Anthropological Archives, mss. ;

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in 1492 (before Columbus' voyage), labels the entire Asian subcontinent region as "India", named ultimately after the

5748: 4735: 4461: 3403: 2539: 2254: 1207: 1153: 748: 199: 184: 5249:, presented in the Extensible Markup Language. Based on GCIDE version 0.46 (15 April 2002). Retrieved 21 April 2006. 2521: 2236: 1827:

The English adjective "aboriginal" and the noun "aborigine" come from a Latin phrase meaning "from the origin"; the

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in several publications dating to 1737, but it is unclear whether these texts refer to Indigenous peoples, or to

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The people of the Canadian Arctic are officially known as the Inuit, which means 'the people', or singularly,

6114: 5969: 5944: 5924: 5871: 3728:"Inuit Circumpolar Council Resolution 2010 – 01 on the use of the term Inuit in scientific and other circles" 3142: 2843: 1653: 1113: 1098: 900: 708: 4479:""All Nations Rise" ~ the powerful heart of indigenous Turtle Islander, Diné peacewalker Lyla June Johnston" 1415: 5949: 5929: 5886: 5876: 5836: 2823: 2023: 1950: 1694: 738: 551: 525: 224: 119: 4701: 3505:

The news organization will also now capitalize Indigenous in reference to original inhabitants of a place.

1935:, spoken by some competitive historic tribes of present-day Canada and US, it means "eaters of raw meat". 1774:

is sometimes questioned because the people referred to resided in the Americas before they were so named.

5994: 5934: 5683: 5627: 5495: 3981: 2080:. Owing to its similarity to the term "First Nations", the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. 890: 850: 3447: 2474:, encountered only in English-Chinook hybrid phrasings, is always derisive, especially in forms such as 5959: 3028: 2922: 1736:

wrote to thank a correspondent for "your most interesting letter about the Native American churchmen".

1725: 1718: 1641: 1304: 780: 663: 421: 416: 4625: 5543: 4548:"Kagen apologizes for remark Congressional candidate says use of 'Injun time' wasn't meant to offend" 2061: 1673: 1463: 830: 477: 169: 1747:

to refer to Indigenous peoples who live in the Americas came into widespread, common use during the

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Stangl, Jane M. "White sauvage-ry: Revisiting the collegians and coeds of old Siwash College." in

4038: 3959: 3032:). This was related to their association of non-Christian people as savages. Early anthropologist 2881: 2770:, the latter term involving people of European and Asian mixed ancestry, particularly East Asian. 2143:

is not used as it is seen as having negative connotations because of its similarity to the French

2035: 6041: 5637: 5569: 4603: 3887: 3043: 2506: 2429: 2397:("a seal", literally "Indian pig" or "Indian pork"). Many native communities perceive the terms 2221: 2055: 2031: 2017: 1649: 1387: 940: 603: 489: 319: 314: 279: 124: 3292: 3017: 1447:), with the label "India" located in what appears to be southern China, but also near the label 3082: 2921:"Red Indians". The term was largely used in the 18th to 20th centuries, partially based on the 2897: 2315: 2176: 1840: 1832: 1729: 835: 770: 713: 219: 114: 4774: 3326: 3207:"Does "Indian" derive from Columbus's description of Native Americans as "una gente in Dios"?" 2692:

for people who are over three-quarters European and around one-fourth Native in ancestry, and

2556:, the preferred expression used by both the Government and the media is "Indigenous peoples" ( 1544:, an arm of AIM, elected to collectively identify as "American Indian", at the United Nations 6046: 5725: 5632: 5423:

by Dr. Linc Kesler (2009) First Nations Studies Program at the University of British Columbia

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Vowel, Chelsea (2016). "Just Don't Call Us Late for Supper - Names for Indigenous Peoples".

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In addition to being a name imposed from outside rather than an Inuit term, one reason that

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in regional English simply means a native woman and has not acquired the derisive sense of

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A Right View of the Subject: Feminism in the Works of Charles Brockden Brown and John Neal

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immigrants, both of which groups were predominantly Catholic. The group later formed the "

8: 5426: 5362: 3933: 2988: 2831: 2596: 1932: 1016: 688: 643: 539: 509: 452: 361: 274: 5258: 6009: 5802: 5367: 3762: 3467: 3395: 3285: 2965: 2737: 2350: 2324: 1690: 1660: 1530: 1375: 1004: 840: 765: 599: 587: 583: 464: 334: 214: 194: 129: 84: 4841:"Ending the Legacy of Racism in Sports & the Era of Harmful Indian Sports Mascots" 3912:"Setting the Record Straight About Native Languages: What Does "Eskimo" Mean In Cree?" 3812: 3646: 3546: 1399: 5856: 5740: 5515: 5485: 5435: 5374: 5348: 5306: 5300: 5282: 5225: 5104: 5013:

De/Scribing Squ*w: Indigenous Women and Imperial Idioms in the United States" in the

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A New Look at Canadian Indian Policy: Respect the Collective – Promote the Individual

3891: 3769: 3471: 3399: 3296: 3260: 3210: 3176: 2147:("poor"). It has also acquired further negative associations in French, owing to the 1954: 820: 517: 481: 5397: 5029: 4390: 4377: 4089:(Revised ed.). Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. pp. 354–356. 4010: 3600: 2936:

The term "Red Indians" was also more specifically used by Europeans to refer to the

