New Deal coalition

487:, the heavily Democratic Congress passed a raft of liberal legislation. Labor union leaders claimed credit for the widest range of liberal laws since the New Deal era, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964; the Voting Rights Act of 1965; the War on Poverty; aid to cities and education; increased Social Security benefits; and Medicare for the elderly. The 1966 elections were an unexpected disaster, with defeats for many of the more liberal Democrats. According to Alan Draper, the AFL-CIO Committee on Political Action (COPE) was the main electioneering unit of the labor movement. It ignored the White backlash against civil rights, which had become a main Republican attack point. The COPE assumed falsely that union members were interested in issues of greatest salience to union leadership, but polls showed this was not true as the members were much more conservative. The younger ones were much more concerned about taxes and crime, and the older ones had not overcome racial biases. Labor unions began to lose their members and influence in the 1970s as the economy became more service-oriented and the proportion of manufacturing jobs declined. Companies began relocating manufacturing jobs to 911:

possible majorities. They did this by converting some Republicans, mobilizing large numbers who had never voted before. Milton Rakove states: "Holding the South and delivering thumping majorities in the big cities of the North insured national hegemony for the Democratic party." The new majorities did not matter in the great 1936 landslide, but they were decisive in 1940. A third of the electorate lived in the 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more. They were 61% for FDR. The South had a sixth of the electorate and FDR won 73%. The remaining half of the electorate—the non-metropolitan North—voted 53% for the Republican Wendell Willkie. The largest possible landslide was needed, and the city machines came through in 1940, 1944, and 1948. In the 1920s strong big city Republican machines were common. During the Great Depression their support plunged, and they were displaced by Democratic machines in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, and elsewhere. Across the urban North blacks deserted the GOP and were welcomed into the Democratic machine.

687:

whereby all the state's newspapers opposed him and refused to cover his ideas. The Republican leadership realized the California electorate was moving left so it went along. Its 1934 platform endorsed not just the Townsend Plan but also the 30 hour work week, unemployment relief, and collective bargaining for all workers. The GOP wanted to win votes but in the process it legitimized a social welfare state as a bipartisan ideal. Consequently, the California experience helped push New Deal towards social welfare legislation, especially the WPA and Social Security. Sinclair's campaign gave aspiring Democratic leaders a boost, most notably

597:, then later under Reagan, were able to corral these voters with promises to be tough on law and order. The votes of blue-collar workers contributed heavily to the Republican landslides of 1972 and 1984, and to a lesser extent 1980 and 1988. At the presidential level, the GOP made inroads among urban, middle-class White Southerners as early as 1928 and later in 1952. Starting in 1980, Reagan pulled together both middle-class and working-class White Southerners. At the state and local level the GOP made steady gains in both White groups until reaching majority status in most of the South by 2000. 700:

In terms of religion, northern White Protestants were 42% Democratic, White Catholics were 68% Democratic. Social class and religious affiliation added had separate effects that could add together, so that Catholic blue-collar workers were 76% Democratic, while Protestant blue-collar workers were only 52% Democratic. Throughout the period better educated higher income middle-class voters were more Republican so that the average Northern Protestant white collar voter was 69% Republican, while a Catholic counterpart was only 41% Republican. A Gallup poll of listees in

355:, which had long been a Republican stronghold with a promise of prosperity. The worsening depression enabled the Democrats to convince some Republicans to switch parties while mobilizing large numbers of ethnics who had not voted before. Democrats capitalized on Roosevelt's popularity to win the 1933 mayoral race. The WPA then played a critical role in the consolidation of the Democratic machine. By 1936 the Democrats had a majority in the registration rolls for the first time since the Civil War. That November FDR won 70% of the Pittsburgh vote. 263:, some third parties, universities, and foundations. It was largely opposed by the Republican Party, the business community, and rich Protestants. In creating his coalition, Roosevelt was at first eager to include liberal Republicans and some radical third parties, even if it meant downplaying the "Democratic" name. By the 1940s, the Republican and third-party allies had mostly been defeated. In 1948, the Democratic Party stood alone and survived the splits that created two splinter parties. 323:, labor unions, Northern religious and ethnic minorities (Catholic, Jewish, and Black), and Southern Whites. These voting blocs together formed a majority of voters and handed the Democratic Party seven victories out of nine presidential elections (1932–1948, 1960, 1964), as well as control of both houses of Congress during all but four years between the years 1932–1980 (Republicans won small majorities in 1946 and 1952). Political scientists describe this realignment as the " 881:. In addition, Democratic-led state governments were much more favorable to unions than the pro-business Republicans had been. In 1940 FDR won 64% of non-union manual workers, 71% of AFL members, and 79% of CIO members. Union membership grew rapidly during World War II. In 1944 FDR won 56% of non-union manual workers, 69% of AFL members, and 79% of CIO members. Truman in 1948 had similar results. The more militant industrial unions, led by 373:

for reelection in 1936, Roosevelt personalized the campaign and downplayed the Democratic Party name. In contrast to his 1933 position as a neutral moderator between business and workers, he now became a strong labor union supporter. He crusaded against the rich upper class, denouncing the "economic royalists". He worked with third parties on the left: the

397:(ALP), a union-dominated left-wing group that supported Roosevelt in 1936, 1940,and 1944. The role of the ALP was to funnel socialists who distrusted the Democratic Party into the New Deal coalition. In 1940 La Guardia chaired the nationwide Committee of Independent Voters for Roosevelt; in return, the president put him in charge of the 898:, head of the coal miners; he headed the CIO 1938–1941. Lewis was an isolationist and broke with Roosevelt and endorsed his Republican opponent in the 1940 election, a position demanded by the pro-Soviet far left element in the CIO. Nevertheless, CIO members voted for Roosevelt and Lewis was forced to leave the CIO, taking his 704:

in early 1936 showed that only 31% planned to vote for Roosevelt. Nationwide, Roosevelt won 36% of the votes of business and professional voters in 1940, 48% of lower-level white-collar workers, 66% of blue-collar workers, and 54% of farmers. The strongest component of the New Deal coalition was the

638:

of Wisconsin. He disliked the conservativism of Wisconsin Democrats and preferred to work with the Progressive Party there. The Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota made an informal alliance with FDR and supported him in 1936; the Minnesota Democrats were a weak third party. The White House supported the

585:

was: “We know big government does not have all the answers. We know there's not a program for every problem....The era of big government is over.” Clinton went on to cut New Deal-inspired welfare programs and repeal some of the New Deal's restrictions on banks. Clinton largely accepted the neoliberal

1385:

Labor unions crested in size and power in the 1950s but then went into steady decline. They continue to be major backers of the Democrats, but with so few members, they have lost much of their influence. From the 1960s into the 1990s, many jobs moved to the Sun Belt free of union influences, and the

334:

City machines had major roles to play. Most important, the New Deal coalition had to carry entire states, not just cities. The largest possible landslide was needed, and the city machines came through in 1940, 1944, and 1948. They kept the voters by providing federal jobs aimed at the unemployed—the

1418:

lured many of the Southern Whites back at the level of presidential voting, but by 2000, White males in the South were 2–1 Republican and, indeed, formed a major part of the new Republican coalition. Since the 2010s, younger non-evangelical White Southerners with a college degree have been trending

910:

City Democratic machines had a new role to play. Traditionally the goal of winning power in the city was facilitated by keeping the vote low and under close watch. As part of the national New Deal coalition, the machines had to carry the state's electoral vote. That required turning out the largest

699:

In the North, class and ethnicity proved decisive factors in the New Deal coalition as shown by polling data in presidential and congressional elections from 1936 through 1968. Blue-collar workers average 63% Democratic. White collar workers, representing the middle class, averaged 43% Democratic.

