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located in
Heilongjiang, it was "the coldest and most deserted region in China" (192 Yang). Nie Gannu was sent to a concentration camp there, and he was on the "fifth team of the 850 farm". They were forced to work "from sunrise until dark, not allowing breaks even in severe weather conditions" (192 Yang). At night, they slept in a room with two long beds, where dozens of people fit in one bed. Nie Gannu, who was 55 years old at the time, was the oldest in the group, that makes it extremely hard for him to keep up with the physically-challenging tasks, as well as farming tasks due to his lack of farming experiences. During his time in the Great North Wilderness, Nie Gannu wrote a lot of classical style poems about his experiences, as well as on "critiquing the Anti-Rightist and the Socialist reality" (Wang 2017).
178:. During the Sino-Japanese War, Nie Gannu wrote Yecao《野草》. In 1958, Nie Gannu as well as other famous poets, and senior revolutionist were expelled to the Great Northern Wilderness (北大荒). It was also called a "farm", it was a labour camp in the wilderness where the Chinese government sent the revolutionist or poets who 'went against the will of the government'. They were monitored, and forced to work at. After the founding of the
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In 1957, the Nie Gannu was banished to the Great
Northern Wilderness for reeducation through labour as he was labelled as a "Rightist", alongside of thousands other "rightists", "were accused of 'launching a ferocious offensive' on the Communist Party" (192 Yang). The Great Northern Wilderness was
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in 1957, Nie Gannu was "labelled as a
Rightist". As a result, he was excluded from the party, and forced to retire in Beijing. But In order to collect writing materials, he was sent voluntarily to the concentration camp to experience the life of Rightists. And he was sent to a concentration camp in
249:. It was called the "Hu Feng event". The campaign was about " government control" (188 Xiao). And they were considered as the "impurities" of the community. The government believed "the impurities" were harmful to maintain the main idea of "we-as-one", therefore wanted to "get rid of them". In the
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in 1966 for "acting counterrevolutionary". Then released in 1976, and had his "wrongful imprisonment" justified in 1979. He died on 26 March 1986 in
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Nie Gannu was born into "a declining landowner family" in 1903. He then joined the
Nationalist party in 1922. In 1924, he began studying at
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221:. He met a lot of classmates and friends who were also very politically involved, and had made a huge impact on history. He met
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The
Chinese Communist Party decided to break the Rightists into six categories. And the punishments were as following:
237:. As well as other Chinese communists and Nationalists. In 1940s, he started working as a journal editor. In the early
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Banished to the Great
Northern Wilderness: Political Exile and Re-education in Mao's China
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Yang, Haosheng (2016). "5 Hard to be
Reformed: Nie Gannu and His Classical-Style Poems".
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373:"Muffled Dialect Spoken by Green Fruit: An Alternative History of Modern Chinese Poetry"
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147:; 1903–1986) was a Chinese essayist, and a political figure. He was born in
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days, "We-as-one" was the main idea of the government. In 1955, Nie Gannu,
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After he graduated from
Huangpu military School, he continued studying in
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Rightists were sent to factories, mines, countrysides, and borderlands.
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288:"Removed from jobs and sent to perform labour 'under supervision'"
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452:"Bibliography of Literature of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-45)"
508:. Vol. 409 (1 ed.). Harvard University Asia Center.
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also attended. In 1927 he returned to China, and joined the
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166:. It is a school other famous political figures like
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197:. He was sentenced to life in prison during the
505:Revolutionary Waves: The Crowd in Modern China
312:"Punished with lower rank and reduced salary"
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16:Chinese essayist, poet and political figure
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193:. Later in life, he became known for his
225:(1891-1976) at Huangpu Military School.
122:Yecao《野草》, blood《血书》, and Muttering《沉吟》
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431:. Cornell University Press.
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574:. Brill. pp. 183–231.
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371:Tian, Xiaofei (2009).
251:Anti-rightist campaign
195:classical style poetry
130:Classical style poetry
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617:People from Jingmen
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383:(1): 1–45.
186:to run the
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339:References
223:Zhou Enlai
209:Early life
189:Wen Wei Po
61:1903-01-28
468:8755-8963
389:1520-9857
191:newspaper
184:Hong Kong
137:Nie Gannu
40:Nie Gannu
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19:In this
243:Hu Feng
203:Beijing
141:Chinese
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69:Hubei
576:ISBN
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