173:, is an aqueous electrolyte solution for plating nickel from a nickel anode. It can deposit both bright and semi-bright nickel. Bright nickel is typically used for decorative purposes and corrosion protection. Semi-bright deposits are used for engineering applications where high corrosion resistance, ductility or electrical conductivity is important, and a high luster is not required.
82:
The anode efficiency for nickel dissolution is close to 100%, unless the anode becomes passive due to problems with the process, in which case the efficiency drops to 0. The cathode efficiency depends on the process and varies between 90 and 97%. Due to this mismatch, during the plating the nickel
907:
Modern coating technology makes deposited nickel to appear mirror-bright with no need of polishing, multi-layer applications are frequently used to improve the corrosion resistance of coated steel, zinc, copper, aluminum, and other metals. In order to prevent tarnishing, decorative electroplated
50:
Nickel electroplating is a process of depositing nickel onto a metal part. Parts to be plated must be clean and free of dirt, corrosion, and defects before plating can begin. To clean and protect the part during the plating process, a combination of
349:
Sulfamate nickel plating is used for many engineering applications. It is deposited for dimensional corrections, abrasion and wear resistance, high efficiency coating and corrosion protection. It is also used as an undercoat for chromium.
785:
and metallic zinc and nickel. It is typically plated on brass, bronze, or steel in order to produce a non-reflective surface. This type of plating is used for decorative and military purposes and does not offer much protection.
538:
A sulfate-chloride bath operates at lower voltages than a Watts bath and provide a higher rate of deposition. Although internal stresses are higher than the Watts bath, they are lower than that of an all-chloride bath.
119:
that made the process easier to control. Adams enjoyed a near-monopoly in nickel plating from 1869 to 1886, when the consumption of nickel for plating reached 135 tons. In the US, Remington tried to use the
920:
Engineering nickel is used where brightness is not desired. Non decorative applications provide wear and corrosion protection as well as low-stress buildups for dimensional recovery, nickel or its nickel
1561:
872:
Decorative bright nickel is used in a wide range of applications. It offers a high luster finish, corrosion protection, and wear resistance. In the automotive industry bright nickel can be found on
331:
Levelers, second class brighteners (e.g. allyl sulfonic acid, formaldehyde chloral hydrate) in concentration 0.0045-0.15 g/L produce (in combination with carrier brighteners) brilliant deposit.
624:
An all-sulfate solution is used for electro-depositing nickel where the anodes are insoluble. For example, plating the insides of steel pipes and fittings may require an insoluble anode.
474:
All-chloride solutions allow for the deposition of thick nickel coatings. They do this because they run at low voltages. However, the deposition has high internal stresses.
1489:
1452:
337:
Inorganic brighteners (e.g. cobalt, zinc) in concentration 0.075-3.8 g/L. Inorganic brighteners impart additional lustre to the coating.
87:
will slowly rise. The process takes minutes to hours depending on the current density and the intended thickness of the plating.
341:
Type of the added brighteners and their concentrations determine the deposit appearance: brilliant, bright, semi-bright, satin.
328:) in concentration 0.75-23 g/L. Carrier brighteners contain sulfur providing uniform fine grain structure of the nickel plating.
1278:"We'll find the optimal approach to coating your parts. No one can beat Bales' wide array of engineered coatings and finishes"
1506:
1028:
1364:
1462:
1374:
949:
1525:
334:
Auxiliary brighteners (e.g. sodium allyl sulfonate, pyridinium propyl sulfonate) in concentration 0.075-3.8 g/L.
1578:
95:
Nickel electroplating was developed in the first half of the 19th century, with notable experiments made by
936:
has nickel plating applied for fabrication of nickel products. For example, nickel can be deposited onto a
1253:
1339:
104:
1049:
954:
1125:
121:
803:
129:
112:
1583:
170:
141:
1546:
1398:
688:
A hard nickel solution is used when a high tensile strength and hardness deposit is required.