432:

Being a voter or a Democrat was not a prerequisite for a relief job. Federal law specifically prohibited any political discrimination regarding WPA workers. Vague charges were bandied about at the time. The consensus of experts is that: “In the distribution of WPA project jobs as opposed to those

372:

spoiled the dream. Sensing how quickly public opinion was becoming more radical, Roosevelt moved left. He attacked big business. His major innovations now were social security for the elderly, the WPA for the unemployed, and a new labor relations act to support and encourage labor unions. Running

1449:

African Americans grew stronger in their Democratic loyalties and in their numbers. From the 1930s into the 1960s, black voters in the North began trending Democrat, while those in the South were largely disenfranchised. Following the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, black voters became a much

604:

by Republicans to appeal to a backlash against Democratic national support for civil rights. However, a minority of scholars consider a demographic change in addition to race. They argue that the collapse of cotton agriculture, the growth of a suburban middle class, and the large-scale arrival of

686:

which had a strong following. The Republican candidate endorsed the Townsend Plan and won the movement's support. Sinclair was narrowly defeated by a combination of defections of prominent Democrats—including Roosevelt—as well as a massive smear campaign using Hollywood techniques and a blackout

681:

program promised to end poverty and unemployment by a setting up state-owned factories to hire the unemployed, and by increasing pensions for the elderly. Critics said it would flood the state with unemployed from everywhere else. Sinclair had a pension plan of his own and refused to endorse the

307:

opposed federal relief efforts as unwarranted, believing that market actors and local governments were better suited to address the situation. As the depression worsened, voters became increasingly dissatisfied with this approach and came to view President Hoover as indifferent to their economic

1393:

unwilling to support most of the Democratic presidential nominees. Since the 1990s, the growing number of Americans with a post-graduate degree have supported Democrats. In recent years, White Americans with a college degree have tended to support the Democratic Party, especially among younger

914:

Ethnics and Catholics were concentrated in large cities, which gave them a more Democratic hue. The 103 largest cities with a population of 100,000 or more in 1950 were Democratic strongholds, typically with former machines that had faded away during and after World War II. The largest cities

1397:

White Southerners abandoned cotton and tobacco farming, and moved to the cities where the New Deal programs had much less impact. Beginning in the 1950s, the southern cities and suburbs started voting Republican. The White Southerners believed the support that northern Democrats gave to the

893:

in 1938. Both federations added members rapidly, but they feuded bitterly. Both supported Roosevelt and the New Deal Coalition. The nationwide wave of labor strikes in 1937–38 alienated many voters, and the split weakened the New Deal coalition. The most controversial labor leader was

1450:

more important part of the Democrat voter base. Their Democratic loyalties have cut across all income and geographic lines to form the single most unified bloc of voters in the country, with over 87% of black voters voting for the Democratic presidential candidate since 2008.

433:

of a supervisory and administrative nature politics plays only a minor in a comparatively insignificant role." However those who were hired were reminded at election time that FDR created their job and the Republicans would take it away. The great majority voted accordingly.

255:, blue-collar workers, big city machines, racial and religious minorities (especially Jews, Catholics, and African Americans), white Southerners, and intellectuals. Besides voters the coalition included powerful interest groups: Democratic Party organizations in most states, 547:. Besides Johnson, another who came closest was Robert Kennedy, the likely Democratic candidate in 1968. The assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, in the space of just two months, seem to have been an almost fatal blow to the New Deal coalition prospects. 429:, as well as other job agencies. He helped state and local Democratic organizations set up systems to select likely candidates for the federal payroll. In the 1940s most of the big city machines collapsed, with a few exceptions such as Chicago and Albany, New York. 652:

As the economy began to improve in 1933–34, people loudly demanded faster action and pushed the New Dealers to the left. Labor strikes grew to large scale, especially in California and Minnesota. Textile workers launched the largest strike in national history

417:, who served simultaneously as chair of the New York State Democratic Party, chair of the Democratic National Committee (DNC), and Postmaster General in FDR's cabinet, as well as FDR's campaign manager in 1932 and 1940. He handled traditional patronage for the 2740: 643:

whereby the FLP would get some of the patronage, and in turn the FLP would work to block a third-party ticket against Roosevelt in 1936. The radical third parties declined rapidly after 1936 and no longer played a part in the New Deal coalition.

665:, had both been active Roosevelt supporters in 1932. They now broke away and set up national appeals to millions of supporters, with talk of a third party to the left of Roosevelt in 1936. Long was assassinated but his followers did set up the 2453:

Nate Cohn, "How Educational Differences Are Widening America’s Political Rift: College graduates are now a firmly Democratic bloc, and they are shaping the party’s future. Those without degrees, by contrast, have flocked to Republicans."

1381:

for patronage; when it ended in 1943, there was full employment and no replacement patronage source was created. Furthermore, World War II brought such a surge of prosperity that the relief mechanism of the New Deal was no longer needed.

2834: 270:. They typically controlled both Houses of Congress before the 1990s. The coalition began to weaken with the collapse of big city machines after 1940, the steady decline of labor unions after 1970, the bitter factionalism during the 1430:. Many middle-class ethnic minorities saw the Democratic Party as a working class party, and preferred the GOP as the middle class party. In addition, while many supported the 1964 Civil Rights Act, they were generally opposed to 3157: 2717:

Mott, James Clinton. "The fate of an alliance: The Roosevelt coalition, 1932–1952" (PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Chicago ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1988. 8821023) statistical reanalysis of Gallup

491:

states, free of labor union influences, and many Americans followed suit. As a result, union membership steadily declined. Labor unions were painted as corrupt, ineffective, and outdated by the Republican Party.

1771:

The most frequent claim is that Kentucky Democrats purchased WPA votes in the 1935 gubernatorial campaign. For a refutation see Robert J. Leupold, "The Kentucky WPA: Relief and Politics, May–November 1935,"

363:

The president in 1933 wanted to bring all major groups together, business and labor, banker and borrower, farms and towns, liberals and conservatives. The escalating attacks from the right, typified by the

1514:

Hence the center-left of U.S. politics, symbolized by the New Deal Coalition which had given the Democrats comfortable majorities in Washington for a long time, disintegrated from the mid-1960s onwards.

581:

held that regulation was bad for economic growth and that tax cuts would bring sustained prosperity. In 1994 the Republicans swept control of Congress for the first time since 1952. The response of

1434:, and also supported the Republican stance against rising urban crime. However, the Jewish community has continued to vote largely Democratic: 74% voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in 468:

had been able to temporarily peel several elements of the coalition into the Republican column, notably some Northern farmers and manual workers and middle-class voters in the Border South. In the

519:

further split the coalition and drove many Whites away, signalling that the coalition started to fall. The War in Vietnam split the liberal coalition into hawks (led by Johnson and Vice President

393:

who had controlled city hall. La Guardia was the candidate of the ad-hoc City Fusion Party, winning the mayoralty in 1933 and reelection in 1937 and 1941. La Guardia was also the nominee of the

915:

averaged 66% for FDR in 1932 and 1936, compared to 58% of the rest of the country. The cities dropped 5 points to 61% for FDR in 1940 and 1944, while the rest dropped 7 points to 51%.

461:" that had developed over the previous 20 years. He wrote that "to an appreciable part of the electorate, the Democrats had replaced the Republicans as the party of prosperity." 441:

After the end of the Great Depression around 1941, the next challenge was to keep Democratic majorities alive. It seemed impossible after the GOP landslide in 1946. Journalist

605:

Northern migrants outweighed the racist factor. Both viewpoints agree that the politicization of religious issues important to White Southern Protestants (i.e. opposition to

266:

The coalition made the Democratic Party the majority party nationally for decades. Democrats lost control of the White House only in 1952 and 1956 during the broadly popular

1746: 244: 3657: 691:, who was elected governor in 1938. Needing an alternative to the New Deal's Social Security system, many Republicans around the country endorsed the Townsend Plan. 3627: 539:(president 1963–1969), who tried to reinvigorate the old coalition but was unable to hold together the feuding components, especially after his handling of the 2550:

Caughey, Devin, Michael C. Dougal, and Eric Schickler. "Policy and Performance in the New Deal Realignment: Evidence from old data and new methods."

