Neutron - Knowledge

9695:. The exact value of the mean lifetime is still uncertain, due to conflicting results from experiments. The Particle Data Group reports values up to six seconds apart (more than four standard deviations), commenting that "our 2006, 2008, and 2010 Reviews stayed with 885.7±0.8 s; but we noted that in light of SEREBROV 05 our value should be regarded as suspect until further experiments clarified matters. Since our 2010 Review, PICHLMAIER 10 has obtained a mean life of 880.7±1.8 s, closer to the value of SEREBROV 05 than to our average. And SEREBROV 10B claims their values should be lowered by about 6 s, which would bring them into line with the two lower values. But those re-evaluations have not received an enthusiastic response from the experimenters in question; and in any case the Particle Data Group would have to await published changes (by those experimenters) of published values. At this point, we can think of nothing better to do than to average the seven best but discordant measurements, getting 16492: 1649: 4583: 11969: 4440:

ionize and excite further atoms through collisions. Charge and/or scintillation light produced in this way can be collected to produce a detected signal. A major challenge in fast neutron detection is discerning such signals from erroneous signals produced by gamma radiation in the same detector. Methods such as pulse shape discrimination can be used in distinguishing neutron signals from gamma-ray signals, although certain inorganic scintillator-based detectors have been developed to selectively detect neutrons in mixed radiation fields inherently without any additional techniques.

12332: 12212: 3224: 12634: 11837: 12800: 12108: 12841: 12605: 12465: 12224: 12868: 12697: 12646: 12588: 12548: 12507: 12453: 12270: 11849: 4728: 45: 15959: 2872: 3778:). The magnetic moment of the neutron can be modeled as a sum of the magnetic moments of the constituent quarks. The calculation assumes that the quarks behave like point-like Dirac particles, each having their own magnetic moment. Simplistically, the magnetic moment of the neutron can be viewed as resulting from the vector sum of the three quark magnetic moments, plus the orbital magnetic moments caused by the movement of the three charged quarks within the neutron. 16516: 12061: 2818: 15808: 1662: 12307: 13983: 12188: 12073: 12049: 1864: 12406: 5253:-rich materials are often used to shield against neutrons, since ordinary hydrogen both scatters and slows neutrons. This often means that simple concrete blocks or even paraffin-loaded plastic blocks afford better protection from neutrons than do far more dense materials. After slowing, neutrons may then be absorbed with an isotope that has high affinity for slow neutrons without causing secondary capture radiation, such as lithium-6. 1805: 877: 12788: 12096: 11937: 4281:) does not work for neutrons directly. Neutrons that elastically scatter off atoms can create an ionization track that is detectable, but the experiments are not as simple to carry out; other means for detecting neutrons, consisting of allowing them to interact with atomic nuclei, are more commonly used. The commonly used methods to detect neutrons can therefore be categorized according to the nuclear processes relied upon, mainly 5540: 12372: 12149: 11920: 12829: 12812: 12536: 12200: 12132: 16504: 15796: 12495: 12166: 12765: 12394: 12344: 12025: 12008: 15820: 5651: 3152:, and the isotopes of the same species were found to have either integer or fractional spin. By the hypothesis, isotopes would be composed of the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutral bound proton+electron "particles". This physical picture was a contradiction, since there is no way to arrange the spins of an electron and a proton in a bound state to get a fractional spin. 16465: 4485:. Recent research has shown that even thunderstorms can produce neutrons with energies of up to several tens of MeV. Recent research has shown that the fluence of these neutrons lies between 10 and 10 per ms and per m depending on the detection altitude. The energy of most of these neutrons, even with initial energies of 20 MeV, decreases down to the keV range within 1 ms. 4481:

source is neutrons produced primarily by spontaneous fission of uranium and thorium present in crustal minerals. The neutron background is not strong enough to be a biological hazard, but it is of importance to very high resolution particle detectors that are looking for very rare events, such as (hypothesized) interactions that might be caused by particles of

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negatively charged particle. This can be reconciled classically with a neutral neutron composed of a charge distribution in which the negative sub-parts of the neutron have a larger average radius of distribution, and therefore contribute more to the particle's magnetic dipole moment, than do the positive parts that are, on average, nearer the core.

2614:. Nucleon decay within a nucleus can occur if allowed by basic energy conservation and quantum mechanical constraints. The decay products, that is, the emitted particles, carry away the energy excess as a nucleon falls from one quantum state to one with less energy, while the neutron (or proton) changes to a proton (or neutron). 4489:

produce a Martian surface neutron radiation hazard from direct downward-going neutron radiation but may also produce a significant hazard from reflection of neutrons from the Martian surface, which will produce reflected neutron radiation penetrating upward into a Martian craft or habitat from the floor.

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that have sufficient energy to kill the malignant cell, but insufficient range to damage nearby cells. For such a therapy to be applied to the treatment of cancer, a neutron source having an intensity of the order of a thousand million (10) neutrons per second per cm is preferred. Such fluxes require

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Neutrons can elastically scatter off nuclei, causing the struck nucleus to recoil. Kinematically, a neutron can transfer more energy to a light nucleus such as hydrogen or helium than to a heavier nucleus. Detectors relying on elastic scattering are called fast neutron detectors. Recoiling nuclei can

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By 1934, Fermi had bombarded heavier elements with neutrons to induce radioactivity in elements of high atomic number. In 1938, Fermi received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery

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reactors: Usually, neutrons are so strongly absorbed by normal water that fuel enrichment with a fissionable isotope is required. (The number of neutrons produced per fission depends primarily on the fission products. The average is roughly 2.5 to 3.0 and at least one, on average, must evade capture

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is used. However, this approach will not work with neutrons, since the absorption of neutrons does not increase straightforwardly with atomic number, as it does with alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Instead, one needs to look at the particular interactions neutrons have with matter (see the section

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of cancers is based upon the biological response of cells to ionizing radiation. If radiation is delivered in small sessions to damage cancerous areas, normal tissue will have time to repair itself, while tumor cells often cannot. Neutron radiation can deliver energy to a cancerous region at a rate

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Another use of neutron emitters is the detection of light nuclei, in particular the hydrogen found in water molecules. When a fast neutron collides with a light nucleus, it loses a large fraction of its energy. By measuring the rate at which slow neutrons return to the probe after reflecting off of

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Even stronger neutron background radiation is produced at the surface of Mars, where the atmosphere is thick enough to generate neutrons from cosmic ray muon production and neutron-spallation, but not thick enough to provide significant protection from the neutrons produced. These neutrons not only

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An article published in 2007 featuring a model-independent analysis concluded that the neutron has a negatively charged exterior, a positively charged middle, and a negative core. In a simplified classical view, the negative "skin" of the neutron assists it to be attracted to the protons with which

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The above treatment compares neutrons with protons, allowing the complex behavior of quarks to be subtracted out between models, and merely exploring what the effects would be of differing quark charges (or quark type). Such calculations are enough to show that the interior of neutrons is very much

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in 1928, presented further quantum mechanical objections to the notion of an electron confined within a nucleus. The observed properties of atoms and molecules were inconsistent with the nuclear spin expected from the proton–electron hypothesis. Protons and electrons both carry an intrinsic spin of

1860:. Ultimately, the ability of the nuclear force to store energy arising from the electromagnetic repulsion of nuclear components is the basis for most of the energy that makes nuclear reactors or bombs possible; most of the energy released from fission is the kinetic energy of the fission fragments. 5416:

The use of cold and very cold neutrons (VCN) has been a bit limited compared to the use of thermal neutrons due to the relatively lower flux and lack in optical components. However, Innovative solutions have been proposed to offer more options to the scientific community to promote the use of VCN.

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interaction with the atmosphere. These high-energy muons are capable of penetration to considerable depths in water and soil. There, in striking atomic nuclei, among other reactions they induce spallation reactions in which a neutron is liberated from the nucleus. Within the Earth's crust a second

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from Michigan State University and coworkers reported that they observed, for the first time, direct dineutron emission in the decay of Be. The dineutron character is evidenced by a small emission angle between the two neutrons. The authors measured the two-neutron separation energy to be 1.35(10)

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The results of this calculation are encouraging, but the masses of the up or down quarks were assumed to be 1/3 the mass of a nucleon. The masses of the quarks are actually only about 1% that of a nucleon. The discrepancy stems from the complexity of the Standard Model for nucleons, where most of

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produce free neutrons as a waste product. But it is these neutrons that possess most of the energy and converting that energy to a useful form has proved a difficult engineering challenge. Fusion reactors that generate neutrons are likely to create radioactive waste, but the waste is composed of

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The decay of the proton to a neutron occurs similarly through the weak force. The decay of one of the proton's up quarks into a down quark can be achieved by the emission of a W boson. The proton decays into a neutron, a positron, and an electron neutrino. This reaction can only occur within an

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The simplified classical view of the neutron's charge distribution also "explains" the fact that the neutron magnetic dipole points in the opposite direction from its spin angular momentum vector (as compared to the proton). This gives the neutron, in effect, a magnetic moment which resembles a

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The discovery of nuclear fission would lead to the development of nuclear power and the atomic bomb by the end of World War II. It was quickly realized that, if a fission event produced neutrons, each of these neutrons might cause further fission events, in a cascade known as a nuclear chain

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Still unexplained, different experimental methods for measuring the neutron's lifetime, the "bottle" and "beam" methods, produce different values for it. The "bottle" method employs "cold" neutrons trapped in a bottle, while the "beam" method employs energetic neutrons in a particle beam. The

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to treat cancer. In boron neutron capture therapy, the patient is given a drug that contains boron and that preferentially accumulates in the tumor to be targeted. The tumor is then bombarded with very low-energy neutrons (although often higher than thermal energy) which are captured by the

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particle lingered. The interactions of the neutron's magnetic moment with an external magnetic field were exploited to finally determine the spin of the neutron. In 1949, Hughes and Burgy measured neutrons reflected from a ferromagnetic mirror and found that the angular distribution of the

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were convinced by the gamma ray interpretation. Chadwick quickly performed a series of experiments that showed that the new radiation consisted of uncharged particles with about the same mass as the proton. These properties matched Rutherford's hypothesized neutron. Chadwick won the 1935

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Hahn, O. & Strassmann, F. (1939). "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle" [On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons].

5232:(such as protons). The normal precautions of radiation protection apply: Avoid exposure, stay as far from the source as possible, and keep exposure time to a minimum. But particular thought must be given to how to protect from neutron exposure. For other types of radiation, e.g., 10906: 5543:

The fusion reaction rate increases rapidly with temperature until it maximizes and then gradually drops off. The D–T rate peaks at a lower temperature (about 70 keV, or 800 million kelvins) and at a higher value than other reactions commonly considered for fusion

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The energy of the gamma ray can be measured to high precision by X-ray diffraction techniques, as was first done by Bell and Elliot in 1948. The best modern (1986) values for neutron mass by this technique are provided by Greene, et al. These give a neutron mass of:

9703:. Note that the error includes a scale factor of 2.7. This is a jump of 4.2 old (and 2.8 new) standard deviations. This state of affairs is a particularly unhappy one, because the value is so important. We again call upon the experimenters to clear this up." 4620:

neutron-activated lighter isotopes, which have relatively short (50–100 years) decay periods as compared to typical half-lives of 10,000 years for fission waste, which is long due primarily to the long half-life of alpha-emitting transuranic actinides. Some

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Free neutrons are unstable, although they have the longest half-life of any unstable subatomic particle by several orders of magnitude. Their half-life is still only about 10 minutes, so they can be obtained only from sources that produce them continuously.

2761:(29 protons, 35 neutrons), which has a half-life of about 12.7 hours. This isotope has one unpaired proton and one unpaired neutron, so either the proton or the neutron can decay. This particular nuclide is almost equally likely to undergo proton decay (by 3819:

composed of three quarks. A straightforward calculation gives fairly accurate estimates for the magnetic moments of neutrons, protons, and other baryons. For a neutron, the result of this calculation is that the magnetic moment of the neutron is given by

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Even though the neutron is a neutral particle, the magnetic moment of a neutron is not zero. The neutron is not affected by electric fields, but it is affected by magnetic fields. The value for the neutron's magnetic moment was first directly measured by

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plus beryllium, a system with a half-life of 60.9 days, which can be constructed from natural antimony (which is 42.8% stable antimony-123) by activating it with neutrons in a nuclear reactor, then transported to where the neutron source is needed.

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For a neutron to decay, the resulting proton requires an available state at lower energy than the initial neutron state. In stable nuclei the possible lower energy states are all filled, meaning each state is occupied by a pair of protons, one with

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are the magnetic moments for the down and up quarks, respectively. This result combines the intrinsic magnetic moments of the quarks with their orbital magnetic moments, and assumes the three quarks are in a particular, dominant quantum state.

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Marqués, F. M.; Labiche, M.; Orr, N. A.; Angélique, J. C.; Axelsson, L.; Benoit, B.; Bergmann, U. C.; Borge, M. J. G.; Catford, W. N.; Chappell, S. P. G.; Clarke, N. M.; Costa, G.; Curtis, N.; D’Arrigo, A.; de Góes Brennand, E. (2002-04-01).

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The development of "neutron lenses" based on total internal reflection within hollow glass capillary tubes or by reflection from dimpled aluminum plates has driven ongoing research into neutron microscopy and neutron/gamma ray tomography.

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The story of the discovery of the neutron and its properties is central to the extraordinary developments in atomic physics that occurred in the first half of the 20th century, leading ultimately to the atomic bomb in 1945. In the 1911

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A 0.57 kg mass of fissionable material, such as uranium-235, can release an amount of energy equivalent to 10 metric kilotons of TNT. Fissionable material therefore has an energy density approximately 10 greater than this conventional

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In many substances, thermal neutron reactions show a much larger effective cross-section than reactions involving faster neutrons, and thermal neutrons can therefore be absorbed more readily (i.e., with higher probability) by any

1793:(T or H) contain one proton bound to one and two neutrons, respectively. All other types of atomic nuclei are composed of two or more protons and various numbers of neutrons. The most common nuclide of the common chemical element 4515:, such as occurs in nuclear reactors. In addition, high-energy nuclear reactions (such as occur in cosmic radiation showers or accelerator collisions) also produce neutrons from disintegration of target nuclei. Small (tabletop) 3119:

Throughout the 1920s, physicists assumed that the atomic nucleus was composed of protons and "nuclear electrons", but this raised obvious problems. It was difficult to reconcile the proton–electron model of the nucleus with the

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suggested that the nucleus consisted of positive protons and neutrally charged particles, suggested to be a proton and an electron bound in some way. Electrons were assumed to reside within the nucleus because it was known that

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Hahn, O.; Strassmann, F. (10 February 1939). "Proof of the Formation of Active Isotopes of Barium from Uranium and Thorium Irradiated with Neutrons; Proof of the Existence of More Active Fragments Produced by Uranium Fission".

1750:, but they refer to chemical and nuclear properties, respectively. Isotopes are nuclides with the same atomic number, but different neutron number. Nuclides with the same neutron number, but different atomic number, are called 10928: 4107:

generally lead to much larger predictions for the electric dipole moment of the neutron. Currently, there are at least four experiments trying to measure for the first time a finite neutron electric dipole moment, including:

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puts strong constraints on the relative properties of particles and antiparticles, so studying antineutrons provides stringent tests on CPT-symmetry. The fractional difference in the masses of the neutron and antineutron is

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consisted of electrons emitted from the nucleus. About the time Rutherford suggested the neutral proton-electron composite, several other publications appeared making similar suggestions, and in 1921 the American chemist

4010:, including all of the effects mentioned and using more realistic values for the quark masses. The calculation gave results that were in fair agreement with measurement, but it required significant computing resources. 2377:, hence the neutron's mass provides energy sufficient for the creation of the proton, electron, and anti-neutrino. In the decay process, the proton, electron, and electron anti-neutrino conserve the energy, charge, and 5578:. D–T fusion is also the easiest fusion reaction to ignite, reaching near-peak rates even when the deuterium and tritium nuclei have only a thousandth as much kinetic energy as the 14.1 MeV that will be produced. 5341:) at room temperature. This gives characteristic (not average, or median) speed of 2.2 km/s. The name 'thermal' comes from their energy being that of the room temperature gas or material they are permeating. (see 2504:

A smaller fraction (about four per million) of free neutrons decay in so-called "two-body (neutron) decays", in which a proton, electron and antineutrino are produced as usual, but the electron fails to gain the

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Because neutron radiation is both penetrating and ionizing, it can be exploited for medical treatments. However, neutron radiation can have the unfortunate side-effect of leaving the affected area radioactive.

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Duer, M.; Aumann, T.; Gernhäuser, R.; Panin, V.; Paschalis, S.; Rossi, D. M.; Achouri, N. L.; Ahn, D.; Baba, H.; Bertulani, C. A.; Böhmer, M.; Boretzky, K.; Caesar, C.; Chiga, N.; Corsi, A. (2022-06-23).

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Models depicting the nucleus and electron energy levels in hydrogen, helium, lithium, and neon atoms. In reality, the diameter of the nucleus is about 100,000 times smaller than the diameter of the atom.

4305:, which is the probability of absorbing a neutron. Upon neutron capture, the compound nucleus emits more easily detectable radiation, for example an alpha particle, which is then detected. The nuclides 1840:) can cause the nuclide to become unstable and break into lighter nuclides and additional neutrons. The positively charged light nuclides, or "fission fragments", then repel, releasing electromagnetic 11068:

A. Steyerl; H. Nagel; F.-X. Schreiber; K.-A. Steinhauser; R. Gähler; W. Gläser; P. Ageron; J. M. Astruc; W. Drexel; G. Gervais & W. Mampe (1986). "A new source of cold and ultracold neutrons".

7373: 4006:. Furthermore, the complex system of quarks and gluons that constitute a neutron requires a relativistic treatment. But the nucleon magnetic moment has been successfully computed numerically from 4443:

Fast neutron detectors have the advantage of not requiring a moderator, and are therefore capable of measuring the neutron's energy, time of arrival, and in certain cases direction of incidence.

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measurements by the two methods have not been converging with time. The lifetime from the bottle method is presently 877.75 s which is 10 seconds below the value from the beam method of 887.7 s

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neutrons to distinguish them from lower-energy thermal neutrons, and high-energy neutrons produced in cosmic showers or accelerators. Fast neutrons are produced by nuclear processes such as

3472: 2587:, effectively moderating the repulsive forces between the protons and stabilizing the nucleus. Heavy nuclei carry a large positive charge, hence they require "extra" neutrons to be stable. 5347:

for energies and speeds of molecules). After a number of collisions (often in the range of 10–20) with nuclei, neutrons arrive at this energy level, provided that they are not absorbed.

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can be measured with a mass spectrometer, the mass of a neutron can be deduced by subtracting proton mass from deuteron mass, with the difference being the mass of the neutron plus the

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UCNτ Collaboration; Gonzalez, F. M.; Fries, E. M.; Cude-Woods, C.; Bailey, T.; Blatnik, M.; Broussard, L. J.; Callahan, N. B.; Choi, J. H.; Clayton, S. M.; Currie, S. A. (2021-10-13).

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calculated the ratio of proton to neutron magnetic moments to be −3/2 (or a ratio of −1.5), which agrees with the experimental value to within 3%. The measured value for this ratio is

14571: 4227:-14 nuclei, in He-Be interactions, and collisions of He nuclei give an estimated lifetime around 10 seconds. These discoveries should deepen our understanding of the nuclear forces. 2590:

While a free neutron is unstable and a free proton is stable, within nuclei neutrons are often stable and protons are sometimes unstable. When bound within a nucleus, nucleons can

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is carried off by the antineutrino (the other "body"). (The hydrogen atom recoils with a speed of only about (decay energy)/(hydrogen rest energy) times the speed of light, or

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gamma photon emitted when a deuteron is formed by a proton capturing a neutron (this is exothermic and happens with zero-energy neutrons). The small recoil kinetic energy (

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The properties of an atomic nucleus depend on both atomic and neutron numbers. With their positive charge, the protons within the nucleus are repelled by the long-range

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Neutrons are a necessary constituent of any atomic nucleus that contains more than one proton. As a result of their positive charges, interacting protons have a mutual

1820:, in which the proton and neutron are viewed as two quantum states of the same particle, is used to model the interactions of nucleons by the nuclear or weak forces. 1893:

radiation, the emission of a fast electron from the nucleus. The decay also creates an antineutrino (omitted) and converts a neutron to a proton within the nucleus.

