850:
466:
107:
126:
149:
660:
499:. Ultrahydrophobicity involves two criteria: a very high water contact angle between the droplet of water and the leaf surface, and a very low roll-off angle. This means that the water must contact the leaf surface at exactly one, minuscule point, and any manipulation of the leaf by changing its angle will result in the water droplet rolling off of the leaf. Ultrahydrophobicity is conferred by the usually dense layer of papillae on the surface of the
1153:
530:
ultrahydrophobicity allows the water droplets to accumulate together very quickly, and then roll off of the leaf very easily at the slightest disturbance of the leaf, a process which allows its stomata to function normally without restriction due to blockage by water droplets.
526:, underneath the leaf. The collection of water on the upper epidermis, whether that be by rain, mist, or the nearby disturbance of water, is very detrimental to the leaf's ability to perform gas exchange through its stomata. Thus,
609:; pollinators may require a certain temperature for reproduction. By providing an ideal thermogenic environment, the flower is pollinated by mating pollinators. Others theorize that heat production facilitates the release of
613:
compounds into the air to attract pollinators flying over water, or that the heat is recognizable in the dark by thermo-sensitive pollinators. None have been conclusively proven to be more plausible than the others.
1164:. The fleshy parts can be dug from the mud and baked or boiled. The young leaves can be boiled. The seeds are palatable and can be eaten raw or dried and ground into flour. The stem fibers are also used to make
633:
in the receptacle and petals, all of which assist in increasing photosynthesis rates. After this transition, all thermogenesis in the flower is lost. Pollinators do not need to be attracted once the
1976:"A precise chloroplast genome of Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae) evaluated with Sanger, Illumina MiSeq, and PacBio RS II sequencing platforms: insight into the plastid evolution of basal eudicots"
1823:"Synchronicity of thermogenic activity, alternative pathway respiratory flux, AOX protein content, and carbohydrates in receptacle tissues of sacred lotus during floral development"
751:
associated with an evolutionary shift from a terrestrial to an aquatic lifestyle. In the older classification systems it was recognized under the order
Nymphaeales or Nelumbonales.
601:, for a variety of reasons. Heated flowers may attract insect pollinators. As the pollinators warm themselves while resting inside the flower, they deposit and pick up
1016:
967:
275:
2036:
1000:
1099:
1082:
1023:
307:
299:
503:
leaves, and the small, robust, waxy tubules that protrude off each papilla. This helps reduce the area of contact between the water droplet and the leaf.
2276:
1112:
1058:
291:
980:
1087:
1389:
Zhang Y, Wu H, Yu X, Chen F, Wu J (March 2012). "Microscopic
Observations of the Lotus Leaf for Explaining the Outstanding Mechanical Properties".
1032:
283:
2524:
2306:
975:, China), described from several fossils of leaves, seedpods, and rhizomes from the Eocene-aged strata in the Changchang Basin, of Hainan Island.
950:
1786:
Wagner AM, Krab K, Wagner MJ, Moore AL (2008-07-01). "Regulation of thermogenesis in flowering
Araceae: the role of the alternative oxidase".
2550:
1045:
590:
of the flower, but each of these parts produce heat independently without relying on the heat production in other parts of the flower.
2599:
1923:, Click on Classification tab, three to the right of the General tab under which the webpage opens. (It is all the same web address.)
2686:
2472:
570:-resistant alternative oxidase, which is a different electron acceptor than the usual cytochrome complexes. The plant also reduces
2537:
2485:
737:
743:
There is residual disagreement over which family the genus should be placed in. Traditional classification systems recognized
2238:
2206:
2077:
1741:"Functional transition in the floral receptacle of the sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): from thermogenesis to photosynthesis"
656:, which heats itself to disperse water vapor through the air, carrying its scent further, thus attracting more pollinators.
2542:
2226:
547:, which it does by using the alternative oxidase pathway (AOX). This pathway involves a different, alternative exchange of
2095:"Nelumbo jiayinensis sp. nov. from the Upper Cretaceous Yong'ancun Formation in Jiayin, Heilongjiang, Northeast China"
1043:), described from leaves and seedpods that suggest a very small plant. Originally described as a member of the genus
2165:
2141:"Discovery of Nelumbo from the Asuwa Flora (Upper Cretaceous) in Fukui Prefecture in the Inner Side of Central Japan"
2040:
1935:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV"
1974:
Wu, Zhihua; Gui, Songtao; Quan, Zhiwu; Pan, Lei; Wang, Shuzhen; Ke, Weidong; Liang, Dequan; Ding, Yi (2014-11-19).