1644:). Related groups among these tribal peoples are referred to collectively as either 1560:), have preferred "American Indian" to the more recently adopted "Native American". 1458:

in what is now southern Vietnam. Columbus thought he had arrived in Champa (compare

6014: 5688: 5098: 5062:"American Indian versus Native American: A once-heated issue has sorted itself out" 4955: 4702:"A 'Redskin' Is the Scalped Head of a Native American, Sold, Like a Pelt, for Cash" 3786: 3459: 3086: 2586: 2563: 1778: 1706: 1355: 1312: 1118: 966: 960: 618: 459: 406: 144: 94: 3857: 3702: 3089:. But even this usage would only be relevant to the original, Algonquian-language 2636:

sounding a little more formal; the Portuguese demonym for the country of India is

2175:, which means 'the person', as a result of the 1977 Inuit Circumpolar Conference. 1420: 5693: 5296: 5039: 4922: 4725: 3038: 3033: 2870: 2864: 2097: 2014:. Some First Nations communities also use "Indian Band" in their official names. 2011: 2003: 1756: 1702: 1645: 1351: 627: 611: 555: 401: 89: 74: 5061: 4057: 3575: 2827: 1533:

of these individual groups, but the use of the general term "Indian" persisted.

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Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit Issues in Canada

4722:"Hunting redskins for the time being became a popular sport in New England..." 2382: 2007: 1892: 1880: 1876: 1633: 1625: 1605: 1569: 1093: 1065: 693: 376: 371: 134: 5335: 4348:

Sport, Rhetoric, and Gender: Historical Perspectives and Media Representations

4119:"Liberals' Indigenous Affairs Name Change Called 'Important' Symbolic Gesture" 3463: 1931:

is considered derogatory is the widespread, but incorrect, perception that in

1763:. By 2020, "Indigenous" was also included in these capitalization guidelines. 6088: 5658: 5599: 5480: 5323: 5094: 4786: 2926: 2847: 2774: 2570: 2370: 2288: 1896: 1852: 1733: 1710: 1617: 1557: 1553: 1495: 1487: 1403: 1394:, and "Indigenous peoples" used for Native peoples more generally, including 1324: 1320: 789: 673: 505: 485: 473: 448: 391: 259: 189: 79: 59: 3911: 3114: 543: 5851: 5589: 5579: 5574: 5167: 5119: 4169: 3879: 3394:. Erlangen, Germany: Verlag Palm & Enke Erlangen. p. 153, quoting 3009: 3000: 2941: 2819: 2815: 2308: 1912: 1868: 1860: 1828: 1637: 1601: 1300: 815: 653: 591: 64: 4984: 4573: 2573:, the preferred expression for the population is also Indigenous peoples ( 2166: 2149: 1944: 1350:

arrived in the 15th and 16th centuries. Some of these names were based on

5259:"Does 'Indian' derive from Columbus's description of Native Americans as 3202: 3046:

from, in his terms, savagery through barbarism to civilization. European

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as a blanket term to refer to Indigenous peoples worldwide (for example,

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people of Puerto Rico. The term "Amerind" has official status in Guyana.

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Although "Indian" has been the most common collective name, many English

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The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition

4101:"What's in a name: Indian, Native, Aboriginal or Indigenous? - CBC News" 3547:"A statistical analysis of the CPS supplement on race and ethnic origin" 2153:

code enforced in French colonial Africa, 1887–1947. The old French term

5594: 5564: 4268:"Le "mot en N" dans un manuel scolaire dénoncé par un prof montréalais" 3172: 3047: 2157:("wild, savage") is no longer used either, as it is considered racist. 2026:" is used for all Indigenous peoples within the country, including the 2006:. Lands set aside for the use of First Nations are officially known as 1991: 1578:, meaning "in God", or a similar one in Italian. David Wilton notes in 1540:(AIM) was founded in the United States. In 1977, a delegation from the 1513:("toward the regions of India") on their behalf. When he landed in the 1482:

often referred to all of South and East Asia as "India" or "the Indias/

1391: 648: 638: 623: 579: 547: 496: 366: 4920: 3834:

Mailhot, Jose (1978). "L'etymologie de "esquimau" revue et corrigée".

2796: 3107: 3077: 3004: 2945: 2189: 1884: 1552:, Switzerland. Some Indigenous activists and public figures, such as 1518: 1343: 860: 855: 845: 668: 658: 574: 563: 436: 4662:

n. Offensive Slang Used as a disparaging term for a Native American.

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Floating Voice: Duncan Campbell Scott and the Literature of Treaty 9

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is an ongoing discussion about the changing terminology used by the

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Western North Carolina Citizens For An End To Institutional Bigotry

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

3234:. Wisconsin Office of State Employment Relations. January 5, 2007 3090: 2984: 2937: 2912: 2652:

Less common terms for Indigenous peoples of the Americas include

1374:. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the 1359: 294: 289: 264: 5163:

by Marian W. Smith. New York: Columbia University Press, 1940. .

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The Charter of Rights and the Legalization of Politics in Canada

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is sometimes replaced by another Japanese derived term known as

1960: 1789:, and the remainder preferred other terms or had no preference. 1781:, 50% of people who identified as Indigenous preferred the term 1666: 3073: 2877: 2621: 2553: 1919: 1856: 1549: 1483: 1455: 1371: 1335: 1308: 1289: 3545:

Tucker, Clyde; Kojetin, Brian; Harrison, Roderick (May 1995).

