898:
891:
389:, Mr. Silvain Levecque was the man who wanted to bring down Emperor Thành Thái and replace him with someone more pliant. He was not the Resident Superior but he was rather in charge of current affairs while the French appointed a Resident Superior. Levecque had prepared a list of mandarins for promotion to the different ministries. However, he did not consult with the emperor and instead merely presented Emperor Thành Thái with the memorandum for promotion. This enraged the emperor and made him feel even more like a puppet.
550:. This study focuses much more on Ngô Đình Diệm and considers Kha to be much colder with regards to his family. He states that Kha was "not a nurturant or forgiving father." Edward Miller states that Kha was a "demanding father" and recounts a story of how Kha forced Diem to eat fish every Friday as was the Catholic tradition. However, Diem had developed an allergy to fish and would throw up. Kha still insisted that Diem finish whatever was served.
884:
65:
382:
as a selfish playboy that would do no harm to French colonial ambitions. However, the French saw through his charade and decided to use it against him by spreading false rumours about his behavior with women. Thành Thái then tried to get the French to think he was crazy and thus, again, not a threat to their ambitions.
239:
emperor's abdication. This led to him gaining widespread renown for his loyalty. However, it also led to his removal from the court and his subsequent banishment to his home village. Kha is best known for being the patriarch of the Ngô Dinh family, which was the most prominent
Vietnamese Catholic family. His son
442:
This difficult period was important in the raising of his children. From a young age, the children were forced to work hard in the fields. Diem, his third son, was required to work in the field when he was not in school. These lean years taught the Ngô Dinh children how to be frugal and not to desire
381:
Emperor Thành Thái could not stand his powerlessness and tried to assert himself more. However, the French were not interested in granting the
Vietnamese any power and thus looked for a way to get rid of him. Emperor Thành Thái, suspecting that the French wanted to depose him tried to portray himself
324:
but rather "an improvement of indigenous skills through relevant education". The Quoc Hoc was established on 17 September 1896 in the eighth year to Thành Thái's reign. Ngô Dinh Kha was the
Principal of the school. A Saigon newspaper article published when Kha's son Thuc was getting ordained a bishop
272:
In Penang, he became well versed in Latin and French as well as
Western Philosophy. However, Penang was a crucible of cultures from Vietnam to Southern China, Siam, Korea and British India. Students from these different areas lived and studied together and this led to them being more globally-minded.
238:
in Hue and was also a confidant to the emperor. He strongly opposed the French dominance of the Hue Court and when the French grew tired of
Emperor Thành Thái's attempts to rein in their growing influence, Kha was the only member of the Council of Ministers to refuse to sign a petition requesting the
397:
Levecque then forced the
Council of Ministers to sign a petition requesting Thành Thái abdicate. He warned them that not signing the request would be tantamount to a rebellion against France. However, Ngô Dinh Kha refused to sign the request and resigned instead. Without his signature Levecque would
377:
which consisted of
Vietnamese Ministers as well as French officials. This body was under the presidency of the Resident Superior in Hue. In 1898, the French administration in Annam took over the collection of taxes from the Hue Court. The Resident Superior would then transfer a sum of money annually
290:
was captured in 1888. It was led primarily by scholar officials. This would mean that he would have already graduated from the seminary by then and so it may not have been the Van Than militia that committed this act. Other sources claimed that the riot was led by
Buddhist monks, in the 1880s, that
398:
be unable to claim that he had agreed to the removal of Thành Thái and this allowed Kha to write to newspapers both in
Vietnam and France about what was happening with regards to the emperor. Levecque forced Nguyen Huu Bai to get Kha's signature, Bai refused and offered his resignation as well.
421:, in the province of Quảng Bình. He would also not receive his pension which was entitled to him. However, some historians have challenged this notion of why Kha had resigned and claimed that he resigned as Grand Chamberlain because his "reformist plans had been wrecked."
542:
but was guided by "reformist ambitions" and that he believed that independence from France could only come about with reform in politics, society and culture. Kha believed that the Quoc Hoc that he established would help
Vietnam achieve that growth and objective.