15351: 10555: 4511:. Convenient nuclear reactions include tabletop reactions such as natural alpha and gamma bombardment of certain nuclides, often beryllium or deuterium, and induced 3387: 3353: 9275: 5113:

exhibit properties similar to geometrical and wave optics of light, including reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference. Neutrons are complementary to

3047:. By this process, the Standard Model description of beta decay, the neutron decays into a proton (which contains one down and two up quarks), an electron, and an 16209: 5436:

are produced by inelastic scattering of cold neutrons in substances with a low neutron absorption cross section at a temperature of a few kelvins, such as solid

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Another method to determine the mass of a neutron starts from the beta decay of the neutron, when the momenta of the resulting proton and electron are measured.

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Protons and neutrons behave almost identically under the influence of the nuclear force within the nucleus. They are therefore both referred to collectively as

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in 1938, it was quickly realized that, if a fission event produced neutrons, each of these neutrons might cause further fission events, in a cascade known as a

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The neutron's lack of total electric charge makes it difficult to steer or accelerate them. Charged particles can be accelerated, decelerated, or deflected by

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A small natural background flux of free neutrons exists everywhere on Earth. In the atmosphere and deep into the ocean, the "neutron background" is caused by

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that orbit the atom's heavy nucleus. The electron configuration is determined by the charge of the nucleus, which is determined by the number of protons, or

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content of the neutron. The color assignment of individual quarks is arbitrary, but all three colors must be present. Forces between quarks are mediated by

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nuclides. But in a partially moderated reactor with more interactions of epithermal neutrons with heavy metal nuclei, there are greater possibilities for

14286: 12894: 11941: 8817: 7154: 6389: 5721:, making epithermal-spectrum reactors using these fuels less desirable, as captures not only waste the one neutron captured but also usually result in a 5588:. These high-energy fissions also produce more neutrons on average than fissions by lower-energy neutrons. D–T fusion neutron sources, such as proposed 4526:

In practice, the most commonly used small laboratory sources of neutrons use radioactive decay to power neutron production. One noted neutron-producing

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A small fraction (about one per thousand) of free neutrons decay with the same products, but add an extra particle in the form of an emitted gamma ray:

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is considered an unbound isotope with lifetimes around 10 seconds. The first evidence for this state was reported by Haddock et al. in 1965. In 2012,

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Ghosh, P.; D. M. Nichols; W. Fu; J. A. Roberts; D. S. McGregor (2019). "Gamma-Ray Rejection of the SiPM-coupled Micro-Layered Fast-Neutron Detector".

6099: 2749:, involves the capture of a neutrino by a nucleon. Rarer still, positron capture by neutrons can occur in the high-temperature environment of stars. 1762:, is equal to the sum of atomic and neutron numbers. Nuclides with the same atomic mass number, but different atomic and neutron numbers, are called 8694: 15462: 10500: 4796: 10492: 10115: 15858: 15607: 12117: 11929: 11150: 10657: 5033: 13906: 4965: 3074:, the atom consisted of a small positively charged massive nucleus surrounded by a much larger cloud of negatively charged electrons. In 1920, 846:, so they can be a biological hazard, depending on dose. A small natural "neutron background" flux of free neutrons exists on Earth, caused by 9868: 7177: 1808:

Nuclear fission caused by absorption of a neutron by uranium-235. The heavy nuclide fragments into lighter components and additional neutrons.

14266: 11978: 11304: 6832: 3183:, an unusually penetrating radiation was produced. The radiation was not influenced by an electric field, so Bothe and Becker assumed it was 1926:, and it requires the emission or absorption of electrons and neutrinos, or their antiparticles. The neutron and proton decay reactions are: 1914:

Neutrons and protons within a nucleus behave similarly and can exchange their identities by similar reactions. These reactions are a form of

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The Standard Model of particle physics predicts a tiny separation of positive and negative charge within the neutron leading to a permanent

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of only 0.75 MeV, which means that more than half of them do not qualify as fast (and thus have almost no chance of initiating fission in

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R. Golub & J. M. Pendlebury (1977). "The interaction of Ultra-Cold Neutrons (UCN) with liquid helium and a superthermal UCN source".

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like that of protons, save for the difference in quark composition with a down quark in the neutron replacing an up quark in the proton.

10744: 9424: 5931: 4671:. These methods have little effect on neutrons. But some effects may be attained by use of inhomogeneous magnetic fields because of the 4103:, it is clear that the Standard Model is not the final and full description of all particles and their interactions. New theories going 14354: 10927:

Hadden, Elhoucine; Iso, Yuko; Kume, Atsushi; Umemoto, Koichi; Jenke, Tobias; Fally, Martin; Klepp, Jürgen; Tomita, Yasuo (2022-05-24).

9517: 8635: 4991: 1766:. The mass of a nucleus is always slightly less than the sum of its proton and neutron masses: the difference in mass represents the 14857: 13656: 11172: 7505:

Harkins, William (1921). "The constitution and stability of atomic nuclei. (A contribution to the subject of inorganic evolution.)".

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disallows the decay of a neutron to a proton. The situation is similar to electrons of an atom, where electrons that occupy distinct

1693: 1607: 15096: 5623:. Fusion neutrons also can cause fission in substances that are unsuitable or difficult to make into primary fission bombs, such as 16065: 13894: 11841: 9389: 6792: 5277:

has a very much lower absorption affinity for neutrons than does protium (normal light hydrogen). Deuterium is, therefore, used in

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14.1 MeV neutrons have about 10 times as much energy as fission neutrons, and they are very effective at fissioning even non-

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Exposure to free neutrons can be hazardous, since the interaction of neutrons with molecules in the body can cause disruption to

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At extremely high pressures and temperatures, nucleons and electrons are believed to collapse into bulk neutronic matter, called

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Bothe, W.; Becker, H. (1930). "Künstliche Erregung von Kern-γ-Strahlen" [Artificial excitation of nuclear γ-radiation].

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The extreme pressure inside a neutron star may deform the neutrons into a cubic symmetry, allowing tighter packing of neutrons.

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that used a magnetic field to separate the neutron spin states. They recorded two such spin states, consistent with a spin

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binds the nucleons closely together. Neutrons are required for the stability of nuclei, with the exception of the single-proton

15052: 12597: 12557: 11912: 11331: 10868: 7280: 5954: 5703: 3275:, or the fractionation of uranium nuclei into lighter elements, induced by neutron bombardment. In 1945 Hahn received the 1944 7999: 7847:

Becker, H.; Bothe, W. (1932). "Die in Bor und Beryllium erregten γ-Strahlen" [Γ-rays excited in boron and beryllium].

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Alvarez, L.W; Bloch, F. (1940). "A quantitative determination of the neutron magnetic moment in absolute nuclear magnetons".

8674: 8565: 8445: 7941: 7589: 7247: 6588: 6559: 6468: 6434: 6327: 6230: 6153: 3601:. For many years after the discovery of the neutron, its exact spin was ambiguous. Although it was assumed to be a spin 9616: 3235:

and others. The proton–neutron model explained the puzzle of nuclear spins. The origins of beta radiation were explained by

15103: 8984: 6148:(3rd ed.), U.S. Dept. of Defense and Energy Research and Development Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office, 4987: 10559: 7352: 16333: 15851: 15824: 15020: 14566: 14531: 12936: 11885: 5026: 2336:. The neutron has no measurable electric charge. With its positive electric charge, the proton is directly influenced by 956: 12216: 10825: 9262: 6908: 3762:

The magnetic moment of the neutron is an indication of its quark substructure and internal charge distribution. In the

2217:, denoted β or β respectively, lending the name to the decay process. In these reactions, the original particle is not 15718: 15302: 11702: 11228: 11105:"Measured velocity spectra and neutron densities of the PF2 ultracold-neutron beam ports at the Institut Laue–Langevin" 10204: 8800: 8059: 7757:

Klein, O. (1929). "Die Reflexion von Elektronen an einem Potentialsprung nach der relativistischen Dynamik von Dirac".

7741: 7708: 7614: 7468: 6637: 6362: 5501: 5320: 6958: 4027:. This zero value has been tested experimentally, and the present experimental limit for the charge of the neutron is 16328: 14382: 14261: 13792: 11379: 10956: 10811: 8727: 7443: 6659:

Oku, T.; Suzuki, J.; et al. (2007). "Highly polarized cold neutron beam obtained by using a quadrupole magnet".

6534: 6497: 5195: 5169: 4941: 4875: 4818: 4703:. Cold neutrons of wavelengths of 6–7 angstroms can be produced in beams of a high degree of polarization, by use of 4538:

3% of the time with production of 3.7 neutrons per fission, and is used alone as a neutron source from this process.

2595: 10929:"Nanodiamond-based nanoparticle-polymer composite gratings with extremely large neutron refractive index modulation" 10408: 7896:[Emission of high-speed protons by hydrogenated substances under the influence of very penetrating γ-rays]. 7894:"Émission de protons de grande vitesse par les substances hydrogénées sous l'influence des rayons γ très pénétrants" 5749:

High-energy neutrons have much more energy than fission energy neutrons and are generated as secondary particles by

5662:

A fission energy neutron that has slowed down but not yet reached thermal energies is called an epithermal neutron.

3395: 3328:

of deuterium (expressed as a positive emitted energy). The latter can be directly measured by measuring the energy (

15612: 15477: 14012: 13873: 12233: 11659: 5409:

is placed in the moderator of a research reactor or spallation source. Cold neutrons are particularly valuable for

4112: 1801:

comprises all the known nuclides. Even though it is not a chemical element, the neutron is included in this table.

1260: 16491: 9889:

Kisamori, K.; et al. (2016). "Candidate Resonant Tetraneutron State Populated by the He4(He8,Be8) Reaction".

3759:. The neutron's magnetic moment has a negative value, because its orientation is opposite to the neutron's spin. 1648: 15555: 15389: 14991: 14869: 14526: 14387: 12899: 12741: 11875: 10725: 10491:

Clowdsley, MS; Wilson, JW; Kim, MH; Singleterry, RC; Tripathi, RK; Heinbockel, JH; Badavi, FF; Shinn, JL (2001).

10315: 10000: 9597: 9190:

Sakita, B. (1964). "Electromagnetic properties of baryons in the supermultiplet scheme of elementary particles".

8031: 5817: 5444:. An alternative production method is the mechanical deceleration of cold neutrons exploiting the Doppler shift. 3121: 1452: 10313:

Carson, M.J.; et al. (2004). "Neutron background in large-scale xenon detectors for dark matter searches".

9231: 7572:

Pauli, Wolfgang; Hermann, A.; Meyenn, K.v; Weisskopff, V.F (1985). "Das Jahr 1932 die Entdeckung des Neutrons".

3505:

The value for the neutron mass in MeV is less accurately known, due to less accuracy in the known conversion of

15844: 15545: 15394: 14852: 12289: 11278: 11260: 11203: 10607: 10542: 10434:"Production mechanisms of leptons, photons, and hadrons and their possible feedback close to lightning leaders" 8290: 7063: 5984: 5888: 5121:; sensitivity to magnetism; energy range for inelastic neutron spectroscopy; and deep penetration into matter. 5102: 5019: 4813: 4791: 4090: 2497:

Called a "radiative decay mode" of the neutron, the gamma ray may be thought of as resulting from an "internal

1856:

release energy that is approximately ten million times that from an equivalent mass of a conventional chemical

1157: 12420: 10980:

B. Lauss (May 2012). "Startup of the high-intensity ultracold neutron source at the Paul Scherrer Institute".

8850: 7146: 6381: 6301: 15926: 15319: 15152: 14576: 14504: 12228: 12136: 5634:

Other fusion reactions produce much less energetic neutrons. D–D fusion produces a 2.45 MeV neutron and

5046:

The neutron plays an important role in many nuclear reactions. For example, neutron capture often results in

4997: 4621: 4546:

source plus a beryllium target, or else a source of high-energy gamma radiation from a source that undergoes

3043:. The decay of one of the neutron's down quarks into a lighter up quark can be achieved by the emission of a 1686: 1832:

nucleons is many orders of magnitude greater than the electromagnetic energy binding electrons in atoms. In

16293: 15662: 15399: 15108: 14862: 14359: 13889: 12716: 12655: 11563: 5563: 4983: 4808: 4582: 3660: 9578: 8874:

Sherwood, J.E.; Stephenson, T.E.; Bernstein, S. (1954). "Stern-Gerlach experiment on polarized neutrons".

6040: 15812: 15725: 15697: 15654: 15619: 15457: 15284: 15222: 15047: 14951: 14837: 14305: 14005: 12670: 12592: 12562: 11902: 11895: 11782: 11687: 11674: 11555: 8743:

Greene, GL; et al. (1986). "New determination of the deuteron binding energy and the neutron mass".

8690: 8627: 8305: 5133: 4851: 4216:

MeV, in good agreement with shell model calculations, using standard interactions for this mass region.

3911: 3877: 2568: 1767: 1470: 1440: 941: 129: 5713:

Ratios of capture reactions to fission reactions are also worse (more captures without fission) in most

2645:, which has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. With its excess of neutrons, this isotope decays by beta decay to 16482: 16304: 16098: 15646: 15505: 15184: 14702: 14659: 14511: 12726: 12274: 12141: 11880: 11771: 11747: 11374: 11369: 11324: 10517: 10374:"Calculation of beams of positrons, neutrons and protons associated with terrestrial gamma-ray flashes" 10069: 8913: 7435: 7235: 5007: 4979: 4586: 4134: 4116: 3192: 3160: 3033: 1517: 1067: 458: 367: 5627:. This physical fact thus causes ordinary non-weapons grade materials to become of concern in certain 2630:

are prevented by the exclusion principle from decaying to lower, already-occupied, energy states. The

16508: 16298: 16088: 15998: 15931: 15800: 15482: 15091: 14874: 13965: 12650: 12499: 11813: 11417: 11104: 9559: 6695:

R.L. Workman et al. (Particle Data Group), Prog.Theor.Exp.Phys. 2022, 083C01 (2022) and 2023 update.

5515:

Fast neutrons can be made into thermal neutrons via a process called moderation. This is done with a

4949: 4937: 4684: 4649: 4128: 4104: 3685: 2925:

Within the theoretical framework of the Standard Model for particle physics, a neutron comprises two

2660:

by the nucleon. The transformation of a proton to a neutron inside of a nucleus is possible through

2623: 2558: 1403: 10220:

Ghosh, P.; W. Fu; M. J. Harrison; P. K. Doyle; N. S. Edwards; J. A. Roberts; D. S. McGregor (2018).

8188: 8143: 8098: 7849: 7804: 7759: 16165: 16005: 15730: 15572: 15472: 15384: 14593: 14479: 14439: 14251: 13377: 12567: 12469: 12175: 11664: 10138: 5054:. In particular, knowledge of neutrons and their behavior has been important in the development of 4971: 3276: 3064: 2580: 1679: 1666: 1398: 1102: 854: 839: 768: 20: 9022:

Gell, Y.; Lichtenberg, D.B. (1969). "Quark model and the magnetic moments of proton and neutron".

6824: 3247:

an electron and a (at the time undiscovered) neutrino. In 1935, Chadwick and his doctoral student

2501:" that arises from the electromagnetic interaction of the emitted beta particle with the proton. 16340: 16254: 15983: 15946: 15635: 15602: 15577: 15191: 14968: 14774: 14697: 14654: 14637: 14598: 14521: 13933: 13568: 13195: 12929: 12877: 12623: 12552: 12511: 12279: 11651: 11536: 11511: 11467: 9891: 9767: 9557:

Search for the neutron electric dipole moment at PSI: The n2EDM Project of the nEDM collaboration

9448: 9294: 9192: 9155: 8745: 8584: 8472: 7933: 7893: 7408: 5834: 5665: 5624: 5343: 5118: 4672: 4302: 4122: 3711: 3598: 2341: 1393: 1290: 1255: 951: 495: 388: 112: 15560: 9079: 9073: 7733: 6719:

Byrne, J (2003-12-09). "An Overview of Neutron Decay". In Abele, Hartmut; Mund, Daniela (eds.).

6354: 5906: 843: 16398: 16350: 16055: 15870: 15467: 14754: 14298: 13868: 13205: 12438: 11818: 11585: 11531: 11516: 10931:. In McLeod, Robert R; Tomita, Yasuo; Sheridan, John T; Pascual Villalobos, Inmaculada (eds.). 7239: 7229: 5707: 5680:

peaks at specific energies in the epithermal energy range. These are of less significance in a

5266: 5244:, material of a high atomic number and with high density makes for good shielding; frequently, 4865: 4823: 4571: 4096: 3300: 3240: 3217: 3085: 1849: 1447: 1097: 1062: 800: 784: 651:. Since protons and neutrons behave similarly within the nucleus, they are both referred to as 549: 345: 8978: 8666: 8660: 7700: 7692: 7576:. Sources in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Vol. 6. pp. 105–144. 6454: 5504:

of kinetic energies from 0 to ~14 MeV, a mean energy of 2 MeV (for U fission neutrons), and a

5203:

isotope in the boron, which produces an excited state of boron-11 that then decays to produce

5182:

Fast neutron therapy uses high-energy neutrons typically greater than 20 MeV to treat cancer.

1770:

to nuclear binding energy, the energy which would need to be added to take the nucleus apart.

842:

of about 15 minutes. Free neutrons do not directly ionize atoms, but they do indirectly cause

16345: 15761: 15497: 15452: 14914: 14842: 14769: 14764: 14729: 14516: 14484: 14271: 14198: 13955: 12474: 12170: 11890: 11752: 11735: 11317: 10741: 10222:"A high-efficiency, low-Ĉerenkov Micro-Layered Fast-Neutron Detector for the TREAT hodoscope" 9414: 5928: 5628: 5608: 5593: 5106: 4801: 4760: 4629: 4099:. But the predicted value is well below the current sensitivity of experiments. From several 4073:

it interacts in the nucleus; but the main attraction between neutrons and protons is via the

2999:. The finite size of the neutron and its magnetic moment both indicate that the neutron is a 2844: 1899:

shows beta decay of a free neutron; an electron and antineutrino are created in this process.

1572: 1457: 1349: 776: 733: 9509: 8926: 3362: 3188: 3055:

atomic nucleus which has a quantum state at lower energy available for the created neutron.