1234:"A Review on the Taxonomic, Evolutionary and Phytogeographic Studies of the Lotus Plant (Nelumbonaceae: Nelumbo )"
849:
2555:
2511:
1090:, which they are known from, was formerly considered of Early Cretaceous age, but more recent studies support a
2617:
377:
1478:"Contribution of the alternative pathway to respiration during thermogenesis in flowers of the sacred lotus"
695:, on the other hand, has a single characteristic notch from the edge in to the center of the lily pad. The
637:
is fertilized, and thus the receptacle's resources are better used when it is photosynthesizing to produce
427:
829:. Despite the ancient origins of this genus and the wide geographic separation of the two extant species (
789:
of 2016 recognizes
Nelumbonaceae as a distinct family and places it in the order Proteales in the eudicot
465:
106:
2386:
2381:
2368:
686:
2464:
2438:
578:, which allows the AOX in the plant to function without degradation. Thermogenesis is restricted to the
2612:
2262:
593:
There are several theories about the function of thermogenesis, especially in an aquatic genus such as
2303:
648:, which heats itself to melt any ice above it, and push through the ground in early spring. Also, the
2565:
2490:
1286:
610:
2065:
Stratigraphy and
Paleobotany of the Golden Valley Formation (Early Tertiary) of Western North Dakota
1874:"Temperature-Triggered Periodical Thermogenic Oscillations in Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus)"
148:
2681:
2604:
2459:
1291:
2069:
2063:
2591:
2433:
2321:
2529:
1233:
2586:
1299:
1027:
Early
Cretaceous (Portugal), leaves known from the Albian. One of the earliest known species.
906:– sacred or Indian lotus, also known as the Rose of India and the sacred water lily of
878:
873:
645:
544:
449:
2578:
1920:
605:
onto and from the flower. The thermogenic environment might also be conducive to pollinator
2407:
2286:
2106:
1599:"Analysis of the Lotus Thermoregulation System from the Perspective of Control Engineering"
1245:
748:
8:
2230:
1527:"Heat production by sacred lotus flowers depends on ambient temperature, not light cycle"
945:
579:
492:
267:
2110:
1249:
837:), phylogenetic evidence indicates that they diverged rather recently, during the early
2648:
2451:
2446:
2256:
2010:
1975:
1768:
1740:
1713:
1688:
1664:
1639:
1502:
1477:
1450:
1425:
1406:
1191:
523:
519:
510:
advantage. As an aquatic plant with leaves that rest on the water's surface, the genus
143:
2277:"Weaving success: Manipur woman seeks to employ more locals in her lotus silk venture"
2140:
1402:
1160:
The entire plant can be eaten either raw or cooked. The underwater portion is high in
629:, photosynthetically involved pigments, electron transport rates, and the presence of
2573:
2394:
2359:
2244:
2234:
2202:
2122:
2073:
2015:
1997:
1956:
1903:
1895:
1854:
1803:
1760:
1718:
1669:
1620:
1579:
1507:
1455:
1410:
1366:
1261:
1187:
522:
of its leaves, unlike most other plants which concentrate their stomata on the lower
404:. However, there are only two known living species of lotus. One is the better-known
1772:
1107:), fossils of leaves strongly suggest a plant similar in form to the American lotus.
125:
2676:
2653:
2177:
2114:
2005:
1987:
1946:
1885:
1844:
1834:
1795:
1752:
1708:
1700:
1659:
1651:
1640:"Floral thermogenesis: An adaptive strategy of pollination biology in Magnoliaceae"
1610:
1571:
1538:
1497:
1489:
1445:
1437:
1398:
1358:
1326:
1280:
1253:
1177:
1130:
984:
962:), described from leaves found in the Golden Valley Formation in North Dakota, USA.