3081:

Sheppard, Si. " 'If it wasn't for Roosevelt you wouldn't have this job': The Politics of Patronage and the 1936 Presidential Election in New York."

1798:

Si Sheppard, “ ‘If it weren't for Roosevelt you wouldn't have this job': The Politics of Patronage and the 1936 Presidential Election in New York,”

3051:

Luconi, Stefano. "Machine politics and the consolidation of the Roosevelt majority: The case of Italian Americans in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia."

2560:

Caughey, Devin, Michael Dougal, and Eric Schickler. "The Policy Bases of the New Deal Realignment: Evidence from Public Opinion Polls, 1936–1952."

872: 3647: 240: 2572: 1477: 3652: 3167: 2982:

Eldersveld, Samuel J. "The Influence of Metropolitan Party Pluralities in Presidential Elections Since 1920: A Study of Twelve Key Cities"

2362:

Samuel J. Eldersveld, "The Influence of Metropolitan Party Pluralities in Presidential Elections Since 1920: A Study of Twelve Key Cities"

219: 3632: 3642: 1443: 1439: 1435: 670: 469: 446: 313: 271: 1752: 630:

Roosevelt wanted a coalition that was broader than just the Democratic Party. He admired old Progressives now in the GOP, such as

3487: 3391: 344: 140: 316:

and spent his time in office building a powerful nationwide coalition and keeping his partners from squabbling with each other.

3118:

Sugrue, Thomas J. "Crabgrass-roots politics: Race, rights, and the reaction against liberalism in the urban north, 1940–1964."

320: 183: 2555: 251:

programs, and the follow-up Democratic presidents. It was composed of voting blocs who supported them. The coalition included

3396: 3386: 2728:

Nelson, Michael. "The Historical Presidency: Lost Confidence: The Democratic Party, the Vietnam War, and the 1968 Election."

2012:

Joe Merton, "The politics of symbolism: Richard Nixon's appeal to White ethnics and the frustration of realignment 1969–72."

300: 1899:

Michael Nelson, "The Historical Presidency: Lost Confidence: The Democratic Party, the Vietnam War, and the 1968 Election."

3501: 3477: 1394:

voters, while non-college graduates are more likely to support the Republican Party—a reversal of the pattern before 2000.

886: 878: 418: 1389:

Intellectuals gave increasing support to Democrats since 1932. The Vietnam War, however, caused a serious split, with the

3076: 2829:

Schickler, Eric, and Devin Caughey, "Public Opinion, Organized Labor, and the Limits of New Deal Liberalism, 1936–1945,"

3282: 2922: 465: 260: 252: 3162:

Salvatore, Nick, and Jefferson Cowie. "The Long Exception: Rethinking the Place of the New Deal in American History."

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voters disliked the goal of racial integration and became fearful of rising urban crime. The Republicans, first under

3011: 2735:

Norpoth, Helmut, Andrew H. Sidman, and Clara H. Suong. "Polls and Elections: The New Deal Realignment in Real Time."

1507: 654: 275: 3416: 3406: 610: 374: 2896: 2673:

Leuchtenburg, William E. "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940." (1963), a standard scholarly survey

677:, a famous novelist and socialist won the Democratic nomination for governor, on a left-wing ticket in 1934. His 3522: 3517: 3325: 2455: 484: 3497: 3401: 899: 3637: 3467: 3421: 2855: 2794: 1733: 1378: 606: 532: 422: 348: 2030: 3482: 3411: 890: 153: 2757:

Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–39

3431: 3426: 3356: 3351: 666: 566: 508: 426: 378: 340: 283: 3232: 2271:(Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University, 1948); Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk, eds. 3472: 3451: 3381: 3376: 3366: 3361: 2869:

A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue, Vol. I: The Depression Decade

2000: 582: 570: 569:(1981–1989), Republicans took control of prosperity issues, largely because of the poor performance of 398: 336: 224: 3113: 2543: 303:

began in 1929 and was often blamed on Republicans and their big business allies. Republican president

3601: 3507: 678: 635: 214: 3066: 3527: 1499:

Intellectual Radicalism after 1989: Crisis and Re-orientation in the British and the American Left

3512: 3441: 3320: 2886:

Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States

2712:

The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal

2668:

Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s

2523: 1647:

Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s

877:

The New Dealers made a major, successful effort to build up labor unions, especially through the

365: 3156:

Blake, William. "The New Deal: Retrospection, Realignment, or a Reconstituted Polity?." (2020).

1373:

The big-city machines faded away in the 1940s with a few exceptions that lingered a bit such as

3446: 3275: 2567:

Caughey, Devin, and Christopher Warshaw. "The dynamics of state policy liberalism, 1936–2014."

2042:

Earl Black and Merle Black, ‘’The Rise of Southern Republicans’’ (Harvard U.P., 2002) pp. 2–11.

1465: 1402:

to be a direct political assault on their interests, which opened the way to protest votes for

3123: 3108:

Stave, Bruce. "The New Deal, The Last Hurrah, and the Building of an Urban Political Machine"

2674: 1594: 3543: 3436: 3341: 3091:

Shover, John L. "The emergence of a two-party system in Republican Philadelphia, 1924–1936."

3024:

Jones, Gene Delon. "The Origin of the Alliance between the New Deal and the Chicago Machine"

2914: 1682:

Traitor to his class: the privileged life and radical presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

1497: 1399: 600:

Scholars debate exactly why the New Deal coalition collapsed so completely. Most emphasize a

352: 309: 267: 192: 34: 3251: 2844: 2824: 3563: 3371: 3073:

The Buying of the Presidency? Franklin D. Roosevelt, the New Deal, and the Election of 1936

2053:

The long southern strategy: How chasing White voters in the South changed American politics

806:

The coalition was strongest among Jews and Catholics and weakest among White Protestants.

394: 382: 3001:

The making of the New Deal Democrats: Voting behavior and realignment in Boston, 1920–1940

8: 386: 328: 102: 2349:

Richard Jensen, "The cities reelect Roosevelt: Ethnicity, religion, and class in 1940."

2977: 2907: 2872: 2814: 2698: 2630: 2613: 2603: 2338:

Don't Make No Waves... Don't Back No Losers: An Insiders' Analysis of the Daley Machine

2027:

Creating the New Right Ethnic in 1970s America: The Intersection of Anger and Nostalgia

1459: 1431: 589:

While most Northerners supported the original civil rights movement, many conservative

512: 500: 402: 324: 199: 78: 2185:

Donald L. Singer, "Upton Sinclair and the California Gubernatorial Campaign of 1934."

3622: 3596: 3268: 3208: 3046: 2936: 2918: 2804: 2777: 2760: 2750: 1951:

Monica Prasad, "The popular origins of neoliberalism in the Reagan tax cut of 1981."

1503: 601: 586:

argument, thereby abandoning the New Deal coalition's claim to the prosperity issue.

