539:
proper". After reaching an accord, a scuffle broke out when a New
Mexican thought he saw his stolen horse and tried to claim it from the Navajo. (The Navajo held that the horse had passed through several owners by this time, and rightfully belonged to its Navajo owner). Washington sided with the New Mexican. Since the Navajo owner took his horse and fled the scene, Washington told the New Mexican to pick out any Navajo horse he wanted. The rest of the Navajo also left. At this, Col. Washington ordered his soldiers to fire. Seven Navajo were killed in the volleys; the rest ran and could not be caught. One of the dying was Chief Narbona, who was scalped as he lay dying by a New Mexican souvenir hunter. This massacre prompted the warlike Navajo leaders such as
578:. Two years later a severe drought hit the Navajo and decimated their livestock and agricultural resources, causing a famine in the winter of 1857-1858. A time of social disruption ensued. Surrounding tribes gradually increased their attacks on the weakened Navajo. The Navajo demanded in 1858 that Fort Defiance stop grazing their livestock on prime Navajo land. Soldiers shot 48 cattle and 8 horses belonging to Manuelito. Navajo warriors killed a servant of the commanding officer in retaliation for the killing of their people's livestock without compensation. The United States military demanded the murderer be brought to them, or they would begin a war. The Miles Campaign was sent against them, leaving Fort Defiance on September 9.
156:
101:
200:
189:
178:
129:
167:
115:
1186:
37:
332:). These conflicts ranged from small-scale raiding to large expeditions mounted by governments into territory controlled by the Navajo. The Navajo Wars also encompass the widespread raiding that took place throughout the period; the Navajo raided other tribes and nearby settlements, who in return raided into Navajo territory, creating a cycle of raiding that perpetuated the conflict.
472:
In retaliation for
Vizcarra's expedition, the Navajo raided Socorro again, and attacked Tome, Albuquerque, and reached the outskirts of Santa Fe. The 1823 raid marked the start of a long period of raids and counter raids lasting until 1848 as New Mexicans took Navajo captive to work as slaves, and as
538:
for a "talk peace", along with several other headmen. In the treaty the Navajo acknowledged the jurisdiction of the United States and allowed forts and trading posts in Navajo land. The United States, on its part promised "such donations such other liberal and humane measures, as may deem meet and
448:
on 12 February 1823. His terms essentially stated that the
Mexicans would settle the Navajo in pueblos and energetically convert them to the Catholic religion. The Navajo were not interested in either of these proposals. They rejected the treaty and renewed the fight. Six New Mexicans were killed at
530:
scouts, and four artillery guns. On August 29â30, 1849, Washington's expedition needed water, and began pillaging Navajo cornfields. Mounted Navajo warriors darted back and forth around
Washington's troops to push them off. Washington reasoned he could pillage Navajo crops because the Navajo would
531:
have to reimburse the U.S. government for the cost of the expedition. Washington still suggested to the Navajo that in spite of the hostile situation, they and the whites could "still be friends if the Navajo came with their chiefs the next day and signed a treaty." This is what they did.
729:. You ask how they treated us? If there was room, the soldiers put the women and children on the wagons. Some even let them ride behind them on their horses. I have never been able to understand a people who killed you one day and on the next played with your children ...
648:, Fort Wingate was re-established at Ojo del Oso (formerly Fauntleroy). The Navajo took advantage of the distraction caused by the Confederate movements to step up their raids. The citizens complained to the government that Navajo and Apaches stole 30,000 sheep in 1862.
617:). Ft. Defiance was decommissioned on February 24. Raiding continued between groups of citizens and Navajo warriors. A dispute arose in August from allegations of cheating at a horse race between Navajo & New Mexican Volunteers forces at Fort Wingate, and
517:
On August 16, 1849 the US Army began an expedition into the heart of Navajo country on an organized reconnaissance to impress the Navajo with the might of the U.S. military. They also mapped the terrain and planned forts.
964:
Spencer Tucker, James R. Arnold, Roberta Wiener, The
Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607â1890: A Political, Social, and Military History, Vol. I, ABC-CLIO, Sep 30, 2011, pp.118-119 Canby's
668:
began a simultaneous campaign against the
Mescelaro Apache and Navajo. In a series of raids and skirmishes Carson's troops began rounding up Navajo and Apache and sending them to Bosque Redondo.