1496:
1410:
325:
1291:
Ibrahim, Magdy A. M. (2005). "Black nickel electrodeposition from a modified Watts bath".
8:
1226:
873:
1414:
988:
99:(1837) and nickel nitrate patent by Joseph Shore (1840). The first practical recipe, an
1426:
1316:
848:
1512:
1502:
1458:
1430:
1370:
1308:
732:
1320:
1418:
1300:
893:
100:
59:, and etching may be used. Once the piece has been prepared it is immersed into an
56:
1422:
1588:
577:
491:
405:
242:
108:
1547:"The History of Electroplating And A Historical Review of the Evolution of NASF"
964:
959:
933:
901:
782:
708:
641:
556:
212:
76:
52:
42:
resistance, or used to build up worn or undersized parts for salvage purposes.
23:
1528:[reprinted in Plating & Surface Finishing, April 2006, pp. 34-43]
1516:
1304:
1572:
1312:
926:
889:
107:
in 1843 and was in use for 70 years. The commercial success was achieved by
79:
processes, the ions travel through the solution and deposit on the cathode.
832:
96:
1277:
148:, variations of which are still widely used for decorative plating, with
128:
construction in the form of a platinum basket filled with nickel pieces,
60:
925:
usually having matte or dull finish. The method can be used for making
881:
752:
662:
598:
512:
429:
272:
133:
885:
149:
137:
35:
1026:
909:
876:, rims, exhaust pipes and trim. It is also used for bright work on
937:
897:
877:
64:
1399:"Simultaneous co-deposition of SiC and CNT into the Ni coating"
1397:
Mosallanejad, M. H.; Shafyei, A.; Akhavan, S. (18 April 2016).
27:
1454:
Nanostructured Thin Films and
Coatings: Mechanical Properties
940:
and then lifted off the latter, creating a nickel-only part.
922:
125:
68:
31:
781:"Black nickel" is a dark coating that consists primarily of
39:
1396:
152:
solutions challenging it in the engineering applications.
136:(patent issued in 1878), Bancroft figured out the role of
72:
1197:
1050:"MIL-P-27418 PLATING SOFT NICKEL ELECTRO-DEPOSITED BATH"
1185:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
116:
84:
1501:(5 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 79–114.
1340:"MIL-P-18317 PLATING BLACK NICKEL ON BRASS BRONZE OR"
1166:
1154:
1142:
1066:
34:
object. The nickel layer can be decorative, provide
1495:. In Mordechay Schlesinger; Milan Paunovic (eds.).
324:Carrier brighteners (e.g. paratoluene sulfonamide,
124:solution (1868), in the process establishing the
103:of nickel and ammonium sulfates, was invented by
71:is dissolved into the electrolyte to form nickel
1570:
1027:Ian Rose; Clive Whittington; William Lo (2022).
908:nickel is typically coated with a thin layer of
1284:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
915:
1523:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1203:
1191:
1126:"Nickel electroplating [SubsTech]"
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
115:, while similar to Böttger's, had neutral
1270:
453:
140:in dissolving the anode (1906). Finally,
1209:
1544:
1488:Di Bari, George A. (14 February 2011).
1487:
1327:
1290:
1179:
1160:
1148:
1087:
1081:
302:
1571:
1248:
1246:
983:
981:
979:
155:
83:concentration in the solution and the
1450:
1362:
1042:
867:
353:
1554:NASF Surface Technology White Papers
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1545:Nebiolo, William P. (August 2022).
1356:
1293:Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
1243:
976:
533:
344:
176:
13:
1224:
462:Cathode current density: 2-25 A/dm
311:Cathode current density: 2-10 A/dm
14:
1600:
1005:
950:Electroless nickel immersion gold
111:, whose patent for a solution of
1403:Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly
1366:Nickel, Cobalt, and Their Alloys
1444:
1390:
1363:Davis, Joseph R. (2000-01-01).