897:
886:
736:
of 1992 both recognize the family and place it in its own order, Nelumbonales. The
717:
664:
471:
406:
401:
328:
259:
115:
2399:
2118:
1349:
Marmur A (2004-04-01). "The Lotus Effect: Superhydrophobicity and
Metastability".
2373:
2310:
1799:
1655:
1426:"Superhydrophobicity in perfection: the outstanding properties of the lotus leaf"
1331:
1314:
1004:
902:
763:
729:
186:
2640:
2094:
400:
is an ancient genus, with dozens of species known from fossil remains since the
794:
747:
as part of the
Nymphaeaceae, but traditional taxonomists were likely misled by
653:
644:
Other plants utilize thermoregulation in their life cycles. Among these is the
634:
622:
437:
419:
236:
173:
1992:
1543:
1526:
2670:
2344:
2248:
2182:
2126:
2001:
1960:
1899:
1624:
1583:
1265:
1195:
1091:
972:
915:
868:
826:
798:
786:
733:
721:
659:
575:
552:
441:
432:
382:
365:
252:
219:
134:
64:
1560:"Distribution of thermogenic activity in floral tissues of Nelumbo nucifera"
1257:
930:
are also used widely in cooking in East Asia, South Asia and
Southeast Asia.
621:, the receptacle of the lotus transitions from a primarily thermogenic to a
2630:
2019:
1907:
1858:
1807:
1764:
1722:
1673:
1511:
1459:
1370:
1008:
959:
939:
Nearly 30 fossil species are known from the mid-Cretaceous to the present.
682:
638:
496:
476:
387:
1493:
1086:
Cretaceous (Japan), fossils found in
Cretaceous-aged strata of Japan. The
2498:
2353:
1890:
1873:
1839:
1822:
1704:
1689:"Flower thermoregulation facilitates fertilization in Asian sacred lotus"
1104:
1040:
838:
779:
725:
626:
39:
1615:
1598:
1441:
2477:
1559:
1165:
1120:, US), leaves known from the Albian. One of the earliest known species.
927:
810:
775:
598:
597:. The most common theory posits that thermogenesis in flowers attracts
559:
551:
from the usual pathway that electrons follow when generating energy in
415:
84:
49:
1951:
1934:
1849:
1362:
2503:
2420:
2281:
1012:
814:
771:
630:
571:
507:
445:
423:
411:
209:
89:
2315:
1756:
1575:
1423:
1156:
Vinegared lotus root slices with ginger and citron as eaten in Japan
2625:
2338:
1152:
1036:
988:
955:
911:
907:
890:
691:
652:, which heats its flowers to attract pollinators. In addition, the
618:
548:
199:
79:
74:
59:
54:
44:
2425:
1424:
Ensikat HJ, Ditsche-Kuru P, Neinhuis C, Barthlott W (2011-03-10).
2516:
1203:
1117:
1066:
923:
822:
818:
767:
567:
94:
69:
1161:
1074:
1062:
992:
882:
740:
still classifies the lotus family within the water lily order.
649:
606:
602:
583:
484:
369:
32:
2412:
1524:
857:'Mrs. Perry D. Slocum', a cross between the two extant species
2068:. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp.
1232:
Li, Ya; Svetlana, Popova; Yao, Jianxin; Li, Chengsen (2014).
1199:
1070:
919:
790:
766:
in Nelumbonaceae, one of several distinctive families in the
696:
587:
515:
448:. Horticultural hybrids have been produced between these two
361:
160:
2093:
Liang, Fei; Sun, Ge; Yang, Tao; Bai, Shuchong (April 2018).
1821:
Grant NM, Miller RE, Watling JR, Robinson SA (2008-02-01).
1558:
Grant NM, Miller RA, Watling JR, Robinson SA (2010-11-12).
1315:"Superhydrophobic and superoleophobic properties in nature"
352:
1932:
1820:
1557:
1525:
Seymour RS, Schultze-Motel P, Lamprecht I (1 July 1998).
625:
structure, as seen in the rapid and dramatic increase in
343:
334:
1921:
http://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=NENU2
681:
can be distinguished from those of genera in the family
506:
Ultrahydrophobicity is said to confer a very important
1475:
426:
and is commonly cultivated for consumption and use in
1785:
1738:
1069:, fossil leaves are known from Eocene-aged strata in
331:
555:, known as the AOX, or alternative oxidase pathway.