560: 536: 256: 166: 70: 54: 38: 2994:

Rainbow's end: Irish-Americans and the dilemmas of urban machine politics, 1840–1985

2909:

The Lost Majority: Why the Future of Government Is Up for Grabs–and Who Will Take It

2862:

The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression

2416:

Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840—1985

2390:

Rainbow's end: Irish-Americans and the dilemmas of urban machine politics, 1840–1985

1813:

Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840—1985

639:

Farmer-Labor Party (FLP) in Minnesota. Roosevelt had an informal deal with Governor

3583: 3578: 3305: 1426:

pulled many of the working-class social conservatives into the Republican party as

1374: 662: 631: 50: 42: 2688:

Social Cleavages and Political Change: Voter Alignments and U.S. Party Coalitions,

2612:(1943), 880pp; highly detailed report by the independent Russell Sage Foundation. 2323:

C.K. McFarland, C. K. "Coalition of convenience: Lewis and Roosevelt, 1933–1940."

385:(ALP) in New York state. In New York City he collaborated closely with Republican 3553: 3548: 3492: 3218: 2948: 2852:

Mr. Democrat: Jim Farley, the New Deal and the Making of Modern American Politics

2602:(Princeton University Press, 1989); 10 scholarly essays focused on the coalition 2442:

Intellectuals and the American Presidency: Philosophers, Jesters, or Technicians?

1830: 1730:

Mr. Democrat: Jim Farley, the New Deal and the Making of Modern American Politics

1471: 1427: 1403: 524: 520: 473: 454: 187: 86: 82: 66: 46: 3222: 2654: 2484:

The Catholic Voter in American Politics: The Passing of the Democratic Monolith,

1419:

towards the Democratic Party, such as in Virginia, Georgia, and North Carolina.

3573: 2533: 674: 640: 528: 477: 304: 62: 2893:

American-Made: The Enduring Legacy of the WPA: When FDR Put the Nation to Work

2879:

Building New Deal Liberalism: the Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956

2627:

The Fall of the House of Roosevelt: Brokers of Ideas and Power from FDR to LBJ

2077:

Richard Lowitt, "Roosevelt and Progressive Republicans: Friends and Foes." in

1632:

Richard J. Jensen, "The Last Party System: Decay of Consensus, 1932–1980", in

3616: 3558: 1423: 895: 882: 688: 683: 594: 578: 535:, the coalition lacked a leader of the stature of Roosevelt. The closest was 442: 279: 98: 2958:

Boulay, Harvey, and Alan DiGaetano. "Why did political machines disappear?"

2637:

Testing the Roosevelt coalition: Connecticut society and politics, 1940–1946

3144:

White Ethnic New York: Jews, Catholics, and the Shaping of Postwar Politics

3034:

Lewis, Michael. "No Relief From Politics: Machine Bosses and Civil Works."

2642:

Jensen, Richard. "The Last Party System, 1932–1980," in Paul Kleppner, ed.

1834: 1415: 1411: 496: 458: 450: 414: 390: 90: 58: 2721:

Nelson, Bruce. "'Give Us Roosevelt'--Workers and the New Deal Coalition."

1377:

and Chicago. Local Democrats in most cities were heavily dependent on the

421:. He helped with the new agencies aimed at the unemployed, especially the 3346: 3315: 2902: 2161:

Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, & the Great Depression

2092:

History of Wisconsin: Volume V: War, a New Era, and Depression, 1914–1940

2066:

Painting Dixie Red: When, Where, Why, and How the South Became Republican

705:

ethnic groups: Here is the distribution of party identification in 1944:

590: 574: 540: 504: 204: 94: 74: 3056: 2351:

Ethnicity. An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Study of Ethnic Relations

2190: 2134: 3221:

was a boss in New York City and, with Farley, FDR's patronage advisor.

3096: 3029: 2987: 1407: 1386:

Republican Party frequently painted unions as corrupt and ineffective.

614: 556: 516: 145: 3191: 3086: 2782:

Reed Jr, Adolph. "Race and the Disruption of the New Deal Coalition."

2518:

Braik, Fethia. "New Deal for Minorities During the Great Depression."

2284:

AIPO (Gallup) Poll #294 (1943), #335 (1944); Cantril and Strunk, eds.

3568: 2118:

Minnesota in a Century of Change: The State and its People since 1900

1716: 658: 106: 2965:

DiGaetano, Alan. "Urban political reform: Did it kill the machine?"

2791:

Party Politics in the Age of Roosevelt: The Making of Modern America

924:

Percentage of Democratic vote in major groups, presidency 1948–1964

873:

Labor history of the United States § Organized labor, 1929–1955

3291: 3137:

City of Ambition: FDR, LaGuardia, and the Making of Modern New York

2801:

Party Dynamics, the Democratic Coalition and the Politics of Change

2497:

African American Power and Politics: The Political Context Variable

1390: 544: 488: 369: 248: 175: 171: 162: 2933:

Farewell to the party of Lincoln: Black politics in the age of FDR

2204:

Launching Social Security: A Capture-and-Record Account, 1935–1937

2579:

Achievement of American Liberalism: The New Deal and Its Legacies

3186:

Sternsher, Bernard. "The New Deal party system: A reappraisal."

2774:

Divided They Fell: The Demise of the Democratic Party: 1964–1996

1886:

David J. Sousa, "Organized labor in the electorate, 1960–1988."

1579:

Divided They Fell: The Demise of the Democratic Party, 1964–1996

274:, the turn of White Northern ethnics and Southern Whites toward 3019:

Catholic New Deal: Religion and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh

2243:

The New Deal and American Politics: A Study in Political Change

2429:

From the Ashes of the Old: American Labor and America's Future

2129:

Hugh T. Lovin, "The Fall of Farmer-Labor Parties, 1936–1938."

408: 319:

Over the course of the 1930s, Roosevelt forged a coalition of

3174:

The End of Realignment?: Interpreting American Electoral Eras

3103:

The New Deal and the Last Hurrah: Pittsburgh Machine Politics

2769:(Oxford University Press, 1996), a standard scholarly survey. 2532:(1956); a standard scholarly biography emphasizing politics; 457:, seemed the safer, more conservative candidate to the "new 3260: 2595:(2015) pp. 153–66, New Deal as issue in 1940 election. 343:(where the boys' wages went to the unemployed father), the 3239:

They Voted for Roosevelt: The Presidential Vote, 1932–1944

2593:

America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History

3207:(1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls 2681:

In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George W. Bush

2520:

Journal of Political Science and International Relations

1422:

The European ethnic groups came of age after the 1960s.

550: 239:

was an American political coalition that supported the

2651:

What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party

2586:

In Defense of Populism: Protest and American Democracy

2174:

In Defense of Populism: Protest and American Democracy

1995:

Gregory Albo, "Neoliberalism from Reagan to Clinton."

1566:

What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party

1406:, who, in 1964, was the first Republican to carry the 2254:

According to Gallup polls reported in George Gallup,

445:

found in his in-depth interviews of voters after the

16:

1930s–1960s U.S. Democratic Party political coalition

2269:

Voting Behavior of American Ethnic Groups, 1936–1944

1540:

The Age of Roosevelt vol 3: The Politics of Upheaval

1728:Farley broke with FDR in 1940. Daniel Mark Scroop, 413:Roosevelt's top aide in distributing patronage was 3254:by Roger Biles @ the Chicago Historical Society's 2906: 2600:The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930–1980 401:. He retired and was replaced as mayor in 1945 by 2314:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 1997) pp. 108–110. 2148:Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 1751:, University of Colorado, Boulder, archived from 1645:Everett Carll Ladd, Jr., with Charles D. Hadley. 3658:Factions in the Democratic Party (United States) 3614: 3026:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 2953:The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928–1936 2767:Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 2666:Ladd Jr., Everett Carll with Charles D. Hadley. 1589: 1587: 694: 243:beginning in 1932. The coalition is named after 3628:History of the Democratic Party (United States) 2789:Riccards, Michael P., and Cheryl A. Flagg eds. 1636:(Paul Kleppner et al. eds.) (1981) pp. 219–225. 889:(CIO), and split off from the more traditional 3130:Boston, the Great Depression, and the New Deal 2841:The Age Of Roosevelt, The Politics Of Upheaval 1964:“State of the Union Address," January 3, 1996. 1829:(2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. 62–63. 1824: 1495: 3276: 3164:International Labor and Working Class History 2703:Milkis, Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur, eds. 1873:Alan Draper, "Labor and the 1966 Elections." 1584: 1478:History of the United States Democratic Party 905: 3387:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) 3063:In With Flynn, The Boss Behind the President 2591:Davies, Gareth, and Julian E. Zelizer, eds. 351:(WPA). A representative transition came in 2693:Mason, Robert. "Political Realignment." in 2620:America divided: The civil war of the 1960s 1914:America divided: The civil war of the 1960s 1789:(Russell Sage Foundation, 1943) pp.301–303. 1634:The Evolution of American Electoral Systems 409:WPA jobs and Democratic party organizations 3283: 3269: 3229:The Gallup Poll: Public opinion, 1935–1971 3203:Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.; 2942: 2831:Studies in American Political Development, 2705:The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism 2392:(U of California Press, 1990) pp. 140–142. 1818: 918: 3493:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act 3181:Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated 2974:Franklin D. Roosevelt and the City Bosses 2219:(U of New Mexico Press, 1988) pp 259–260. 1975:42: Inside the Presidency of Bill Clinton 647: 483:After the smashing reelection victory of 1711:Thomas Kessner, "Fiorello H. LaGuardia" 671:1936 United States presidential election 331:of the 1896–1932 era that proceeded it. 3392:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 2976:(1977), short survey of major machines 2644:Evolution of American Electoral Systems 2217:Social Security: The First Half Century 1977:(Cornell University Press, 2016) p. 15. 1621:Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945. 617:" made for a strong Republican appeal. 358: 345:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 3648:Political history of the United States 3615: 2901: 2854:(University of Michigan Press, 2009). 2813:(University Press of Kentucky, 2014). 2811:Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945 2618:Isserman, Maurice, and Michael Kazin. 2598:Gerstle, Gary, and Steve Fraser, eds. 2581:2003) 12 essays focusing on the issues 2202:Charles McKinley and Robert W. Frase, 1912:Maurice Isserman, and Michael Kazin. 1553:Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945 1527:Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945 1365:Source: Gallup Polls in Gallup (1972) 620: 3264: 2895:(2008) comprehensive history; 640pp 2569:American Journal of Political Science 2191:https://www.jstor.org/stable/41171421 2105:Historical Dictionary of the New Deal 1916:(6th ed. Oxford UP, 2020) pp 186–203. 1739: 1732:(University of Michigan Press, 2009) 1623:(University Press of Kentucky), 2014. 301:Great Depression in the United States 286:, with its opposition to regulation. 3513:Rural Electrification Administration 3478:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 3188:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2725:40.1 (1990): 40–48., popular history 2051:See Angie Maxwell and Todd Shields, 2014:European Journal of American Culture 887:Congress of Industrial Organizations 879:National Labor Relations Act of 1935 812:1940 votes by religious denomination 551:Reagan Era and the Southern Strategy 3653:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt 3468:Works Progress Administration (WPA) 2629:(Columbia University Press, 2004). 485:President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 436: 13: 3256:Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago 3197: 3053:Journal of American Ethnic History 2747:The Democrats: The years after FDR 2505: 2079:Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress 1927:The Democrats: The Years Since FDR 1862:The Democrats: The Years Since FDR 669:that polled 2% of the vote in the 577:. Reagan's new economic policy of 278:on racial issues, and the rise of 14: 3669: 3427:Public Works Administration (PWA) 3397:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act 3357:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 3245: 3241:(1947) tables of votes by county. 3150: 2984:American Political Science Review 2776:(Oxford University Press, 1996). 2540:Roosevelt: the soldier of freedom 2471:Politics and Society in the South 2364:American Political Science Review 2029:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2017) 1787:The WPA and Federal Relief Policy 1502:. Transcript Verlag. p. 35. 583:Democratic President Bill Clinton 3633:Democratic Party (United States) 3452:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 3417:National Recovery Administration 3407:National Industrial Recovery Act 3183:(Temple University Press, 1985). 2986:43#6 (1949), pp. 1189–1206 2588:(U of Pennsylvania Press, 2020). 2267:Leo Srole, and Robert T. Bower, 2055:(Oxford University Press, 2019). 860:Source: Gallup Poll #294, #335. 625: 3643:Liberalism in the United States 3523:United States Housing Authority 3043:The Future of American Politics 3008:Machine politics: Chicago model 2821:Truman and the Democratic Party 2695:A Companion to Richard M. Nixon 2530:Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox 2489: 2476: 2463: 2447: 2434: 2421: 2408: 2395: 2382: 2369: 2356: 2343: 2330: 2317: 2304: 2291: 2278: 2261: 2248: 2235: 2222: 2209: 2196: 2179: 2166: 2153: 2140: 2123: 2110: 2097: 2084: 2071: 2058: 2045: 2036: 2019: 2006: 1989: 1980: 1967: 1958: 1945: 1932: 1919: 1906: 1893: 1880: 1867: 1854: 1849:Truman and the Democratic Party 1841: 1827:The Future of American Politics 1805: 1792: 1779: 1765: 1722: 1705: 1696: 1687: 1674: 1661: 1652: 1639: 866: 389:, against the conservatives of 245:President Franklin D. Roosevelt 3498:National Labor Relations Board 3488:Judicial Procedures Reform Act 3105:(U of Pittsburgh Press, 1970). 3028:67#3 (1974), pp. 253–274 2996:(U of California Press, 1990). 2737:Presidential Studies Quarterly 2730:Presidential Studies Quarterly 2513:New Deal and American Politics 2340:(Indiana UP, 1976) pp 155–156. 2068:(UP of Florida, 2011) pp 1–12. 1901:Presidential Studies Quarterly 1693:Leuchtenberg, 124, 131, 150. . 1626: 1613: 1571: 1558: 1545: 1532: 1519: 1489: 900:United Mine Workers of America 661:in Louisiana and radio priest 1: 3422:National Youth Administration 3176:(U of Wisconsin Press, 1991). 