1512: 16439: 15916: 15672: 15447: 15432: 14749: 14707: 14543: 14449: 14377: 12484: 12353: 12100: 11595: 11526: 11479: 11456: 11427: 11126: 11077: 11042: 10999: 10936: 10689: 10447: 10390: 10334: 10233: 10157: 10091: 10040: 9948: 9900: 9836: 9776: 9648: 9639: 9513: 9467: 9373: 9313: 9201: 9164: 9033: 8951: 8922: 8885: 8834: 8754: 8593: 8526: 8481: 8406: 8355: 8314: 8246: 8197: 8152: 8107: 8068: 7975: 7858: 7813: 7768: 7641: 7546: 7537: 7477: 7412: 7313: 7119: 7084: 6942: 6876: 6757: 6670: 6621: 6580: 6460: 6426: 6265: 6067: 5992: 5750: 5681: 5620: 5165: 4870: 4516: 3726: 3331: 3208: 1582: 1557: 1374: 850: 11176: 5597: 3231:

Models for an atomic nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons were quickly developed by

8: 16288: 16227: 16124: 16060: 16024: 15771: 15582: 15367: 14961: 14829: 14807: 14632: 14489: 14256: 14218: 14051: 13970: 12953: 12294: 11757: 9661: 9634: 8517: 7202: 5868: 5655: 5615:. Fusion neutrons are able to cause fission in ordinarily non-fissile materials, such as 5524: 5401:

are thermal neutrons that have been equilibrated in a very cold substance such as liquid

5302: 5098: 5077: 4786: 4742: 4704: 4625: 4535: 4500: 4274: 4052: 4002:

fields, virtual particles, and their associated energy that are essential aspects of the

3718: 3689: 3004: 2631: 2599: 2554: 2524:(one of the "two bodies"). In this type of free neutron decay, almost all of the neutron 2363:

of about 10 minutes, 11 s. The mass of the neutron is greater than that of the proton by

1848:, the additional neutrons cause additional fission events, inducing a cascade known as a 1477: 1356: 1250: 1193: 1186: 1176: 1117: 1112: 946: 675: 664: 90: 11130: 11081: 11046: 11003: 10940: 10693: 10451: 10394: 10346: 10338: 10278: 10237: 10161: 10095: 10044: 9952: 9904: 9840: 9780: 9714: 9652: 9471: 9377: 9356: 9317: 9205: 9168: 9037: 8955: 8889: 8838: 8758: 8597: 8530: 8485: 8410: 8359: 8318: 8250: 8201: 8156: 8111: 8072: 7979: 7862: 7817: 7772: 7645: 7550: 7481: 7416: 7317: 7123: 7088: 6946: 6880: 6761: 6674: 6625: 6269: 6079: 6071: 2239:"Free" neutrons or protons are nucleons that exist independently, free of any nucleus. 16444: 16283: 16259: 16177: 15751: 15487: 15324: 15251: 15062: 14712: 14682: 14666: 14649: 14293: 14183: 14131: 14081: 14028: 13913: 12922: 12376: 12122: 12077: 11946: 11858: 11590: 11284: 11142: 11116: 11015: 10989: 10962: 10705: 10649: 10468: 10433: 10350: 10324: 10292: 10251: 10192: 10173: 10147: 10103: 10081: 9977: 9936: 9860: 9826: 9491: 9457: 9337: 9303: 9136: 9108: 9049: 9024: 8609: 8554: 8497: 8373: 8264: 8213: 8168: 8123: 7991: 7874: 7829: 7784: 7726: 7657: 7271: 7030: 7008: 6983: 6900: 6866: 6724: 6696: 6523: 6347: 6281: 6172: 6091: 6057: 5995:. (2014). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899. 5778: 5433: 5410: 5176: 5094: 5047: 4927: 4861: 4846: 4777: 4768: 4764: 4605: 4286: 4181: 3808: 3011: 3000: 2980: 2770: 2746: 2234: 1755: 1420: 1415: 1230: 827: 596: 125: 12816: 11309: 9814: 9685: 8538: 6745: 6006: 3116:

in connection with the atom can be found in the literature as early as 1899, however.

16546: 16375: 16360: 16323: 16315: 16118: 16093: 16083: 16020: 15896: 15891: 14819: 14612: 14499: 14474: 14412: 14369: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14046: 13982: 13950: 13863: 13342: 13087: 13014: 11641: 11622: 11489: 11389: 11384: 11305:

Annotated bibliography for neutrons from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

11274: 11256: 11220: 11146: 11089: 11054: 11019: 10966: 10952: 10817: 10807: 10782: 10653: 10641: 10637: 10621: 10603: 10538: 10509: 10473: 10296: 10282: 10255: 10200: 10177: 10107: 9982: 9964: 9916: 9852: 9794: 9730: 9676: 9537: 9495: 9483: 9385: 9364: 9329: 9126: 9083: 9053: 8988: 8796: 8770: 8723: 8670: 8561: 8451: 8441: 8286: 8217: 8172: 8127: 7937: 7878: 7833: 7788: 7737: 7704: 7661: 7610: 7585: 7439: 7329: 7243: 7059: 7013: 6904: 6892: 6773: 6612: 6584: 6555: 6530: 6464: 6430: 6358: 6323: 6285: 6256: 6236: 6226: 6187: 6149: 6095: 6083: 6048: 5883: 5846: 5793: 5788: 5685: 5516: 5505: 5375: 5282: 5183: 5090: 4918: 4909: 4903: 4828: 4755: 4751: 4680: 4676: 4645: 4601: 4520: 4496: 4456: 4265: 4058: 4034: 4021: 3317: 3292: 3248: 3232: 3203:-containing compound, it ejected protons of very high energy. Neither Rutherford nor 3075: 3048: 3036: 2947: 2894: 2762: 2591: 2513: 1915: 1798: 1592: 1587: 1547: 1425: 1164: 1152: 1135: 1107: 1077: 918: 811: 767:

The neutron is essential to the production of nuclear power. In the decade after the

334: 317: 211: 10860: 10709: 10354: 9864: 9341: 9140: 8613: 7263: 5951: 4297:

A common method for detecting neutrons involves converting the energy released from

3223: 1922:. Beta decay, in which neutrons decay to protons, or vice versa, is governed by the 16541: 16536: 16520: 16264: 16204: 16015: 15667: 14722: 14687: 14444: 14434: 14322: 14310: 14151: 14146: 14136: 14126: 14121: 13960: 13731: 13506: 13367: 13352: 13034: 12945: 12804: 12540: 12381: 12012: 11870: 11692: 11568: 11437: 11422: 11212: 11134: 11085: 11050: 11007: 10944: 10898: 10774: 10697: 10680: 10633: 10463: 10455: 10398: 10342: 10274: 10241: 10165: 10099: 10048: 9972: 9956: 9912: 9908: 9844: 9789: 9784: 9762: 9722: 9666: 9656: 9475: 9381: 9321: 9209: 9172: 9153:

Beg, M.A.B.; Lee, B.W.; Pais, A. (1964). "SU(6) and electromagnetic interactions".

9118: 9041: 8959: 8893: 8842: 8762: 8656: 8631: 8601: 8534: 8501: 8489: 8414: 8377: 8363: 8346: 8322: 8268: 8254: 8237: 8205: 8160: 8115: 8076: 7995: 7983: 7966: 7958: 7866: 7821: 7776: 7649: 7577: 7554: 7514: 7485: 7321: 7127: 7092: 7003: 6995: 6950: 6888: 6884: 6765: 6678: 6629: 6273: 6220: 6075: 5807: 5696: 5691:, where epithermal neutrons interact mostly with moderator nuclei, not with either 5684:, where most neutrons are absorbed before slowing down to this range, or in a well- 5642:

and a proton but no neutron the rest of the time. D–He fusion produces no neutron.

5616: 5509: 5364: 5356: 4895: 4653: 4539: 4508: 4504: 4460: 3756: 3268: 3256: 3071: 3040: 3026: 2790: 2766: 2661: 2562: 2531: 1923: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1763: 1735: 1612: 1602: 1532: 1285: 1203: 1171: 991: 923: 815: 694: 529: 445: 121: 11197:

Heilbronn, L.; Nakamura, T; Iwata, Y; Kurosawa, T; Iwase, H; Townsend, LW (2005).

11067: 10579: 9479: 5424:

Cold neutron source providing neutrons at about the temperature of liquid hydrogen

5001: 2812: 16278: 16187: 16029: 16009: 15921: 15911: 15565: 15525: 14979: 14793: 14717: 14692: 14538: 14331: 14223: 14188: 14066: 14056: 13928: 13853: 13837: 13777: 13187: 13112: 13102: 13092: 13004: 12721: 12525: 12386: 12112: 12053: 12017: 11863: 11573: 11521: 11407: 11294: 10748: 10729: 10586: 9726: 9692: 9620: 9613: 9601: 9582: 9563: 9544: 9122: 8942: 8876: 8825: 8435: 7356: 7325: 7037: 6797: 6703: 6501: 6305: 6277: 5988: 5958: 5935: 5913: 5878: 5812: 5688: 5673: 5669: 5612: 5604: 5497: 5453: 5383: 5371: 5290: 5286: 5261: 5188: 5141: 5063: 5055: 4688: 4609: 4593: 4512: 4298: 4282: 4271: 4007: 3782: 3729:, in 1940. Alvarez and Bloch determined the magnetic moment of the neutron to be 3288: 3272: 3184: 2822: 2611: 2548: 1833: 1782: 1597: 1577: 1552: 1482: 1369: 1297: 1243: 1208: 868: 788: 780: 761: 753: 745: 660: 383: 310: 15057: 11199:"Expand+Overview of secondary neutron production relevant to shielding in space" 10902: 10890: 10889:

E Hadden; Y Iso; A Kume; K Umemoto; T Jenke; M Fally; J Klepp; Y Tomita (2022).

9325: 7581: 6682: 4301:

reactions into electrical signals. Certain nuclides have a high neutron capture

3530: 3389:) of the deuteron (about 0.06% of the total energy) must also be accounted for. 2370: 2266: 2252: 2213:

The electron and positron produced in these reactions are historically known as

853:, and by the natural radioactivity of spontaneously fissionable elements in the 265: 16496: 16413: 15973: 15886: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15260: 15167: 15136: 15118: 14642: 14548: 14494: 14459: 14392: 14339: 14193: 14086: 14071: 14061: 13987: 13901: 13858: 13594: 13382: 13155: 13077: 13072: 12994: 12638: 12204: 11412: 11364: 11356: 11198: 11138: 10246: 10221: 9960: 9848: 9213: 9176: 8766: 7898: 7349: 6769: 6633: 6342: 5851: 5762: 5575: 5571: 5386:

so that they are more easily captured, causing further fission. Others, called

5352: 5233: 5208: 5059: 4891: 4696: 4668: 4664: 4641: 4597: 4596:

naturally produce free neutrons; their role is to sustain the energy-producing

4452: 4246: 4236: 4212: 3688:; two neutrons cannot have the same quantum numbers. This is the source of the 3619: 3325: 3296: 3284: 3204: 3164: 3097: 2920: 2757:

Three types of beta decay in competition are illustrated by the single isotope

2627: 2619: 2544: 2498: 2345: 2337: 2214: 1872: 1829: 1723: 1707: 1653: 1507: 1502: 1381: 1314: 1122: 1057: 1034: 1021: 1008: 908: 886: 807: 796: 792: 772: 749: 714: 687: 644: 474: 230: 222: 73: 15540: 11011: 10778: 10169: 9103:

Greenberg, O.W. (2009), "Color Charge Degree of Freedom in Particle Physics",

7558: 7518: 6240: 4648:. For access to intense neutron sources, researchers must go to a specialized 16530: 16365: 16039: 15705: 14996: 14402: 14243: 13945: 13797: 13764: 13556: 13526: 13458: 13317: 13097: 13024: 13009: 12872: 12706: 12660: 12153: 11924: 11853: 11682: 11474: 11402: 10786: 10645: 10111: 9968: 9856: 9292:

Ji, Xiangdong (1995). "A QCD Analysis of the Mass Structure of the Nucleon".

7632: 6854: 6777: 5738: 5718: 5603:

On the other hand, these very high-energy neutrons are less likely to simply

5237: 5153: 5071: 5051: 4278: 4184:

away from zero, this does not give any convincing evidence of CPT-violation.

4074: 3781:

In one of the early successes of the Standard Model, in 1964 Mirza A.B. Beg,

3506: 3498: 3156: 3125: 3088:

first named the hypothetical particle a "neutron". The name derives from the

3080: 3029: 2996: 2622:

up, another with spin down. When all available proton states are filled, the

2584: 2572: 2521: 2378: 2356: 2303: 1828:

Because of the strength of the nuclear force at short distances, the nuclear

1778: 1731: 1727: 1715: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1567: 1225: 1198: 1042: 981: 934: 913: 737: 683: 656: 426: 293: 285: 10891:"Highly efficient holographic optical elements for cold neutron experiments" 10821: 10762: 10271:

2019 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC)

10136:

Llanes-Estrada, Felipe J.; Moreno Navarro, Gaspar (2012). "Cubic neutrons".

8897: 8846: 8455: 7178:"'Perhaps the most important isotope': how carbon-14 revolutionised science" 6606: 16469: 16434: 16403: 16393: 16145: 16135: 16034: 15941: 15901: 15867: 15271: 14407: 14349: 14276: 14228: 14098: 13923: 13473: 13463: 13453: 13214: 13165: 13107: 13029: 12984: 12845: 12833: 12736: 12457: 11504: 11494: 11340: 11266: 11253:

Neutrons, Nuclei and Matter: An Exploration of the Physics of Slow Neutrons

11224: 10513: 10477: 9986: 9920: 9798: 9680: 9487: 9333: 8963: 8793:

Neutrons, Nuclei and Matter: An exploration of the physics of slow neutrons

8774: 8419: 8392: 8081: 8054: 7490: 7463: 7333: 7017: 6954: 6930: 6896: 6087: 5873: 5863: 5714: 5465: 5387: 5326: 5316: 5140:(PGNAA). NAA is most often used to analyze small samples of materials in a 5110: 4747: 4635: 4616: 4575: 4555: 4527: 4250: 4240: 4220: 4202: 4164: 4152: 4003: 3812: 3786: 3700: 3693: 3320:

since it has no electric charge. But since the masses of a proton and of a

3264: 3236: 3196: 2637:

The decay of a neutron within a nuclide is illustrated by the decay of the

2607: 2525: 2508: 1562: 1537: 1522: 1267: 1215: 1072: 835: 409: 196: 6494: 5982:"The 2014 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants" 5596:

of transuranic waste. 14.1 MeV neutrons can also produce neutrons by

4727: 2340:, whereas the neutron is unaffected by electric fields. The neutron has a 44: 16355: 16269: 16194: 16172: 15958: 15936: 15906: 15682: 15329: 14919: 14426: 14397: 13938: 13706: 13609: 13604: 13521: 13516: 13446: 13400: 13357: 13322: 13281: 13173: 13137: 12999: 12746: 12711: 12701: 12348: 12252: 11612: 11600: 11578: 11216: 11102: 10801: 10459: 10403: 10373: 10053: 10026: 6999: 6852: 6191: 5991:(Web Version 7.0). The database was developed by J. Baker, M. Douma, and 5734: 5730: 5520: 5274: 5067: 4913: 4632:

of harmful long lived nuclear waste to shorter lived or stable nuclides.

4604:

can also be used to produce various radioisotopes through the process of

4567: 4551: 4543: 4531: 4482: 4146: 3807:

The neutron magnetic moment can be roughly computed by assuming a simple

3763: 3722: 3129: 2871: 2646: 1837: 1527: 1220: 1142: 995: 823: 201: 15836: 9831: 5998: 2594:

by the beta decay process. The neutrons and protons in a nucleus form a

16449: 16408: 16388: 16383: 16199: 16108: 15993: 15035: 13680: 13574: 13564: 13546: 13436: 13337: 13272: 12989: 12914: 12731: 10948: 10329: 9671: 9308: 9045: 8605: 8493: 8209: 8164: 8119: 7870: 7825: 7780: 6729: 5802: 5758: 5754: 5550:

Nuclear fusion § Criteria and candidates for terrestrial reactions

4899: 4657: 4547: 4477: 4160: 4156: 4055:(indicated in parentheses). By comparison, the charge of the proton is 2926: 2325: 1919: 1909: 1497: 1487: 1344: 1324: 1147: 1017: 847: 819: 726: 83: 10722: 9594: 8326: 7653: 7131: 7096: 5420: 3659:. In 1954, Sherwood, Stephenson, and Bernstein employed neutrons in a 2817: 16429: 16182: 16103: 16075: 15988: 15677: 15040: 15030: 14158: 14111: 14076: 13997: 13822: 13812: 13782: 13675: 13641: 13634: 13511: 13501: 13496: 13468: 13236: 13019: 12769: 12410: 11907: 11627: 11546: 11541: 11484: 10701: 10369: 8976: 8368: 8341: 8259: 8232: 7987: 6661: 5827: 5822: 5677: 5585: 5555: 5437: 5402: 5270: 5241: 5229: 5204: 5145: 5144:

whilst PGNAA is most often used to analyze subterranean rocks around

5129: 4563: 4559: 4542:

sources (that involve two materials) powered by radioisotopes use an

4224: 4208: 4198: 3260: 3212: 3172: 2758: 2642: 2583:). Neutrons bind with protons and one another in the nucleus via the 2360: 2210:

denote the neutron, positron and electron neutrino decay products.

1868: 1857: 1786: 1542: 1492: 1319: 1307: 1302: 1181: 710: 706: 95: 15535: 10268: 8342:"A nuclear photo-effect: disintegration of the diplon by gamma rays" 7359:

Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, 2011. Retrieved on 2024-05-01.

6423:

Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics: From Nuclear Structure to Cosmology

5981: 5619:(uranium-238), and these materials have been used in the jackets of 3251:

reported the first accurate measurement of the mass of the neutron.

2348:. The specific properties of the neutron are described below in the 2330: 16247: 16242: 16160: 15766: 15409: 15404: 15344: 15013: 14941: 14924: 14909: 14884: 14627: 14116: 13918: 13746: 13701: 13685: 13646: 13619: 13332: 13327: 13307: 13277: 13267: 13262: 13082: 13057: 13052: 12979: 12821: 12039: 11715: 11121: 10219: 10086: 10068:

Gandolfi, Stefano; Gezerlis, Alexandros; Carlson, J. (2015-10-19).

9446:

Miller, G.A. (2007). "Charge Densities of the Neutron and Proton".

9419: 7891: 6871: 6388:. The University of Tennessee Department of Physics and Astronomy. 5699: 5635: 5528: 5250: 5221: 5200: 3321: 3200: 3168: 2954: 2576: 2517: 2286: 2069: 1863: 831: 741: 718: 698: 679: 251: 79: 31: 10994: 10152: 9462: 9113: 6062: 1804: 876: 659:(symbol: Da). Their properties and interactions are described by 19:

This article is about the subatomic particle. For other uses, see

15735: 15687: 15550: 15530: 14929: 14904: 14344: 14163: 14141: 14106: 13827: 13817: 13787: 13741: 13736: 13711: 13629: 13614: 13541: 13536: 13426: 13372: 13347: 13312: 13241: 13223: 12962: 12609: 12180: 11793: 11632: 11617: 11605: 10806:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 7304:

Fowler, W.A. (1984). "The quest for the origin of the elements".

6574: 6298: 5797: 5783: 5741:, which has good capture-fission ratios at all neutron energies. 5726: 5722: 5692: 5639: 5589: 5582: 5559: 5539: 5360: 4047: 3767: 3568: 3180: 3044: 2848: 2603: 2333: 1817: 1813: 1790: 1774: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1004: 977: 969: 891: 830:

experiments. A free neutron spontaneously decays to a proton, an

655:. Nucleons have a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit, or 652: 543: 504: 117: 9575: 9354: 8024:"Atop the Physics Wave: Rutherford Back in Cambridge, 1919–1937" 7535:

Feather, N. (1960). "A history of neutrons and nuclei. Part 1".

5228:, and can also cause reactions that give rise to other forms of 4624:

are proposed to make use of those neutrons to either maintain a

4067: 3287:

at the University of Chicago in 1942, the first self-sustaining

2381:

of the neutron. The electron can acquire a kinetic energy up to

16232: 16155: 16150: 16113: 15339: 15334: 15314: 15294: 15279: 15162: 14899: 14879: 14847: 13807: 13802: 13431: 13418: 13409: 13231: 13145: 13044: 12192: 12158: 12000: 11103:

Stefan Döge; Jürgen Hingerl & Christoph Morkel (Feb 2020).

9355:

Martinelli, G.; Parisi, G.; Petronzio, R.; Rapuano, F. (1982).

8818:"Reflection and polarization of neutrons by magnetized mirrors" 7429: 5441: 4975: 4961: 4700: 4692: 3816: 3283:

reaction. These events and findings led Fermi to construct the

2991: 2985: 2813:

The neutron in elementary particle physics - the Standard Model

2657: 2638: 2520:), and therefore simply remains bound to it, forming a neutral 2308: 1785:

H) is a lone proton. The nuclei of the heavy hydrogen isotopes

896: 702: 640: 105: 66: 54: 27: 11196: 10613: 6552:

Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts

1836:, the absorption of a neutron by some heavy nuclides (such as 775:

in 1932, neutrons were used to induce many different types of

713:

with 7 neutrons. Some elements occur in nature with only one

15756: 15713: 15376: 15232: 15025: 14889: 13832: 13772: 13624: 13483: 13362: 13302: 13257: 13150: 13128: 12971: 12792: 12398: 12336: 12311: 12065: 12029: 11995: 11990: 11740: 11710: 10490: 10226:

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

9721:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 275–291. 5924: 5922: 5766: 5476: 5337: 5278: 5257: 5114: 4589:(ILL) in Grenoble, France – a major neutron research facility 4121:

n2EDM experiment under construction at the UCN source at the

4051:. This value is consistent with zero, given the experimental 3999: 3176: 3089: 3015: 2649:(7 protons, 7 neutrons), a process with a half-life of about 2355:

Outside the nucleus, free neutrons undergo beta decay with a

2318: 1730:. Protons and neutrons each have a mass of approximately one 787:. These events and findings led to the first self-sustaining 725:

with ten stable isotopes, or with no stable isotope, such as

668: 405: 50: 10888: 10135: 7571: 7110:

Dyson, F. J.; Lenard, A. (1968). "Stability of Matter. II".