862:
776:
469:
683:
619:
318:
160:
1:
1526:"The story of nickel plating"
1490:"Electrodeposition of nickel"
1423:10.1080/00084433.2016.1150406
970:
884:. Other applications include
888:and household items such as
63:solution and is used as the
7:
1524:Dubpernell, George (1959).
989:"QQ-N-290 A NICKEL PLATING"
943:
45:
10:
1605:
1481:
1254:"NickelElectroplating.pdf"
955:Electroless nickel plating
929:wear resistance coatings.
459:Temperature: 40-60 °C
308:Temperature: 40-65 °C
90:
1451:Zhang, Sam (2010-06-18).
1305:10.1007/s10800-005-9077-8
1029:"Nickel Plating Handbook"
366:
363:
360:
192:
189:
186:
183:
169:, named for its inventor
75:(Ni). Just like in other
1457:. Taylor & Francis.
916:Engineering applications
144:in 1916 established the
122:nickel ammonium chloride
1227:"Nickel Electroplating"
804:Nickel ammonium sulfate
113:nickel ammonium sulfate
326:benzene sulphonic acid
171:Oliver Patterson Watts
1498:Modern Electroplating
1369:. ASM International.
132:initiated the use of
55:, cleaning, masking,
20:Nickel electroplating
1579:Corrosion prevention
1225:Snyder, Dr. Donald.
454:Operating conditions
303:Operating conditions
1415:2016CaMQ...55..147M
798:Bath concentration
636:Bath concentration
551:Bath concentration
486:Bath concentration
367:Bath concentration
156:Types and chemistry
868:Decorative coating
849:Sodium thiocyanate
700:Bath concentration
22:is a technique of
1508:978-1-118-06314-9
1344:www.everyspec.com
1054:www.everyspec.com
993:www.everyspec.com
894:plumbing fixtures
860:
859:
774:
773:
733:Ammonium chloride
681:
680:
617:
616:
531:
530:
451:
450:
300:
299:
77:electrodeposition
1596:
1565:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1520:
1494:
1476:
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1241:
1240:
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1237:
1231:www.pfonline.com
1222:
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1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
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1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1130:www.substech.com
1122:
1085:
1079:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1036:Nickel Institute
1033:
1024:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
985:
789:
788:
691:
690:
627:
626:
542:
541:
534:Sulfate-chloride
477:
476:
380:Nickel sulfamate
358:
357:
354:Bath composition
345:Nickel sulfamate
181:
180:
177:Bath composition
101:aqueous solution
26:a thin layer of
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1569:
1568:
1549:
1529:
1509:
1492:
1484:
1479:
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1465:
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1435:
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1338:
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1328:
1289:
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1276:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1210:
1204:Dubpernell 1959
1202:
1198:
1192:Dubpernell 1959
1190:
1186:
1178:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1088:
1080:
1067:
1058:
1056:
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1047:
1043:
1031:
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997:
995:
987:
986:
977:
973:
946:
918:
870:
865:
840:
823:
819:
815:
811:
779:
764:
760:
740:
720:
716:
686:
674:
670:
653:
649:
622:
610:
606:
589:
585:
578:Nickel chloride
568:
564:
536:
524:
520:
503:
499:
492:Nickel chloride
472:
456:
441:
437:
417:
413:
406:Nickel chloride
394:
390:
386:
356:
347:
321:
305:
284:
280:
254:
250:
243:Nickel chloride
224:
220:
179:
163:
158:
142:Oliver P. Watts
109:Isaac Adams Jr.
93:
48:
17:
16:Surface coating
12:
11:
5:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1567:
1566:
1542:
1521:
1507:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1463:
1443:
1409:(2): 147–155.
1389:
1375:
1355:
1326:
1299:(3): 295–301.