349:
340:
2164:佐沢, 豪; ルグラン, ジュリアン; 矢部, 淳; 上松, 佐知子; 指田, 勝男 (2020).
1788:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
1596:
558:The typical pathway in plant mitochondria involves
346:
337:
16:
Genus of aquatic flowering plants known as "lotus."
1476:Watling JR, Robinson SA, Seymour RS (April 2006).
1279:
386:. Members outwardly resemble those in the family
1278:
2668:
1871:
1597:Hiroma T, Ito K, Hara M, Torisu R (2011-06-01).
1312:
562:complexes. The pathway used to generate heat in
495:) and have given the name to what is called the
2092:
1231:
641:that can increase plant biomass or fruit mass.
1734:
1732:
1471:
1469:
491:are highly water-repellent (i.e. they exhibit
2196:
1872:Ito K, Ito T, Onda Y, Uemura M (2004-03-15).
1388:
1344:
1342:
2199:Plants and their names: a concise dictionary
1973:
1384:
1382:
1380:
809:There are several fossil species known from
2039:. Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Archived from
1779:
1739:Miller RE, Watling JR, Robinson SA (2009).
1729:
1590:
1466:
689:, that is they have fully circular leaves.
394:is actually very distant from that family.
2190:
2163:
2055:
1814:
1339:
124:
105:
2181:
2009:
1991:
1950:
1889:
1848:
1838:
1712:
1663:
1637:
1631:
1614:
1551:
1542:
1501:
1449:
1377:
1330:
514:is characterized by its concentration of
2223:The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants
1939:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1151:
848:
754:
658:
464:
2166:"福井県東部，池田町に分布する上部白亜系足羽層の年代-花粉層位学的アプローチ"
1686:
1680:
1644:Communicative & Integrative Biology
1238:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition
738:United States Department of Agriculture
2669:
2061:
2031:
2029:
1348:
1313:Darmanin T, Guittard F (1 June 2015).
724:but places it in the water lily order
460:
2320:
2319:
1926:
774:. Its closest living relatives, the (
378:various other plants and plant groups
376:, though the name is also applied to
2566:5a2c24b3-5bcc-4fa1-88d1-e8962bab839b
2227:United States Department of the Army
1300:participating institution membership
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1011:, China), leaves described from the
995:. One of the earliest known species.
711:
2201:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2026:
1933:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016).
1430:Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
534:
13:
672:
539:An uncommon property of the genus
14:
2698:
2297:
2037:"Nelumbo nucifera (sacred lotus)"
1216:
934:
861:
380:, including the unrelated genus
327:
147:
37:
2687:Extant Albian first appearances
2618:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:28000-1
2269:
2215:
2157:
2133:
2086:
1967:
1914:
1865:
1129:The genus name is derived from
762:is currently recognized as the
1827:Journal of Experimental Botany
1638:Wang R, Zhang Z (March 2015).
1531:Journal of Experimental Botany
1518:
1417:
1306:
1272:
720:of 1981 recognizes the family
455:
372:. Members are commonly called
1:
2197:Hyam R, Pankhurst RJ (1995).
2119:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.007
1403:10.1016/S1672-6529(11)60100-5
1391:Journal of Bionic Engineering
1209:
1073:, and Miocene-aged strata in
841:(about 2 million years ago).
1800:10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.04.001
1687:Li JK, Huang SQ (May 2009).
1656:10.4161/19420889.2014.992746
1332:10.1016/j.mattod.2015.01.001
1124:
804:
428:traditional Chinese medicine
313:30+ more from fossil remains
7:
706:
10:
2703:
1175:
1171:
844:
2328:
1993:10.1186/s12870-014-0289-0
1878:Plant and Cell Physiology
1287:Oxford English Dictionary
1134:
991:), leaves known from the
248:
243:
144:Scientific classification
142:
132:
123:
113:
104:
23:
2183:10.5575/geosoc.2020.0004
1745:Functional Plant Biology
1603:Shokubutsu Kankyo Kogaku
1564:Functional Plant Biology
877:– American lotus (
782:), are shrubs or trees.