4945: 3770:, the neutron is composed of one up quark (charge +2/3 3279:"for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei". 2221:

of the product particles; rather, the product particles are

15978: 15878: 15237: 15126: 14936: 14894: 13599: 13531: 13491: 13067: 13062: 11983: 11808: 11499: 9538:

A cryogenic experiment to search for the EDM of the neutron

8873: 7930:

The Neutron and the Bomb: A Biography of Sir James Chadwick

7075:

Dyson, F. J.; Lenard, A. (1967). "Stability of Matter. I".

6784: 5650: 5245: 5225: 4519:

optimized to produce free neutrons in this way, are called

4473: 1794: 757: 648: 636: 16464: 10723:

Physorg.com, "New Way of 'Seeing': A 'Neutron Microscope'"

9811: 9556: 8911:

Bombaci, I. (1996). "The Maximum Mass of a Neutron Star".

8186:

Heisenberg, W. (1933). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne. III".

8030:. American Institute of Physics. 2011–2014. Archived from 6793:"Neutron lifetime puzzle deepens, but no dark matter seen" 6038: 5919: 5566:

that produces the most energetic neutrons, with 14.1

4434: 2656:"Beta decay" reactions can also occur by the capture of a 2538: 721:. Other elements occur with many stable isotopes, such as 15210: 15074: 10858: 9933: 9763:"First Observation of Ground State Dineutron Decay: 16Be" 8662:

Hitler's uranium club: the secret recordings at Farm Hall

8141:

Heisenberg, W. (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne. II".

7264:"The Reines-Cowan Experiments: Detecting the Poltergeist" 5567: 3104:(a suffix used in the names of subatomic particles, i.e. 722: 678:

of an atom are mostly determined by the configuration of

11032: 9566:. Nedm.web.psi.ch (2001-09-12). Retrieved on 2012-08-16. 9357:"The proton and neutron magnetic moments in lattice QCD" 8691:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944: Presentation Speech" 8303:

Wilson, Fred L. (1968). "Fermi's Theory of Beta Decay".

8096:

Heisenberg, W. (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne. I".

6039:

Olive, K.A.; (Particle Data Group); et al. (2014).

5757:. These high-energy neutrons are extremely efficient at 5128:

A major use of neutrons is to excite delayed and prompt

4636:

Neutron beams and modification of beams after production

1797:, Pb, has 82 protons and 126 neutrons, for example. The 11339: 10678:

Kumakhov, M.A.; Sharov, V.A. (1992). "A neutron lens".

10067: 9238:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 5500:. Neutrons produced in fission, as noted above, have a 5462:

is a free neutron with a kinetic energy level close to

5355:

that they collide with, creating a heavier – and often

4292: 3316:

The mass of a neutron cannot be directly determined by

3195:

in Paris showed that if this "gamma" radiation fell on

2789:) or neutron decay (by electron emission, 39%; forming 9937:"Observation of a correlated free four-neutron system" 8468: 6744:

Wietfeldt, Fred E.; Greene, Geoffrey L. (2011-11-03).

6706:. Gives value of 878.4 ± 0.5s; half-life is not given. 6525:

Niels Bohr's Times: In Physics, Philosophy, and Polity

5611:

extensively uses D–T fusion 14.1 MeV neutrons to

3020:

secondary effects of the more fundamental strong force

2893: decay of a proton into a neutron, positron, and 2843: decay of a neutron into a proton, electron, and 16480: 7630:

Brown, Laurie M. (1978). "The idea of the neutrino".

6549: 5900: 5117:

in terms of atomic contrasts by different scattering

4675:. Neutrons can be controlled by methods that include 3914: 3880: 3398: 3365: 3334: 690:. Neutrons do not affect the electron configuration. 11061: 10926: 10760: 10742:"NASA Develops a Nugget to Search for Life in Space" 10732:. Physorg.com (2004-07-30). Retrieved on 2012-08-16. 10677: 9415:"Pinpointing the magnetic moments of nuclear matter" 7674:

Friedlander G., Kennedy J.W. and Miller J.M. (1964)

6697:

https://pdg.lbl.gov/2023/listings/rpp2023-list-n.pdf

6607:"Demonstration of focusing by a neutron accelerator" 6550:

Povh, B.; Rith, K.; Scholz, C.; Zetsche, F. (2002).

5132:

from elements in materials. This forms the basis of

2359:

of about 14 minutes, 38 seconds, corresponding to a

12895:

International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility

10761:Ioffe, A.; Dabagov, S.; Kumakhov, M. (1995-01-01). 9078:. Addison Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts. pp. 8795:. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. pp. 28–31. 8437:

Enrico Fermi: And the Revolutions in Modern physics

7892:Joliot-Curie, Irène & Joliot, Frédéric (1932). 7227: 6984:"Detecting the Radiative Decay Mode of the Neutron" 5488:(~ 5% of the speed of light). They are named 5285:) neutron velocity, to increase the probability of 4277:by looking for a track of ionization (such as in a 4230: 3622:, the possibility that the neutron was a spin 3010:The quarks of the neutron are held together by the 1738:of the atom, and the neutron number determines the 14760:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future 10933:Photosensitive Materials and their Applications II 9706: 8553: 7725: 7374:"Problem 20: Copper-64 is an unusual radionuclide" 6931:"Discrepancy in Neutron Lifetime Still Unresolved" 6737: 6605: 6522: 6420: 6346: 6144:Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J., eds. (1977), 5980:Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N. and Newell, D.B. (2014), 5916:. Chemed.chem.purdue.edu. Retrieved on 2012-08-16. 5729:with thermal or epithermal neutrons, though still 3929: 3895: 3466: 3381: 3347: 3259:brought about by slow neutrons". In December 1938 3025:The only possible decay mode for the neutron that 2752: 10751:. NASA.gov (2007-11-30). Retrieved on 2012-08-16. 10589:. BBC News (2006-02-06). Retrieved on 2010-12-04. 9686:PDF with 2011 partial update for the 2012 edition 9614:Measurement of the Neutron Electric Dipole Moment 8655: 8390: 8339: 7405:The Great Design: Particles, Fields, and Creation 6855:"Improved Neutron Lifetime Measurement with UCNτ" 6604:Arimoto, Y.; Geltenbort, S.; et al. (2012). 6603: 6495:Particle Data Group Summary Data Table on Baryons 6376: 6374: 5952:https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html 5605:be captured without causing fission or spallation 5148:and industrial bulk materials on conveyor belts. 4562:with ordinary stable beryllium, or else with the 16528: 11096: 11026: 10431: 9107:, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 109–111, 8977:Tipler, Paul Allen; Llewellyn, Ralph A. (2002). 6714: 6712: 6173:"Nuclear Medicine Begins with a Boa Constrictor" 5710:that might make reactor control more difficult. 5390:reactors, use fission energy neutrons directly. 4219:Evidence for unbound clusters of 4 neutrons, or 860: 705:, with atomic number 6, has an abundant isotope 11255:. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2011. 10602:, Dover Publications, Mineola, New York, 2011, 10580:Science/Nature |Q&A: Nuclear fusion reactor 10537:, Dover Publications, Mineola, New York, 2011, 10190: 10001:"Physicists find signs of four-neutron nucleus" 9021: 7058:, Dover Publications, Mineola, New York, 2011, 6743: 5857: 5645: 5179:is therefore not a viable medical application. 4192: 2228: 1746:. The terms isotope and nuclide are often used 11455: 9510:"Pear-shaped particles probe big-bang mystery" 9232:"Mass of the Common Quark Finally Nailed Down" 8580: 8551: 7461: 6977: 6975: 6575:Basdevant, J.-L.; Rich, J.; Spiro, M. (2005). 6421:Basdevant, J.-L.; Rich, J.; Spiro, M. (2005). 6371: 6143: 3467:{\displaystyle m_{n}=m_{d}-m_{p}+B_{d}-E_{rd}} 2068:denote the proton, electron and electron anti- 1852:. For a given mass of fissile material, such 697:that differ only in neutron number are called 15852: 15463:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR) 14013: 12930: 11355: 11325: 11170: 10973: 10493:"Neutron Environments on the Martian Surface" 10432:Köhn, C.; Diniz, G.; Harakeh, Muhsin (2017). 10074:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 9993: 9017: 9015: 8515:Hahn, O. (1958). "The Discovery of Fission". 6846: 6709: 6341: 6254:Stone, R. (1997). "An Element of Stability". 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5027: 4068:Structure and geometry of charge distribution 3243:, in which the neutron decays to a proton by 1687: 10439:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 10425: 10382:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 10312: 9445: 8939: 8717: 8683: 8556:Lise Meitner and the dawn of the nuclear age 8398:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 7530: 7528: 7367: 7365: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7040:. ANS Nuclear Cafe. Retrieved on 2012-08-16. 6520: 5946: 5944: 4018:The total electric charge of the neutron is 3696:and prevents them from forming black holes. 3684:As a fermion, the neutron is subject to the 744:nucleus. Neutrons are produced copiously in 10763:"Effective neutron bending at large angles" 10619: 9712: 9623:. Nrd.pnpi.spb.ru. Retrieved on 2012-08-16. 9604:. P25ext.lanl.gov. Retrieved on 2012-08-16. 9547:. Hepwww.rl.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2012-08-16. 8815: 8283:Early Quantum Electrodynamics: A Sourcebook 7846: 7801: 7732:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 7534: 7402: 7109: 7074: 6972: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6448: 6446: 6317: 5074:is caused by their absorption of neutrons. 2512:necessary energy to escape the proton (the 1844:. If this reaction occurs within a mass of 15859: 15845: 14020: 14006: 12937: 12923: 11332: 11318: 11301:, Publisher, North-Holland Pub. Co., 1966. 10361: 10308: 10306: 9152: 9012: 8185: 8140: 8095: 7686: 7684: 7430:Cottingham, W.N.; Greenwood, D.A. (1986). 7423: 7350:Atomic and Nuclear Data: Chapter 12 Cu-64 7228:Cottingham, W.N.; Greenwood, D.A. (1986). 7031:Sir James Chadwick's Discovery of Neutrons 6568: 6504:. lbl.gov (2007). Retrieved on 2012-08-16. 5963: 5938:. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-16. 5447: 5034: 5020: 4077:, which does not involve electric charge. 3641:reflections was consistent with spin 2575:, so proton-only nuclei are unstable (see 1694: 1680: 736:, but the much stronger, but short-range, 15866: 11273:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. 11120: 10993: 10935:. Vol. 12151. SPIE. pp. 70–76. 10467: 10402: 10367: 10328: 10245: 10151: 10085: 10070:"Neutron Matter from Low to High Density" 10052: 9976: 9882: 9830: 9788: 9670: 9660: 9461: 9307: 9112: 9102: 9096: 8970: 8620: 8508: 8418: 8367: 8285:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 8258: 8080: 7695:. In French, A.P.; Kennedy, P.J. (eds.). 7678:(2nd edition), Wiley, pp. 22–23 and 38–39 7525: 7489: 7457: 7455: 7362: 7043: 7007: 6928: 6870: 6790: 6728: 6658: 6061: 6034: 6032: 6011:PDG Live: 2020 Review of Particle Physics 5941: 5592:power reactors, are therefore useful for 5194:Beams of low-energy neutrons are used in 5156:may determine the water content in soil. 4691:can be polarized by transmission through 4446: 4180:. Since the difference is only about two 4084: 3571:with intrinsic angular momentum equal to 2606:are organized into discrete hierarchical 2349: 15375: 12944: 11299:Weak interactions and nuclear beta decay 10979: 10859:brian.maranville@nist.gov (2017-04-17). 9888: 9632: 8867: 8790: 8786: 8784: 8713: 8711: 8230: 8052: 7956: 7950: 7345: 7343: 6746:"Colloquium : The neutron lifetime" 6507: 6452: 6443: 6308:. Nndc.bnl.gov. Retrieved on 2010-12-04. 6225:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall. 6218: 6166: 6164: 5649: 5538: 5419: 5138:prompt gamma neutron activation analysis 4581: 3774:) and two down quarks (charge −1/3 3222: 2870: 2816: 2634:is a consequences of these constraints. 1862: 1803: 752:. They are a primary contributor to the 11291:, The University of Chicago Press, 1997 10303: 9754: 9412: 9260: 9254: 9225: 9223: 9071: 9067: 9065: 9063: 8933: 8910: 8904: 7690: 7681: 7504: 7203:"Close Encounters (of the Cosmic Kind)" 7103: 6791:Wolchover, Natalie (13 February 2018). 6554:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 73. 6335: 5744: 4695:materials in a method analogous to the 4435:Neutron detection by elastic scattering 4223:as resonances in the disintegration of 4127:nEDM experiment being envisaged at the 2571:that is stronger than their attractive 2539:Neutrons and protons bound in a nucleus 302: 16529: 15390:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR) 14027: 13408: 10620:Klein, A G; Werner, S A (1983-03-01). 9760: 9502: 9406: 9189: 9183: 8742: 8433: 8427: 8302: 8296: 7604: 7452: 7303: 7297: 7068: 6981: 6170: 6139: 6029: 5296: 4534:-252 decays (half-life 2.65 years) by 3032:is for one of the neutron's quarks to 2989:. The neutron is also classified as a 643:. Protons and neutrons constitute the 635:, which has no electric charge, and a 16284:Inverse beta decay (electron capture) 15840: 15632: 15395:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) 14804: 14791: 14001: 12918: 11313: 11175:. Medical Physics Web. Archived from 10556:"Isotopes and Radioactivity Tutorial" 8781: 8708: 8440:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7927: 7756: 7699:. Harvard University Press. pp. 7629: 7340: 7175: 7169: 6718: 6640:from the original on January 18, 2015 6392:from the original on 20 February 2020 6253: 6247: 6161: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 5733:with fast neutrons. The exception is 5658:, which is a thermal-spectrum reactor 5428: 4707:and magnetized interference filters. 4640:Free neutron beams are obtained from 4155:of the neutron. It was discovered by 15819: 14792: 14233: 10799: 9626: 9220: 9060: 8514: 8391:Chadwick, J.; Goldhaber, M. (1935). 8340:Chadwick, J.; Goldhaber, M. (1934). 7723: 7717: 7195: 7144: 7138: 6543: 6017:from the original on 17 January 2021 6004: 5159: 4860:Fundamental research with neutrons: 4293:Neutron detection by neutron capture 4187: 4101:unsolved puzzles in particle physics 15400:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR) 10845:Johns HE and Cunningham JR (1978). 10347:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.05.001 10197:Radiation Detection and Measurement 10024: 9576:US nEDM ORNL experiment public page 9281:from the original on June 20, 2015. 9242:from the original on 27 August 2015 9229: 9146: 9075:Introduction to High Energy Physics 8628:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944" 7598: 7371: 6652: 6597: 6311: 5382:, the neutrons that are emitted by 5307: 4133:nEDM experiment being built at the 3930:{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {N} }} 3896:{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {N} }} 1734:. The atomic number determines the 709:with 6 neutrons and a rare isotope 13: 15209: 14360:Positron-emission tomography (PET) 11245: 10104:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102014-021957 9413:Kincade, Kathy (2 February 2015). 9291: 8816:Hughes, D.J.; Burgy, M.T. (1949). 8560:. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser. 8060:Proceedings of the Royal Society A 8016: 7668: 7469:Proceedings of the Royal Society A 7432:An Introduction to Nuclear Physics 7231:An introduction to nuclear physics 6988:J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol 6829:California Institute of Technology 6353:(2nd ed.). Springer. p. 6116: 5840: 5534: 5281:-type reactors, in order to slow ( 5249:on detection above). For example, 5187:an order of magnitude larger than 4558:on interaction of the high-energy 4013: 3921: 3887: 3705: 2995:, because it is composed of three 2875:The principal Feynman diagram for 2344:, however, so it is influenced by 1710:is formed by a number of protons, 14: 16558: 14383:Neutron capture therapy of cancer 14282:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG) 11173:"Facing up to secondary neutrons" 10279:10.1109/NSS/MIC42101.2019.9059869 8539:10.1038/scientificamerican0258-76 7959:"Possible Existence of a Neutron" 7607:Cambridge Physics in the Thirties 7145:Ball, Philip (17 February 2021). 6805:from the original on 30 July 2018 5950:"2018 CODATA recommended values" 5170:Neutron capture therapy of cancer 4493:Sources of neutrons for research. 3018:. The nuclear force results from 1823: 822:produce free neutrons for use in 16:Subatomic particle with no charge 16514: 16502: 16490: 16463: 16066:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit 15957: 15818: 15807: 15806: 15794: 15483:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) 13981: 13874:Timeline of particle discoveries 12866: 12839: 12827: 12810: 12798: 12786: 12763: 12695: 12644: 12632: 12603: 12586: 12546: 12534: 12505: 12493: 12463: 12451: 12404: 12392: 12370: 12342: 12330: 12305: 12268: 12222: 12210: 12198: 12186: 12164: 12147: 12130: 12106: 12094: 12071: 12059: 12047: 12023: 12006: 11967: 11935: 11918: 11847: 11835: 11190: 11164: 10920: 10882: 10852: 10839: 10803:Radiobiology for the radiologist 10793: 10754: 10735: 10716: 10671: 10592: 10573: 10548: 10527: 10484: 10262: 10213: 10184: 10129: 10061: 10018: 9927: 9805: 9761:Spyrou, A.; et al. (2012). 9607: 9588: 9569: 9550: 8665:. 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Protons and neutrons are not 639:slightly greater than that of a 43: 14572:Historical stockpiles and tests 12900:ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility 11231:from the original on 2019-01-26 11153:from the original on 2021-02-24 10909:from the original on 2024-05-12 10871:from the original on 2021-01-25 10828:from the original on 2024-05-12 10660:from the original on 2024-05-12 10414:from the original on 2019-12-23 10118:from the original on 2022-06-14 10007:from the original on 2017-07-29 9871:from the original on 2024-05-12 9815:"Detection of neutron clusters" 9743:from the original on 2024-05-12 9531: 9520:from the original on 2011-06-07 9439: 9427:from the original on 2 May 2015 9395:from the original on 2020-04-20 9348: 9285: 9001:from the original on 2022-04-07 8809: 8736: 8697:from the original on 2007-10-25 8649: 8638:from the original on 2018-12-26 8574: 8545: 8462: 8384: 8333: 8275: 8224: 8179: 8134: 8089: 8055:"Bakerian Lecture. The Neutron" 8046: 8005:from the original on 2024-02-08 7921: 7910:from the original on 2022-03-04 7885: 7840: 7795: 7750: 7623: 7565: 7498: 7464:"Nuclear Constitution of Atoms" 7396: 7384:from the original on 2 May 2024 7286:from the original on 2013-02-21 7256: 7221: 7176:McKie, Robin (10 August 2019). 7157:from the original on 8 May 2024 7112:Journal of Mathematical Physics 7077:Journal of Mathematical Physics 7024: 6961:from the original on 2023-08-18 6922: 6911:from the original on 2024-04-01 6835:from the original on 2021-10-13 6825:"How Long Does a Neutron Live?" 6817: 6689: 6577:Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics 6488: 6477:from the original on 2024-05-01 6414: 6404: 6292: 6201:from the original on 2019-05-09 6105:from the original on 2020-06-01 5818:Neutron capture nucleosynthesis 5598:knocking them loose from nuclei 5531:are used to moderate neutrons. 4710: 4495:These include certain types of 3122:Heisenberg uncertainty relation 2753:Competition of beta decay types 2242:The free neutron has a mass of 1773:The nucleus of the most common 15473:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) 14355:Single-photon emission (SPECT) 11204:Radiation Protection Dosimetry 11171:Freeman, Tami (May 23, 2008). 10849:. Charles C Thomas 3rd edition 10632:(3). IOP Publishing: 259–335. 10626:Reports on Progress in Physics 9913:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.052501 9790:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.102501 9662:10.1088/0954-3899/37/7A/075021 7697:Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume 6889:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.162501 6212: 6146:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons 5889:Cosmogenic radionuclide dating 5676:reactions often have multiple 5638:half of the time and produces 5502:Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution 5321:Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution 5260:effects neutron absorption in 5103:small-angle neutron scattering 4792:Small-angle neutron scattering 4622:nuclear fusion-fission hybrids 4431:are useful for this purpose. 4140: 4091:Neutron electric dipole moment 1: 15801:Nuclear technology portal 9713:Thoennessen, Michael (2016). 9480:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.112001 9105:Compendium of Quantum Physics 6349:Quantum Mechanics: Symmetries 6219:Giancoli, Douglas C. (1984). 6080:10.1088/1674-1137/38/9/090001 5894: 5761:and far more likely to cause 5215: 5196:boron neutron capture therapy 3998:their mass originates in the 3692:which counteracts gravity in 3306: 3291:. Just three years later the 2979:. The neutron is therefore a 1903: 1718:), and a number of neutrons, 861:Neutrons in an atomic nucleus 760:through fission, fusion, and 16351:Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) 16294:Electron degeneracy pressure 15663:Field-reversed configuration 15273:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz 13890:History of subatomic physics 11564:Field-reversed configuration 11090:10.1016/0375-9601(86)90587-6 11055:10.1016/0375-9601(77)90434-0 10600:Neutrons, Nuclei, and Matter 10535:Neutrons, Nuclei, and Matter 9727:10.1007/978-3-319-31763-2_16 9635:"Review of Particle Physics" 9386:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90162-9 9230:Cho, Adrian (2 April 2010). 9163:(16): 514–517, erratum 650. 9123:10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_32 7326:10.1126/science.226.4677.922 7056:Neutrons, Nuclei, and Matter 6320:The Structure of the Nucleon 6278:10.1126/science.278.5338.571 6041:"Review of Particle Physics" 5858:Processes involving neutrons 5646:Intermediate-energy neutrons 5574:and traveling at 17% of the 5212:a research nuclear reactor. 4984:ISIS Neutron and Muon Source 4809:Inelastic neutron scattering 4259: 4193:Dineutrons and tetraneutrons 3058: 2602:. Protons and neutrons of a 2350:Intrinsic properties section 756:of chemical elements within 667:; each is composed of three 459:Magnetic polarizability 368:Electric polarizability 7: 15620:Aircraft Reactor Experiment 14805: 14567:States with nuclear weapons 10903:10.13140/RG.2.2.26033.04963 9326:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.1071 9072:Perkins, Donald H. (1982). 8306:American Journal of Physics 7582:10.1007/978-3-540-78801-0_3 6721:Quark-Mixing, CKM-Unitarity 6683:10.1016/j.physb.2007.02.055 6529:. Oxford University Press. 6386:Physics 250: Modern Physics 5929:1935 Nobel Prize in Physics 5772: 5134:neutron activation analysis 4824:Backscattering spectrometer 4819:Time-of-flight spectrometer 4470:Natural neutron background. 3567:particle, that is, it is a 3549:The neutron is a spin 3295:was able to test the first 1441:High-energy nuclear physics 346:Electric dipole moment 10: 16563: 15633: 15458:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR) 14582:Tests in the United States 11139:10.1016/j.nima.2019.163112 10638:10.1088/0034-4885/46/3/001 10247:10.1016/j.nima.2018.07.035 10146:(6): 1250033–1–1250033–7. 10027:"Can Four Neutrons Tango?" 9961:10.1038/s41586-022-04827-6 9849:10.1103/PhysRevC.65.044006 9595:SNS Neutron EDM Experiment 9585:. Retrieved on 2017-02-08. 9214:10.1103/physrevlett.13.643 9177:10.1103/physrevlett.13.514 8914:Astronomy and Astrophysics 8767:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.819 8028:Rutherford's Nuclear World 7691:Stuewer, Roger H. (1985). 7676:Nuclear and Radiochemistry 7605:Hendry, John, ed. (1984). 7436:Cambridge University Press 7236:Cambridge University Press 6770:10.1103/RevModPhys.83.1173 6634:10.1103/PhysRevA.86.023843 5753:or in the atmosphere from 5631:discussions and treaties. 5547: 5451: 5300: 5163: 4450: 4263: 4234: 4196: 4159:in 1956, a year after the 4144: 4088: 3709: 3698: 3124:of quantum mechanics. The 3112:). References to the word 3062: 2918: 2897:via an intermediate heavy 2847:via an intermediate heavy 2552: 2542: 2232: 1907: 362:(experimental upper limit) 25: 18: 16458: 16422: 16374: 16314: 16299:Pauli exclusion principle 16218: 16134: 16074: 16048: 15999:Supernova nucleosynthesis 15966: 15955: 15932:Cataclysmic variable star 15877: 15788: 15744: 15696: 15653: 15643: 15595: 15583:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR) 15496: 15478:Reduced-moderation (RMWR) 15443: 15426: 15366: 15293: 15285:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR) 15259: 15250: 15202: 15182: 15135: 15117: 15073: 14978: 14960: 14828: 14815: 14800: 14787: 14742: 14675: 14620: 14611: 14559: 14467: 14458: 14425: 14368: 14330: 14321: 14242: 14174: 14097: 14039: 14035: 13979: 13882: 13846: 13763: 13724: 13694: 13668: 13664: 13655: 13587: 13555: 13482: 13417: 13399: 13295: 13250: 13222: 13213: 13204: 13186: 13164: 13136: 13127: 13043: 12970: 12961: 12952: 12890: 12858: 12778: 12755: 12687: 12680: 12669: 12622: 12578: 12524: 12483: 12446: 12437: 12362: 12320: 12260: 12251: 12086: 11957: 11827: 11801: 11792: 11781: 11770: 11728: 11701: 11673: 11650: 11554: 11466: 11446: 11418:Fusion energy gain factor 11348: 11012:10.1007/s10751-012-0578-7 10861:"How neutrons are useful" 10779:10.1080/10448639508217696 10199:. John Wiley & Sons. 10170:10.1142/S0217732312500332 10025:Orr, Nigel (2016-02-03). 9719:The Discovery of Isotopes 8722:. University of Chicago. 7559:10.1080/00107516008202611 7519:10.1080/14786442108633770 6750:Reviews of Modern Physics 6171:Brucer, Marshall (1978). 5519:. In reactors, typically 4673:neutron's magnetic moment 4572:source of the latter type 4129:Spallation Neutron Source 4105:beyond the Standard Model 3686:Pauli exclusion principle 2653:. Nitrogen-14 is stable. 2624:Pauli exclusion principle 2596:quantum mechanical system 2569:electromagnetic repulsion 2559:Beta-decay stable isobars 1726:), bound together by the 538: 528: 503: 473: 457: 382: 366: 344: 309: 292: 229: 218: 207: 195: 135: 111: 101: 89: 72: 62: 42: 16255:Fundamental interactions 15488:Dual fluid reactor (DFR) 15104:Steam-generating (SGHWR) 14440:Electron-beam processing 13907:mathematical formulation 13502:Eta and eta prime mesons 11109:Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 10847:The Physics of Radiology 10191:Knoll, Glenn F. (1979). 10139:Modern Physics Letters A 8233:"The Neutron Hypothesis" 7957:Chadwick, James (1932). 7609:. Bristol: Adam Hilger. 6929:Anonymous (2013-11-27). 6456:Modern Nuclear Chemistry 6453:Loveland, W. D. (2005). 5265:in order to sustain the 5093:is commonly employed in 4814:Triple-axis spectrometer 4594:Nuclear fission reactors 3661:Stern–Gerlach experiment 3277:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 3065:Discovery of the neutron 2273:. This mass is equal to 779:. With the discovery of 26:Not to be confused with 21:Neutron (disambiguation) 16341:Quantum electrodynamics 15947:Super soft X-ray source 15603:Organic nuclear reactor 14775:Nuclear power phase-out 14698:Nuclear decommissioning 14638:Reactor-grade plutonium 14388:Targeted alpha-particle 14267:Accidents and incidents 13569:Double-charm tetraquark 11343:, processes and devices 9892:Physical Review Letters 9768:Physical Review Letters 9449:Physical Review Letters 9295:Physical Review Letters 9193:Physical Review Letters 9156:Physical Review Letters 8927:1996A&A...305..871B 8898:10.1103/PhysRev.96.1546 8847:10.1103/PhysRev.76.1413 8746:Physical Review Letters 8720:Enrico Fermi: Physicist 8585:Die Naturwissenschaften 8552:Rife, Patricia (1999). 8473:Die Naturwissenschaften 7934:Oxford University Press 7462:Rutherford, E. (1920). 7409:Oxford University Press 7147:"Why is matter stable?" 6859:Physical Review Letters 6013:. Particle Data Group. 5835:Thermal-neutron reactor 5798:Sievert radiation scale 5625:reactor grade plutonium 5448:Fission energy neutrons 4876:Neutron capture therapy 4617:nuclear fusion reactors 4151:The antineutron is the 4123:Paul Scherrer Institute 3712:Nucleon magnetic moment 3599:reduced Planck constant 3544: 3311: 952:Interacting boson model 16450:Physics of shock waves 16210:Observational timeline 16056:Gravitational collapse 10800:Hall, Eric J. (2000). 8964:10.1103/physrev.57.111 8420:10.1098/rspa.1935.0162 8189:Zeitschrift für Physik 8144:Zeitschrift für Physik 8099:Zeitschrift für Physik 8082:10.1098/rspa.1933.0152 7928:Brown, Andrew (1997). 7850:Zeitschrift für Physik 7805:Zeitschrift für Physik 7760:Zeitschrift für Physik 7724:Pais, Abraham (1986). 7491:10.1098/rspa.1920.0040 6955:10.1103/Physics.6.s150 5659: 5654:Transmutation flow in 5545: 5425: 5319:whose energies have a 5267:nuclear chain reaction 4829:Spin-echo spectrometer 4590: 4587:Institut Laue–Langevin 4447:Sources and production 4135:Institut Laue–Langevin 4117:Institut Laue–Langevin 4097:electric dipole moment 4085:Electric dipole moment 3931: 3897: 3468: 3383: 3382:{\displaystyle E_{rd}} 3349: 3228: 3218:Nobel Prize in Physics 2916: 2868: 1900: 1850:nuclear chain reaction 1809: 795:, 1942) and the first 785:nuclear chain reaction 777:nuclear transmutations 769:neutron was discovered 16346:Quantum hydrodynamics 14765:Anti-nuclear movement 13966:Wave–particle duality 13956:Relativistic particle 13093:Electron antineutrino 10316:Astroparticle Physics 8718:Emilio Segrè (1970). 8231:Iwanenko, D. (1932). 8053:Chadwick, J. (1933). 6521:Abraham Pais (1991). 6345:; Müller, B. (1994). 6322:, Wiley-WCH, Berlin, 5751:particle accelerators 5653: 5629:nuclear proliferation 5621:thermonuclear weapons 5609:nuclear weapon design 5607:. For these reasons, 5548:Further information: 5542: 5512:, such as U and Th). 5480:), hence a speed of ~ 5423: 5107:neutron reflectometry 4630:nuclear transmutation 4608:, which is a type of 4585: 4517:particle accelerators 3932: 3898: 3811:, quantum mechanical 3469: 3384: 3350: 3348:{\displaystyle B_{d}} 3241:process of beta decay 3226: 3193:Frédéric Joliot-Curie 3187:. The following year 3049:electron antineutrino 2874: 2845:electron antineutrino 2820: 1866: 1807: 1339:High-energy processes 1037:– equal all the above 935:Models of the nucleus 734:electromagnetic force 340:(experimental limits) 16440:Nuclear astrophysics 16228:Elementary particles 15673:Reversed field pinch 15468:Traveling-wave (TWR) 14952:Supercritical (SCWR) 14450:Gemstone irradiation 13196:Faddeev–Popov ghosts 12946:Particles in physics 11480:Triple-alpha process 11428:Magnetohydrodynamics 11380:List of technologies 10460:10.1002/2016JD025445 10404:10.1002/2014JD022229 10054:10.1103/Physics.9.14 9640:Journal of Physics G 9633:Nakamura, K (2010). 9516:. 20 February 2006. 9514:University of Sussex 9263:"The Origin of Mass" 9261:Wilczek, F. (2003). 8693:. Nobel Foundation. 8434:Cooper, Dan (1999). 7538:Contemporary Physics 7403:Adair, R.K. (1989). 7000:10.6028/jres.110.064 6005:Zyla, P. A. (2020). 