431:
sends Roque Madrid with about 100 Spanish soldiers and ordinary citizens together with some 300 Pueblo Indian allies to attack the Navajo in northern New Mexico, in August of that year.
1727:
328:
against the
Spanish (late 16th century through 1821); the Navajo against the Mexican government (1821 through 1848); and the Navajo against the United States (after the 1847â48
268:
594:
all raided Navajo land. The Navajo killed four soldiers from Fort
Defiance in January. On April 29, Manuelito, Barboncito and 1,000 Navajo attacked the US army in the
1737:
489:
Following an invitation from a small party of
American soldiers under the command of Captain John Reid who journeyed deep into Navajo country and contacted him,
303:
644:, of the Colorado Volunteers, assisted by some New Mexican Volunteer militia units. With the arrival of the California Volunteers under the command of General
607:
454:
671:
Between
September 1863 and January 1864, Carson and his men chased the Navajo, killing and capturing a few. Crops were burned, stock was confiscated,
481:
The U.S. military assumed nominal control of the southwest from Mexico by 1846. And raids continued between the Navajo and the New Mexican civilians.
606:
formed a militia and raided Navajo land, followed by independent raids by citizens to take captives. In retaliation for the attack on Fort Defiance,
246:
457:
in May. On 18 June 1823, Vizcarra led 1,500 troops in a 74-day expedition against the Navajo of western New Mexico. His route took him through the
1717:
502:
691:
Without food or shelter to sustain them through the winters, and continuously chased by the U.S. Army, groups of Navajo began to surrender.
1302:
622:
610:
set out in early October. Over the next several months seven army expeditions killed 23 Navajo and destroyed Navajo stock and crops.
1681:
868:
1175:
656:
In 1863, as raids continued between the Navajo and the New Mexican militia, the New Mexico District Military Governor, General
400:
1677â1678: Navajo actively raiding Spanish pueblos. Spanish mount three different scorched earth and slave gathering campaigns.
1722:
1496:
1101:
907:
845:
787:
239:
509:). The treaty was not honored by young Navajo raiders who continued to steal stock from New Mexican villages and herders.
343:, the last Spanish governor of New Mexico before independence in 1821, conducted two unsuccessful expeditions against the
1221:
625:
ended up ordering his men to fire into the Navajo. This incident incensed the Navajo, and they raided the New Mexicans.
381:
1641â1642: Franciscan friars mount a military campaign against Navajo, burning corn, taking prisoners, and killing some.
1231:
535:
945:
Navaho Expedition: Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to the Navaho Country, Made in 1849
293:
1530:
1123:
1094:
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818:
1513:
356:
1582: Espejo-Beltrain "found here peaceful Indian mountaineers" called Querechos. This party did not linger around
232:
1732:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1542:
1491:
994:
385:
465:. Thirty-three Navajo were killed, of whom eight were women, and about 30 were captured. The expedition reached
360:
because the Querechose who carried on trade with the Pueblo were known to come to their aid in times of conflict
1479:
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1450:
1216:
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273:
1567:
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1420:
1236:
1209:
634:
1508:
1484:
1433:
1319:
1038:
574:
and Zarcillos Largos for the Navajo and Henry L. Dodge (Indian agent), Governor Merriweather, and General
428:
1603:
1597:
1585:
1523:
1503:
1168:
679:. Although the army missed destroying the entire force, they destroyed much Navajo property as part of a
461:
to the Hopi mesas in what is now Arizona, then north towards Utah, reaching Oljeto Creek in what is now
1552:
1390:
1018:
725:
By slow stages we traveled eastward by present Gallup and Shush BĂŹtĂł, Bear Spring, which is now called
676:
494:
283:
193:
1638:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1226:
1378:
1079:
1008:
660:, told 18 Navajo chiefs that they must surrender by July 20, 1863, and move to Fort Sumner, at the
522:, the military governor of New Mexico at the time, led the expedition. Forces included nearly 1000
329:
441:
171:
1573:
1467:
1372:
707:
637:
288:
65:
1591:
1425:
1161:
575:
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963:
777:
374:
1638: Governor Luis de Rosa encourages Navajo to raid the missions of his political enemy the
1535:
1204:
897:
680:
618:
603:
462:
298:
278:
1659:
835:
1518:
1472:
1443:
1241:
893:
657:
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555:
conducted a campaign against the Navajo in 1851. He delegated Maj. Electus Backus to build
28:
640:
pushed up the Rio Grande into New Mexico in 1862, But they were driven back into Texas by
8:
1579:
1438:
1297:
498:
450:
394:
1661: Lopez sanctions killing and capture of Navajo as slaves who came to Tewa to trade.