281:
Tragedy struck the Ngô family while Kha was still studying in the MEP Seminary in Penang.This included most of his family members, except his mother who managed to escape. However, the Van Than (Intellectual Period) movement was an offshoot from the
325:
praise Kha for, "In an era when the Annamite elite, represented by Mandarins, was hostile to modern progress, Kha had the courage to take on the difficult task of mediating between the prejudices of the mandarins and the need for modern progress.
434:
Kha was worried about the future of his family as he did not accumulate much savings. He would have to rely on the paddy fields near his home. It was at this time, that Kha's wife, who was born to an agricultural family, helped him greatly.
401:
Eventually Levecque presented the petition requesting the emperor's abdication to Thành Thái without Ngô Dinh Kha's signature. At this point, Kha sent the articles to both the French and Vietnamese press denouncing Levecque's actions.
299:
When Kha returned to Vietnam in the late 1870s, he had originally planned to become a Catholic priest. However, the newly established French colonial state needed someone to help them with interpreting. Thus, together with
518:. Thuc ended up becoming Vietnam's third ordained Catholic bishop. Diem would become the first president of an independent South Vietnam and Nhu would help him in the running of the country. Hiep's son, Kha's grandson,
438:
Kha was helped by his neighbours who allowed him to rent more land from them without payment until he got a few good crops. Also, his ex-colleagues at the Imperial Court secretly sent him part of their salaries.
378:
to the imperial treasury to support the maintenance of the imperial family, the imperial services and the civil service. The French government had effectively, "put the imperial government on an allowance."
291:
nearly wiped out the Ngô family and that more than a hundred members of the Ngô family had perished in the fire. Both these timelines are odd because sources claim that he had returned in the 1870s.
1117:
264:. He was the son of James Ngô Dinh Niem and Ursula Khoa. It was recorded that Ngô Dinh Niem was a mandarin but there are some controversies as Kha had claimed to be a first-generation mandarin.
1974:
247:
was the third Vietnamese Catholic Bishop. Kha has sometimes been seen as a collaborator with the French. However, more recent scholarship has shown that he may be a forgotten nationalist.
320:) that would combine Eastern and Western studies. This suited Kha who was a strong proponent of the Franco-Annamite curriculum. The Franco-Annamite schools were not meant as a form of
1094:
316:
Due to his capacity in both the Chinese Confucian Classics and in the European languages and philosophy, Emperor Thành Thái requested that Kha build and head a National Institute (
405:
Kha's stand against the French became known throughout Vietnam. Some scholars have noted that there were folk songs and poems written about his bravery. Edward Miller writes that
897:
417:
The Council of Regents, presided over by Levecque sentenced Ngô Dinh Kha to be stripped of all his ranks, functions and honours. He was to be sent back to his native village in
356:. He was also an imperial tutor who tutored the emperor and his brothers in French. In 1902, the Emperor granted him the title of Great Scholar Assistant to the Throne.
1383:
1378:
2017:
1317:
482:, Ngô Dinh Kha suddenly began to run a high fever and cough. He was diagnosed with severe pneumonia with complications. He died at his home on January 27, 1925.
2242:
514:, and daughters, Giao, Hiep and Hoang. Khôi would later become a governor under French colonial authority but would be assassinated together with his son by the
454:, recalled these difficult times that the family and especially his father had gone through. Thuc compared his father's fate to that of the biblical character
830:
954:
2227:
1079:
2010:
2222:
959:
1688:
1653:
1276:
1357:
2293:
526:
in the Catholic Church in 2001 and in 2017, he was named as Venerable by Pope Francis, opening up the road to possible sainthood.
1959:
1036:
823:
1969:
1302:
1616:
2196:
1031:
1021:
2093:
2062:
1984:
1271:
1108:
1537:
2298:
2288:
1628:
1026:
1663:
1281:
2067:
1596:
816:
1846:
2052:
942:
321:
2083:
1643:
1623:
1251:
1224:
1219:
1063:
538:
for colonialism," because he worked in the French dominated court. However, he goes on to state that Kha was not a
304:, Kha became an interpreter. Later, he joined the Nguyễn civil service. He managed to pass all the sessions of the
1089:
1863:
1329:
854:
308:
owing to his firm grasp of the Chinese Classics. Following that, he left the service to take care of his mother.