2686:Manza, Jeff and Clem Brooks; 2661:Party Coalitions in the 1980s 2610:WPA and federal relief policy 2379:(Oxford UP, 1978), pp. 88–89. 2230:Party Coalitions in the 1980s 2187:Southern California Quarterly 1774:Filson Club History Quarterly 1483: 695:Class ethnicity, and religion 533:John F. Kennedy assassination 523:) and doves (led by Senators 423:Works Progress Administration 349:Works Progress Administration 3483:Farm Security Administration 3290: 3166:74 (Fall 2008) : 3‐32. 2659:Lipset, Seymour Martin, ed. 2469:Earl Black and Merle Black, 1973:Michael Nelson, et al. eds. 1888:Political Research Quarterly 1702:Leuchtenberg, 124, 131, 150. 1538:Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., 1496:Sebastian Berg, ed. (2017). 1049:Professional & Business 927: 922: 891:American Federation of Labor 573:(1977–1981) in dealing with 495:During the 1960s, issues as 466:Republican Dwight Eisenhower 375:Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party 294: 7: 3432:Public Works of Art Project 3352:Agricultural Adjustment Act 3120:Journal of American History 3093:Journal of American History 3065:(2020), popular biography. 3003:(U of Chicago Press, 1989). 2839:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. 2482:by William B. Prendergast, 2403:The Political Almanac; 1952 2366:43#6 (1949), pp. 1189–1206. 2228:Seymour Martin Lipset, ed. 2131:Pacific Northwest Quarterly 2116:Clifford Edward Clark, ed. 1684:(2008) pp 345–347, 447–449. 1468:, opposition active by 1938 1453: 567:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 509:counterculture of the 1960s 427:Civilian Conservation Corps 379:Wisconsin Progressive Party 341:Civilian Conservation Corps 284:presidency of Ronald Reagan 10: 3674: 3473:Federal Project Number One 3382:Farm Credit Administration 3377:Homeowners Refinancing Act 3362:Civil Works Administration 2622:(6th ed. Oxford UP, 2020). 2299:The Political Almanac 1952 2256:The Political Almanac 1952 2215:Gerald Nash, et al. eds. 2081:(Routledge, 2019) pp 7–13. 1864:(1976) pp 95–115, 162–190. 906:City politics and machines 870: 554: 480:won back Southern voters. 447:1948 presidential election 399:Office of Civilian Defense 337:Civil Works Administration 289: 3592: 3536: 3508:Rural Electrification Act 3460: 3334: 3298: 3205:Public Opinion, 1935–1946 3021:(Penn State Press, 2010). 2679:Leuchtenburg, William E. 2286:Public Opinion, 1935–1946 2273:Public Opinion, 1935–1946 2146:William E. Leuchtenburg, 1953:Journal of Policy History 1715:26#2 (1993), pp. 151–159 1368: 636:Robert M. La Follette Jr. 531:). In addition after the 405:, the Tammany candidate. 215:Politics of United States 210: 198: 152: 136: 128: 120: 112: 30: 21: 3528:Fair Labor Standards Act 3237:Robinson, Edgar Eugene. 3233:vol 1 online 1935–1948). 2967:Journal of urban history 2960:Journal of Urban History 2847:a major scholarly survey 2639:(Yale University, 1973). 2542:(1970) covers 1940–1945 2538:Burns, James MacGregor. 2528:Burns, James MacGregor. 1658:Stave 1966. Pp 467, 470. 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 713:in Northern cities, 1944 634:of Nebraska and Senator 3442:Railroad Retirement Act 3321:American Liberty League 3095:60.4 (1974): 985–1002. 3036:Urban Affairs Quarterly 2943:Machines and localities 2784:Urban Affairs Quarterly 1825:Lubell, Samuel (1956). 1802:95#1 (2014), pp. 41–69. 1776:(1975) 49#2 pp 152–168. 1671:(2008) pp 361–363, 368. 919:Group voting: 1948–1964 543:alienated the emerging 366:American Liberty League 200:Political position 3252:Machine Politics essay 3179:Sitkoff, Harvard, ed. 3172:Shafer, Byron E., ed. 3122:82.2 (1995): 551–578. 3112:33.4 (1966): 460–483. 2739:43.1 (2013): 146–166. 2577:Chafe, William H. ed. 2571:60.4 (2016): 899–913. 2554:82.2 (2020): 494–508. 2189:56.4 (1974): 375–406. 1466:Conservative coalition 1029:Grade School educated 648:Pressure from the Left 368:led by his old friend 327:", in contrast to the 3544:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3437:Reciprocal Tariff Act 3342:Emergency Banking Act 3038:30.2 (1994): 210–226. 3017:Heineman, Kenneth J. 2850:Scroop, Daniel Mark. 2786:27.2 (1991): 326–333. 2732:48.3 (2018): 570–585. 2584:Critchlow, Donald T. 2377:A New Deal for Blacks 2327:13.3 (1972): 400–414. 2016:26.3 (2008): 181–198. 1955:24.3 (2012): 351–383. 1903:48.3 (2018): 570–585. 1890:46.4 (1993): 741–758. 1400:Civil Rights Movement 1009:High School educated 871:Further information: 476:and his running mate 347:, and especially the 310:Franklin D. Roosevelt 268:Eisenhower presidency 116:Franklin D. Roosevelt 35:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3638:Centre-left politics 3564:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 3412:National Housing Act 3372:Executive Order 6102 3190:15.1 (1984): 53–81. 3110:Pennsylvania History 3085:95.1 (2014): 41–69. 2884:Sundquist, James L. 2877:Smith, Jason Scott. 2765:Patterson, James T. 2697:(2011) pp: 252–269. 2353:8.2 (1981): 189–195. 2172:Donald T. Crichlow, 2103:James S. Olson, ed. 2094:(1990) pp. 404, 443. 1999:52.11 (2001): 81–89 711:Party identification 395:American Labor Party 383:American Labor Party 359:Roosevelt moves left 3135:Williams, Mason B. 2969:18.1 (1991): 37–67. 2962:12.1 (1985): 25–49. 2955:(1979), on Chicago. 2833:25 (2011), 162–89. 2745:Parmet, Herbert S. 2562:Journal of Politics 2552:Journal of Politics 2522:1.1 (2018): 20–24. 2427:Stanley Aronowitz, 2120:(1989). pp 375–379. 1925:Herbert S. Parmet, 1877:30.1 (1989): 76–92. 1860:Herbert S. Parmet, 1667:Jean Edward Smith, 1568:(2022) pp. 204–244. 1555:(2014). pp 183–187. 1529:(2014), pp 103–128. 925: 621:Components in 1930s 387:Fiorello La Guardia 329:Fourth Party System 312:won a landslide in 103:W. Averell Harriman 3402:Glass–Steagall Act 3367:Communications Act 3311:New Deal Coalition 3142:Zeitz, Joshua M. 3139:(WW Norton, 2013). 3128:Trout, Charles H. 3075:(ABC-CLIO, 2014). 2915:St. Martin's Press 2871:(Oxford UP, 1979) 2867:Sitkoff, Harvard. 2799:Rubin, Richard L. 2755:Patterson, James. 2710:Milkis, Sidney M. 2635:Jeffries, John W. 2625:Janeway, Michael. 2608:Howard, Donald S. 2511:Allswang, John M. 2336:Milton L. Rakove, 2312:The CIO, 1935–1955 2310:Robert H. Zieger, 2241:John M. Allswang, 2150:(1963) pp. 95–118. 2107:(1985) pp 164–165. 2064:Glen Feldman, ed. 1929:(1976) pp 248–284. 1815:(1988) pp 140–143. 1785:Donald S. Howard, 1748:Political Machines 1460:Fifth Party System 1432:racial integration 923: 673:. In California, 515:, and large-scale 513:affirmative action 501:racial integration 325:Fifth Party System 237:New Deal coalition 79:Adlai Stevenson II 24:New Deal coalition 3610: 3609: 3299:Causes and legacy 3213:Flynn, Edward J. 3061:MacKay, Malcolm. 3006:Gosnell, Harold. 2972:Dorsett, Lyle W. 2860:Singleton, Jeff. 2405:(1952) pp 32, 65, 2375:Harvard Sitkoff, 1942:(1996) pp 51–132. 1940:Divided They Fell 1851:(1997) pp. 23–56. 1363: 1362: 989:College educated 864: 863: 804: 803: 602:Southern Strategy 561:Southern Strategy 537:Lyndon B. Johnson 464:In 1952 and 1956 453:, not Republican 233: 232: 220:Political parties 184:Modern liberalism 167:Social liberalism 141:Progressive Party 137:Succeeded by 71:Robert F. Kennedy 55:Lyndon B. Johnson 39:Eleanor Roosevelt 31:Prominent members 3665: 3584:Robert F. Wagner 3579:Francis Townsend 3306:Great Depression 3285: 3278: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3227:Gallup, George. 3083:New York History 3045:(2nd ed. 1956). 3041:Lubell, Samuel. 2999:Gamm, Gerald H. 2992:Erie, Steven P. 2949:Andersen, Kristi 2931:Weiss, Nancy J. 2928: 2912: 2819:Savage, Sean J. 2809:Savage, Sean J. 2772:Radosh, Ronald. 