941:
330:
monopoly over iron and salt, income from public land, and profit from the state-sanctioned sale of alcoholic drinks. The expenditures included salaries of officials, and supplies for the army. The
Minister of Finance also administered the state monopoly over the production and sale of iron and salt, and the sale of alcoholic drinks. He also had direct control over the granaries in the imperial capital and the provinces.
365:, the officialdom was classified in nine grades, each grade subdivided into two degrees, extending from upper first grade at the top to lower ninth grade at the bottom. Under this system, the Ministers of the Six Ministries all held the rank of upper third grade, and rose to upper second grade after the abolishment of the position of
338:
The
Minister Steward managed the palace treasury, i.e., the private finances of the imperial clan. Sources of revenue for the palace treasury included taxes on mountains, seas and lakes, which were considered the Emperor's property. The Minister Steward was also in charge of disbursing the incomes of
298:
The
Minister of Justice was in charge of the laws. He accepted and decided all the lawsuits that provincial governors failed to dispose of. The cases which he could not decide were reported to the Emperor, along with the relevant details and appropriate articles of the law code that might apply.
329:
The
Minister of Finance was in charge of the collection of revenue for the state treasury and the disbursement of expenditures from the state treasury. Sources of revenue for the state treasury included poll tax, land tax, commutation of labour service into cash payment, profits from the state
272:; men of good moral character recommended by local and regional officials; men of special talents, great wealth, and so on. Every year, the Minister assessed and rated these Gentlemen on four qualities (simplicity, generosity, modesty and virtue) and recommended them for office accordingly.
289:
The
Minister Coachman was in charge of the Emperor's chariots, carriages and horses. He was responsible for ensuring that the appropriate number and type of chariots, carriages and horses were used at ceremonies. He also supervised the government pastures and the horses raised there.
245:
The
Minister of Ceremonies, usually described as a chief priest in the government, was responsible for ceremonies in the imperial ancestral temples and in charge of astronomy, astrology, and the daily records of the emperor's activities. He also supervised the operation of the
320:
The
Minister of the Imperial Clan was in charge of members of the imperial clan, i.e., the Emperor's family and relatives. He kept a record of all the Emperor's relatives and received the registers of the Emperor's relatives prepared and submitted by provincial officials.
369:
in 1380. The Censor-in-Chief, head of the
Censorate, had a rank of lower first grade before 1380 and upper second grade after. The functional heads of the Grand Court of Revision and the Office of Transmission both held a rank of upper third grade.
280:
The
Minister of the Guards was essentially the chief of the Imperial Guards, who guarded the palaces. Unlike the Gentlemen, the Imperial Guards were men drafted from among the common people and they were required to serve for a year.
311:
at religious rituals (e.g. worship at the imperial ancestral temple) and when the
Emperor received guests. He was also in charge of affairs related to the marquises, or officials rewarded with enfeoffment for meritorious service.
268:), civil service candidates who stood guard at the doors of palaces and halls. The Gentlemen came from a variety of backgrounds: family members and relatives of high-ranking officials; graduates of the
940:
358:, extending from the 10,000 bushels at the top to the 100 bushels at the bottom. Under this scheme, each of the nine ministers drew a salary of the full 2,000 bushels.
74:
70:
1090:
1363:
1119:
250:, selecting and examining the students. If they were suitable, he was also responsible to report their eligibility for office to the emperor.
1774:
1635:
1542:
1018:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1799:
779:
1670:
351:, civil service officials were classified in 20 grades (reduced to 16 after 32 BC) expressed by the official's annual salary in terms of
1794:
1748:
1356:
1301:
1179:
1905:
949:
908:
854:
1128:
418:
Alternative translations exist, for example Wang (1949), on pages 150–151, provides different English renditions. See
1698:
1683:
1433:
1349:
883:
62:
1124:
1085:
873:
384:
1703:
724:
689:
1592:
1134:
677:
419:
399:
1900:
1693:
772:
352:
1280:
1879:
1841:
1824:
1575:
1097:
968:
389:
1859:
1789:
1733:
1445:
1058:
989:
913:
820:
394:
1779:
1537:
858:
1062:
878:
765:
1618:
1426:
1144:
1007:
835:
797:
733:
698:
51:
1836:
1532:
825:
1570:
1461:
1416:
1114:
847:
842:
809:
1659:
1157:
918:
923:
863:
805:
722:
Wang, Yu-Ch'uan (June 1949). "An Outline of The Central Government of The Former Han Dynasty".
815:
1678:
1580:
1502:
1466:
1107:
1075:
995:
982:
1910:
1257:
1169:
1012:
928:
868:
308:
8:
1743:
1728:
1522:
1217:
1152:
1048:
830:
1851:
1394:
745:
710:
366:
1753:
1738:
1688:
1497:
1406:
1389:
1222:
687:
Hucker, Charles O. (December 1958). "Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty".