1283:
1269:
1242:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1086:
1065:
1041:
1004:
974:
972:
969:
968:
967:
965:Chrome plating
962:
960:Electroplating
957:
952:
945:
942:
934:electroforming
917:
914:
896:, wire racks,
869:
866:
864:
861:
858:
857:
854:
851:
845:
844:
841:
838:
835:
829:
828:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
806:
800:
799:
796:
793:
783:nickel sulfide
778:
775:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
758:
755:
749:
748:
745:
742:
738:
735:
729:
728:
725:
722:
718:
714:
711:
709:Nickel sulfate
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
685:
682:
679:
678:
675:
672:
668:
665:
659:
658:
655:
651:
647:
644:
642:Nickel sulfate
638:
637:
634:
631:
621:
618:
615:
614:
611:
608:
604:
601:
595:
594:
591:
587:
583:
580:
574:
573:
570:
566:
562:
559:
557:Nickel sulfate
553:
552:
549:
546:
535:
532:
529:
528:
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508:
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501:
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402:
401:
398:
395:
392:
388:
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368:
365:
362:
361:Chemical name
355:
352:
346:
343:
339:
338:
335:
332:
329:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
309:
304:
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259:
256:
252:
248:
245:
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235:
232:
229:
226:
222:
218:
215:
213:Nickel sulfate
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:Chemical Name
178:
175:
162:
159:
157:
154:
92:
89:
47:
44:
24:electroplating
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1601:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Metal plating
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1540:(6): 599–616.
1539:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1466:
1464:9781420094022
1460:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1378:
1376:9780871706850
1372:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1206:, p. 40.
1205:
1200:
1194:, p. 39.
1193:
1188:
1182:, p. 79.
1181:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1163:, p. 82.
1162:
1157:
1151:, p. 81.
1150:
1145:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1084:, p. 80.
1083:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
994:
990:
984:
982:
980:
975:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
941:
939:
935:
930:
928:
927:nanocomposite
924:
913:
911:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
842:
836:
834:
831:
830:
826:
807:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
792:Chemical name
791:
790:
787:
784:
769:
766:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
723:
712:
710:
707:
706:
702:
699:
696:
694:Chemical name
693:
692:
689:
676:
666:
664:
661:
660:
657:30–53 oz/gal
656:
645:
643:
640:
639:
635:
632:
630:Chemical name
629:
628:
625:
612:
602:
600:
597:
596:
593:20–30 oz/gal
592:
581:
579:
576:
575:
572:20–30 oz/gal
571:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
547:
545:Chemical name
544:
543:
540:
527:4–4.7 oz/gal
526:
516:
514:
511:
510:
507:30–40 oz/gal
506:
495:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
480:Chemical name
479:
478:
475:
464:
461:
458:
457:
446:
443:
433:
431:
428:
427:
423:
420:
409:
407:
404:
403:
400:40–60 oz/gal
399:
396:
382:
379:
378:
374:
371:
370:
359:
351:
342:
336:
333:
330:
327:
323:
322:
313:
310:
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306:
295:
292:
289:
286:
276:
274:
271:
270:
266:
263:
260:
257:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:30–40 oz/gal
236:
233:
230:
227:
216:
214:
211:
210:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