574:concentrations while in
1544:10.1093/jxb/49.324.1213
1292:Oxford University Press
1258:10.1111/1755-6724.12287
1147:
968:Nelumbo changchangensis
821:aged strata throughout
276:Nelumbo changchangensis
2261:: CS1 maint: others (
1157:
858:
669:
480:
390:("water lilies"), but
2587:Paleobiology Database
1494:10.1104/pp.105.075523
1155:
879:Eastern United States
852:
755:Modern classification
703:is very distinctive.
662:
646:eastern skunk cabbage
468:
430:. The other lotus is
410:, which is native to
2289:. 11 September 2022.
2233:. 2009. p. 64.
1186:, is sacred in both
1017:Yong'ancun Formation
853:Dried seed pod from
793:, as do the earlier
749:convergent evolution
475:: an example of the
2231:Skyhorse Publishing
2111:2018CrRes..84..134L
2099:Cretaceous Research
1616:10.2525/shita.23.52
1442:10.3762/bjnano.2.19
1290:(Online ed.).
1250:2014AcGlS..88.1252L
1001:Nelumbo jiayinensis
946:Nelumbo aureavallis
493:ultrahydrophobicity
461:Ultrahydrophobicity
268:Nelumbo aureavallis
2309:2008-10-12 at the
1891:10.1093/pcp/pch038
1840:10.1093/jxb/erm333
1705:10.1093/aob/mcp051
1537:(324): 1213–1217.
1182:The sacred lotus,
1158:
1116:Early Cretaceous (
1100:Nelumbo protolutea
1083:Nelumbo orientalis
1051:Nelumbites minimus
1024:Nelumbo lusitanica
859:
670:
481:
450:allopatric species
368:with large, showy
308:Nelumbo protolutea
300:Nelumbo orientalis
2664:
2663:
2574:Open Tree of Life
2322:Taxon identifiers
2240:978-1-60239-692-0
2208:978-0-19-866189-4
2079:978-0-8137-1150-8
2070:110 & Plate 5
2062:Hickey L (1977).
1980:BMC Plant Biology
1952:10.1111/boj.12385
1794:(7–8): 993–1000.
1570:(11): 1085–1095.
1363:10.1021/la036369u
1298:(Subscription or
1113:Nelumbo weymouthi
1059:Nelumbo nipponica
953:
905:
876:
764:only living genus
712:Taxonomic history
319:
318:
292:Nelumbo nipponica
239:
138:(American lotus)
2694:
2657:
2656:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2620:
2608:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2581:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2506:
2494:
2493:
2481:
2480:
2468:
2467:
2455:
2454:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2389:
2377:
2376:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2317:
2316:
2291:
2290:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2252:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1995:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1893:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1693:Annals of Botany
1684:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1482:Plant Physiology
1473:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1386:
1375:
1374:
1357:(9): 3517–3519.
1346:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1244:(4): 1252–1261.
1229:
1178:Nelumbo nucifera
1142:Nelumbo nucifera
1136:
985:Early Cretaceous
981:Nelumbo choffati
949:
926:. Its roots and
901:
898:Nelumbo nucifera
887:Greater Antilles
872:
718:Cronquist system
665:Nelumbo nucifera
535:Thermoregulation
472:N. nucifera
407:Nelumbo nucifera
402:Early Cretaceous
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
260:Nelumbo nucifera
235:
152:
151:
128:
116:Nelumbo nucifera
109:
99:
36:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2647:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2324:
2311:Wayback Machine
2300:
2295:
2294:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2195:
2191:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2027:
1972:
1968:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1870:
1866:
1819:
1815:
1784:
1780:
1757:10.1071/FP08326
1737:
1730:
1685:
1681:
1636:
1632:
1605:(in Japanese).
1595:
1591:
1576:10.1071/FP10024
1556:
1552:
1523:
1519:
1474:
1467:
1422:
1418:
1387:
1378:
1347:
1340:
1319:Materials Today
1311:
1307:
1297:
1277:
1273:
1230:
1217:
1212:
1180:
1174:
1150:
1140:, the name for
1127:
1088:Sarao Formation
1005:Late Cretaceous
937:
916:national flower
864:
847:
807:
757:
730:Dahlgren system
714:
709:
675:
673:Similar species
543:is that it can
537:
463:
458:
422:, and probably
330:
326:
234:
146:
119:(sacred lotus)
100:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2682:Eudicot genera
2679:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:wfo-4000025524
2645:
2635:
2622:
2609:
2596:
2583:
2570:
2560:
2547:
2534:
2521:
2508:
2495:
2482:
2469:
2456:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2404:
2391:
2378:
2365:
2350:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2314:
2313:
2299:
2298:External links
2296:
2293:
2292:
2268:
2239:
2214:
2207:
2189:
2176:(4): 215–221.