5745:High-energy neutrons 5682:fast-neutron reactor 5323:with kT = 5166:Fast neutron therapy 5006:Under construction: 4871:Fast neutron therapy 4507:), and from certain 4115:being set up at the 3912: 3878: 3727:Berkeley, California 3396: 3363: 3332: 3301:Trinity nuclear test 3220:for this discovery. 3209:Cavendish Laboratory 2769:, 43%; both forming 2581:neutron–proton ratio 2072:decay products, and 1375:nuclear astrophysics 665:elementary particles 384:Magnetic moment 311:Electric charge 16289:Degeneracy pressure 16219:Particles, forces, 16061:Chandrasekhar limit 14838:Aqueous homogeneous 14633:Reprocessed uranium 14306:Safety and security 13971:Particle chauvinism 13914:Subatomic particles 12558:Lockheed Martin CFR 11512:Proton–proton chain 11375:List of experiments 11131:2020NIMPA.95363112D 11082:1986PhLA..116..347S 11047:1977PhLA...62..337G 11004:2012HyInt.211...21L 10941:2022SPIE12151E..09H 10694:1992Natur.357..390K 10452:2017JGRD..122.1365K 10395:2015JGRD..120.1620K 10339:2004APh....21..667C 10238:2018NIMPA.904..100G 10162:2012MPLA...2750033L 10096:2015ARNPS..65..303G 10045:2016PhyOJ...9...14O 9953:2022Natur.606..678D 9905:2016PhRvL.116e2501K 9841:2002PhRvC..65d4006M 9781:2012PhRvL.108j2501S 9653:2010JPhG...37g5021N 9472:2007PhRvL..99k2001M 9378:1982PhLB..116..434M 9318:1995PhRvL..74.1071J 9206:1964PhRvL..13..643S 9169:1964PhRvL..13..514B 9038:1969NCimA..61...27G 8956:1940PhRv...57..111A 8890:1954PhRv...96.1546S 8839:1949PhRv...76.1413H 8759:1986PhRvL..56..819G 8598:1939NW.....27...89H 8531:1958SciAm.198b..76H 8518:Scientific American 8486:1939NW.....27...11H 8411:1935RSPSA.151..479C 8360:1934Natur.134..237C 8319:1968AmJPh..36.1150W 8281:Miller A.I. (1995) 8251:1932Natur.129..798I 8202:1933ZPhy...80..587H 8157:1932ZPhy...78..156H 8112:1932ZPhy...77....1H 8073:1933RSPSA.142....1C 7980:1932Natur.129Q.312C 7863:1932ZPhy...76..421B 7818:1930ZPhy...66..289B 7773:1929ZPhy...53..157K 7646:1978PhT....31i..23B 7551:1960ConPh...1..191F 7482:1920RSPSA..97..374R 7417:1988gdpf.book.....A 7372:Gilbert, Thomas R. 7318:1984Sci...226..922F 7124:1968JMP.....9..698L 7089:1967JMP.....8..423D 6947:2013PhyOJ...6S.150. 6881:2021PhRvL.127p2501G 6762:2011RvMP...83.1173W 6675:2007PhyB..397..188O 6626:2012PhRvA..86b3843A 6270:1997Sci...278..571S 6180:J. Nuclear Medicine 6072:2014ChPhC..38i0001O 5869:Neutron diffraction 5656:light water reactor 5303:Neutron temperature 5297:Neutron temperature 5152:hydrogen nuclei, a 5099:neutron diffraction 4852:Activation analysis 4787:Neutron diffraction 4743:Neutron temperature 4626:subcritical reactor 4536:spontaneous fission 4501:spontaneous fission 4182:standard deviations 3690:degeneracy pressure 2632:stability of matter 2600:nuclear shell model 2573:nuclear interaction 2555:Valley of stability 1736:chemical properties 1357:Photodisintegration 1280:Capturing processes 1194:Spontaneous fission 1187:Internal conversion 1118:Valley of stability 1113:Island of stability 947:Nuclear shell model 676:chemical properties 39: 16509:Nuclear technology 16445:Physical cosmology 16399:Quark–gluon plasma 16260:Strong interaction 15752:Dense plasma focus 14667:Actinide chemistry 14132:Isotope separation 14029:Nuclear technology 11591:Dense plasma focus 11285:Sin-Itiro Tomonaga 11217:10.1093/rpd/nci033 10982:Hyperfine Interact 10949:10.1117/12.2623661 10747:2014-03-08 at the 10728:2012-01-24 at the 10585:2022-02-25 at the 10508:(Suppl 1): 94–96. 9715:"Unbound Isotopes" 9691:2012-09-20 at the 9619:2011-08-23 at the 9600:2011-02-10 at the 9581:2017-04-30 at the 9562:2015-09-25 at the 9543:2012-02-16 at the 9271:MIT Physics Annual 9046:10.1007/BF02760010 9025:Il Nuovo Cimento A 8606:10.1007/BF01488988 8494:10.1007/BF01488241 8210:10.1007/BF01335696 8165:10.1007/BF01337585 8120:10.1007/BF01342433 8034:on 21 October 2014 7871:10.1007/BF01336726 7826:10.1007/BF01390908 7781:10.1007/BF01339716 7355:2024-05-02 at the 7272:Los Alamos Science 7036:2011-10-26 at the 6702:2023-09-25 at the 6500:2011-09-10 at the 6304:2009-08-17 at the 5987:2013-10-09 at the 5957:2018-01-22 at the 5934:2017-10-03 at the 5912:2011-08-03 at the 5779:Ionizing radiation 5660: 5613:cause more fission 5546: 5434:Ultracold neutrons 5429:Ultracold neutrons 5426: 5411:neutron scattering 5177:Neutron tomography 5095:neutron scattering 5048:neutron activation 4928:Neutron facilities 4862:Ultracold neutrons 4847:Neutron tomography 4839:Other applications 4778:Neutron scattering 4685:velocity selection 4606:neutron activation 4591: 4521:neutron generators 4287:elastic scattering 3927: 3893: 3464: 3379: 3345: 3229: 3189:Irène Joliot-Curie 2981:composite particle 2917: 2869: 2747:inverse beta decay 2745:A rarer reaction, 2235:Free neutron decay 2229:The "free" neutron 1901: 1873:nucleus of an atom 1816:. The concept of 1810: 1756:atomic mass number 1654:Physics portal 1448:Quark–gluon plasma 1231:Radiogenic nuclide 844:ionizing radiation 828:neutron scattering 820:spallation sources 812:neutron generators 597:subatomic particle 294:Mean lifetime 37: 16478: 16477: 16376:Degenerate matter 16361:Color confinement 16324:Quantum mechanics 16021:Carbon detonation 15967:Stellar processes 15834: 15833: 15784: 15783: 15780: 15779: 15731:Magnetized-target 15628: 15627: 15591: 15590: 15422: 15421: 15418: 15417: 15362: 15361: 15246: 15245: 15178: 15177: 14783: 14782: 14738: 14737: 14607: 14606: 14594:Weapon-free zones 14421: 14420: 14413:Radiopharmacology 13995: 13994: 13951:Massless particle 13759: 13758: 13755: 13754: 13720: 13719: 13583: 13582: 13395: 13394: 13391: 13390: 13343:Magnetic monopole 13291: 13290: 13182: 13181: 13123: 13122: 13103:Muon antineutrino 13088:Electron neutrino 12912: 12911: 12908: 12907: 12886: 12885: 12854: 12853: 12805:Asterix IV (PALS) 12618: 12617: 12520: 12519: 12433: 12432: 12247: 12246: 11766: 11765: 11724: 11723: 11683:Bubble (acoustic) 11665:Magnetized target 11642:Toroidal solenoid 11398: 11397: 11289:The Story of Spin 10688:(6377): 390–391. 10288:978-1-7281-4164-0 9947:(7915): 678–682. 9819:Physical Review C 9736:978-3-319-31761-8 9512:(Press release). 9365:Physics Letters B 9132:978-3-540-70622-9 9089:978-0-201-05757-7 8994:978-0-7167-4345-3 8791:J. Byrne (2011). 8676:978-0-387-95089-1 8657:Bernstein, Jeremy 8567:978-0-8176-3732-3 8447:978-0-19-511762-2 8354:(3381): 237–238. 8327:10.1119/1.1974382 8313:(12): 1150–1160. 8196:(9–10): 587–596. 7943:978-0-19-853992-6 7654:10.1063/1.2995181 7591:978-3-540-13609-5 7312:(4677): 922–935. 7249:978-0-521-31960-7 7132:10.1063/1.1664631 7097:10.1063/1.1705209 6613:Physical Review A 6590:978-0-387-01672-6 6561:978-3-540-43823-6 6470:978-0-471-11532-8 6436:978-0-387-01672-6 6329:978-3-527-40297-7 6264:(5338): 571–572. 6232:978-0-13-350884-0 6155:978-1-60322-016-3 6049:Chinese Physics C 5907:Ernest Rutherford 5884:Neutron transport 5847:Neutron generator 5794:Neutron radiation 5789:List of particles 5517:neutron moderator 5510:fertile materials 5378:to slow down, or 5376:neutron moderator 5184:Radiation therapy 5160:Medical therapies 5091:neutron radiation 5066:of elements like 5044: 5043: 4904:Neutron moderator 4646:neutron transport 4602:neutron radiation 4554:, which produces 4509:nuclear reactions 4497:radioactive decay 4457:Neutron generator 4266:Neutron detection 4188:Neutron compounds 3995: 3994: 3318:mass spectrometry 3293:Manhattan Project 3257:nuclear reactions 3249:Maurice Goldhaber 3233:Werner Heisenberg 3096:(neuter) and the 3076:Ernest Rutherford 2895:electron neutrino 2763:positron emission 2598:according to the 2514:ionization energy 1916:radioactive decay 1854:nuclear reactions 1799:table of nuclides 1704: 1703: 1390: 1136:Radioactive decay 1092:Nuclear stability 919:Nuclear structure 816:research reactors 589: 588: 212:Ernest Rutherford 16554: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16507: 16506: 16505: 16495: 16494: 16486: 16470:Stars portal 16468: 16467: 16265:Weak interaction 16221:and interactions 16205:Electroweak star 16099:Pair instability 16016:Electron capture 15961: 15861: 15854: 15847: 15838: 15837: 15822: 15821: 15810: 15809: 15799: 15798: 15797: 15709: 15668:Levitated dipole 15638: 15630: 15629: 15578:Helium gas (GFR) 15441: 15440: 15436: 15373: 15372: 15257: 15256: 15207: 15206: 15200: 15199: 15195: 15194: 14976: 14975: 14972: 14971: 14810: 14802: 14801: 14794:Nuclear reactors 14789: 14788: 14688:High-level (HLW) 14618: 14617: 14465: 14464: 14445:Food irradiation 14435:Atomic gardening 14328: 14327: 14311:Nuclear meltdown 14137:Nuclear material 14127:Fissile material 14122:Fertile material 14037: 14036: 14022: 14015: 14008: 13999: 13998: 13985: 13961:Virtual particle 13732:Mesonic molecule 13666: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13507:Bottom eta meson 13415: 13414: 13406: 13405: 13378:W′ and Z′ bosons 13368:Sterile neutrino 13353:Majorana fermion 13220: 13219: 13211: 13210: 13134: 13133: 13113:Tau antineutrino 12968: 12967: 12959: 12958: 12939: 12932: 12925: 12916: 12915: 12871: 12870: 12869: 12844: 12843: 12842: 12832: 12831: 12830: 12815: 12814: 12813: 12803: 12802: 12801: 12791: 12790: 12789: 12768: 12767: 12766: 12700: 12699: 12698: 12685: 12684: 12678: 12677: 12649: 12648: 12647: 12637: 12636: 12635: 12624:Magneto-inertial 12608: 12607: 12606: 12591: 12590: 12589: 12551: 12550: 12549: 12539: 12538: 12537: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12498: 12497: 12496: 12468: 12467: 12466: 12456: 12455: 12454: 12444: 12443: 12424: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12397: 12396: 12395: 12382:Wendelstein 7-AS 12375: 12374: 12373: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12310: 12309: 12308: 12273: 12272: 12271: 12258: 12257: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12215: 12214: 12213: 12203: 12202: 12201: 12191: 12190: 12189: 12169: 12168: 12167: 12152: 12151: 12150: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12126: 12111: 12110: 12109: 12099: 12098: 12097: 12076: 12075: 12074: 12064: 12063: 12062: 12052: 12051: 12050: 12043: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12011: 12010: 12009: 11972: 11971: 11970: 11950: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11923: 11922: 11921: 11876:Electric Tokamak 11852: 11851: 11850: 11840: 11839: 11838: 11799: 11798: 11790: 11789: 11779: 11778: 11660:Magnetized liner 11652:Magneto-inertial 11569:Levitated dipole 11464: 11463: 11453: 11452: 11423:Lawson criterion 11353: 11352: 11334: 11327: 11320: 11311: 11310: 11240: 11239: 11237: 11236: 11211:(1–4): 140–143. 11194: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11158: 11124: 11100: 11094: 11093: 11065: 11059: 11058: 11030: 11024: 11023: 10997: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10914: 10886: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10856: 10850: 10843: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10833: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10758: 10752: 10739: 10733: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10702:10.1038/357390a0 10675: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10665: 10622:"Neutron optics" 10617: 10611: 10596: 10590: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10568: 10567: 10558:. Archived from 10552: 10546: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10516:. Archived from 10497: 10488: 10482: 10481: 10471: 10446:(2): 1365–1383. 10429: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10419: 10413: 10406: 10389:(4): 1620–1635. 10378: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10332: 10310: 10301: 10300: 10273:. pp. 1–3. 10266: 10260: 10259: 10249: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10155: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10123: 10089: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10022: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10012: 9997: 9991: 9990: 9980: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9834: 9809: 9803: 9802: 9792: 9758: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9748: 9710: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9684: 9674: 9664: 9630: 9624: 9611: 9605: 9592: 9586: 9573: 9567: 9554: 9548: 9535: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9465: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9394: 9361: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9311: 9302:(7): 1071–1074. 9289: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9267: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9227: 9218: 9217: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9116: 9100: 9094: 9093: 9069: 9058: 9057: 9019: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9006: 8974: 8968: 8967: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8908: 8902: 8901: 8884:(6): 1546–1548. 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8855: 8849:. Archived from 8833:(9): 1413–1414. 8822: 8813: 8807: 8806: 8788: 8779: 8778: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8715: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8632:Nobel Foundation 8624: 8618: 8617: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8559: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8466: 8460: 8459: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8405:(873): 479–493. 8388: 8382: 8381: 8371: 8369:10.1038/134237a0 8337: 8331: 8330: 8300: 8294: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8262: 8260:10.1038/129798d0 8228: 8222: 8221: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8151:(3–4): 156–164. 8138: 8132: 8131: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8004: 7988:10.1038/129312a0 7963: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7857:(7–8): 421–438. 7844: 7838: 7837: 7812:(5–6): 289–306. 7799: 7793: 7792: 7767:(3–4): 157–165. 7754: 7748: 7747: 7731: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7688: 7679: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7532: 7523: 7522: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7476:(686): 374–400. 7459: 7450: 7449: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7369: 7360: 7347: 7338: 7337: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7285: 7268: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7209:. 10 August 2019 7207:PBS: Nova Online 7199: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7072: 7066: 7052: 7041: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7011: 6979: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6874: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6756:(4): 1173–1192. 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6716: 6707: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6669:(1–2): 188–191. 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6609: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6528: 6518: 6505: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6450: 6441: 6440: 6418: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6382:"Nuclear Energy" 6378: 6369: 6368: 6352: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6315: 6309: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6200: 6177: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6141: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6104: 6065: 6045: 6036: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6002: 5996: 5978: 5961: 5948: 5939: 5926: 5917: 5904: 5808:Nuclear reaction 5617:depleted uranium 5562:) fusion is the 5487: 5485: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5372:fission reactors 5365:chemical element 5340: 5335: 5329: 5313:Thermal neutrons 5308:Thermal neutrons 5056:nuclear reactors 5036: 5029: 5022: 4908:Neutron optics: 4896:Research reactor 4730: 4715: 4714: 4705:magnetic mirrors 4689:Thermal neutrons 4654:research reactor 4652:that operates a 4650:neutron facility 4540:Nuclear reaction 4505:neutron emission 4461:Research reactor 4430: 4429: 4428: 4421: 4420: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4403: 4402: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4385: 4384: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4367: 4366: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4349: 4348: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4331: 4330: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4313: 4312: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4163:was discovered. 4063: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4032: 4026: 4008:first principles 3936: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3861: 3860: 3842: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3757:nuclear magneton 3747: 3746: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3536: 3528: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3447: 3446: 3434: 3433: 3421: 3420: 3408: 3407: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3358: 3355:) of the single 3354: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3269:Fritz Strassmann 3148: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3128:, discovered by 3072:Rutherford model 3041:weak interaction 2983:classified as a 2978: 2974: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2905: 2904: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2883: 2882: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2855: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2832: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2797: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2777: 2767:electron capture 2741: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2729: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2711: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2694: 2693: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2675: 2662:electron capture 2652: 2651:5,730 years 2563:Neutron emission 2534: 2511: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2482: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2443: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2426: 2425: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2407: 2388: 2386: 2376: 2368: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2306: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2264: 2258: 2250: 2247: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2179: 2178: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2160: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2102: 2101: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2083: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2034: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2017: 2016: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1973: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1956: 1955: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1938: 1937: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1882: 1846:fissile material 1842:potential energy 1696: 1689: 1682: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1528:Skłodowska-Curie 1388: 1204:Neutron emission 972:' classification 924:Nuclear reaction 879: 865: 864: 695:chemical element 634: 633: 632: 625: 624: 616: 615: 614: 607: 606: 584: 582: 581: 578: 575: 568: 566: 565: 562: 559: 524: 522: 521: 518: 515: 493: 491: 490: 487: 484: 469: 467: 453: 443: 440: 434: 424: 420: 417: 402: 400: 396: 393: 378: 376: 361: 355: 339: 332: 328: 322: 300: 288: 283: 280: 277: 271: 263: 260: 254: 249: 245: 242: 239: 191: 190: 189: 182: 181: 173: 172: 171: 164: 163: 155: 154: 153: 146: 145: 47: 40: 36: 16562: 16561: 16557: 16556: 16555: 16553: 16552: 16551: 16527: 16526: 16525: 16515: 16513: 16503: 16501: 16489: 16481: 16479: 16474: 16462: 16454: 16418: 16370: 16310: 16279:Pair production 16220: 16214: 16188:Shell collapsar 16137: 16130: 16070: 16044: 16030:Gamma-ray burst 16010:Bondi accretion 15984:Nucleosynthesis 15962: 15953: 15912:Stellar physics 15873: 15865: 15835: 15830: 15795: 15793: 15776: 15740: 15707: 15692: 15649: 15639: 15634: 15624: 15587: 15492: 15437: 15430: 15429: 15414: 15358: 15289: 15264: 15242: 15214: 15196: 15189: 15188: 15187: 15174: 15140: 15131: 15113: 15078: 15069: 14983: 14966: 14965: 14964: 14956: 14870:Natural fission 14824: 14823: 14811: 14806: 14796: 14779: 14755:Nuclear weapons 14734: 14693:Low-level (LLW) 14671: 14603: 14555: 14454: 14417: 14364: 14317: 14238: 14170: 14093: 14031: 14026: 13996: 13991: 13975: 13929:Nuclear physics 13878: 13842: 13778:Davydov soliton 13751: 13716: 13690: 13651: 13579: 13551: 13478: 13387: 13287: 13246: 13200: 13178: 13160: 13119: 13039: 12948: 12943: 12913: 12904: 12882: 12867: 12865: 12850: 12840: 12838: 12828: 12826: 12811: 12809: 12799: 12797: 12787: 12785: 12774: 12764: 12762: 12751: 12696: 12694: 12672: 12665: 12645: 12643: 12633: 12631: 12614: 12604: 12602: 12587: 12585: 12574: 12547: 12545: 12535: 12533: 12516: 12506: 12504: 12494: 12492: 12479: 12464: 12462: 12452: 12450: 12429: 12418: 12405: 12403: 12393: 12391: 12387:Wendelstein 7-X 12371: 12369: 12358: 12343: 12341: 12331: 12329: 12322: 12316: 12306: 12304: 12269: 12267: 12243: 12223: 12221: 12211: 12209: 12199: 12197: 12187: 12185: 12165: 12163: 12148: 12146: 12131: 12129: 12120: 12107: 12105: 12095: 12093: 12082: 12072: 12070: 12060: 12058: 12048: 12046: 12037: 12024: 12022: 12007: 12005: 11968: 11966: 11959: 11953: 11944: 11936: 11934: 11919: 11917: 11848: 11846: 11836: 11834: 11823: 11784: 11773: 11762: 11720: 11697: 11669: 11646: 11574:Magnetic mirror 11550: 11537:Silicon-burning 11522:Lithium burning 11459: 11448: 11442: 11408:Nuclear reactor 11394: 11344: 11338: 11295:Herwig Schopper 11248: 11246:Further reading 11243: 11234: 11232: 11195: 11191: 11182: 11180: 11169: 11165: 11156: 11154: 11101: 11097: 11066: 11062: 11031: 11027: 10978: 10974: 10959: 10925: 10921: 10912: 10910: 10887: 10883: 10874: 10872: 10857: 10853: 10844: 10840: 10831: 10829: 10814: 10798: 10794: 10759: 10755: 10749:Wayback Machine 10740: 10736: 10730:Wayback Machine 10721: 10717: 10676: 10672: 10663: 10661: 10618: 10614: 10597: 10593: 10587:Wayback Machine 10578: 10574: 10565: 10563: 10554: 10553: 10549: 10532: 10528: 10520: 10495: 10489: 10485: 10430: 10426: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10376: 10366: 10362: 10311: 10304: 10289: 10267: 10263: 10218: 10214: 10207: 10189: 10185: 10134: 10130: 10121: 10119: 10066: 10062: 10023: 10019: 10010: 10008: 9999: 9998: 9994: 9932: 9928: 9887: 9883: 9874: 9872: 9832:nucl-ex/0111001 9810: 9806: 9759: 9755: 9746: 9744: 9737: 9711: 9707: 9698: 9696: 9693:Wayback Machine 9631: 9627: 9621:Wayback Machine 9612: 9608: 9602:Wayback Machine 9593: 9589: 9583:Wayback Machine 9574: 9570: 9564:Wayback Machine 9555: 9551: 9545:Wayback Machine 9536: 9532: 9523: 9521: 9508: 9507: 9503: 9444: 9440: 9430: 9428: 9411: 9407: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9359: 9353: 9349: 9290: 9286: 9278: 9265: 9259: 9255: 9245: 9243: 9228: 9221: 9200:(21): 643–646. 9188: 9184: 9151: 9147: 9133: 9101: 9097: 9090: 9070: 9061: 9020: 9013: 9004: 9002: 8995: 8987:. p. 310. 8975: 8971: 8943:Physical Review 8938: 8934: 8909: 8905: 8877:Physical Review 8872: 8868: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8826:Physical Review 8820: 8814: 8810: 8803: 8789: 8782: 8741: 8737: 8730: 8716: 8709: 8700: 8698: 8689: 8688: 8684: 8677: 8654: 8650: 8641: 8639: 8626: 8625: 8621: 8579: 8575: 8568: 8550: 8546: 8513: 8509: 8467: 8463: 8448: 8432: 8428: 8389: 8385: 8338: 8334: 8301: 8297: 8280: 8276: 8229: 8225: 8184: 8180: 8139: 8135: 8094: 8090: 8051: 8047: 8037: 8035: 8022: 8021: 8017: 8008: 8006: 8002: 7961: 7955: 7951: 7944: 7926: 7922: 7913: 7911: 7890: 7886: 7845: 7841: 7800: 7796: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7689: 7682: 7673: 7669: 7628: 7624: 7617: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7570: 7566: 7533: 7526: 7503: 7499: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7428: 7424: 7411:. p. 214. 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7370: 7363: 7357:Wayback Machine 7348: 7341: 7302: 7298: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7257: 7250: 7226: 7222: 7212: 7210: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7186: 7184: 7174: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7151:Chemistry World 7143: 7139: 7108: 7104: 7073: 7069: 7053: 7044: 7038:Wayback Machine 7029: 7025: 6980: 6973: 6964: 6962: 6927: 6923: 6914: 6912: 6851: 6847: 6838: 6836: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6808: 6806: 6798:Quanta Magazine 6789: 6785: 6742: 6738: 6717: 6710: 6704:Wayback Machine 6694: 6690: 6657: 6653: 6643: 6641: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6583:. p. 155. 6573: 6569: 6562: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6519: 6508: 6502:Wayback Machine 6493: 6489: 6480: 6478: 6471: 6463:. p. 199. 