1964:
1791:
1467:
1462:
374:
131:
2237:
1693:
1648:
1577:
1352:
1261:
1239:
2057:
675:
Tran Thi Phuong Hoa, "From Liberally-Organized to Centralized Schools: Education in Tonkin, 1885–1927" from
1853:
1234:
864:
317:
1934:
1720:
1572:
1437:
991:
860:
35:
in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the
2232:
1725:
519:
470:
restored to Kha the title of Great Scholar Assistant to the Throne with the permanent rank of Minister.
210:
2114:
1821:
1811:
1683:
1633:
1567:
1532:
1517:
1497:
1229:
1046:
986:
523:
333:
1929:
1678:
1542:
1527:
511:
261:
187:
82:
2000:
1796:
1735:
1402:
1084:
1051:
273:
Many of those who went to the seminary did not end up becoming priests but served in administration.
1924:
1801:
1477:
1447:
499:
495:
451:
340:
also attended the school but dropped out in 1909 when his father lost his post as a district chief.
301:
244:
240:
167:
2174:
2168:
2156:
1896:
1806:
1482:
1312:
996:
1750:
507:
182:
2162:
2150:
1901:
1873:
1740:
1522:
1472:
1457:
1412:
1307:
546:
A contrasting understanding about Kha, which views him much more harshly comes from Seth Jacobs’
491:
162:
1562:
1557:
1502:
386:
2267:
1771:
1730:
1658:
1547:
1432:
966:
1786:
1286:
890:
329:
1776:
1394:
458:
because "Like Job, he had lost everything – dignity, fortune, health during the good fight."
455:
223:
141:
2247:
1422:
590:
Mandarins and Martyrs: The Church and the Nguyễn dynasty in Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnam
2005:
1698:
1668:
1344:
447:
409:
himself recalled one of the proverbs, "To deport the King, you must first get rid of Kha."
305:
235:
2252:
1191:
503:
467:
177:
8:
2217:
2088:
1745:
1673:
1638:
1507:
1362:
1256:
1173:
1041:
479:
1781:
1552:
1407:
2027:
1816:
1708:
1492:
1487:
1417:
839:
283:
86:
2022:
1512:
1197:
1149:
1011:
1858:
1755:
1611:
1334:
1137:
1016:
949:
870:
466:
In the fall of 1919, Ngô Dinh Kha was honoured by the Nguyễn Imperial Court. Emperor
353:
1427:
1143:
2191:
1919:
1582:
1324:
1001:
976:
927:
104:
1161:
2044:
1713:
1703:
1179:
932:
370:
227:
20:
2257:
1979:
1155:
1246:
2134:
1442:
222:(吳廷可, 1856–1923 but some sources state 1850–1925) was a high-ranking Catholic
2282:
2262:
1131:
1056:
172:
1006:
937:
747:
Misalliance: Ngô Đình Diệm, the United States and the Fate of South Vietnam
568:
Misalliance: Ngô Đình Diệm, the United States and the Fate of South Vietnam
2201:
490:
Upon Kha's death he left behind his wife, Anna Nguyen Thi Than, and sons,
1954:
1868:
679:
Vol.8, No. 3 (Summer 2013) pp.27-70, University of California Press. p.34
539:
534:
Edward Miller claims that many people saw Kha was a "collaborator and an
406:
349:
337:
1167:
808:
287:
36:
1185:
734:
Colonialism Experienced: Vietnamese Writings on Colonialism, 1900–1931
1266:
1214:
535:
515:
710:, (Berkeley, Los Angeles, University of California Press, 2002) p.21
2098:
1125:
1095:
Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
883:
749:, (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2013) p.24
570:, (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2013) p.23
418:
231:
24:
592:, (Stanford, California, Stanford University Press, 2008), p.125
1841:
723:, (London and Basingstoke, The MacMillan Press Ltd, 1981) p.174
64:
348:
Following his service to the Quoc Hoc, Kha joined the palace (
955:
Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century
364:
352:) first as Commander or the Palace Guards and then as the
793:, (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2004), p.28.