2156:
2132:
2085:
2078:
2054:
2043:on 30 May 2014
2025:
1966:
1925:
1913:
1884:(3): 257–264.
1864:
1813:
1778:
1751:(5): 471–480.
1728:
1699:(7): 1159–63.
1679:
1650:(1): e992746.
1630:
1589:
1550:
1517:
1488:(4): 1367–73.
1465:
1416:
1376:
1338:
1325:(5): 273–285.
1305:
1271:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1176:Main article:
1173:
1170:
1149:
1146:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1108:
1095:
1078:
1054:
1033:Nelumbo minima
1028:
1019:
996:
976:
963:
936:
935:Fossil species
933:
932:
931:
894:
863:
862:Extant species
860:
846:
843:
806:
803:
799:APG II systems
756:
753:
713:
710:
708:
705:
677:The leaves of
674:
671:
654:carrion flower
623:photosynthetic
536:
533:
462:
459:
457:
454:
420:Southeast Asia
366:aquatic plants
317:
316:
315:
314:
311:
303:
295:
287:
284:Nelumbo minima
279:
271:
263:
256:
246:
245:
241:
240:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
190:
189:
184:
177:
176:
171:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
140:
139:
130:
129:
121:
120:
111:
110:
102:
101:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2699:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:links at CSDL
2302:
2301:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1833:(3): 705–14.
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:floral emblem
1193:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1092:Maastrichtian
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
997:
994:
990:
986:
983:
982:
977:
974:
973:Hainan Island
970:
969:
964:
961:
957:
952:
948:
947:
942:
941:
940:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
900:
899:
895:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
871:
870:
869:Nelumbo lutea
866:
865:
856:
851:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:North America
824:
820:
816:
812:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:APG IV system
783:
781:
777:
773:
770:order of the
769:
765:
761:
752:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
734:Thorne system
731:
727:
723:
722:Nelumbonaceae
719:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:
688:
684:
680:
667:
666:
661:
657:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
639:carbohydrates
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:thermogenesis
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
545:generate heat
542:
532:
529:
525:
521:
518:on the upper
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
478:
474:
473:
467:
453:
451:
447:
443:
442:North America
439:
435:
434:
433:Nelumbo lutea
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
325:
324:
312:
310:
309:
304:
302:
301:
296:
294:
293:
288:
286:
285:
280:
278:
277:
272:
270:
269:
264:
262:
261:
257:
255:
254:
253:Nelumbo lutea
250:
249:
247:
242:
238:
233:
232:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:Nelumbonaceae
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:Tracheophytes
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
150:
145:
141:
137:
136:
135:Nelumbo lutea
131:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
103:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
34:
26:
22:
19:
2329:
2280:
2271:
2229:. New York:
2222:
2217:
2198:
2192:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2148:. Retrieved
2145:gbank.gsj.jp
2144:
2135:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2064:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:the original
1983:
1979:
1969:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1916:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1748:
1744:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1609:(2): 52–58.
1606:
1602:
1592:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1485:
1481:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1397:(1): 84–90.
1394:
1390:
1354:
1350:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1285:
1274:
1241:
1237:
1194:. It is the
1183:
1181:
1159:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1111:
1098:
1081:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1031:
1022:
1009:Heilongjiang
999:
979:
966:
960:North Dakota
944:
938:
914:. It is the
896:
867:
854:
834:
830:
808:
784:
759:
758:
744:
742:
732:of 1985 and
715:
700:
690:
685:as they are
683:Nymphaeaceae
678:
676:
663:
650:elephant yam
643:
627:photosystems
616:
594:
592:
563:
557:
553:mitochondria
540:
538:
527:
511:
508:evolutionary
505:
500:
497:lotus effect
488:
482:
477:lotus effect
470:
431:
405:
397:
396:
391:
388:Nymphaeaceae
381:
373:
322:
321:
320:
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
251:
230:
229:
193:
180:
167:
133:
114:
24:
18:
2499:iNaturalist
2354:Wikispecies
2105:: 134–140.