6451: 6444: 6437: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6380: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6316: 6312: 6306:Wayback Machine 6297: 6293: 6252: 6248: 6233: 6222:General physics 6217: 6213: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6175: 6169: 6162: 6156: 6142: 6117: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6043: 6037: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6003: 5999: 5989:Wayback Machine 5979: 5964: 5959:Wayback Machine 5949: 5942: 5936:Wayback Machine 5927: 5920: 5914:Wayback Machine 5905: 5901: 5897: 5879:Neutron imaging 5860: 5843: 5841:Neutron sources 5813:Nucleosynthesis 5775: 5747: 5689:thermal reactor 5648: 5564:fusion reaction 5552: 5537: 5535:Fusion neutrons 5498:nuclear fission 5483: 5481: 5472: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5454:Nuclear fission 5450: 5431: 5396: 5384:nuclear fission 5333: 5331: 5324: 5310: 5305: 5299: 5291:neutron capture 5287:nuclear fission 5262:nuclear fission 5234:alpha particles 5218: 5189:gamma radiation 5172: 5164:Main articles: 5162: 5142:nuclear reactor 5109:. Slow neutron 5097:facilities for 5060:nuclear weapons 5040: 4892:Neutron sources 4713: 4669:magnetic fields 4642:neutron sources 4638: 4610:neutron capture 4574:is radioactive 4513:nuclear fission 4463: 4451:Main articles: 4449: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4299:neutron capture 4295: 4283:neutron capture 4268: 4262: 4243: 4235:Main articles: 4233: 4205: 4197:Main articles: 4195: 4190: 4175: 4171: 4169: 4149: 4143: 4093: 4087: 4070: 4056: 4043: 4041: 4030: 4028: 4019: 4016: 4014:Electric charge 3985: 3978: 3958: 3951: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3869:of quark model 3868: 3867:Magnetic moment 3856: 3849: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3821: 3809:nonrelativistic 3795: 3792: 3790: 3783:Benjamin W. Lee 3754: 3745: 3738: 3736: 3730: 3714: 3708: 3706:Magnetic moment 3703: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3455: 3451: 3442: 3438: 3429: 3425: 3416: 3412: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3370: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3339: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3314: 3309: 3289:nuclear reactor 3273:nuclear fission 3239:in 1934 by the 3199:, or any other 3185:gamma radiation 3167:radiation from 3143: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3067: 3061: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2923: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2823:Feynman diagram 2815: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2784: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2755: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2650: 2628:atomic orbitals 2612:quantum numbers 2565: 2551: 2549:Nuclear physics 2543:Main articles: 2541: 2529: 2506: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2384: 2382: 2366: 2364: 2346:magnetic fields 2342:magnetic moment 2338:electric fields 2323: 2314: 2312: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2262: 2260: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1912: 1906: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1834:nuclear fission 1826: 1783:chemical symbol 1768:mass equivalent 1700: 1659: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1637: 1473: 1463: 1462: 1443: 1433: 1432: 1377: 1373: 1370:Nucleosynthesis 1362: 1361: 1340: 1332: 1331: 1281: 1273: 1272: 1246: 1244:Nuclear fission 1236: 1235: 1209:Proton emission 1138: 1128: 1127: 1093: 1085: 1084: 986: 973: 962: 961: 937: 869:Nuclear physics 863: 808:neutron sources 789:nuclear reactor 781:nuclear fission 762:neutron capture 754:nucleosynthesis 746:nuclear fission 701:. For example, 661:nuclear physics 631: 629: 628: 627: 623: 621: 620: 619: 618: 613: 611: 610: 609: 605: 603: 602: 601: 600: 579: 576: 573: 572: 570: 563: 560: 557: 556: 554: 519: 516: 513: 512: 510: 488: 485: 482: 481: 479: 465: 463: 451: 441: 438: 436: 435: 432: 422: 418: 415: 413: 412: 398: 394: 391: 389: 374: 372: 353: 351: 330: 326: 324: 323: 315: 299:878.4(5) s 298: 281: 278: 275: 273: 272: 261: 258: 256: 255: 247: 243: 240: 237: 235: 188: 186: 185: 184: 180: 178: 177: 176: 175: 170: 168: 167: 166: 162: 160: 159: 158: 157: 152: 150: 149: 148: 144: 142: 141: 140: 139: 130:electromagnetic 58: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16560: 16550: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16524: 16523: 16511: 16499: 16476: 16475: 16473: 16472: 16459: 16456: 16455: 16453: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16426: 16424: 16423:Related topics 16420: 16419: 16417: 16416: 16414:Strange matter 16411: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16391: 16386: 16384:Neutron matter 16380: 16378: 16372: 16371: 16369: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16337: 16336: 16334:Basic concepts 16331: 16320: 16318: 16316:Quantum theory 16312: 16311: 16309: 16308: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16275: 16274: 16273: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16252: 16251: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16224: 16222: 16216: 16215: 16213: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16191: 16190: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16169: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16142: 16140: 16138:exotic objects 16132: 16131: 16129: 16128: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16089:Type Ib and Ic 16086: 16080: 16078: 16072: 16071: 16069: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16052: 16050: 16046: 16045: 16043: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16018: 16013: 16003: 16002: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15981: 15979:Surface fusion 15976: 15974:Nuclear fusion 15970: 15968: 15964: 15963: 15956: 15954: 15952: 15951: 15950: 15949: 15944: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15917:Stellar plasma 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15883: 15881: 15875: 15874: 15864: 15863: 15856: 15849: 15841: 15832: 15831: 15829: 15828: 15816: 15804: 15789: 15786: 15785: 15782: 15781: 15778: 15777: 15775: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15762:Muon-catalyzed 15759: 15754: 15748: 15746: 15742: 15741: 15739: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15722: 15721: 15711: 15702: 15700: 15694: 15693: 15691: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15659: 15657: 15651: 15650: 15644: 15641: 15640: 15626: 15625: 15623: 15622: 15617: 15616: 15615: 15610: 15599: 15597: 15593: 15592: 15589: 15588: 15586: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15569: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15502: 15500: 15494: 15493: 15491: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15453:Integral (IFR) 15450: 15444: 15438: 15427: 15424: 15423: 15420: 15419: 15416: 15415: 15413: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15381: 15379: 15370: 15364: 15363: 15360: 15359: 15357: 15356: 15355: 15354: 15349: 15348: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15317: 15312: 15311: 15310: 15299: 15297: 15291: 15290: 15288: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15268: 15266: 15262: 15254: 15248: 15247: 15244: 15243: 15241: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15219: 15217: 15212: 15204: 15197: 15183: 15180: 15179: 15176: 15175: 15173: 15172: 15171: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15144: 15142: 15138: 15133: 15132: 15130: 15129: 15123: 15121: 15115: 15114: 15112: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15100: 15099: 15094: 15083: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15070: 15068: 15067: 15066: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15044: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15023: 15018: 15017: 15016: 15011: 15008: 15005: 15002: 14988: 14986: 14981: 14973: 14958: 14957: 14955: 14954: 14949: 14948: 14947: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14933: 14932: 14927: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14872: 14867: 14866: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14840: 14834: 14832: 14826: 14825: 14817: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14798: 14797: 14785: 14784: 14781: 14780: 14778: 14777: 14772: 14770:Uranium mining 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14746: 14744: 14740: 14739: 14736: 14735: 14733: 14732: 14727: 14726: 14725: 14720: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14679: 14677: 14673: 14672: 14670: 14669: 14664: 14663: 14662: 14652: 14647: 14646: 14645: 14643:Minor actinide 14640: 14635: 14624: 14622: 14615: 14609: 14608: 14605: 14604: 14602: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14585: 14584: 14579: 14569: 14563: 14561: 14557: 14556: 14554: 14553: 14552: 14551: 14541: 14536: 14535: 14534: 14529: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14508: 14507: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14471: 14469: 14462: 14456: 14455: 14453: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14431: 14429: 14423: 14422: 14419: 14418: 14416: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14374: 14372: 14366: 14365: 14363: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14340:Autoradiograph 14336: 14334: 14325: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14315: 14314: 14313: 14303: 14302: 14301: 14291: 14290: 14289: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14248: 14246: 14240: 14239: 14237: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14180: 14178: 14172: 14171: 14169: 14168: 14167: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14155: 14154: 14149: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14103: 14101: 14095: 14094: 14092: 14091: 14090: 14089: 14084: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14062:Atomic nucleus 14059: 14054: 14049: 14043: 14041: 14033: 14032: 14025: 14024: 14017: 14010: 14002: 13993: 13992: 13988:Physics portal 13980: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13942: 13941: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13910: 13909: 13902:Standard Model 13899: 13898: 13897: 13886: 13884: 13880: 13879: 13877: 13876: 13871: 13869:Quasiparticles 13866: 13861: 13856: 13850: 13848: 13844: 13843: 13841: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13769: 13767: 13765:Quasiparticles 13761: 13760: 13757: 13756: 13753: 13752: 13750: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13728: 13726: 13722: 13721: 13718: 13717: 13715: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13698: 13696: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13672: 13670: 13659: 13653: 13652: 13650: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13638: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13602: 13597: 13591: 13589: 13585: 13584: 13581: 13580: 13578: 13577: 13572: 13561: 13559: 13557:Exotic hadrons 13553: 13552: 13550: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13488: 13486: 13480: 13479: 13477: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13450: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13423: 13421: 13412: 13403: 13397: 13396: 13393: 13392: 13389: 13388: 13386: 13385: 13383:X and Y bosons 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13299: 13297: 13293: 13292: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13285: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13254: 13252: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13228: 13226: 13217: 13208: 13202: 13201: 13199: 13198: 13192: 13190: 13184: 13183: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13176: 13170: 13168: 13162: 13161: 13159: 13158: 13156:W and Z bosons 13153: 13148: 13142: 13140: 13131: 13125: 13124: 13121: 13120: 13118: 13117: 13116: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13049: 13047: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13010:Strange (quark 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12976: 12974: 12965: 12956: 12950: 12949: 12942: 12941: 12934: 12927: 12919: 12910: 12909: 12906: 12905: 12903: 12902: 12897: 12891: 12888: 12887: 12884: 12883: 12881: 12880: 12875: 12862: 12860: 12856: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12848: 12836: 12824: 12819: 12807: 12795: 12782: 12780: 12776: 12775: 12773: 12772: 12759: 12757: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12691: 12689: 12682: 12675: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12641: 12628: 12626: 12620: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12612: 12600: 12595: 12582: 12580: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12572: 12571: 12570: 12560: 12555: 12543: 12530: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12514: 12502: 12489: 12487: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12477: 12472: 12460: 12447: 12441: 12435: 12434: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12427: 12426: 12425: 12401: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12366: 12364: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12356: 12351: 12339: 12326: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12314: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12264: 12262: 12255: 12249: 12248: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12219: 12207: 12195: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12161: 12156: 12144: 12139: 12127: 12115: 12103: 12090: 12088: 12084: 12083: 12081: 12080: 12068: 12056: 12044: 12032: 12020: 12015: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11976: 11963: 11961: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11951: 11932: 11927: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11893: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11867: 11866: 11856: 11844: 11831: 11829: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11805: 11803: 11796: 11787: 11776: 11768: 11767: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11760: 11755: 11753:Muon-catalyzed 11750: 11745: 11744: 11743: 11736:Colliding beam 11732: 11730: 11726: 11725: 11722: 11721: 11719: 11718: 11713: 11707: 11705: 11699: 11698: 11696: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11679: 11677: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11667: 11662: 11656: 11654: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11644: 11639: 11638: 11637: 11636: 11635: 11625: 11615: 11610: 11609: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11596:Reversed field 11593: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11571: 11566: 11560: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11532:Oxygen-burning 11529: 11524: 11519: 11517:Carbon-burning 11514: 11509: 11508: 11507: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11470: 11461: 11450: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11413:Atomic nucleus 11410: 11405: 11399: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11365:Burning plasma 11361: 11359: 11357:Nuclear fusion 11350: 11346: 11345: 11337: 11336: 11329: 11322: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11302: 11292: 11282: 11264: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11241: 11189: 11163: 11095: 11076:(7): 347–352. 11060: 11041:(5): 337–339. 11025: 10972: 10957: 10919: 10881: 10851: 10838: 10812: 10792: 10753: 10734: 10715: 10670: 10612: 10591: 10572: 10547: 10526: 10523:on 2005-02-25. 10501:Physica Medica 10483: 10424: 10360: 10330:hep-ex/0404042 10323:(6): 667–687. 10302: 10287: 10261: 10212: 10206:978-0471495451 10205: 10183: 10128: 10080:(1): 303–328. 10060: 10017: 10003:. 2016-02-24. 9992: 9926: 9881: 9804: 9775:(10): 102501. 9753: 9735: 9705: 9625: 9606: 9587: 9568: 9549: 9530: 9501: 9456:(11): 112001. 9438: 9405: 9372:(6): 434–436. 9347: 9309:hep-ph/9410274 9284: 9253: 9219: 9182: 9145: 9131: 9095: 9088: 9059: 9011: 8993: 8983:(4 ed.). 8980:Modern Physics 8969: 8950:(2): 111–122. 8932: 8903: 8866: 8808: 8802:978-0486482385 8801: 8780: 8753:(8): 819–822. 8735: 8728: 8707: 8682: 8675: 8648: 8619: 8573: 8566: 8544: 8507: 8461: 8446: 8426: 8383: 8332: 8295: 8274: 8223: 8178: 8133: 8088: 8045: 8015: 7949: 7942: 7920: 7899:Comptes Rendus 7884: 7839: 7794: 7749: 7743:978-0198519973 7742: 7716: 7710:978-0674624160 7709: 7680: 7667: 7622: 7616:978-0852747612 7615: 7597: 7590: 7574:Wolfgang Pauli 7564: 7545:(3): 191–203. 7524: 7497: 7451: 7444: 7422: 7395: 7361: 7339: 7296: 7255: 7248: 7220: 7194: 7168: 7137: 7118:(5): 698–711. 7102: 7083:(3): 423–434. 7067: 7042: 7023: 6994:(4): 421–425. 6971: 6921: 6865:(16): 162501. 6845: 6831:. 2021-10-13. 6816: 6783: 6736: 6730:hep-ph/0312124 6708: 6688: 6651: 6596: 6589: 6567: 6560: 6542: 6535: 6506: 6487: 6469: 6442: 6435: 6413: 6403: 6370: 6364:978-3540580805 6363: 6334: 6328: 6310: 6291: 6246: 6231: 6211: 6186:(6): 581–598. 6160: 6154: 6115: 6028: 5997: 5993:S. Kotochigova 5962: 5940: 5918: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5852:Neutron source 5849: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5774: 5771: 5746: 5743: 5666:Cross sections 5647: 5644: 5576:speed of light 5572:kinetic energy 5536: 5533: 5490:fission energy 5452:Main article: 5449: 5446: 5440:or superfluid 5430: 5427: 5395: 5392: 5344:kinetic theory 5309: 5306: 5301:Main article: 5298: 5295: 5258:ordinary water 5256:Hydrogen-rich 5238:beta particles 5217: 5214: 5209:alpha particle 5161: 5158: 5119:cross sections 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5004: 4994: 4968: 4958: 4952: 4931: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4906: 4886: 4885: 4884:Infrastructure 4881: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4866:Interferometry 4858: 4849: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4781: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4758: 4745: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4723: 4722: 4712: 4709: 4697:Faraday effect 4637: 4634: 4600:. The intense 4598:chain reaction 4453:Neutron source 4448: 4445: 4436: 4433: 4426: 4418: 4408: 4400: 4390: 4382: 4372: 4364: 4354: 4346: 4336: 4328: 4318: 4310: 4294: 4291: 4264:Main article: 4261: 4258: 4247:neutron matter 4237:Neutron matter 4232: 4229: 4213:Artemis Spyrou 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4145:Main article: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4089:Main article: 4086: 4083: 4069: 4066: 4015: 4012: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3923: 3918: 3904: 3889: 3884: 3870: 3865: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3832: 3825: 3752: 3743: 3739:−1.93(2) 3734: 3710:Main article: 3707: 3704: 3620:Dirac particle 3546: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3520: 3503: 3502: 3485: 3475: 3474: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3357:2.224 MeV 3342: 3338: 3326:binding energy 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303:in July 1945. 3285:Chicago Pile-1 3205:James Chadwick 3165:alpha particle 3163:found that if 3161:Herbert Becker 3081:beta radiation 3063:Main article: 3060: 3057: 3014:, mediated by 3003:, rather than 2997:valence quarks 2921:Standard Model 2919:Main article: 2910: 2902: 2888: 2880: 2861: 2853: 2838: 2830: 2821:The principal 2814: 2811: 2803: 2795: 2783: 2775: 2754: 2751: 2743: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2717: 2709: 2699: 2691: 2681: 2673: 2545:Atomic nucleus 2540: 2537: 2499:bremsstrahlung 2495: 2494: 2488: 2480: 2469: 2459: 2449: 2441: 2431: 2423: 2413: 2405: 2387:0.013 MeV 2329:, and it is a 2233:Main article: 2230: 2227: 2215:beta particles 2203: 2195: 2184: 2176: 2166: 2158: 2151: 2150: 2143: 2135: 2125: 2117: 2107: 2099: 2089: 2081: 2061: 2051: 2040: 2032: 2022: 2014: 2007: 2006: 1999: 1989: 1979: 1971: 1961: 1953: 1943: 1935: 1908:Main article: 1905: 1902: 1888: 1880: 1830:energy binding 1825: 1824:Nuclear energy 1822: 1724:neutron number 1708:atomic nucleus 1702: 1701: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1684: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1657: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1385: 1384: 1382:Nuclear fusion 1378: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1253: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1145: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1123:Stable nuclide 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1098:Binding energy 1094: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1030: 1014: 1013: 1001: 1000: 988: 987: 974: 968: 967: 964: 963: 960: 959: 954: 949: 944: 938: 933: 932: 929: 928: 927: 926: 921: 916: 911: 909:Nuclear matter 906: 905: 904: 899: 889: 881: 880: 872: 871: 862: 859: 797:nuclear weapon 793:Chicago Pile-1 773:James Chadwick 715:stable isotope 688:neutron number 630: 622: 612: 604: 587: 586: 553:) = 540: 536: 535: 532: 526: 525: 507: 501: 500: 477: 471: 470: 461: 455: 454: 449: 430: 386: 380: 379: 370: 364: 363: 348: 342: 341: 313: 307: 306: 296: 290: 289: 233: 227: 226: 223:James Chadwick 220: 216: 215: 209: 205: 204: 199: 193: 192: 187: 179: 169: 161: 151: 143: 137: 133: 132: 115: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 87: 86: 76: 70: 69: 64: 63:Classification 60: 59: 48: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16559: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16534: 16532: 16522: 16512: 16510: 16500: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16487: 16484: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16460: 16457: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16427: 16425: 16421: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16381: 16379: 16377: 16373: 16367: 16366:Deconfinement 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16326: 16325: 16322: 16321: 16319: 16317: 16313: 16307: 16306: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16276: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16257: 16256: 16253: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16230: 16229: 16226: 16225: 16223: 16217: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16189: 16186: 16185: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16148: 16147: 16144: 16143: 16141: 16139: 16133: 16127: 16126: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16079: 16077: 16073: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16053: 16051: 16047: 16041: 16040:Orbital decay 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16011: 16007: 16004: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15986: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15971: 15969: 15965: 15960: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15939: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15927:Variable star 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15880: 15876: 15872: 15869: 15862: 15857: 15855: 15850: 15848: 15843: 15842: 15839: 15827: 15826: 15817: 15815: 15814: 15805: 15803: 15802: 15791: 15790: 15787: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15749: 15747: 15743: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15720: 15719:electrostatic 15717: 15716: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15704: 15703: 15701: 15699: 15695: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15660: 15658: 15656: 15652: 15648: 15642: 15637: 15631: 15621: 15618: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15605: 15604: 15601: 15600: 15598: 15594: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15508: 15507: 15504: 15503: 15501: 15499: 15498:Generation IV 15495: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15448:Breeder (FBR) 15446: 15445: 15442: 15439: 15434: 15425: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15382: 15380: 15378: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15365: 15353: 15350: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15327: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15309: 15306: 15305: 15304: 15301: 15300: 15298: 15296: 15292: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15274: 15270: 15269: 15267: 15265: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15249: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15220: 15218: 15216: 15208: 15205: 15201: 15198: 15193: 15186: 15181: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15150: 15149: 15146: 15145: 15143: 15141: 15134: 15128: 15125: 15124: 15122: 15120: 15116: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15089: 15088: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15080: 15072: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15028: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15015: 15012: 15009: 15006: 15003: 15000: 14999: 14998: 14995: 14994: 14993: 14990: 14989: 14987: 14985: 14977: 14974: 14970: 14963: 14959: 14953: 14950: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14922: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14877: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14845: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14831: 14827: 14822: 14821: 14814: 14809: 14803: 14799: 14795: 14790: 14786: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14750:Nuclear power 14748: 14747: 14745: 14741: 14731: 14730:Transmutation 14728: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14715: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14674: 14668: 14665: 14661: 14658: 14657: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14630: 14629: 14626: 14625: 14623: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14610: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14574: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14558: 14550: 14547: 14546: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14527:high-altitude 14525: 14524: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14517:Proliferation 14515: 14513: 14510: 14506: 14503: 14502: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14472: 14470: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14457: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14432: 14430: 14428: 14424: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14403:Brachytherapy 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14371: 14367: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14337: 14335: 14333: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14320: 14312: 14309: 14308: 14307: 14304: 14300: 14297: 14296: 14295: 14292: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14249: 14247: 14245: 14241: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14199:Cross section 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14179: 14177: 14173: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14144: 14143: 14140: 14139: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14100: 14096: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14079: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14044: 14042: 14038: 14034: 14030: 14023: 14018: 14016: 14011: 14009: 14004: 14003: 14000: 13990: 13989: 13984: 13978: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13946:Exotic matter 13944: 13940: 13937: 13936: 13935: 13934:Eightfold way 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13924:Antiparticles 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13908: 13905: 13904: 13903: 13900: 13896: 13893: 13892: 13891: 13888: 13887: 13885: 13881: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13849: 13845: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13766: 13762: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13729: 13727: 13723: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13693: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13654: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13607: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13595:Atomic nuclei 13593: 13592: 13590: 13586: 13576: 13573: 13570: 13566: 13563: 13562: 13560: 13558: 13554: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13527:Upsilon meson 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13485: 13481: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13459:Lambda baryon 13457: 13455: 13452: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13429: 13428: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13420: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13398: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13318:Dual graviton 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13294: 13283: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13255: 13253: 13249: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13225: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13215:Superpartners 