450:
in 1938 as the third Vietnamese bishop, Kha's second son
2243:
Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking
618:, (Durham and London, Duke University Press, 2004) p.28
1325:
Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)
736:, (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2000) p.17
605:, (Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press, 2000) p.93
243:
was the first president of South Vietnam and his son
603:
The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tự Đức to Bảo Đại
260:
Michael Ngô Dinh Kha was born in 1856 in Le Thuy in
2280:
529:
2228:Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth
2011:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam
824:
328:Notable graduates of the Quoc Hoc included
1252:House of People's Representatives of Annam
831:
817:
373:had come of age, the French established a
359:
63:
2018:Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted
838:
708:Ho Chi Minh: The Missing Years, 1919–1941
2223:Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884
1080:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
365:French policy towards Emperor Thành Thái
2023:Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin
2281:
1975:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục
666:, (Random House Publishing, 2018) p.17
234:, Vietnam. He helped establishing the
2197:Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam
1032:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
1022:History of Vietnam during World War I
812:
664:The Vietnam War: An Intimate History
294:
478:In January 1925, a few days before
13:
1689:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)
1654:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)
343:
286:Movement that faded after Emperor
69:Khả in traditional Mandarin robes.
14:
2310:
1751:Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets
1649:Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam
943:Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam
461:
1985:Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty
1624:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia
1225:Court of Imperial Entertainments
1064:French Indochina in World War II
896:
889:
882:
802:Edward Miller, Misalliance, p.24
791:America's Miracle Man in Vietnam
780:Edward Miller, Misalliance, p.23
662:Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns,
616:America's Miracle Man in Vietnam
548:America's Miracle Man in Vietnam
412:
56:
2294:Government ministers of Vietnam
2185:Orders, decorations, and medals
1629:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)
1617:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
796:
783:
774:
765:
752:
739:
726:
721:Vietnam: The Revolutionary Path
713:
700:
691:
682:
669:
520:Francis Xavier Nguyễn Văn Thuận
1835:Special administrative regions
656:
647:
634:
621:
608:
595:
582:
573:
560:
473:
392:
132:Paris Foreign Missions Society
1:
1694:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
1262:Imperial Household Department
1240:Office of the National Altars
960:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution
861:French protectorates of Annam
677:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
553:
424:
255:
250:
31:, but is often simplified to
1765:Prominent military personnel
1721:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
1235:Court of Imperial Sacrifices
530:Historical assessment of Kha
429:
267:
226:in the Court of the Emperor
7:
1847:Principality of Thuận Thành
1330:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty
311:
10:
2315:
2299:Vietnamese anti-communists
2289:Vietnamese Roman Catholics
2115:French Indochinese piastre
1684:Cambodian rebellion (1840)
1634:Cambodian rebellion (1820)
1230:Court of the Imperial Stud
1047:Communist Party of Vietnam
987:French conquest of Vietnam
878:
276:
18:
2210:
2184:
2143:
2127:
2107:
2076:
2043:
2036:
1993:
1947:
1912:
1889:
1882:
1834:
1764:
1604:
1595:
1392:
1371:
1345:Provincial administration
1343:
1295:
1208:Ministries & agencies
1207:
1116:
1107:
1085:Vietnamese famine of 1945
1072:
975:
912:
905:
847:
485:
206:
196:
155:
147:
137:
127:
119:
111:
93:
74:
62:
55:
48:
1883:Palaces & mausoleums
1664:Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion
1644:Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion
1220:Court of Judicial Review
997:Great Hanoi Rat Massacre
2238:Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi
1970:Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí
1854:Principality of Hà Tiên
1413:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
1027:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
360:Activism against French
2268:Vietnamese nationalism
1960:Đại Nam nhất thống chí
1731:Pacification of Tonkin
1659:Nduai Kabait rebellion
1037:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
977:French protectorate(s)
230:of Nguyễn dynasty in
2001:Imperial Academy, Huế
1948:Society & culture
1372:French administration
1277:Ministry of Education
1090:Abdication of Bảo Đại
306:Imperial Examinations
16:Vietnamese politician
2233:House of Nguyễn Phúc
2006:Imperial examination
1897:Imperial City of Huế
1741:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
1736:Thái Nguyên uprising
1726:Yên Thế Insurrection
1699:Cochinchina campaign
771:Charles Keith, p.169
706:Sophie Quinn-Judge,
688:Charles Keith, p.170
448:episcopal ordination
375:Council of Ministers
151:Anna Nguyen Thi Than
2218:Domain of the Crown
2108:Colonial currencies
2063:Khải Định Thông Bảo
1920:Thien Tho Mausoleum
1674:Ja Thak Wa uprising
1669:Katip Sumat's Jihad
1639:Ja Lidong rebellion
1257:Imperial Clan Court
1042:Le Travail movement
913:Sovereign Việt Nam
653:Charles Keith, p.98
262:Quảng Bình Province
200:James Ngô Đình Niem
2028:Tonkin Free School
1864:Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá
1709:Garnier Expedition
1679:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
1438:Michael Hồ Đình Hy
1418:Jean Marie Despiau
697:Andre Nguyen, p.27
579:Andre Nguyen, p.28
371:Emperor Thành Thái
2276:
2275:
2123:
2122:
2068:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
1943:
1942:
1859:Sip Song Chau Tai
1830:
1829:
1822:Trương Minh Giảng
1812:Nguyễn Tri Phương
1756:August Revolution
1591:
1590:
1568:Trương Minh Giảng
1518:Nguyễn Tri Phương
1335:Vietnamese dragon
1103:
1102:
1017:Hanoi Poison Plot
967:Văn Thân movement
950:Citadel of Saigon
871:Empire of Vietnam
387:chargé d'affaires
354:Minister of Rites
295:Return to Vietnam
217:
216:
101:(aged 68–69)
2306:
2053:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
2041:
2040:
1965:Đại Nam thực lục
1887:
1886:
1797:Nguyễn Văn Thành
1792:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
1605:Battles and wars
1602:
1601:
1583:Philippe Vannier
1578:Nguyễn Văn Tường
1468:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
1463:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
1403:Bạch Xuân Nguyên
1379:Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ
1318:Provincial flags
1114:
1113:
1002:Hanoi Exhibition
980:(Pháp thuộc, 法屬)
910:
909:
900:
893:
886:
833:
826:
819:
810:
809:
803:
800:
794:
787:
781:
778:
772:
769:
763:
756:
750:
743:
737:
732:Truong Buu Lam,
730:
724:
719:Thomas Hodgkin,
717:
711:
704:
698:
695:
689:
686:
680:
673:
667:
660:
654:
651:
645:
638:
632:
625:
619:
612:
606:
599:
593:
586:
580:
577:
571:
564:
211:Nguyễn Văn Thuận
115:Phu Cam Cemetery
105:French Indochina
100:
67:
46:
45:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2206:
2180:
2139:
2119:
2103:
2072:
2032:
1989:
1939:
1925:Khiêm Mausoleum
1908:
1878:
1826:
1807:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
1787:Nguyễn Cư Trinh
1760:
1714:Sino-French War
1704:Tonkin campaign
1587:
1543:Tôn Thất Thuyết