1945:(1): 1–20.
1184:N. nucifera
1105:Mississippi
1094:age for it.
1041:Netherlands
839:Pleistocene
831:N. nucifera
780:Platanaceae
726:Nymphaeales
599:pollinators
469:Foliage of
456:Description
436:, which is
187:Angiosperms
2671:Categories
2150:2024-07-19
1986:(1): 289.
1850:2440/52460
1436:: 152–61.
1302:required.)
1210:References
1166:lotus silk
1046:Nelumbites
811:Cretaceous
776:Proteaceae
580:receptacle
560:cytochrome
479:after rain
416:South Asia
35:to present
2282:The Print
2257:cite book
2249:277203364
2127:0195-6671
2002:1471-2229
1961:0024-4074
1900:0032-0781
1625:1880-2028
1584:1445-4416
1411:137076244
1281:"nelumbo"
1266:1000-9515
1125:Etymology
1013:Santonian
971:Eocene, (
815:Paleogene
805:Phylogeny
772:Proteales
572:ubiquitin
566:involves
549:electrons
528:Nelumbo's
524:epidermis
520:epidermis
446:Caribbean
424:Australia
412:East Asia
210:Proteales
157:Kingdom:
2638:VASCAN:
2631:40026014
2626:Tropicos
2339:Wikidata
2307:Archived
2020:25407166
1908:15047873
1859:18252702
1808:18440298
1773:54588650
1765:32688661
1723:19282320
1674:26844867
1512:16461386
1460:21977427
1371:15875376
1351:Langmuir
1198:of both
1192:Buddhism
1188:Hinduism
1103:Eocene (
1037:Pliocene
989:Portugal
954:–
912:Buddhism
908:Hinduism
891:Honduras
835:N. lutea
707:Taxonomy
692:Nymphaea
619:anthesis
611:volatile
444:and the
244:Species
216:Family:
200:Eudicots
2677:Nelumbo
2530:1060480
2517:28000-1
2478:2882448
2452:Nelumbo
2360:Nelumbo
2345:Q207427
2330:Nelumbo
2107:Bibcode
2047:26 July
2011:4245832
1714:2707905
1665:4594551
1503:1435819
1451:3148040
1246:Bibcode
1204:Vietnam
1172:Culture
1131:Sinhala
1118:Wyoming
1067:Miocene
924:Vietnam
903:Gaertn.
855:Nelumbo
845:Species
823:Eurasia
819:Neogene
795:APG III
768:eudicot
760:Nelumbo
745:Nelumbo
701:Nelumbo
697:seedpod
687:peltate
679:Nelumbo
595:Nelumbo
568:cyanide
564:Nelumbo
541:Nelumbo
516:stomata
512:Nelumbo
501:Nelumbo
489:Nelumbo
398:Nelumbo
392:Nelumbo
370:flowers
323:Nelumbo
231:Nelumbo
226:Genus:
206:Order:
161:Plantae
25:Nelumbo
2600:PLANTS
2579:532286
2563:NZOR:
2465:121800
2439:121800
2387:196505
2247:
2237:
2205:
2125:
2076:
2018:
2008:
2000:
1959:
1906:
1898:
1857:
1806:
1771:
1763:
1721:
1711:
1672:
1662:
1623:
1582:
1510:
1500:
1458:
1448:
1409:
1369:
1264:
1162:starch
1135:නෙළුම්
1075:Russia
1063:Eocene
1049:, as "
1015:-aged
993:Albian
956:Eocene
951:Hickey
883:Mexico
874:Willd.
728:. The
617:After
607:mating
603:pollen
588:petals
586:, and
584:stamen
485:leaves
438:native
237:Adans.