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organizations, colleges, and other Indigenous groups who hold

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has historically been used in the legislation, notably in the

2049: 5427:'Indian' or 'Native American'? [Reservations, Part 0] 3065: 3059: 2930: 2784: 2466: 2073: 2072:"First Peoples" is a broad term that includes First Nations, 2027: 1872: 1811:, a people Indigenous to the northernmost islands of Japan." 1613: 1506: 1395: 885: 4308:"National Representational Organization for Inuit in Canada" 4140:. Fraser Institute (Vancouver, B.C.). The Fraser Institute. 3371: 3369: 3327:"American Indian vs. Native American: A note on terminology" 2842:

A rarely used term is to call the North American continent:

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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

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Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples

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until 2020, and "Redskin" is the name of the mascot at the

2668:

ancestral Indigenous nation. Names for such groups include

2010:(abbreviated IR on maps, etc.). The word "band" is used in 4897:. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Highwater Press. p. 7. 3348:"2020 Census: Native population increased by 86.5 percent" 2018:"Aboriginal peoples" (since 1900) and "Indigenous peoples" 4574:"The Beothuk Indians - "Newfoundland's Red Ochre People"" 4520:"Honor past princesses, but retire the 'Indian Princess'" 4242:"BLOGUE Non, les Autochtones ne sont pas des Amérindiens" 4190: 3672:"Southeastern Tribes: Eyak, Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian" 3366: 3291:(illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 3085:, which could still be offensive if used outside of that 3068:", when used to refer to Indigenous women, is considered 1338:

have been used to refer to the Indigenous peoples of the

4727:

Flintlock and Tomahawk: New England in King Philip's War

3960:"Inuit Circumpolar Council – United Voice of the Arctic" 3938:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

3577:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

3246: 2385:, the old trade language of the Pacific Northwest, uses 1899:. The term predominates because of its legal use in the 5345:

This Land was Theirs: A Study of North American Indians

4503:"The American Indian Exposition in Anadarko, Oklahoma." 4359:

Rena V. Grant, "The Chinook Jargon, past and present."

4216:"University Of Guelph Brand Guide | Indigenous Peoples" 1429:

1693 nautical chart of the Atlantic Ocean marked with "

1406:

remains a legal designation because of the Indian Act.

1346:), who were resident within their own territories when 5465: 4307: 4042: 3748:

publications of research findings and other documents.

3253:

Jennifer McClinton-Temple; Alan Velie (May 12, 2010).

2917:

Both Americans and Europeans have historically called

2108:

for "Aboriginal" (used both as a noun and adjective).

1402:, who do not fall under the "First Nations" category. 300:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

5302:

1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus

5247:

The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

5086:"What's in a Name? Indians and Political Correctness" 5080:

Includes sources (including quotes: Russell Means at

3544: 3489:"AP changes writing style to capitalize "b" in Black" 3436:, (Yale University Press, 1938, 5th ed. 1989), p. 169 3023:

The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia

4652:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2011 2719: 5141:

Duwamish et al. vs. United States of America, F-275

4808:"Russell Means: A Look at His Journey Through Life" 3884:

Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 5 (Arctic)