2649:Kazin, Michael. 2500: 2493: 2487: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2451: 2445: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2419: 2414:Steven P. Erie, 2412: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2388:Steven P. Erie, 2386: 2380: 2373: 2367: 2360: 2354: 2347: 2341: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2315: 2308: 2302: 2295: 2289: 2282: 2276: 2265: 2259: 2252: 2246: 2239: 2233: 2226: 2220: 2213: 2207: 2200: 2194: 2183: 2177: 2170: 2164: 2157: 2151: 2144: 2138: 2127: 2121: 2114: 2108: 2101: 2095: 2088: 2082: 2075: 2069: 2062: 2056: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2004: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1949: 1943: 1936: 1930: 1923: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1891: 1884: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1858: 1852: 1847:Sean J. Savage, 1845: 1839: 1838: 1822: 1816: 1811:Steven P. Erie, 1809: 1803: 1800:New York History 1796: 1790: 1783: 1777: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1743: 1737: 1726: 1720: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1678: 1672: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1643: 1637: 1630: 1624: 1619:Sean J. Savage, 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1595:"Herbert Hoover" 1591: 1582: 1575: 1569: 1562: 1556: 1549: 1543: 1536: 1530: 1525:Sean J. Savage, 1523: 1517: 1516: 1493: 1428:Reagan Democrats 926: 809: 808: 708: 707: 663:Charles Coughlin 632:George W. Norris 437:Decline and fall 241:Democratic Party 51:Alben W. Barkley 43:Henry A. Wallace 19: 18: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3588: 3554:Frances Perkins 3549:Harold L. Ickes 3532: 3518:Social Security 3461:Second New Deal 3456: 3330: 3294: 3289: 3248: 3219:Edward J. Flynn 3215:You're the boss 3200: 3198:Primary sources 3153: 3055:(1996): 32–59. 2945: 2925: 2670:2nd ed. (1978). 2508: 2506:Further reading 2503: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2477: 2468: 2464: 2452: 2448: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2409: 2401:George Gallup, 2400: 2396: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2357: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2309: 2305: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2279: 2275:(1951), p. 619. 2266: 2262: 2253: 2249: 2240: 2236: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2210: 2201: 2197: 2184: 2180: 2171: 2167: 2159:Alan Brinkley, 2158: 2154: 2145: 2141: 2133:(1971): 16–26. 2128: 2124: 2115: 2111: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2072: 2063: 2059: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2024: 2020: 2011: 2007: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1950: 1946: 1938:Ronald Radosh, 1937: 1933: 1924: 1920: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1868: 1859: 1855: 1846: 1842: 1823: 1819: 1810: 1806: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1766: 1758: 1756: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1727: 1723: 1713:History Teacher 1710: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1679: 1675: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1649:2nd ed. (1978). 1644: 1640: 1631: 1627: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1593: 1592: 1585: 1577:Ronald Radosh, 1576: 1572: 1564:Michael Kazin, 1563: 1559: 1550: 1546: 1537: 1533: 1524: 1520: 1510: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1472:Obama coalition 1456: 1404:Barry Goldwater 1371: 921: 908: 875: 869: 712: 697: 650: 628: 623: 563: 553: 525:Eugene McCarthy 521:Hubert Humphrey 474:John F. Kennedy 455:Thomas E. Dewey 439: 411: 403:William O'Dwyer 361: 297: 292: 229: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 165: 161: 144: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 87:Eugene McCarthy 85: 83:Hubert Humphrey 81: 77: 73: 69: 67:John F. Kennedy 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 47:Harry S. Truman 45: 41: 37: 26: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3671: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3574:Herbert Hoover 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3447:Securities Act 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3288: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3247: 3246:External links 3244: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3225: 3211: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3160: 3152: 3151:Historiography 3149: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3116: 3106: 3101:Stave, Bruce. 3099: 3089: 3079: 3071:Sheppard, Si. 3069: 3059: 3049: 3039: 3032: 3022: 3015: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2980: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2929: 2924:978-0230116467 2923: 2899: 2891:Taylor, Nick. 2889: 2882: 2875: 2865: 2858: 2848: 2837: 2827: 2817: 2807: 2797: 2787: 2780: 2770: 2763: 2753: 2743: 2733: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2708: 2701: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2647: 2640: 2633: 2623: 2616: 2606: 2596: 2589: 2582: 2575: 2565: 2558: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2526: 2516: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2495:Hanes Walton, 2488: 2475: 2462: 2457:New York Times 2446: 2433: 2420: 2407: 2394: 2381: 2368: 2355: 2342: 2329: 2316: 2303: 2290: 2288:(1951), p,591. 2277: 2260: 2247: 2234: 2221: 2208: 2195: 2178: 2165: 2152: 2139: 2122: 2109: 2096: 2083: 2070: 2057: 2044: 2035: 2025:Richard Moss, 2018: 2005: 1997:Monthly Review 1988: 1986:Kazin, p. 290. 1979: 1966: 1957: 1944: 1931: 1918: 1905: 1892: 1879: 1866: 1853: 1840: 1817: 1804: 1791: 1778: 1764: 1738: 1721: 1704: 1695: 1686: 1673: 1660: 1651: 1638: 1625: 1612: 1601:. 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Olson 627: 624: 622: 619: 552: 549: 529:Robert Kennedy 478:Lyndon Johnson 449:that Democrat 438: 435: 410: 407: 360: 357: 305:Herbert Hoover 296: 293: 291: 288: 231: 230: 228: 227: 222: 217: 211: 208: 207: 202: 196: 195: 188:Anti-communism 156: 150: 149: 138: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 63:Estes Kefauver 32: 28: 27: 23: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3670: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3559:Harry Hopkins 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3231:(3 vol 1972) 3230: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2723:History Today 2720: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2498: 2492: 2485: 2479: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2450: 2443: 2437: 2430: 2424: 2417: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2378: 2372: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2339: 2333: 2326: 2325:Labor History 2320: 2313: 2307: 2301:(1952) p. 37. 2300: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2258:(1952) p. 36. 2257: 2251: 2245:(1978), p 57. 2244: 2238: 2231: 2225: 2218: 2212: 2206:(1970) p. 11. 