1455:
1277:
1031:
872:
519:
81:
1349:
1119:
1097:
1090:
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552:
375:
182:
1360:
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564:
466:
458:
404:
340:
160:
1013:
526:(US and New Mexican volunteers), hundreds of horses and mules, a supply train, 55
347:, who were attacking the New Mexican settlers. In October 1821 he sued for peace.
1272:
1057:
977:
1654:
424:
1698â1699: End of Great Southwestern Revolt; Spanish boundaries remain constant.
1287:
1246:
661:
391:
1659: Bernardo Lopez sends 40 Spanish soldiers and 800 allies into Navajo land.
1696:
1384:
1267:
1190:
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560:
368:
344:
325:
324:
covers at least three distinct periods of conflict in the American West: the
199:
188:
177:
141:
134:
77:
1116:
The Army and the Navajo: The Bosque Redondo Reservation Experiment 1863â1868
1326:
1292:
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614:
506:
357:
947:, University of Oklahoma Press (1964), trade paperback (2003), 296 pages,
1396:
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837:
Navajo Land, Navajo Culture: The Utah Experience in the Twentieth Century
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41:
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were burned. Carson attempted to capture a Navajo stronghold in the
523:
943:, edited and annotated by Frank McNitt, foreword by Durwood Ball,
490:
445:
209:
1108:
Rocky Mountain West: Colorado, Wyoming, & Montana, 1859â1915
975:
Very Slim Man, Navajo elder, quoted by Richard Van Valkenburgh,
699:
473:
Navajo raided to recover their people and to obtain livestock.
411:
166:
120:
1185:
1065:
The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West
224:
672:
613:
In 1861, another treaty was signed at Fort Fauntleroy (later
418:
417:
1696: Navajo said to be inciting other tribes, combined with
155:
106:
36:
1332:
706:âsurrendered or were captured and made what is called the "
493:
and other Navajo negotiated a treaty of peace with Colonel
543:
to gain influence over those who were advocates of peace.
16:
Series of wars fought by Navajo Indians in the Southwest
899:
The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southwest
694:
Starting in January 1864, many bands and their leadersâ
581:
1728:
Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America
567:
but Navajo harassment attacks caused him to withdraw.
407:. Start of Great Southwestern Revolt against Spanish.
1118:. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press.
1110:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992.
811:
The Navajo in 1705 â Roque Madrid's Campaign Journal
782:. Holloway House Publishing. pp. 190â191, 333.
1030:
363:1630: Fray Benevides arranges a peace between the
869:"New Mexico: A Biographical Dictionary 1540â1980"
664:. In July, under orders from Gen. Carleton, Col.
384:1644â1647: Spanish fight Navajo living along the
1694:
1113:
1738:Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War
1141:Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West
1087:Blood and Thunder: An Epic of the American West
1028:
840:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 9â10.
813:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
809:Hendricks, Rick; Wilson, John P., eds. (1997).
808:
570:In 1855 a treaty was signed at Laguna Negra by
892:
586:In 1860 the U.S. military, Mexican-Americans,
512:
1169:
240:
1136:. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1950.
484:
1303:Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park
1176:
1162:
1089:, Doubleday (2006), hardcover, 462 pages,
651:
247:
233:
902:. Columbia University Press. p. 58.
833:
721:One Navajo elder said of the Long Walk:
771:
769:
767:
765:
710:" to the Bosque Redondo reservation at
563:(Navajo territory). Col Sumner entered
397:1669: Spanish attack Navajo near Acoma.
1695:
1183:
866:
686:
598:. Meanwhile, others raided sheep near
1157:
775:
228:
1718:Indian wars of the American Old West
1148:The Apaches: Eagles of the Southwest
776:Locke, Raymond Friday (2002-03-01).
762:
582:1860: Second Battle of Fort Defiance
834:McPherson, Robert S. (2003-01-01).