3601:"International Indian Treaty Council Press Release" 2773:In some Spanish-speaking countries, there are also 2160: 1969:of "American Indian". It was coined in 1902 by the 5366: 5203:"Native American Indian Studies – A Note on Names" 4973:"SQUAW - Facts on the Eradication of the "S" Word" 4730:. New York: WW Norton & Company. p. 237. 3761: 3556:. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bureau of the Census 3284: 2040:Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada 1640:(i.e., the groups whose traditional languages are 5328:"I am an American Indian, Not a Native American!" 5082:"I am an American Indian, Not a Native American!" 4640: 4058:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Indian Act" 3510: 3448:"The Capitalization of Black and Native American" 2809: 2314:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 2193:, though other local designations are also used. 1938: 1792: 1460:Dragon's Tail (peninsula) § Age of Discovery 6086: 5153:"Seattle Before Seattle" by David Buerge in the 5146:"Indian Lake Washington" by David Buerge in the 5042:" (PDF). Revised version of a letter printed in 4056:Branch, Legislative Services (August 15, 2019). 2794: 2788: 2778: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2731: 2725: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2659: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2590: 2409:Agency in Oregon, a distinction is made between 1235:List of Indian reservations in the United States 4921:National Museum of the American Indian (2007). 3737:. Inuit Circumpolar Council. September 29, 2010 2091: 2083: 1586: 1390:" is generally used for peoples covered by the 5390:"'SkEba'kst': The Lake People and Seward Park" 4545: 4331: 3940:(5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2020 3580:(4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004 3287:Word myths: debunking linguistic urban legends 2424:The Chinook Jargon term for a native woman is 2376: 1580:Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends 1509:from the Spanish monarchs that dispatched him 911:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 5451: 4983:, Southern California Chapter. Archived from 3811:. Alt-usage-english Newsgroup. Archived from 3703:"Overview of Comparative Inuit-Yupik-Unangan" 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2653: 2643: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2580: 2574: 2557: 1257: 1230:List of federally recognized tribes by state 16:Terminology describing Native American people 5287:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5230:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5196: 5175: 5143:. Washington DC: US Court of Claims, 1927. ; 5016:American Indian Culture and Research Journal 4550:. Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Archived from 4476: 3481: 2896:"Injun" redirects here. For other uses, see 2853: 2067: 1986:"Canadian Indians" (1700s–late 20th century) 1846: 1464:Cattigara § Columbus' search for Ciamba 5197:d'Errico, Peter, Legal Studies Department, 4952:Squaw Island to be renamed ‘Deyowenoguhdoh’ 3389: 3278: 3276: 3195: 2520:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2235:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2000:Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs 1490:", "Middle India", and "Lesser India". The 1421:"Indian" and "American Indian" (since 1492) 5458: 5444: 5019:, v27 n2 p1-16 2003. Accessed Oct. 9, 2015 3256:Encyclopedia of American Indian Literature 2876:There is also a positive usage among some 2801:(Portuguese for "mixed-race" in general). 2752:might have some level of Native ancestry. 1264: 1250: 4966: 4964: 4958:, January 16, 2015. Accessed Oct. 9, 2015 4946: 4944: 4833: 4602:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 4325: 3926: 2974:protesting against the use of these names 2540:Learn how and when to remove this message 2456:means "girl" or "little girl". Generally 2255:Learn how and when to remove this message 1220:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 160:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 4451: 3872: 3854:"Cree Mailing List Digest November 1997" 3273: 3131: 3129: 2599:). In Spanish Latin America, "Indians" ( 1715:opposed immigration to the United States 1701:to differentiate themselves from recent 1563: 1521:were named, and are still known as, the 1436: 1424: 526:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 5387: 5059: 5022: 4970: 4886: 4423: 4350:(Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006) pp.71-81. 4129: 3904: 3878: 3833: 3827: 3720: 2906: 1816:World Summit on Sustainable Development 1713:", a 19th-century political party that 6087: 5342: 5117: 5093: 4961: 4941: 4812:Indian Country Today Media Network.com 4772: 4699: 4135: 4084: 4055: 3846: 3753: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3445: 3426: 3282: 3183: 3171: 2624:, the most usual expression is by far 2044:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 1996:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 1855:" refers to the Indigenous peoples in 1677:cites usage of the uncapitalized term 6120:Native American-related controversies 5439: 5421:Aboriginal Identity & Terminology 5361: 5322: 5176:d'Errico, Peter (December 20, 2005). 5003: 4892: 4723: 4673: 4518:Logan, Yanenowi (September 7, 2021). 4517: 4511: 3759: 3201: 3138:"Inuit or Eskimo: Which name to use?" 3126: 2981:National Congress of American Indians 2882:pageants and scholarship competitions 2183:, and in the eastern Canadian Arctic 1965:The term "Amerind"/"Amerindian" is a 1906: 1755:Between 1982 and 1993, most American 1732:of Oklahoma. In 1956, British writer 1546:Conference on Indians in the Americas 1486:", sometimes dividing the area into " 1431:Route d'Europe aux Indes Occidentales 896:National Congress of American Indians 811:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 100:European colonization of the Americas 5295: 5267:The Straight Dope (Straightdope.com) 5255:Straight Dope Science Advisory Board 5241:Dyck, Michael (ed.) (16 June 2002). 5168:Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound 4914: 4882:. United States Supreme Court. 1831. 4773:Martin, Douglas (October 17, 2007). 4600:"What is the definition of redskin?" 4424:McLaren, David (February 26, 2007). 3796: 2518:adding citations to reliable sources 2485: 2266: 2233:adding citations to reliable sources 2200: 1971:American Anthropological Association 901:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 608:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 230:Native American temperance activists 6100:Indigenous peoples of North America 5347:. London: Oxford University Press. 5211:University of Massachusetts Amherst 5199:University of Massachusetts Amherst 5178:"An interview with Charles C. Mann" 4674:Leiby, Richard (November 5, 1994). 4628:. Merriam-Webster. November 1, 2013 4618: 4592: 4546:Steve Schultze (October 24, 2006). 