65:
36:
145:
137:
171:
where they mature into adult worms. The hookworms attach to the mucosal lining using their cutting plates which allows them to penetrate blood vessels and feed on the host's blood supply. Each worm consumes 30 μl of blood per day. The major issue results from this intestinal blood loss which can
339:
was first discovered in Brazil and then was found in Texas. Later, it was found to be indigenous in Africa, China, southwest
Pacific islands, India, and Southeast Asia. This parasite is a tropical parasite and is the most common species in humans. Roughly 95% of hookworms found in the southern
162:
can be divided into two areas – larvae and adult stage. The third stage larvae are guided to human skin by following thermal gradients. Typically, the larvae enter through the hands and feet following contact with contaminated soil. A papular, pruritic, itchy rash will develop around the site of
296:
by application of liquid nitrogen to the skin has been used to kill cutaneous larvae migrans, but the procedure has a low cure rate and a high incidence of pain and severe skin damage, so it now is passed over in favor of suitable pharmaceuticals. Topical application of some pharmaceuticals has
264:. A blood transfusion may be necessary in severe cases of anemia. Light infections are usually left untreated in areas where reinfection is common. Iron supplements and a diet high in protein will speed the recovery process. In a case study involving 56-60 men with
351:
infection requires the deposition of egg-containing feces on shady, well-drained soil and is favored by warm, humid (tropical) conditions. Therefore, infections worldwide are usually reported in places where direct contact with contaminated soil occurs.
163:
entry into the human host. This is also known as "ground itch". Generally, migration through the lungs is asymptomatic but a mild cough and pharyngeal irritation may occur during larval migration in the airways. Once larvae break through the
450:
Haas W, Haberl B, Syafruddin, Idris I, Kallert D, Kersten S, Stiegeler P, Syafruddin (2005). "Behavioural strategies used by the hookworms
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale to find, recognize and invade the human host".
787:
772:
128:. This form of anemia in children can give rise to physical and mental retardation. Infection caused by cutaneous larvae migrans, a skin disease in humans, is characterized by skin ruptures and severe itching.
204:
cannot be distinguished; thus, the larvae must be examined to identify these hookworms. Larvae cannot be found in stool specimens unless the specimen was left at ambient temperature for a day or more.
328:. Tetrachloroethylene was reported to have a cure rate of 80 percent for Necator infections, but 25 percent in Ancylostoma infections, and often produced mild intoxication in the patient.
1936:
120:, they suck on the host's blood, which may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, cramps, and weight loss that can lead to anorexia. Heavy infections can lead to the development of
192:
eggs in a fecal sample using a microscope. Eggs can be difficult to visualize in a lightly infected sample so a concentration method is generally used such as
193:
1134:
841:
58:
180:, pain in lower extremities and in joints, sternal pain, headache, fatigue, and impotence. Death is rare in humans.
282:, while mebendazole only had a 21% cure rate. This suggests albendazole is most effective for treating both
1300:
297:
merit, but requires repeated, persistent applications and is less effective than some systemic treatments.
626:
Holzer, B. R.; Frey, F. J. (February 1987). "Differential efficacy of mebendazole and albendazole against
1637:
1286:
1193:
834:
101:
1891:
1814:
1785:
600:
64:
1897:
978:
922:
802:
1834:
1615:
1604:
1188:
1128:
1114:
937:
916:
1931:
1732:
1513:
1366:
1056:
1051:
1042:
1018:
827:
715:
172:
lead to iron-deficiency anemia in moderate to heavy infections. Other common symptoms include
1599:
1142:
1023:
904:
495:
216:, concentrate it using the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation technique, and then create a
819:
1865:
1692:
1518:
1492:
1474:
1244:
8:
1904:
1879:
1806:
1459:
1408:
983:
964:
910:
899:
791:
494:
Hotez, P. J.; Brooker, S.; Bethony, J. M.; Bottazzi, M. E.; Loukas, A.; Xiao, S. (2004).