33:Albian
2605:NELUM
2592:55300
2543:18397
2525:IRMNG
2504:82815
2447:FoAO2
2426:1NELG
2413:72834
2374:78492
2170:地質学雑誌
1769:S2CID
1407:S2CID
1296:
1200:India
1138:neḷum
1071:Japan
928:seeds
920:India
791:clade
635:ovary
383:Lotus
374:lotus
362:genus
360:is a
194:Clade
181:Clade
168:Clade
2641:1455
2613:POWO
2556:4430
2551:NCBI
2538:ITIS
2512:IPNI
2491:8035
2486:GRIN
2473:GBIF
2421:EPPO
2400:5YDS
2382:BOLD
2369:APNI
2263:link
2245:OCLC
2235:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2123:ISSN
2074:ISBN
2049:2015
2016:PMID
1998:ISSN
1957:ISSN
1904:PMID
1896:ISSN
1855:PMID
1804:PMID
1792:1777
1761:PMID
1719:PMID
1670:PMID
1621:ISSN
1580:ISSN
1508:PMID
1456:PMID
1367:PMID
1262:ISSN
1202:and
1190:and
1148:Uses
922:and
910:and
833:and
825:and
817:and
797:and
785:The
778:and
716:The
483:The
40:PreꞒ
2649:WFO
2460:FoC
2434:FNA
2408:EoL
2395:CoL
2287:PTI
2178:doi
2174:126
2115:doi
2006:PMC
1988:doi
1947:doi
1943:181
1886:doi
1845:hdl
1835:doi
1796:doi
1753:doi
1709:PMC
1701:doi
1697:103
1660:PMC
1652:doi
1611:doi
1572:doi
1539:doi
1498:PMC
1490:doi
1486:140
1446:PMC
1438:doi
1399:doi
1359:doi
1327:doi
1254:doi
1007:, (
918:of
699:of
668:bud
487:of
440:to
364:of
2673::
2651::
2628::
2615::
2602::
2589::
2576::
2553::
2540::
2527::
2514::
2501::
2488::
2475::
2462::
2449::
2436::
2423::
2410::
2397::
2384::
2371::
2356::
2341::
2285:.
2279:.
2259:}}
2255:{{
2243:.
2225:.
2172:.
2168:.
2143:.
2121:.
2113:.
2103:84
2101:.
2097:.
2072:.
2028:^
2014:.
2004:.
1996:.
1984:14
1982:.
1978:.
1955:.
1941:.
1937:.
1902:.
1894:.
1882:45
1880:.
1876:.
1853:.
1843:.
1831:59
1829:.
1825:.
1802:.
1790:.
1767:.
1759:.
1749:36
1747:.
1743:.
1731:^
1717:.
1707:.
1695:.
1691:.
1668:.
1658:.
1646:.
1642:.
1619:.
1607:23
1601:.
1578:.
1568:37
1566:.
1562:.
1535:49
1533:.
1529:.
1506:.
1496:.
1484:.
1480:.
1468:^
1454:.
1444:.
1432:.
1428:.
1405:.
1393:.
1379:^
1365:.
1355:20
1353:.
1341:^
1323:18
1321:.
1317:.
1284:.
1260:.
1252:.
1242:88
1240:.
1236:.
1218:^
1206:.
1168:.
1144:.
1133::
1053:."
889:,
885:,
881:,
813:,
801:.
631:13
582:,
452:.
418:,
414:,
353:oʊ
196::
183::
170::
90:Pg
2265:)
2251:.
2211:.
2186:.
2180::
2153:.
2129:.
2117::
2109::
2082:.
2051:.
2022:.
1990::
1963:.
1949::
1910:.
1888::
1861:.
1847::
1837::
1810:.
1798::
1775:.
1755::
1725:.
1703::
1676:.
1654::
1648:8
1627:.
1613::
1586:.
1574::
1547:.
1541::
1514:.
1492::
1462:.
1440::
1434:2
1413:.
1401::
1395:9
1373:.
1361::
1335:.
1329::
1294:.
1268:.
1256::
1248::
1110:†
1097:†
1080:†
1077:.
1065:-
1056:†
1039:(
1030:†
1021:†
998:†
987:(
978:†
965:†
958:(
943:†
893:)
356:/
350:b
347:m
344:ʌ
341:l
338:ˈ
335:ɪ
332:n
329:/
305:†
297:†
289:†
281:†
273:†
265:†
95:N
85:K
80:J
75:T
70:P
65:C
60:D
55:S
50:O
45:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_01.jpg)