4332:Ohokak, G.; Kadlun, M.; Harnum, B. 3690: 3622:"Constitution Act, 1982 Section 35" 3259:. Infobase Publishing. p. 12. 3177:"The Biggest Misnomer of All Time?" 1901:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 1724:In 1918, leaders of the Indigenous 1667:"Native American" (since the 1960s) 1542:International Indian Treaty Council 1225:List of federally recognized tribes 13: 6095:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 5739: 5467:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 5182:Indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com 4814:. October 22, 2012. Archived from 4477:@plantweaver (February 18, 2018). 4160: 3802: 3764:Historical Dictionary of the Inuit 3135: 2858: 2837: 2304:for transliterated languages, and 2284:of its non-English content, using 1685:. One early use is the 1817 novel 1598:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 1492:oldest surviving terrestrial globe 1282:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 936:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 891:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 14: 6131: 5414: 5243:ibiblio – Open and Free Resources 3676:Stanford Medicine Ethnogeriatrics 3626:indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca 3446:Wachal, Robert S. (Winter 2000). 2983:(NCAI) maintains that names like 2436:'female' with the English suffix 2127:to be discontinued, in favour of 2050:"First Nations" (since the 1980s) 1366:) between the cultures involved. 200:Native Americans and World War II 185:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 5514: 5396:. SewardPark.org. Archived from 5088:, also referenced on this page). 4700:Holmes, Baxter (June 17, 2014). 4039:"Ministry of Amerindian Affairs" 3598: 3379:. Oxford University Press. 2011. 2976:by non-Natives since the 1970s. 2804: 2490: 2481: 2271: 2205: 1800:The American Heritage Dictionary 1695:Anglo-Saxon Protestant Americans 1409: 1278:Native American name controversy 490:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 478:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition 205:American Indian boarding schools 37: 6110:First Nations culture in Canada 5046:, mid April, 1997, p. 17A. 5011:http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ787736 4971:Mathias, Fern (December 2006). 4872: 4855: 4800: 4766: 4744: 4716: 4693: 4667: 4566: 4539: 4496: 4470: 4456:. House of Anansi. p. 34. 4445: 4417: 4408: 4383: 4366: 4353: 4340: 4300: 4286: 4260: 4248:(in French). September 26, 2018 4234: 4208: 4183: 4154: 4111: 4093: 4049: 4031: 4003: 3974: 3952: 3856:. November 1997. Archived from 3707:Alaskan Native Language Archive 3664: 3639: 3614: 3592: 3568: 3538: 3439: 3412: 3383: 3190:Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 2187:. The language is often called 2177:Canada's Constitution Act, 1982 1505:Columbus carried a passport in 906:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 165:Racism against Native Americans 140:Native American slave ownership 4754:. Aiaonline.org. July 15, 2010 4724:Leach, Douglas Edward (1958). 4334:Inuinnaqtun-English Dictionary 3340: 3319: 3224: 3165: 3147:University of Alaska Fairbanks 2869:In some situations, the term " 2344: 2320:multilingual support templates 761:American Indian Movement (AIM) 180:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 70:Archaic period in the Americas 1: 5388:Talbert, Paul (May 1, 2006). 5118:Dailey, Tom (June 14, 2006). 5052: 5030:The True History of the Word 4924:Do All Indians Live in Tipis? 4361:California Folklore Quarterly 4336:. Kitikmeot Heritage Society. 4274:(in French). October 28, 2020 3651:Alaska Native Language Center 3143:Alaska Native Language Center 2972:. Native Americans have been 2958:named the Washington Redskins 2389:(an adaptation of the French 2373:region of the United States. 1777:As of 1995, according to the 1683:persons born on American soil 714:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 482:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 470:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 4880:"Cherokee Nation v. Georgia" 4391:"Associated Press Stylebook" 4168:. p. 74. Archived from 2824:Indigenous peoples of Panama 2092:Canadian French nomenclature 2024:Aboriginal peoples in Canada 1951:Inuit Circumpolar Conference 1823:"Aboriginal" and "Aborigine" 1587:Objections (since the 1970s) 719:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 704:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 699:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 619:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 225:Alcohol and Native Americans 120:Slavery in the United States 7: 4927:. New York: HarperCollins. 4163:"Assembly of First Nations" 3522:The Chicago Manual of Style 3390:Fleischmann, Fritz (1983). 3100: 2873:" is considered offensive. 2377:Chinook Jargon nomenclature 2196: 628:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 612:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 604:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 600:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 584:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 510:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 10: 6136: 5394:The History of Seward Park 5343:Oswalt, Wendell H (2009). 5038:February 16, 2007, at the 4508:. Retrieved 1 August 2011. 3115:Eskimo § Nomenclature 3057: 3029:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 2998: 2910: 2895: 2862: 2846:. Though officially named 2164: 2053: 1942: 1910: 1697:used the capitalized term 1567: 1416:Métis in the United States 1413: 781:Occupation of Wounded Knee 552:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 540:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 522:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 518:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 417:American Revolutionary War 6060: 5987: 5905: 5822: 5813: 5783: 5706: 5676: 5646: 5615: 5608: 5557: 5523: 5512: 5473: 4374:Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos 4195:Assembly of First Nations 3982:"Americanists in dispute" 3760:Stern, Pamela R. (2004). 3464:10.1215/00031283-75-4-364 3420:Oxford English Dictionary 3377:Oxford English Dictionary 2994: 2854:Controversial terminology 2167:Inuit § Nomenclature 2062:Assembly of First Nations 1980: 1961:"Amerind" or "Amerindian" 1945:Inuit § Nomenclature 1913:Eskimo § Terminology 1674:Oxford English Dictionary 1474:Europeans at the time of 1213:congressional politicians 975:Native American languages 506:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 486:Red River War (1874–1875) 474:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 170:Indian Appropriations Act 5157:, 17–23 December 1980. ; 5060:Brunner, Borgna (2006). 4981:American Indian Movement 4085:Mandel, Michael (1994). 