182:
174:
172:
168:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:Edward Weston
127:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
88:
86:
80:
78:
74:
70:
67:. The nickel
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:heat treating
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1557:
1553:
1537:
1533:
1497:
1468:. Retrieved
1453:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1406:
1402:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1365:
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1234:. Retrieved
1230:
1199:
1187:
1180:Di Bari 2011
1161:Di Bari 2011
1156:
1149:Di Bari 2011
1144:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:
1082:Di Bari 2011
1057:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1035:
996:. Retrieved
992:
931:
919:
906:
871:
863:Applications
833:Zinc sulfate
780:
777:Black nickel
687:
623:
537:
473:
470:All-chloride
348:
340:
231:20–40 oz/gal
193:Semi-bright
166:
164:
145:
97:Golding Bird
94:
81:
49:
38:resistance,
19:
18:
1262:25 February
882:motorcycles
843:1.0 oz/gal
684:Hard nickel
677:4–6 oz/gal
620:All-sulfate
613:4–6 oz/gal
465:pH: 3.5-4.5
447:4–6 oz/gal
424:0–4 oz/gal
397:300-450 g/L
319:Brighteners
296:5–7 oz/gal
267:4–6 oz/gal
261:8–20 oz/gal
234:225–300 g/L
228:150–300 g/L
161:Watts baths
61:electrolyte
1573:Categories
1517:1037918105
1349:2018-02-25
1236:2018-02-25
1135:2018-02-25
1059:2018-02-25
998:2018-02-25
971:References
902:appliances
886:hand tools
770:29.96 g/L
753:Boric acid
744:3.3 oz/gal
663:Boric acid
599:Boric acid
513:Boric acid
430:Boric acid
290:5–7 oz/gal
273:Boric acid
258:60–150 g/L
167:Watts bath
146:Watts bath
134:boric acid
1431:138392838
1313:0021-891X
856:2 oz/gal
827:8 oz/gal
747:24.7 g/L
727:179.7g/L
724:24 oz/gal
444:30-45 g/L
314:pH: 4.5-5
293:37–52 g/L
287:37–52 g/L
264:30–45 g/L
150:sulfamate
138:chlorides
36:corrosion
1470:9 August
1436:9 August
1382:9 August
1321:95324802
944:See also
910:chromium
898:firearms
890:lighting
878:bicycles
767:4 oz/gal
421:0-30 g/L
364:Formula
187:Formula
57:pickling
46:Overview
1564:: 1–14.
1534:Plating
1482:Sources
1411:Bibcode
938:mandrel
932:Nickel
874:bumpers
795:Formula
703:Metric
697:Formula
633:Formula
548:Formula
483:Formula
190:Bright
105:Böttger
91:History
65:cathode
30:onto a
1589:Nickel
1560:(11).
1515:
1505:
1461:
1429:
1373:
1319:
1311:
923:alloys
900:, and
372:Metric
204:Metric
198:Metric
28:nickel
1550:(PDF)
1530:(PDF)
1493:(PDF)
1427:S2CID
1317:S2CID
1257:(PDF)
1032:(PDF)
853:NaCNS
383:Ni(SO
126:anode
69:anode
32:metal
1562:NASF
1513:OCLC
1503:ISBN
1472:2016
1459:ISBN
1438:2016
1384:2016
1371:ISBN
1309:ISSN
1264:2018
892:and
880:and
837:ZnSO
816:)2SO
812:·(NH
808:NiSO
713:NiSO
646:NiSO
582:NiCl
561:NiSO
496:NiCl
410:NiCl
247:NiCl
217:NiSO
73:ions
40:wear
1419:doi
1301:doi
820:·6H
717:·6H
650:·6H
586:·6H
565:·6H
500:·6H
414:·6H
375:US
251:·6H
221:·6H
207:US
1575::
1558:86
1556:.
1552:.
1538:46
1536:.
1532:.
1511:.
1425:.
1417:.
1407:55
1405:.
1401:.
1342:.
1329:^
1315:.
1307:.
1297:36
1295:.
1245:^
1229:.
1211:^
1168:^
1128:.
1089:^
1068:^
1052:.
1034:.
1007:^
991:.
978:^
912:.
904:.
761:BO
741:Cl
737:NH
671:BO
607:BO
521:BO
438:BO
387:NH
281:BO
201:US
165:A
117:pH
85:pH
1519:.
1474:.
1440:.
1421::
1413::
1386:.
1352:.
1323:.
1303::
1280:.
1266:.
1239:.
1138:.
1062:.
1038:.
1001:.
839:4
824:O
822:2
818:4
814:4
810:4
763:3
759:3
757:H
739:4
721:O
719:2
715:4
673:3
669:3
667:H
654:O
652:2
648:4
609:3
605:3
603:H
590:O
588:2
584:2
569:O
567:2
563:4
523:3
519:3
517:H
504:O
502:2
498:2
440:3
436:3
434:H
418:O
416:2
412:2
393:2
391:)
389:2
385:3
283:3
279:3
277:H
255:O
253:2
249:2
225:O
223:2
219:4
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