321:
266:
428:
1765:
1751:
1671:
1643:
1623:
1593:
1453:
1428:
1328:
1278:
1169:
1100:
1003:
732:"Clinical Aspects and Treatment of the More Common Intestinal Parasites of Man (TB-33)"
655:
526:
476:
410:
209:
164:
154:
125:
93:
88:
79:
45:
17:
796:
35:
998:
943:
850:
696:
647:
567:
518:
468:
402:
168:
113:
53:
659:
493:
480:
1798:
1791:
1657:
1271:
1239:
686:
639:
557:
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510:
460:
414:
394:
217:
1665:
1611:
1525:
1263:
1213:
1208:
1106:
1091:
1030:
929:
807:
731:
361:
121:
117:
1757:
1720:
1651:
1466:
1445:
1414:
1372:
1251:
1200:
1179:
1148:
1120:
1063:
990:
325:
317:
253:
781:
464:
398:
1925:
1744:
1725:
1485:
1480:
1231:
1219:
970:
854:
344:. This parasite is found in humans, but can also be found in pigs and dogs.
188:
The standard method for diagnosing necatoriasis is through identification of
97:
1884:
1840:
1736:
1504:
1075:
700:
571:
522:
472:
406:
213:
167:
and are swallowed, they enter the gastrointestinal tract and attach to the
144:
651:
274:
infections, both albendazole and mebendazole were 90% effective in curing
1871:
1856:
1712:
1579:
1560:
1551:
1539:
1393:
1357:
1339:
1306:
1292:
1084:
1010:
955:
890:
514:
293:
261:
257:
233:
764:
543:
1776:
1698:
1683:
1439:
1398:
643:
309:
305:
229:
173:
1384:
1227:
880:
875:
324:, given as 3 to 4 cc in the fasting state, followed by 30 to 45 g of
136:
382:
1825:
1706:
1584:
1533:
1348:
862:
691:
674:
562:
545:
313:
83:
1422:
1164:
237:
177:
776:
589:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 443.
301:
849:
236:
are critical for prevention. Nonetheless, wearing shoes in
16:
This article is about the infection. For the organism, see
736:
300:
During the 1910s, common treatments for hookworm included
449:
625:
383:"Necatoriasis: treatment and developmental therapeutics"
429:"Necator americanus Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)"
713:
1937:
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
544:
Diemert, D. J.; Bethony, J. M.; Hotez, P. J. (2008).
754:
584:
587:Manual of Clinical Problems in Infectious Disease
1923:
278:. However, albendazole had a 95% cure rate for
240:areas helps reduce the prevalence of infection.
220:of the sediment for viewing under a microscope.
630:but not for Trichuris trichiura infestations".
835:
208:The most common technique used to diagnose a
672:
320:. By the 1940s, the treatment of choice was
707:
380:
374:
1338:
842:
828:
585:Gantz, Nelson Murray (2006). "Helminths".
63:
34:
690:
632:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
561:
212:is to take a stool sample, fix it in 10%
176:pain and tenderness, nausea, exertional
143:
135:
196:or sedimentation. However, the eggs of
1924:
675:"Treatment of Cutaneous Larva Migrans"
431:. Public Health Agency of Canada. 2001
823:
107:
503:The New England Journal of Medicine
13:
252:parasites can be treated by using
14:
1948:
750:
77:is the condition of infection by
340:region of the United States are
724:
717:Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
714:Milton, Joseph Rosenau (1913).
607:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009
331:
112:When adult worms attach to the
100:(infection) which is a type of
666:
619:
605:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
593:
578:
537:
487:
443:
421:
1:
367:
232:, and controlled disposal of
223:
126:hypochromic microcytic anemia
1301:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
550:Clinical Infectious Diseases
243:
183:
7:
1638:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
1287:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
720:. D. Appleton. p. 119.
355:
10:
1953:
387:Expert Opin Investig Drugs
152:Necatoriasis is caused by
102:neglected tropical disease
15:
1892:Capillaria philippinensis
1855:
1824:
1815:Halicephalobus gingivalis
1786:Strongyloides stercoralis
1775:
1682:
1578:
1550:
1503:
1392:
1383:
1356:
1347:
1325:
1262:
1178:
1163:
1074:
1041:
954:
889:
874:
861:
758:
465:10.1007/s00436-004-1257-7
399:10.1517/13543784.9.5.1065
52:
42:
33:
28:
1898:Intestinal capillariasis
979:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
381:Georgiev VS (May 2000).