3120: 3053: 2954:National Football League 2923:color metaphors for race 2891: 2104:for "First Nations" and 1837:ancient peoples in Italy 1538:American Indian Movement 1380:United States government 776:Trail of Broken Treaties 664:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 632:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 592:Colorado War (1863–1865) 5084:and Christina Berry at 4452:Dragland, Stan (1994). 4312:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami 4175:on September 30, 2009. 4136:Gibson, Gordon (2009). 4062:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca 3888:Smithsonian Institution 3477:(subscription required) 2056:First Nations in Canada 1296:has declined in usage. 1292:were called "Eskimos". 689:Bannock Uprising (1895) 654:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875) 644:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 596:Powder River War (1865) 502:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 310:Indigenous Peoples' Day 125:Partus sequitur ventrem 6105:Native American topics 5253:George; staff report, 5184:. Indian Country Today 5166:Recommended start is " 5161:The Puyallup-Nisqually 5103:. New York: Hyperion. 5028:Goddard, Ives. 1997. " 4752:"Red Mesa High School" 4676:"Bury My Heart at RFK" 4427:Encountering the Other 3914:. Native-languages.org 3314:indian in dios wilton. 3283:Wilton, David (2004). 3044:evolution of societies 3020:titled his 1929 study 2898:Injun (disambiguation) 2795: 2789: 2779: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2732: 2726: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2660: 2654: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2591: 2581: 2575: 2558: 1841:Indigenous Australians 1831:used it to refer to a 1730:Native American Church 1648:(based on geography), 1642:Eskimo–Aleut languages 1471: 1434: 1071:Southeastern Woodlands 1051:Northeastern Woodlands 836:Native American Church 771:Occupation of Alcatraz 624:Yakima War (1855–1858) 580:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 556:White River War (1879) 544:Walker War (1853–1854) 422:Cherokee–American wars 220:Native American rights 5793:European colonization 5373:. London: Zed Books. 5269:. Chicago Reader, Inc 5245:, the GNU version of 5237:(Provides references) 4011:"Puerto Rico profile" 3809:Alt-usage-english.org 3518:"FAQ: Capitalization" 2989:Washington 'Redskins' 2970:Teec Nos Pos, Arizona 2940:, a people living on 2102:première(s) nation(s) 2022:In Canada, the term " 1568:Further information: 1564:Alternative etymology 1440: 1428: 1386:In Canada, the term " 831:Traditional religions 739:Civil rights movement 694:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 669:Modoc War (1872–1873) 659:Snake War (1864–1869) 639:Mohave War(1858–1859) 568:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 564:Bluff War (1914–1915) 514:Tonto War (1871–1875) 255:Mississippian culture 210:Civil rights movement 6115:Naming controversies 5506:Solutrean hypothesis 5400:on December 14, 2005 5363:Smith, Linda Tuhiwai 5338:on February 8, 2001. 5257:(October 25, 2001). 5009:King, C. Richard, "[ 4821:on December 28, 2014 4626:"Redskin – Trending" 4525:Indian Country Today 4363:3.4 (1944): 259-276. 4019:. BBC. July 29, 2019 3836:Études/Inuit/Studies 3735:InuitCircumpolar.com 3493:The Associated Press 3205:(October 25, 2001). 3175:(October 12, 2009). 3042:(1877) a three-part 3018:Bronisław Malinowski 2962:Red Mesa High School 2907:Redskin / Red Indian 2810:"Indigenous peoples" 2793:are not necessarily 2783:(itself a subset of 2764:(meaning "half") or 2608:campesino originario 2514:improve this section 2442:Hyas klootchman tyee 2282:specify the language 2280:This section should 2229:improve this section 2161:"Inuit" (since 1977) 1939:"Inuit" (since 1977) 1793:"Indigenous" (1980s) 1766:Other objections to 1728:incorporated as the 1717:, a policy known as 1476:Christopher Columbus 1470:, his original goal. 1364:American Indian Wars 1012:Tribal disenrollment 709:Last Massacre (1911) 674:Nez Perce War (1877) 427:Northwest Indian War 175:Racial Integrity Act 32:in the United States 5892:Trinidad and Tobago 5305:. New York: Knopf. 5150:, 1–7 August 1984 ; 5044:Indian Country News 4680:The Washington Post 4578:Historica Canadiana 4554:on October 22, 2008 4395:www.apstylebook.com 4222:. November 14, 2019 4125:. November 4, 2015. 4045:on August 31, 2020. 3860:on October 23, 2020 3768:. Scarecrow Press. 2832:Linda Tuhiwai Smith 2582:pueblos originarios 2121:Loi sur les Indiens 1933:Algonkian languages 1814:The United Nations 1441:1492 Behaim globe ( 1342:(also known as the 1311:-dwelling peoples, 1307:-speaking peoples, 1017:Reservation poverty 1000:Societal statistics 924:Ethnic subdivisions 732:Political movements 536:Ute Wars(1850–1923) 453:Second Seminole War 362:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 24:Part of a series on 6052:In popular culture 5803:Columbian exchange 5798:Population history 5524:Mythology/Religion 5124:Coastsalishmap.org 5120:"Duwamish-Seattle" 4950:Schulman, Susan, " 4779:The New York Times 4704:. Esquire Magazine 4606:on August 14, 2014 4580:. December 6, 2006 4220:guides.uoguelph.ca 3991:. October 22, 1902 3179:. VisualThesaurus. 3136:Kaplan, Lawrence. 3064:The English word " 2966:Navajo Reservation 2818:or formation of a 2614:indígena campesino 2421:to be defamatory. 2135:contains the word 2084:"Native Canadians" 1833:contemporary group 1472: 1453:Indianized kingdom 1435: 1433:" or "West Indies" 1376:Red Power movement 1348:European colonists 841:Longhouse Religion 766:Red Power Movement 744:Self-determination 679:Bannock War (1878) 465:American Civil War 412:Lord Dunmore's War 335:Tribal sovereignty 215:Red Power movement 195:Blood quantum laws 150:American Civil War 130:Indian Removal Act 85:Post-Classic stage 6082: 6081: 5983: 5982: 5779: 5778: 5702: 5701: 5672: 5671: 5486:Pre-Columbian era 5380:978-1-85649-624-7 5312:978-1-40-004006-3 5261:una gente in Dios 5201:(July 11, 2005). 5110:978-0-78-686313-6 5066:Pearson Education 4987:on August 2, 2002 4934:978-0-06-115301-3 4147:978-0-88975-243-6 4123:huffingtonpost.ca 3962:. January 3, 2019 3897:978-0-16-004580-6 3775:978-0-81-086556-3 3432:Weston La Barre, 3354:. August 13, 2021 3302:978-0-19-517284-3 3266:978-1-4381-2087-4 3211:The Straight Dope 2664:(in Portuguese). 2658:(in Spanish) and 2576:pueblos indígenas 2559:pueblos indígenas 2550: 2549: 2542: 2476:blue-eyed klootch 2470:. The short form 2342: 2341: 2322:may also be used. 2265: 2264: 2257: 2034:, as well as the 1274: 1273: 1172: 1171: 1061:Pacific Northwest 1056:Northwest Plateau 851:Keetoowah Society 821:Eagle Feather law 749:Women in politics 588:Dakota War (1862) 548:Tintic War (1856) 460:Osage Indian War 387:King Philip's War 237: 236: 6127: 5820: 5819: 5737: 5736: 5613: 5612: 5555: 5554: 5518: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5437: 5436: 5429:, 2019 video by 5409: 5407: 5405: 5384: 5372: 5358: 5339: 5334:. Archived from 5319: 5316: 5297:Mann, Charles C. 5292: 5286: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5238: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5114: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5047: 5026: 5020: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4968: 4959: 4956:The Buffalo News 4948: 4939: 4938: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4820: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4515: 4509: 4506:America's Story. 