534:The next day Chief Narbona came to
13:
1049:. Colorado: Pruett Pub. Co., 1970.
871:. Rio Grande Books. Archived from
628:
476:
414:that Spanish force was on its way.
14:
1749:
435:
335:
1184:
469:in what is now eastern Arizona.
198:
187:
176:
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127:
113:
99:
35:
440:Melgares's successor, Governor
410:1691: Navajo alert Pueblos and
254:
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957:
934:
922:
886:
860:
827:
802:
596:Second Battle of Fort Defiance
274:Second Battle of Fort Defiance
1:
1056:, Revised Edition. New York:
988:
269:First Battle of Fort Defiance
1723:Battles involving the Navajo
1588:(AZ, former Chinle Boarding)
1039:University of Oklahoma Press
1019:Resources in other libraries
546:
7:
1463:Gallup-McKinley County (NM)
1143:. Yardley: Westholme, 2005.
1063:Limerick, Patricia Nelson.
1033:Apache, Navaho and Spaniard
733:
513:1849: Washington Expedition
453:in April and eight more at
403:1680: Navajo probably join
350:
10:
1754:
677:Battle of Canyon de Chelly
284:Battle of Canyon de Chelly
1674:
1647:
1639:St. Michael Indian School
1631:
1551:
1434:Central Consolidated (NM)
1413:
1406:
1341:
1311:
1260:
1198:Politics and institutions
1197:
1114:Thompson, Gerald (1976).
1014:Resources in your library
981:, April 1946, p. 23.
602:. 400 New Mexicans under
485:1846: Bear Springs Treaty
429:Francisco Cuervo y Valdés
264:
147:
92:
48:
34:
26:
21:
1504:Magdalena Municipal (NM)
1379:Treaty of Bosque Redondo
1080:University of New Mexico
1029:Forbes, Jack D. (1960).
755:
497:on November 21, 1846 at
1373:Long Walk of the Navajo
652:1863: Carson's Campaign
76:United States victory;
66:Southwest United States
1733:Wars fought in Arizona
1713:19th-century conflicts
1708:18th-century conflicts
1703:17th-century conflicts
1568:Hunters Point Boarding
1134:Rocky Mountain Country
931:, pp. 133â140, 152â154
779:The Book of the Navajo
731:
702:, and finally in 1866
444:met Navajo leaders at
148:Commanders and leaders
1624:(off-reservation, NM)
1598:Rough Point Community
894:Griffin-Pierce, Trudy
723:
681:scorched-earth policy
623:New Mexico Volunteers
619:Manuel Antonio Chaves
604:Manuel Antonio Chaves
463:San Juan County, Utah
442:José Antonio Vizcarra
304:Bai-a-lil-li Incident
299:Padre Canyon Incident
279:Battle of Pecos River
172:José Antonio Vizcarra
1604:Rough Rock Community
1586:Many Farms Community
1146:Worecester, Donald.
1132:Williams, Albert N.
867:Bullis, Don (2008).
658:James Henry Carleton
520:Col. John Washington
330:MexicanâAmerican War
29:American Indian Wars
1682:List of communities
1391:Livestock Reduction
1363:(1600s–1700s)
1298:Navajo-Churro sheep
687:1864: The Long Walk
505:(later the site of
1616:Tuba City Boarding
1531:Tuba City USD (AZ)
1524:Red Valley/Cove HS
1497:Monument Valley HS
495:Alexander Doniphan
194:Alexander Doniphan
1690:
1689:
1670:
1669:
1562:Greyhills Acad HS
1514:Red Mesa USD (AZ)
1387:(1873–1895)
1102:978-0-385-50777-6
1052:Lavender, David.
1045:Kelly, Lawrence.
1041:. LCCCN 60-13480.
995:Library resources
929:Blood and Thunder
909:978-0-231-12790-5
847:978-0-8061-3410-9
789:978-0-87687-500-1
745:Arizona Territory
646:James H. Carleton
559:in the middle of
376:Franciscan friars
317:
316:
223:
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88:
87:
84:in United States.
44:, a Navajo chief.
1745:
1574:Kaibeto Boarding
1492:Kayenta USD (AZ)
1411:
1410:
1367:Navajo Wars
1361:Navajo pueblitos
1188:
1178:
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1106:Smith, Duane A.