148:Cutaneous larvae migrans
131:
1885:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
1835:Enterobius vermicularis
1616:Cutaneous larva migrans
1189:Echinococcus granulosus
1129:Heterophyes heterophyes
1115:Gastrodiscoides hominis
938:Trichobilharzia regenti
140:Lifecycle of a hookworm
1733:Visceral larva migrans
1514:Gnathostoma spinigerum
1367:Dracunculus medinensis
1273:Diphyllobothrium latum
1052:Paragonimus westermani
1019:Opisthorchis viverrini
149:
141:
1600:Ancylostoma duodenale
1143:Metagonimus yokogawai
673:Caumes, Eric (2000).
453:Parasitology Research
147:
139:
1866:Trichinella spiralis
1693:Ascaris lumbricoides
1493:Lymphatic filariasis
1475:Wuchereria bancrofti
515:10.1056/NEJMra032492
496:"Hookworm infection"
228:Education, improved
1880:Trichuris trichiura
1807:Trichostrongyliasis
1409:Onchocerca volvulus
965:Clonorchis sinensis
900:Schistosoma mansoni
881:Trematode infection
546:"Hookworm vaccines"
322:tetrachloroethylene
267:Trichuris trichiura
59:Infectious diseases
43:Infective larva of
1766:Parascaris equorum
1752:Dioctophyme renale
1672:Oesophagostomiasis
1644:Angiostrongyliasis
1624:Necator americanus
1594:Hookworm infection
1454:Dirofilaria repens
1279:Diphyllobothriasis
1170:Tapeworm infection
1101:Fasciolopsis buski
644:10.1007/BF02456002
628:Necator americanus
601:"hookworm disease"
337:Necator americanus
210:hookworm infection
150:
142:
108:Signs and symptoms
94:hookworm infection
89:Necator americanus
46:Necator americanus
18:Necator americanus
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1851:
1850:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1195:E. multilocularis
1159:
1158:
999:Fasciola hepatica
851:Parasitic disease
817:
816:
169:intestinal mucosa
72:
71:
23:Medical condition
1944:
1800:Trichostrongylus
1792:Strongyloidiasis
1658:Metastrongylosis
1390:
1389:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1240:Hymenolepis nana
1176:
1175:
1076:Intestinal fluke
887:
886:
872:
871:
844:
837:
830:
821:
820:
756:
755:
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743:
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663:
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535:
534:
500:
491:
485:
484:
447:
441:
440:
438:
436:
425:
419:
418:
378:
347:Transmission of
248:An infection of
68:
67:
38:
26:
25:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1847:
1820:
1771:
1678:
1666:Oesophagostomum
1612:Ancylostomiasis
1582:
1566:
1546:
1526:Gnathostomiasis
1499:
1396:
1379:
1330:
1327:
1313:
1264:Pseudophyllidea
1258:
1209:Taenia saginata
1167:
1155:
1107:Fasciolopsiasis
1092:Echinostomiasis
1070:
1037:
1031:Opisthorchiasis
950:
930:Schistosomiasis
924:S. intercalatum
878:
876:Fluke/trematode
867:
864:
857:
848:
818:
813:
812:
767:
753:
748:
747:
730:
729:
725:
712:
708:
679:Clin Infect Dis
671:
667:
624:
620:
610:
608:
599:
598:
594:
583:
579:
542:
538:
498:
492:
488:
448:
444:
434:
432:
427:
426:
422:
379:
375:
370:
362:Ancylostomiasis
358:
334:
246:
226:
186:
134:
122:iron deficiency
118:small intestine
110:
62:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1950:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1758:Dioctophymosis
1748:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1721:Toxocara canis
1717:
1716:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1652:Metastrongylus
1648:
1647:
1646:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1606:A. braziliense
1596:
1590:
1588:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:Dirofilariasis
1457:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1446:Mansonelliasis
1436:
1435:
1434:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1415:Onchocerciasis
1404:
1402:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:Dracunculiasis
1362:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1252:Hymenolepiasis
1236:
1235:
1234:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:Echinococcosis
1184:
1182:
1180:Cyclophyllidea
1173:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1149:Metagonimiasis
1139:
1138:
1137:
1135:Heterophyiasis
1125:
1124:
1123:
1121:Amphistomiasis
1111:
1110:
1109:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1064:Paragonimiasis
1047:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1015:
1014:
1013:
995:
994:
993:
991:Dicrocoeliasis
975:
974:
973:
960:
958:
952:
951:
949:
948:
947:
946:
944:Swimmer's itch
934:
933:
932:
918:S. haematobium
895:
893:
884:
869:
859:
858:
847:
846:
839:
832:
824:
815:
814:
811:
810:
799:
784:
768:
763:
762:
760:
759:Classification
752:
751:External links
749:
746:
745:
723:
706:
692:10.1086/313787
685:(5): 811–814.