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4432: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4387: 4381: 4370: 4364: 4357: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4174: 4167: 4161:Dieter, Connie. 4158: 4152: 4151: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4041:. Archived from 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3986: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3815:on April 3, 2012 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791:isbn:0810850583. 3787:Internet Archive 3784: 3782: 3767: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3732: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3699: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3551: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3443: 3437: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3290: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3232:"Indian Eristic" 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3133: 3087:speech community 2919:Native Americans 2800: 2792: 2782: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2663: 2657: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2594: 2584: 2578: 2561: 2545: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2494: 2486: 2454:tenas klootchman 2450:klootchman tenas 2446:klootchman cosho 2428:, an originally 2337: 2334: 2328: 2313: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2275: 2274: 2267: 2260: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2209: 2201: 2100:, the terms are 1998:, headed by the 1859:, including the 1785:, 37% preferred 1779:US Census Bureau 1757:manuals of style 1749:civil rights era 1699:Native Americans 1652:(in Canada), or 1600:; including the 1313:Amazonian tribes 1266: 1259: 1252: 1188:Native Americans 1066:The Great Plains 1034: 1033: 969: 967:American English 941:Louisiana Creole 649:Paiute War(1860) 575:Posey War (1923) 270:Iroquois culture 145:Indian Territory 95:Age of Discovery 54: 53: 41: 30:Native Americans 21: 20: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6056: 5979: 5901: 5815: 5809: 5785: 5775: 5735: 5698: 5668: 5642: 5604: 5553: 5549:Human sacrifice 5537:List of deities 5519: 5510: 5469: 5464: 5417: 5412: 5403: 5401: 5381: 5355: 5317: 5313: 5280: 5279: 5272: 5270: 5236: 5223: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5187: 5185: 5128: 5126: 5111: 5100:Brain droppings 5071: 5069: 5055: 5050: 5040:Wayback Machine 5027: 5023: 5008: 5004: 4990: 4988: 4969: 4962: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4891: 4887: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4682: 4672: 4668: 4655: 4653: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4516: 4512: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4371: 4367: 4358: 4354: 4345: 4341: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4272:HuffPost Québec 4266: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4246:HuffPost Québec 4240: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4172: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4134: 4130: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4083: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4054: 4050: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3801: 3797: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3758: 3754: 3740: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3678:. March 2, 2014 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3599:Deer, Kenneth. 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3526: 3524: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3498: 3496: 3495:. June 19, 2020 3487: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3452:American Speech 3444: 3440: 3434:The Peyote Cult 3431: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3281: 3274: 3267: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3170: 3166: 3152: 3150: 3134: 3127: 3123: 3103: 3095:Native American 3062: 3056: 3039:Ancient Society 3034:Lewis H. Morgan 3010:Anthropologists 3007: 2997: 2915: 2909: 2901: 2894: 2871:Indian princess 2867: 2865:Indian princess 2861: 2859:Indian princess 2856: 2840: 2838:Turtle Islander 2812: 2807: 2592:povos indígenas 2546: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2511: 2495: 2484: 2444:means "queen", 2379: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2299:transliteration 2295: 2291: 2285: 2276: 2272: 2261: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2226: 2210: 2199: 2169: 2163: 2098:Canadian French 2094: 2086: 2070: 2068:"First Peoples" 2058: 2052: 2020: 2012:band government 2008:Indian reserves 2004:Indian Register 1988: 1983: 1963: 1947: 1941: 1915: 1909: 1849: 1847:"Alaska Native" 1825: 1795: 1787:Native American 1783:American Indian 1768:Native American 1761:Native American 1745:native American 1741:Native American 1726:Peyote Religion 1679:native American 1669: 1646:Alaskan Natives 1589: 1572: 1566: 1511:ad partes Indie 1466:), part of the 1423: 1418: 1412: 1270: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1182: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1080: 1031: 1023: 1022: 1021: 989: 981: 980: 979: 965: 955: 947: 946: 945: 925: 917: 916: 915: 880: 872: 871: 870: 805: 797: 796: 795: 733: 725: 724: 723: 684:Crow War (1887) 351: 341: 340: 339: 265:Hohokam culture 249: 239: 238: 90:Woodland period 75:Formative stage 51: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6133: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6069: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5991: 5989: 5988:Related topics 5985: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5789: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5585:Medicine wheel 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5491:Classification 5488: 5483: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5424: 5416: 5415:External links 5413: 5411: 5410: 5385: 5379: 5359: 5354:978-0195178104 5353: 5340: 5324:Means, Russell 5320: 5311: 5293: 5250: 5239: 5194: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5155:Seattle Weekly 5151: 5148:Seattle Weekly 5144: 5138: 5115: 5109: 5095:Carlin, George 5091: 5090: 5089: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5021: 5002: 4960: 4940: 4933: 4913: 4904:978-1553796800 4903: 4885: 4871: 4863:"Policy Paper" 4854: 4832: 4799: 4765: 4743: 4736: 4715: 4692: 4666: 4639: 4617: 4591: 4565: 4538: 4510: 4495: 4469: 4462: 4444: 4416: 4407: 4382: 4365: 4352: 4339: 4324: 4299: 