1528:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
1513:Phan Thanh Liêm
1508:Phan Thanh Giản
1503:Phan Đình Phùng
1483:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
1388:
1384:Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ
1367:
1339:
1291:
1203:
1099:
1073:Japanese period
1068:
979:
971:
920:
918:
916:
914:
901:
895:
894:
888:
887:
881:
880:
876:
855:Sovereign state
843:
837:
807:
806:
801:
797:
788:
784:
779:
775:
770:
766:
758:Edward Miller,
757:
753:
745:Edward Miller,
744:
740:
731:
727:
718:
714:
705:
701:
696:
692:
687:
683:
674:
670:
661:
657:
652:
648:
640:Edward Miller,
639:
635:
627:Edward Miller,
626:
622:
613:
609:
601:Oscar Chapuis,
600:
596:
587:
583:
578:
574:
566:Edward Miller,
565:
561:
556:
532:
488:
476:
464:
432:
427:
415:
395:
367:
362:
346:
344:Other positions
314:
297:
279:
270:
258:
253:
201:
192:
107:
102:
98:
97:27 January 1925
89:
79:
70:
58:
51:
44:
21:Vietnamese name
17:
12:
11:
5:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2248:Thoại Hà Canal
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2077:Currency units
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
2055:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1874:Trấn Tây Thành
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1802:Nguyễn Văn Tồn
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Yên Bái mutiny
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1608:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:Trương Tấn Bửu
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1548:Trần Trọng Kim
1545:
1540:
1535:
1533:Thoại Ngọc Hầu
1530:
1525:
1523:Thân Văn Nhiếp
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:Phạm Thận Duật
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:Nguyễn Văn Tồn
1475:
1473:Nguyễn Văn Tâm
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:Hoàng Cao Khải
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
983:
981:
973:
972:
970:
969:
964:
963:
962:
952:
947:
946:
945:
935:
930:
924:
922:
919:thời độc lập,
907:
903:
902:
879:
877:
875:
874:
868:
858:
851:
849:
845:
844:
840:Nguyễn dynasty
836:
835:
828:
821:
813:
805:
804:
795:
782:
773:
764:
751:
738:
725:
712:
699:
690:
681:
668:
655:
646:
633:
620:
607:
594:
588:Jacob Ramsay,
581:
572:
558:
557:
555:
552:
531:
528:
487:
484:
475:
472:
463:
462:Rehabilitation
460:
431:
428:
426:
423:
414:
411:
394:
391:
369:In 1897, when
366:
363:
361:
358:
345:
342:
330:Võ Nguyên Giáp
313:
310:
302:Nguyễn Hữu Bài
296:
293:
278:
275:
269:
266:
257:
254:
252:
249:
215:
214:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
191:
190:
188:Ngô Đình Luyện
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
159:
157:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
103:
95:
91:
90:
80:
76:
72:
71:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2311:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Vĩnh Tế Canal
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1935:Ứng Mausoleum
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1902:Meridian Gate
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Phan Văn Thúy
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Hoàng Kế Viêm
1770:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:Tôn Thất Đính
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:Phan Văn Thúy
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:Ngô Đình Khôi
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:Ngô Đình Diệm
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:Hoàng Kế Viêm
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:Đăng đàn cung
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
982:
978:
974:
968:
965:
961:
958:
957:
956:
953:
951:
948:
944:
941:
940:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
923:
911:
908:
904:
899:
892:
885:
872:
869:
866:
862:
859:
856:
853:
852:
850:
846:
841:
834:
829:
827:
822:
820:
815:
814:
811:
799:
792:
789:Seth Jacobs,
786:
777:
768:
761:
755:
748:
742:
735:
729:
722:
716:
709:
703:
694:
685:
678:
672:
665:
659:
650:
643:
637:
630:
624:
617:
614:Seth Jacobs,
611:
604:
598:
591:
585:
576:
569:
563:
559:
551:
549:
544:
541:
537:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
483:
481:
471:
469:
459:
457:
453:
452:Ngô Đình Thục
449:
444:
440:
436:
422:
420:
413:Repercussions
410:
408:
403:
399:
390:
388:
383:
379:
376:
372:
357:
355:
351:
341:
339:
335:
334:Phạm Văn Đồng
331:
326:
323:
319:
309:
307:
303:
292:
289:
285:
274:
265:
263:
248:
246:
245:Ngô Đình Thục
242:
241:Ngô Đình Diệm
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
212:
209:
205:
199:
195:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
173:Ngô Đình Diệm
171:
169:
168:Ngô Đình Thục
166:
164:
163:Ngô Đình Khôi
161:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
112:Resting place
110:
106:
96:
92:
88:
84:
77:
73:
66:
61:
54:
47:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2211:Other topics
1930:An Mausoleum
1777:Lê Văn Duyệt
1612:Tây Sơn wars
1558:Đặng Huy Trứ
1553:Trần Cao Vân
1453:Ngô Đình Khả
1452:
1408:Cao Xuân Dục
1303:Coat of arms
1267:Quốc Tử Giám
1247:Hàn lâm viện
1052:Phú Riềng Đỏ
928:Nguyễn lords
917:(Nhà Nguyễn
798:
790:
785:
776:
767:
759:
754:
746:
741:
733:
728:
720:
715:
707:
702:
693:
684:
676:
671:
663:
658:
649:
641:
636:
628:
623:
615:
610:
602:
597:
589:
584:
575:
567:
562:
547:
545:
533:
489:
477:
465:
445:
441:
437:
433:
416:
404:
400:
396:
384:
380:
368:
347:
327:
322:assimilation
315:
298:
280:
271:
259:
220:Ngô Đình Khả
219:
218:
183:Ngô Đình Cẩn
178:Ngô Đình Nhu
99:(1925-01-27)
50:Ngô Đình Khả
40:
32:
28:
1782:Lê Văn Khôi
1563:Trương Định
1287:Viện cơ mật
1200:(1925–1945)
1194:(1916–1925)
1188:(1907–1916)
1182:(1889–1907)
1176:(1885–1889)
1170:(1884–1885)
1164:(1883–1884)
1146:(1847–1883)
1140:(1841–1847)
1134:(1820–1841)
1128:(1802–1820)
1012:Duy Tân Hội
867:(1883–1945)
857:(1802–1883)
760:Misalliance
642:Misalliance
629:Misalliance
540:Francophile
474:Kha's death
446:During his
407:Ho Chi Minh
393:Kha's stand
385:The French
350:Hue Citadel
338:Ho Chi Minh
202:Ursula Khoa
120:Nationality
2283:Categories
2045:Cash coins
1493:Phạm Quỳnh
1428:Hoàng Diệu
1393:Prominent
1180:Thành Thái
1174:Đồng Khánh
1109:Government
933:Đàng Trong
554:References
425:Later life
256:Early life
251:Background
228:Thành Thái
213:(grandson)
138:Occupation
123:Vietnamese
83:Quảng Bình
37:given name
2263:Việt gian
2202:Kim Khánh
2135:Hương ước
1994:Education
1869:Trấn Ninh
1395:mandarins
1363:Tổng Trấn
1215:Censorate
1192:Khải Định
1162:Kiến Phúc
1138:Thiệu Trị
1132:Minh Mạng
1057:Việt Minh
992:Cần Vương
915:/ Đại Nam
536:apologist
522:became a
516:Việt Minh
468:Khải Định
443:wealth.
430:Farm life
284:Cần Vương
268:Education
207:Relatives
197:Parent(s)
128:Education
81:Le Thuy,
2258:Tôn Thất
2144:Treaties
2037:Currency
1980:Khăn vấn
1597:Military
1358:Tuần phủ
1168:Hàm Nghi
1156:Hiệp Hòa
1126:Gia Long
1118:Emperors
938:Nam tiến
848:Overview
524:Cardinal
318:Quốc Học
312:Quoc Hoc
288:Hàm Nghi
236:Quoc Hoc
224:mandarin
156:Children
142:Mandarin
19:In this
1890:Palaces
1443:Lê Chất
1296:Symbols
1282:Nội các
1198:Bảo Đại
1186:Duy Tân
1150:Dục Đức
1007:Đông Du
921:茹阮𥱯獨立)
906:History
419:Le Thuy
277:Tragedy
87:Đại Nam
25:surname
2177:(1884)
2171:(1883)
2165:(1874)
2163:Saigon
2159:(1863)
2153:(1862)
2151:Saigon
1955:Áo dài
1842:Champa
1353:Đề Đốc
1272:Lục bộ
1158:(1883)
1152:(1883)
1144:Tự Đức
873:(1945)
865:Tonkin
842:topics
762:, p.24
644:, p.23
631:, p.23
486:Family
148:Spouse
23:, the
1913:Tombs
1313:Flags
512:Luyện
2128:Laws
2099:Tiền
2094:Quán
2089:Mạch
863:and
510:and
500:Diệm
496:Thuc
492:Khôi
332:and
94:Died
78:1856
75:Born
2192:Bai
2175:Huế
2169:Huế
2157:Huế
2084:Văn
508:Cẩn
504:Nhu
480:Tet
456:Job
232:Huế
57:吳廷可
41:Khả
33:Ngo
29:Ngô
27:is
2285::
506:,
502:,
498:,
494:,
336:.
85:,
39:,
832:e
825:t
818:v
43:.
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