665:
638:(6): 635–637.
618:
592:
577:
563:10.1086/524070
556:(2): 282–288.
536:
509:(8): 799–807.
486:
442:
420:
393:(5): 1065–78.
372:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
357:
354:
333:
330:
326:sodium sulfate
318:eucalyptus oil
254:benzimidazoles
245:
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133:
130:
109:
106:
70:
69:
56:
50:
49:
40:
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31:
30:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1949:
1938:
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1932:Helminthiases
1930:
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1745:Baylisascaris
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1729:
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1538:
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1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:Brugia malayi
1477:
1476:
1472:
1468:
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1464:
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1370:
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1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:Cysticercosis
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:
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1102:
1098:
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1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:P. kellicotti
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1046:
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1737:Toxocariasis
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284:T. trichiura
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75:Necatoriasis
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29:Necatoriasis
1906:C. hepatica
1872:Trichinosis
1857:Adenophorea
1713:Anisakiasis
1580:Strongylida
1561:Gongylonema
1552:Spiruroidea
1540:Thelaziasis
1520:G. hispidum
1394:Filarioidea
1358:Camallanida
1340:Secernentea
1307:Sparganosis
1293:Sparganosis
1246:H. diminuta
1215:T. asiatica
1085:Echinostoma
1025:O. felineus
1011:Fasciolosis
956:Liver fluke
891:Blood fluke
294:Cryotherapy
262:mebendazole
258:albendazole
234:human feces
1926:Categories
1777:Rhabditida
1699:Ascariasis
1684:Ascaridida
1461:D. immitis
1440:Mansonella
1432:filariasis
1399:Filariasis
1326:Roundworm/
1043:Lung fluke
912:S. mekongi
853:caused by
611:6 December
435:4 December
368:References
310:chloroform
306:2-naphthol
230:sanitation
224:Prevention
174:epigastric
86:, such as
1487:B. timori
1385:Spirurida
1331:infection
1228:Taeniasis
1221:T. solium
985:D. hospes
868:infection
863:Flatworm/
244:Treatment
218:wet mount
194:flotation
184:Diagnosis
84:hookworms
54:Specialty
1826:Oxyurida
1707:Anisakis
1585:hookworm
1534:Thelazia
1349:Spiruria
1329:Nematode
701:10816151
660:19551476
572:18171264
523:15317893
481:24495300
473:15614587
407:11060728
356:See also
314:gasoline
214:formalin
1727:T. cati
1430:Loa loa
1423:Loa loa
1165:Cestoda
808:D009332
652:3653234
531:2281145
415:8040066
270:and/or
238:endemic
178:dyspnea
165:alveoli
116:of the
92:. This
80:Necator
1223:(pork)
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316:, and
302:thymol
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797:126.9
782:B76.1
656:S2CID
527:S2CID
499:(PDF)
477:S2CID
411:S2CID
132:Cause
114:villi
1802:spp.
803:MeSH
792:9-CM
697:PMID
648:PMID
613:2009
568:PMID
519:PMID
469:PMID
437:2009
403:PMID
286:and
200:and
124:and
788:ICD
773:ICD
687:doi
640:doi
558:doi
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395:doi
260:or
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