4285: 4259: 4233: 4207: 4182: 4153: 4146: 4128: 4110: 4092: 4074: 4048: 4030: 4002: 3989:New York Times 3973: 3951: 3925: 3903: 3896: 3871: 3845: 3826: 3803:Israel, Mark. 3795: 3774: 3752: 3719: 3689: 3663: 3638: 3613: 3591: 3567: 3537: 3509: 3480: 3438: 3425: 3411: 3404: 3382: 3365: 3339: 3318: 3301: 3272: 3265: 3245: 3223: 3194: 3182: 3164: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3102: 3099: 3058:Main article: 3055: 3052: 2996: 2993: 2911:Main article: 2908: 2905: 2893: 2890: 2863:Main article: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2839: 2836: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2548: 2547: 2530:September 2021 2498: 2496: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2383:Chinook Jargon 2378: 2375: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2318:. Knowledge's 2279: 2277: 2270: 2263: 2262: 2213: 2211: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2162: 2159: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2069: 2066: 2054:Main article: 2051: 2048: 2019: 2016: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1962: 1959: 1955:Barrow, Alaska 1940: 1937: 1908: 1905: 1848: 1845: 1835:, one of many 1829:ancient Romans 1824: 1821: 1794: 1791: 1668: 1665: 1588: 1585: 1570:Folk etymology 1565: 1562: 1422: 1419: 1411: 1408: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1261: 1254: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1144:North Carolina 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1002: 991: 990: 987: 986: 983: 982: 978: 977: 972: 971: 970: 957: 956: 953: 952: 949: 948: 944: 943: 938: 933: 927: 926: 923: 922: 919: 918: 914: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 882: 881: 878: 877: 874: 873: 869: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 807: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 794: 793: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 757: 756: 746: 741: 735: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 722: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 635: 634: 621: 615: 614: 577: 571: 570: 560:Ute War (1887) 533: 528: 499: 493: 492: 467: 462: 456: 455: 445: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 377:Peach Tree War 374: 369: 364: 359: 353: 352: 347: 346: 343: 342: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 251: 250: 245: 244: 241: 240: 235: 234: 233: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 135:Trail of Tears 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 52: 47: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6132: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5907:South America 5904: 5898: 5897:United States 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5824:North America 5821: 5818: 5814:Modern groups 5812: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5782: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677:South America 5675: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5600:Turtle Island 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558:North America 5556: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5481:Paleo-Indians 5479: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5449: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5268: 5264: 5262: 5256: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5057: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5006: 4999: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4936: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4917: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4875: 4864: 4858: 4842: 4836: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4753: 4747: 4739: 4737:9780881508857 4733: 4729: 4728: 4719: 4703: 4696: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4627: 4621: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4504: 4499: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4465: 4463:9780887845512 4459: 4455: 4448: 4429: 4428: 4420: 4411: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4356: 4349: 4343: 4335: 4328: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4295: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4164: 4157: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4088: 4081: 4079: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4006: 3990: 3983: 3977: 3961: 3955: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3913: 3907: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3880:Goddard, Ives 3875: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3788: 3777: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3756: 3749: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3602: 3595: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3555: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3506: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3458:(4): 364–65. 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3435: 3429: 3421: 3415: 3407: 3405:9783789601477 3401: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3304: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3249: 3233: 3227: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3132: 3130: 3125: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3083:in-group term 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2927:Indian people 2924: 2920: 2914: 2904: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2866: 2851: 2849: 2848:North America 2845: 2844:Turtle Island 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2805:International 2802: 2799: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2698:(current) or 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2577: 2572: 2571:South America 2567: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2544: 2541: 2533: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2499:This section 2497: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2482:Latin America 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2448:, "sow"; and 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2371:Upper Midwest 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2336: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2300: 2290: 2283: 2278: 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Nations 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618:Yupik peoples 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1558:Oglala Lakota 1555: 1554:Russell Means 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1536:In 1968, the 1534: 1532: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1496:Martin Behaim 1493: 1489: 1488:Greater India 1485: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1432: 1427: 1417: 1410:United States 1407: 1405: 1404:Status Indian 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388:First Nations 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1177: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 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