2205: 2199: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2175: 2169: 2162: 2156: 2149: 2143: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2119: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2093: 2087: 2080: 2074: 2067: 2061: 2054: 2048: 2039: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2015: 2009: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1983: 1976: 1970: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1941: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1909: 1902: 1896: 1889: 1883: 1876: 1875:Labor History 1870: 1863: 1857: 1850: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1814: 1808: 1801: 1795: 1788: 1782: 1775: 1768: 1755:on 2009-12-08 1754: 1750: 1749: 1742: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1699: 1690: 1683: 1680:H.W. Brands, 1677: 1670: 1664: 1655: 1648: 1642: 1635: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1580: 1574: 1567: 1561: 1554: 1548: 1541: 1535: 1528: 1522: 1515: 1511: 1509:9783839434185 1505: 1501: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1462:, 1930s–1970s 1461: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1442:, and 69% in 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424:Ronald Reagan 1420: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1366: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129:Union member 1128: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1069:White collar 1068: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 987: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 967: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 947: 929:Major Groups 928: 916: 912: 903: 902:union along. 901: 897: 896:John L. Lewis 892: 888: 884: 883:John L. Lewis 880: 874: 859: 858: 854: 851: 850: 846: 843: 842: 838: 835: 834: 830: 827: 826: 822: 819: 818: 814: 811: 810: 807: 799: 796: 795: 791: 788: 785: 782: 781: 777: 774: 771: 768: 767: 763: 760: 757: 754: 753: 749: 746: 743: 740: 739: 735: 732: 729: 726: 725: 721: 718: 715: 710: 709: 706: 703: 692: 690: 689:Culbert Olson 685: 684:Townsend Plan 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 645: 642: 637: 633: 626:Third Parties 618: 616: 612: 608: 603: 598: 596: 595:Richard Nixon 592: 587: 584: 580: 579:neoliberalism 576: 572: 568: 562: 558: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 490: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 443:Samuel Lubell 434: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 367: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 332: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 306: 302: 287: 285: 281: 280:neoliberalism 277: 273: 272:1968 election 269: 264: 262: 258: 257:city machines 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 201: 197: 194: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 168: 164: 160: 157: 155: 151: 147: 142: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 108: 104: 100: 99:Edmund Muskie 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 33: 29: 20: 3310: 3255: 3238: 3228: 3214: 3204: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3163: 3143: 3136: 3129: 3119: 3109: 3102: 3092: 3082: 3072: 3062: 3052: 3042: 3035: 3025: 3018: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2983: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2932: 2908: 2903:Trende, Sean 2892: 2885: 2878: 2868: 2861: 2851: 2840: 2830: 2820: 2810: 2800: 2790: 2783: 2773: 2766: 2756: 2746: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2711: 2704: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2667: 2660: 2650: 2643: 2636: 2626: 2619: 2609: 2599: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2568: 2561: 2551: 2544:vol 2 online 2539: 2534:vol 1 online 2529: 2519: 2512: 2496: 2491: 2483: 2478: 2470: 2465: 2459:Oct. 8, 2021 2456: 2449: 2441: 2436: 2431:(1998) ch 7. 2428: 2423: 2415: 2410: 2402: 2397: 2389: 2384: 2376: 2371: 2363: 2358: 2350: 2345: 2337: 2332: 2324: 2319: 2311: 2306: 2298: 2293: 2285: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2255: 2250: 2242: 2237: 2229: 2224: 2216: 2211: 2203: 2198: 2186: 2181: 2176:(2020) p 56. 2173: 2168: 2160: 2155: 2147: 2142: 2130: 2125: 2117: 2112: 2104: 2099: 2091: 2086: 2078: 2073: 2065: 2060: 2052: 2047: 2038: 2026: 2021: 2013: 2008: 1996: 1991: 1982: 1974: 1969: 1960: 1952: 1947: 1939: 1934: 1926: 1921: 1913: 1908: 1900: 1895: 1887: 1882: 1874: 1869: 1861: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1826: 1820: 1812: 1807: 1799: 1794: 1786: 1781: 1773: 1767: 1757:, retrieved 1753:the original 1747: 1741: 1729: 1724: 1712: 1707: 1698: 1689: 1681: 1676: 1668: 1663: 1654: 1646: 1641: 1633: 1628: 1620: 1615: 1603:. 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Senator 611:LGBT rights 591:blue collar 575:stagflation 565:During the 541:Vietnam War 517:urban riots 505:Vietnam War 419:Post Office 308:struggles. 205:Center-left 95:Wayne Morse 75:Ted Kennedy 3617:Categories 1759:2012-02-18 1484:References 1408:Deep South 1148:Not union 852:Protestant 844:None given 815:% for FDR 716:Democratic 615:Bible Belt 613:) in the " 557:Reagan era 555:See also: 472:election, 381:, and the 353:Pittsburgh 282:under the 146:Dixiecrats 3569:Huey Long 3326:Criticism 1438:, 78% in 1245:Democrat 1187:Catholic 702:Who's Who 659:Huey Long 295:Formation 225:Elections 129:Dissolved 107:Pat Brown 3623:New Deal 3597:Category 3335:New Deal 3292:New Deal 3217:(1947); 2905:(2012). 2803:(1976). 2759:(1967). 2297:Gallup, 2163:(12983). 2135:in JSTOR 1835:6193934M 1551:Savage, 1454:See also 1391:New Left 1284:Midwest 836:Catholic 607:abortion 545:New Left 507:and the 489:Sun Belt 370:Al Smith 321:liberals 249:New Deal 176:Laborism 172:New Deal 163:Big tent 154:Ideology 3602:Commons 3146:(2007). 3132:(1977). 3087:excerpt 3077:excerpt 3067:excerpt 3010:(1937) 2935:(1983) 2897:excerpt 2856:exderpt 2843:(1957) 2823:(1997) 2795:excerpt 2793:(2022) 2749:(1976) 2714:(1993). 2707:(2002). 2690:(1999). 2683:(2001). 2663:(1981). 2655:excerpt 2646:(1981). 2564:(2018). 2515:(1978). 2499:(1997). 2486:(1999). 2473:, 1987. 2444:(2003). 2418:(1988). 2031:excerpt 1734:excerpt 1581:(1996). 1109:Farmer 783:Italian 655:in 1934 290:History 121:Founded 113:Founder 3223:online 3209:online 3192:online 3168:online 3158:online 3124:online 3114:online 3097:online 3057:online 3047:online 3030:online 3012:online 2988:online 2978:online 2937:online 2921: 2888:(1983) 2881:(2005) 2873:online 2864:(2000) 2845:online 2835:online 2825:online 2815:online 2805:online 2778:online 2761:online 2751:online 2741:online 2718:polls. 2699:online 2675:online 2653:(2022) 2631:online 2614:online 2604:online 2573:online 2556:online 2524:online 2001:online 1833: 1717:online 1506: 1375:Albany 1369:Legacy 1324:South 969:Black 949:White 828:Jewish 798:Source 769:Jewish 503:, the 377:, the 339:, the 148:(1948) 143:(1948) 1304:West 1264:East 944:1964 941:1960 938:1956 935:1952 932:1948 755:Black 741:Irish 132:1970s 2919:ISBN 1607:2021 1504:ISBN 1444:2012 1440:2008 1436:2004 1414:and 855:45% 847:51% 839:73% 831:87% 823:55% 792:27% 778:11% 764:34% 750:21% 736:36% 679:EPIC 609:and 559:and 527:and 499:and 470:1960 425:and 314:1932 299:The 235:The 191:Pro- 170:Pro- 124:1932 3502:Act 1669:FDR 1379:WPA 1359:61 1356:50 1353:42 1350:45 1347:50 1339:52 1336:51 1333:49 1330:51 1327:53 1319:60 1316:49 1313:43 1310:42 1307:49 1299:61 1296:48 1293:41 1290:42 1287:50 1279:68 1276:53 1273:40 1270:45 1267:48 1259:87 1256:84 1253:85 1250:77 1240:56 1237:43 1234:30 1231:35 1221:20 1202:76 1199:78 1196:51 1193:56 1190:62 1182:55 1179:38 1176:37 1173:37 1170:43 1162:56 1159:44 1156:35 1151:42 1143:77 1140:62 1137:51 1132:76 1124:53 1121:48 1118:46 1115:33 1112:60 1104:71 1101:60 1098:50 1095:55 1092:66 1084:57 1081:48 1078:37 1075:40 1072:47 1064:54 1061:42 1058:32 1055:36 1052:19 1044:66 1041:55 1038:50 1035:52 1032:64 1024:62 1021:52 1018:42 1015:45 1012:51 1004:52 1001:39 998:31 995:34 992:22 984:94 981:68 978:61 975:77 972:71 964:59 961:49 958:41 955:43 952:50 820:All 789:21% 786:52% 775:35% 772:54% 761:20% 758:46% 747:27% 744:52% 733:32% 730:32% 727:All 247:'s 3619:: 2951:. 2917:. 2913:. 1831:OL 1597:. 1586:^ 1512:. 1446:. 1410:. 1218:5 1215:4 1212:8 800:: 511:, 259:, 3504:) 3500:( 3284:e 3277:t 3270:v 3014:. 2927:. 2193:. 2137:. 2033:. 2003:. 1837:. 1736:. 1719:. 1609:.

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New Deal coalition

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