13212: 13209: 13207: 13203: 13197: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13189: 13185: 13175: 13172: 13171: 13169: 13167: 13163: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13139: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13126: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13098:Muon neutrino 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13085: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13050: 13048: 13046: 13042: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13030:Bottom (quark 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12977: 12975: 12973: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12951: 12947: 12940: 12935: 12933: 12928: 12926: 12921: 12920: 12917: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12892: 12889: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12864: 12863: 12861: 12857: 12847: 12837: 12835: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12808: 12806: 12796: 12794: 12784: 12783: 12781: 12777: 12771: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12754: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12693: 12692: 12690: 12686: 12683: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12668: 12662: 12661:Fusion Engine 12659: 12657: 12656:FRX-L – FRCHX 12654: 12652: 12642: 12640: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12625: 12621: 12611: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12577: 12569: 12566: 12565: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12544: 12542: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12523: 12513: 12503: 12501: 12491: 12490: 12488: 12486: 12482: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12461: 12459: 12449: 12448: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12436: 12422: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12412: 12402: 12400: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12361: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12340: 12338: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12319: 12313: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12250: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12220: 12218: 12208: 12206: 12196: 12194: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12154:ASDEX Upgrade 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12128: 12124: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12104: 12102: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12079: 12069: 12067: 12057: 12055: 12045: 12041: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11956: 11948: 11943: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11854:Alcator C-Mod 11845: 11843: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11826: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11802:International 11800: 11797: 11795: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11769: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11748:Metal lattice 11746: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11734: 11733: 11731: 11727: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11704: 11703:Electrostatic 11700: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11672: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11649: 11643: 11640: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11587: 11584: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11561: 11559: 11557: 11553: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11475:Alpha process 11473: 11471: 11469: 11468:Gravitational 11465: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11445: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11403:Nuclear power 11401: 11400: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11347: 11342: 11335: 11330: 11328: 11323: 11321: 11316: 11315: 11312: 11306: 11303: 11300: 11296: 11293: 11290: 11286: 11283: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11265: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11251:James Byrne, 11250: 11249: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11205: 11200: 11193: 11179:on 2010-12-20 11178: 11174: 11167: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11099: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11070:Phys. Lett. A 11064: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11035:Phys. Lett. A 11029: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10976: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10958:9781510651784 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10923: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10885: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10855: 10848: 10842: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10813:0-7817-2649-2 10809: 10805: 10804: 10796: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10746: 10743: 10738: 10731: 10727: 10724: 10719: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10682: 10674: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10623: 10616: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10595: 10588: 10584: 10581: 10576: 10562:on 2020-02-14 10561: 10557: 10551: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10530: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10502: 10494: 10487: 10479: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10428: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10383: 10375: 10371: 10364: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10317: 10309: 10307: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10265: 10257: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10216: 10208: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10187: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10140: 10132: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10064: 10055: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10021: 10006: 10002: 9996: 9988: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9930: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9899:(5): 052501. 9898: 9894: 9893: 9885: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9825:(4): 044006. 9824: 9820: 9816: 9808: 9800: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9757: 9742: 9738: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9709: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9682: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9647:(7A): 1–708. 9646: 9642: 9641: 9636: 9629: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9610: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9591: 9584: 9580: 9577: 9572: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9553: 9546: 9542: 9539: 9534: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9450: 9442: 9426: 9422: 9421: 9416: 9409: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9358: 9351: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9296: 9288: 9277: 9273: 9272: 9264: 9257: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9226: 9224: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9157: 9149: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9106: 9099: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9028:. Series 10. 9027: 9026: 9018: 9016: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8944: 8936: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8907: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8870: 8856:on 2016-08-13 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8827: 8819: 8812: 8804: 8798: 8794: 8787: 8785: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8747: 8739: 8731: 8729:0-226-74472-8 8725: 8721: 8714: 8712: 8696: 8692: 8686: 8678: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8652: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8586: 8577: 8569: 8563: 8558: 8557: 8548: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8511: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8465: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8430: 8421: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8336: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8299: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8270: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8245:(3265): 798. 8244: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8227: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8182: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8145: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8106:(1–2): 1–11. 8105: 8101: 8100: 8092: 8083: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8067:(846): 1–25. 8066: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8019: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7974:(3252): 312. 7973: 7969: 7968: 7960: 7953: 7945: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7843: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7798: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7753: 7745: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7729: 7720: 7712: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7685: 7677: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7633:Physics Today 7626: 7618: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7531: 7529: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7492: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7458: 7456: 7447: 7445:9780521657334 7441: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7368: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7346: 7344: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7300: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7265: 7259: 7251: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7224: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7071: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6976: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6692: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6655: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6620:(2): 023843. 6619: 6615: 6614: 6608: 6600: 6592: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6538: 6536:0-19-852049-2 6532: 6527: 6526: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6491: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6449: 6447: 6438: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6417: 6407: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6375: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6331: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6215: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6165: 6157: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6042: 6035: 6033: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6007:"n MEAN LIFE" 6001: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5925: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5739:thorium cycle 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5719:plutonium-239 5716: 5715:nuclear fuels 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5652: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5594:transmutation 5591: 5587: 5584: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5541: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5478: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5413:experiments. 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5399:Cold neutrons 5394:Cold neutrons 5391: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5367:as a result. 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5353:atomic nuclei 5348: 5346: 5345: 5339: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5317:free neutrons 5314: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5178: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5154:neutron probe 5149: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5072:plutonium-239 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5052:radioactivity 5049: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4802:Reflectometry 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4761:Cross section 4759: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4718:Science with 4717: 4716: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4628:or to aid in 4627: 4623: 4618: 4615:Experimental 4613: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4556:photoneutrons 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4441: 4432: 4304: 4303:cross section 4300: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4279:cloud chamber 4276: 4273: 4267: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4251:neutron stars 4248: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4185: 4183: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4075:nuclear force 4065: 4062: 4061: 4054: 4053:uncertainties 4049: 4038: 4037: 4025: 4024: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3990: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3916: 3905: 3882: 3871: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3846: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3694:neutron stars 3691: 3687: 3682: 3662: 3621: 3600: 3570: 3542: 3535: 3534: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3340: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157:Walther Bothe 3153: 3151: 3131: 3127: 3126:Klein paradox 3123: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086:W. D. Harkins 3082: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3030:baryon number 3028: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3007:, particle. 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2928: 2922: 2896: 2873: 2867: 2846: 2824: 2819: 2810: 2808: 2788: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2608:energy levels 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2585:nuclear force 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2522:hydrogen atom 2519: 2515: 2510: 2502: 2500: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2379:lepton number 2375: 2374: 2362: 2358: 2357:mean lifetime 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2310: 2305: 2288: 2271: 2270: 2257: 2256: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2071: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1898: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1789:(D or H) and 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779:hydrogen atom 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728:nuclear force 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716:atomic number 1713: 1709: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1668: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350:by cosmic ray 1348: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1261:pair breaking 1259: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1226:Decay product 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1199:Cluster decay 1197: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1043:Mirror nuclei 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: − 1024: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 993: 990: 989: 985: 984: 979: 976: 975: 971: 966: 965: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 939: 936: 931: 930: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 914:Nuclear force 912: 910: 907: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 883: 882: 878: 874: 873: 870: 867: 866: 858: 856: 855:Earth's crust 852: 849: 845: 841: 840:mean lifetime 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 738:nuclear force 735: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 684:atomic number 681: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 598: 594: 552: 551: 546: 545: 541: 537: 533: 531: 527: 508: 506: 502: 499: 498: 478: 476: 472: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 433: 429: 411: 407: 403: 387: 385: 381: 371: 369: 365: 359: 349: 347: 343: 338: 337: 321: 320: 314: 312: 308: 304: 297: 295: 291: 287: 270: 269: 253: 234: 232: 228: 224: 221: 217: 213: 210: 206: 203: 200: 198: 194: 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 119: 116: 114: 110: 107: 104: 100: 97: 94: 92: 88: 85: 81: 77: 75: 71: 68: 65: 61: 56: 52: 46: 41: 33: 29: 22: 16435:Astrophysics 16404:Preon matter 16394:Quark matter 16329:Introduction 16303: 16237: 16146:Neutron star 16136:Compact and 16123: 16035:Helium flash 16025:deflagration 15942:X-ray binary 15868:Stellar core 15823: 15811: 15792: 15772:Pyroelectric 15726:Laser-driven 15506:Sodium (SFR) 15433:fast-neutron 15272: 14818: 14708:Reprocessing 14589:WMD treaties 14408:Radiosurgery 14378:Fast-neutron 14350:Scintigraphy 14175: 13986: 13657:Hypothetical 13605:Exotic atoms 13474:Omega baryon 13464:Sigma baryon 13454:Delta baryon 13441: 13206:Hypothetical 13188:Ghost fields 13174:Higgs boson 13108:Tau neutrino 13000:Charm (quark 12458:Perhapsatron 11758:Pyroelectric 11688:Laser-driven 11527:Neon-burning 11495:Helium flash 11432: 11341:Fusion power 11298: 11288: 11271:Inward Bound 11270: 11267:Abraham Pais 11252: 11233:. Retrieved 11208: 11202: 11192: 11181:. Retrieved 11177:the original 11166: 11155:. Retrieved 11112: 11108: 11098: 11073: 11069: 11063: 11038: 11034: 11028: 10988:(1): 21–25. 10985: 10981: 10975: 10932: 10922: 10911:. Retrieved 10895:ResearchGate 10894: 10884: 10873:. Retrieved 10864: 10854: 10846: 10841: 10830:. Retrieved 10802: 10795: 10773:(3): 20–21. 10770: 10767:Neutron News 10766: 10756: 10737: 10718: 10685: 10679: 10673: 10662:. Retrieved 10629: 10625: 10615: 10599: 10594: 10575: 10564:. Retrieved 10560:the original 10550: 10545:, pp. 32–33. 10534: 10529: 10518:the original 10505: 10499: 10486: 10443: 10437: 10427: 10416:. Retrieved 10386: 10380: 10363: 10320: 10314: 10270: 10264: 10229: 10225: 10215: 10196: 10186: 10143: 10137: 10131: 10120:. Retrieved 10077: 10073: 10063: 10036: 10030: 10020: 10009:. Retrieved 9995: 9944: 9940: 9929: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9873:. Retrieved 9822: 9818: 9807: 9772: 9766: 9756: 9745:. 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Retrieved 7903: 7897: 7887: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7764: 7758: 7752: 7728:Inward Bound 7727: 7719: 7696: 7675: 7670: 7640:(9): 23–28. 7637: 7631: 7625: 7606: 7600: 7573: 7567: 7542: 7536: 7513:(249): 305. 7510: 7506: 7500: 7473: 7467: 7431: 7425: 7404: 7398: 7386:. Retrieved 7377: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7288:. Retrieved 7276: 7270: 7258: 7230: 7223: 7211:. Retrieved 7206: 7197: 7185:. Retrieved 7182:The Guardian 7181: 7171: 7159:. Retrieved 7150: 7140: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7055: 7026: 6991: 6987: 6963:. Retrieved 6938: 6934: 6924: 6913:. Retrieved 6862: 6858: 6848: 6837:. Retrieved 6828: 6819: 6807:. Retrieved 6796: 6786: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6720: 6691: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6642:. Retrieved 6617: 6611: 6599: 6576: 6570: 6551: 6545: 6524: 6490: 6479:. Retrieved 6455: 6422: 6416: 6406: 6394:. Retrieved 6385: 6348: 6337: 6319: 6313: 6294: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6221: 6214: 6203:. Retrieved 6183: 6179: 6145: 6107:. Retrieved 6056:(9): 1–708. 6053: 6047: 6019:. Retrieved 6010: 6000: 5902: 5874:Neutron flux 5864:Neutron bomb 5769:or protons. 5748: 5725:that is not 5712: 5664: 5661: 5633: 5602: 5586:heavy nuclei 5580: 5553: 5514: 5493: 5489: 5460:fast neutron 5459: 5457: 5432: 5415: 5406: 5398: 5397: 5388:fast breeder 5379: 5369: 5349: 5342: 5325:0.0253 5312: 5311: 5289:compared to 5255: 5219: 5193: 5181: 5173: 5150: 5127: 5123: 5111:matter waves 5086: 5082: 5078: 5076: 5045: 4719: 4711:Applications 4662: 4639: 4614: 4592: 4576:antimony-124 4570:. A popular 4550:followed by 4528:radioisotope 4525: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4476:produced by 4469: 4468: 4464: 4442: 4438: 4296: 4269: 4255: 4244: 4241:Neutron star 4221:tetraneutron 4218: 4206: 4203:Tetraneutron 4165:CPT-symmetry 4153:antiparticle 4150: 4094: 4079: 4071: 4059: 4035: 4022: 4017: 4004:strong force 3996: 3980: 3973: 3953: 3946: 3851: 3844: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3813:wavefunction 3806: 3802: 3787:Abraham Pais 3780: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3719:Luis Alvarez 3715: 3701:Delta baryon 3683: 3548: 3540: 3532: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3482: 3476: 3315: 3281: 3265:Lise Meitner 3253: 3244: 3237:Enrico Fermi 3230: 3154: 3149: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3068: 3053: 3024: 3012:strong force 3009: 2990: 2984: 2975: 2957:with charge 2948: 2929:with charge 2924: 2765:, 18% or by 2756: 2744: 2655: 2636: 2616: 2610:with unique 2589: 2566: 2526:decay energy 2503: 2496: 2395: 2391: 2372: 2354: 2268: 2254: 2241: 2238: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2152: 2008: 1913: 1896: 1827: 1811: 1772: 1759: 1748:synonymously 1719: 1711: 1705: 1268:Photofission 1216:Decay energy 1143:Alpha α 1050: 1046: 1026: 1022: 1009: 996: 982: 901: 836:antineutrino 805: 766: 731: 692: 673: 592: 590: 548: 542: 496: 446: 427: 357: 335: 318: 267: 197:Antiparticle 113:Interactions 16356:Lattice QCD 16270:Gravitation 16195:Exotic star 16173:White dwarf 16166:Radio-quiet 15937:Binary star 15907:Metallicity 15683:Stellarator 15647:confinement 15541:Superphénix 15368:Molten-salt 15320:VHTR (HTGR) 15097:HW BLWR 250 15063:R4 Marviken 14992:Pressurized 14962:Heavy water 14946:many others 14875:Pressurized 14830:Light water 14532:underground 14490:Disarmament 14398:Tomotherapy 14393:Proton-beam 14257:Power plant 14219:Temperature 14052:Engineering 13939:Quark model 13707:Theta meson 13610:Positronium 13522:Omega meson 13517:J/psi meson 13447:Antineutron 13358:Dark photon 13323:Graviphoton 13282:Stop squark 12990:Down (quark 12673:confinement 12419: [ 12349:Heliotron J 12253:Stellarator 12121: [ 12038: [ 11945: [ 11785:confinement 11774:experiments 11729:Other forms 11613:Stellarator 11579:Bumpy torus 11457:Confinement 11349:Core topics 10232:: 100–106. 9672:10481/34593 8921:: 871–877. 7507:Philos. Mag 7279:: 3. 1997. 6343:Greiner, W. 6021:25 February 5765:death than 5755:cosmic rays 5735:uranium-233 5731:fissionable 5706:changes in 5525:light water 5521:heavy water 5407:cold source 5275:heavy water 5068:uranium-235 5050:, inducing 4954:Australia: 4914:Supermirror 4735:Foundations 4568:heavy water 4552:gamma decay 4544:alpha decay 4532:californium 4483:dark matter 4147:Antineutron 4141:Antineutron 3764:quark model 3723:Felix Bloch 3297:atomic bomb 3271:discovered 3130:Oskar Klein 2927:down quarks 2647:nitrogen-14 1875:indicating 1838:uranium-235 1573:Oppenheimer 1251:Spontaneous 1221:Decay chain 1172:K/L capture 1148:Beta β 1018:Isodiaphers 942:Liquid drop 824:irradiation 764:processes. 693:Atoms of a 202:Antineutron 84:down quarks 74:Composition 16531:Categories 16409:Strangelet 16389:QCD matter 16200:Quark star 16178:Black hole 16109:Quark-nova 16076:Supernovae 15994:RP-process 15922:Supergiant 15708:(acoustic) 15325:PBR (PBMR) 14713:Spent fuel 14703:Repository 14683:Fuel cycle 14650:Activation 14427:Processing 14294:Propulsion 14252:by country 14184:Activation 13681:Heptaquark 13642:Superatoms 13575:Pentaquark 13565:Tetraquark 13547:Quarkonium 13437:Antiproton 13338:Leptoquark 13273:Neutralino 13035:antiquark) 13025:antiquark) 13020:Top (quark 13015:antiquark) 13005:antiquark) 12995:antiquark) 12985:antiquark) 12954:Elementary 11693:Ion-driven 11447:Processes, 11390:Aneutronic 11385:Commercial 11279:0198519974 11261:0486482383 11235:2019-01-25 11183:2011-02-08 11157:2020-04-24 11122:2001.04538 11115:: 163112. 10913:2022-09-14 10875:2021-01-21 10832:2023-03-11 10664:2023-07-06 10608:0486482383 10598:Byrne, J. 10566:2020-04-16 10543:0486482383 10533:Byrne, J. 10418:2019-08-25 10368:Köhn, C.; 10122:2024-01-04 10087:1501.05675 10011:2017-06-27 9875:2024-01-05 9747:2024-01-05 9701:1.5 s 9524:2009-12-14 9399:2019-08-25 9005:2020-08-27 8860:2016-06-26 8701:2008-01-03 8642:2007-12-17 8291:0521568919 8009:2023-12-13 7914:2012-06-16 7290:2024-05-09 7238:. p. 7064:0486482383 7054:Byrne, J. 6965:2024-04-01 6915:2024-04-01 6872:2106.10375 6839:2021-10-14 6481:2024-05-01 6411:explosive. 6241:1033640549 6205:2024-05-01 6109:2017-10-26 5895:References 5803:Neutronium 5759:ionization 5708:reactivity 5486: km/s 5380:thermalize 5242:gamma rays 5216:Protection 5146:bore holes 5136:(NAA) and 5130:gamma rays 5064:fissioning 4996:Historic: 4936:America: 4900:Spallation 4769:Activation 4765:Absorption 4681:reflection 4677:moderation 4658:spallation 4548:beta decay 4478:cosmic ray 4161:antiproton 4157:Bruce Cork 3699:See also: 3681:particle. 3529:(28) 3497:(14) 3307:Properties 3005:elementary 2553:See also: 2507:13.6 1924:weak force 1920:beta decay 1910:Beta decay 1904:Beta decay 1781:(with the 1603:Strassmann 1593:Rutherford 1471:Scientists 1426:Artificial 1421:Cosmogenic 1416:Primordial 1412:Nuclides: 1389:Processes: 1345:Spallation 848:cosmic ray 806:Dedicated 727:technetium 717:, such as 468:10 fm 444:(45) 377:10 fm 284:(49) 264:(54) 219:Discovered 91:Statistics 16521:Chemistry 16430:Astronomy 16183:Collapsar 16104:Hypernova 16006:Accretion 15989:R-process 15897:Structure 15892:Evolution 15887:Formation 15678:Spheromak 15377:Fluorides 15041:IPHWR-700 15036:IPHWR-540 15031:IPHWR-220 14820:Moderator 14500:Explosion 14475:Arms race 14262:Economics 14214:Reflector 14209:Radiation 14204:Generator 14159:Plutonium 14112:Deuterium 14077:Radiation 14047:Chemistry 13919:Particles 13864:Particles 13823:Polariton 13813:Plasmaron 13783:Dropleton 13676:Hexaquark 13647:Molecules 13635:Protonium 13512:Phi meson 13497:Rho meson 13469:Xi baryon 13401:Composite 13237:Gravitino 12980:Up (quark 12878:Z machine 12859:Non-laser 12770:GEKKO XII 12722:Long path 12416:Uragan-3M 12411:Uragan-2M 11908:Riggatron 11628:Spheromak 11623:Spherical 11547:S-process 11542:R-process 11485:CNO cycle 11147:209942845 11020:119164071 10995:1202.6003 10967:249056691 10787:1044-8632 10654:250903152 10646:0034-4885 10610:, p. 453. 10370:Ebert, U. 10297:204877955 10256:126130994 10178:118407306 10153:1108.1859 10112:0163-8998 9969:0028-0836 9857:0556-2813 9496:119120565 9463:0705.2409 9274:: 24–35. 9114:0805.0289 9054:123822660 8985:Macmillan 8218:126422047 8173:186221789 8128:186218053 8038:19 August 7879:121188471 7834:122888356 7789:121771000 7662:121080564 6905:235490073 6778:0034-6861 6662:Physica B 6286:117946028 6096:118395784 6063:1412.1408 5828:S-process 5823:R-process 5704:transient 5686:moderated 5678:resonance 5668:for both 5556:deuterium 5438:deuterium 5405:. 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