1085:Sides, Hampton,
1058:Harper & Row
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565:Canyon de Chelly
536:Canyon de Chelly
467:Canyon de Chelly
459:Chuska Mountains
341:Facundo Melgares
294:Black Hawk's War
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1451:Chinle USD (AZ)
1414:District public
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1210:Council Chamber
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1037:. Norman, OK:
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896:(2010-06-30).
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1350:The Emergence
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1320:ĂdahoonĂĆĂgĂĂ
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1125:0-8165-0495-4
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875:on 2012-04-14
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20:
1655:Diné College
1536:Tuba City HS
1428:, now closed
1397:Code talkers
1366:
1348:
1327:Navajo Times
1325:
1318:
1293:Navajo dolls
1147:
1140:
1133:
1115:
1107:
1086:
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1069:W. W. Norton
1067:. New York:
1064:
1053:
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1009:Online books
999:
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913:. Retrieved
898:
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877:. Retrieved
873:the original
862:
851:. Retrieved
836:
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793:. Retrieved
778:
727:Fort Wingate
724:
720:
693:
690:
670:
655:
642:Union forces
632:
615:Fort Wingate
612:
585:
576:John Garland
569:
561:Diné bikéyah
553:Edwin Sumner
550:
533:
516:
507:Fort Wingate
499:Bear Springs
488:
480:
471:
439:
339:
321:
319:
256:
183:Edwin Sumner
93:Belligerents
82:reservations
56:c. 1600â1866
27:Part of the
1675:Communities
1622:Navajo Prep
1610:Shonto Prep
1543:Winslow USD
1519:Red Mesa HS
1473:Tohatchi HS
1444:Shiprock HS
1278:Ethnobotany
1252:Miss Navajo
1076:Navajo Wars
1054:The Rockies
1000:Navajo Wars
740:Apache Wars
712:Fort Sumner
635:Confederate
503:Ojo del Oso
322:Navajo Wars
257:Navajo Wars
138:(1849â1866)
124:(1821â1848)
110:(1600â1821)
22:Navajo Wars
1697:Categories
1439:Newcomb HS
1333:KTNN Radio
989:References
915:2012-07-15
879:2012-07-15
853:2012-07-15
795:2012-07-15
716:New Mexico
696:Barboncito
666:Kit Carson
421:in revolt.
214:Barboncito
205:Kit Carson
1485:Ganado HS
1456:Chinle HS
1407:Education
1217:President
708:Long Walk
704:Manuelito
572:Manuelito
547:1851â1860
541:Manuelito
320:The term
309:Bluff War
289:Long Walk
218:Manuelito
80:moved to
42:Manuelito
1648:Tertiary
1273:Language
965:Campaign
734:See also
600:Santa Fe
524:infantry
351:Timeline
61:Location
1632:Private
1555:/Tribal
1399:(1940s)
1393:(1930s)
1356:Dinétah
1342:History
1288:Weaving
1261:Culture
1247:Rangers
1205:Council
1082:, 1972.
1071:, 1987.
1060:, 1975.
621:of the
491:Narbona
455:Sabinal
451:Socorro
446:Paguate
412:Apaches
405:Pueblos
210:Narbona
1381:(1868)
1375:(1864)
1268:People
1242:Police
1189:
1122:
1100:
1093:
997:about
951:
906:
844:
817:
786:
700:Armijo
673:hogans
638:forces
590:, and
528:Pueblo
427:1705:
369:Navajo
345:Navajo
326:Navajo
142:Navajo
132:
121:Mexico
118:
104:
78:Navajo
73:Result
1660:Press
1312:Media
1283:Music
756:Notes
588:Zunis
551:Col.
419:Texas
365:Tewas
358:Acoma
107:Spain
1618:(AZ)
1612:(AZ)
1606:(AZ)
1600:(AZ)
1594:(AZ)
1582:(AZ)
1576:(AZ)
1570:(AZ)
1564:(AZ)
1227:Flag
1120:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1091:ISBN
949:ISBN
904:ISBN
842:ISBN
815:ISBN
784:ISBN
633:The
592:Utes
367:and
53:Date
1553:BIE
1699::
1078:.
764:^
718:.
714:,
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683:.
501:,
1177:e
1170:t
1163:v
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882:.
856:.
823:.
798:.
388:.
378:.
371:.
248:e
241:t
234:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