673:
653:
94:
57:
The term "Nine Ministers" could also refer to the nine high-ranking officials in the
42:) was the collective name for nine high officials in the imperial government of the
1487:
1471:
1411:
1381:
1080:
737:
702:
669:
25:
1294:
1758:
1329:
1308:
1247:
1648:
1643:
1517:
1399:
1373:
1341:
1287:
1894:
1723:
1421:
1315:
665:
1804:
1653:
1322:
894:
362:
58:
1829:
1613:
1492:
1438:
1227:
1041:
975:
889:
788:
379:
348:
47:
43:
1784:
1242:
1237:
1036:
749:
714:
658:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD
1527:
1512:
1197:
1164:
1031:
1001:
962:
757:
269:
247:
66:
741:
706:
1623:
1608:
1232:
1192:
1070:
1025:
903:
1266:
1207:
1187:
453:
1507:
1273:
1212:
1202:
957:
661:
33:
258:
The Minister of the Household was in charge of the Gentlemen (
1547:
898:
1552:
624:
576:
552:
542:
540:
525:
501:
477:
465:
612:
600:
588:
1323:
Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders
564:
537:
441:
513:
489:
46:(206 BC–220 AD), who each headed one of the
61:, namely, the respective functional heads of the
1892:
1371:
315:
1295:Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet
1775:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
1357:
1019:Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
773:
652:
459:
307:The Minister Herald performed the role of a
253:
1364:
1350:
780:
766:
1749:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
1302:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
275:
240:
1893:
909:Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions
787:
686:
630:
618:
606:
594:
447:
324:
293:
1345:
761:
884:Second Chinese domination of Vietnam
721:
582:
570:
558:
546:
531:
519:
507:
495:
483:
471:
284:
1767:
1125:Protectorate of the Western Regions
874:First Chinese domination of Vietnam
385:Political systems of Imperial China
333:
13:
725:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
690:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
302:
14:
1922:
420:Translation of Han dynasty titles
400:Translation of Han dynasty titles
80:
1135:Translation of government titles
939:
1281:Book on Numbers and Computation
1576:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
1098:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
969:Records of the Grand Historian
412:
390:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
339:members of the imperial clan.
264:
219:Grand Minister of Agriculture
204:Director of the Imperial Clan
38:
1:
1906:Government of the Han dynasty
1790:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
990:Records of the Three Kingdoms
914:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
821:Rebellion of the Seven States
429:
395:Government of the Han dynasty
316:Minister of the Imperial Clan
201:Minister of the Imperial Clan
50:and were subordinates to the
434:
87:
7:
373:
10:
1927:
1619:Bureau of Military Affairs
1543:Territorial administration
1427:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
1120:Provinces and commanderies
1008:Eight Immortals of Huainan
836:War of the Heavenly Horses
734:Harvard-Yenching Institute
699:Harvard-Yenching Institute
640:
52:Three Councillors of State
1850:
1837:Embroidered Uniform Guard
1817:
1716:
1669:
1634:
1601:
1563:
1480:
1454:
1380:
1256:
1178:
1143:
1057:
948:
937:
826:Han dynasty in Inner Asia
796:
259:
254:Minister of the Household
129:Supervisor of Attendants
126:Minister of the Household
99:
93:
90:
85:The Nine Ministers were:
29:
1800:Administrative divisions
879:Trung sisters' rebellion
843:Han conquest of Gojoseon
810:Feast at Swan Goose Gate
405:
100:Alternative translation
1901:Chinese-language titles
1660:Secretariat-Chancellery
1158:Ancient Chinese coinage
919:Yellow Turban Rebellion
342:
75:Grand Court of Revision
1180:Science and technology
924:End of the Han dynasty
864:Han conquest of Nanyue
356:(石) or Chinese bushels
276:Minister of the Guards
241:Minister of Ceremonies
174:Commandant of Justice
141:Minister of the Guards
112:Minister of Ceremonies
71:Office of Transmission
1734:Imperial Commissioner
1679:Ministry of Personnel
1581:Three Ducal Ministers
1503:Imperial examinations
1467:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
1108:Three Ducal Ministers
996:Flying Horse of Gansu
983:Book of the Later Han
462:, pp. 1221–1224.
144:Commandant of Guards
1842:Qing Imperial Guards
1825:Tang Imperial Guards
1170:Sino-Roman relations
1013:Mawangdui Silk Texts
929:Battle of Red Cliffs
869:Han conquest of Dian
309:master of ceremonies
1744:Imperial Clan Court
1729:Remonstrance Bureau
1699:Ministry of Justice
1684:Ministry of Revenue
1538:Historical capitals
1523:Academies (Shuyuan)
1049:Eastern Han Chinese
950:Society and culture
855:Southward expansion
816:Lü Clan disturbance
585:, pp. 150–151.
561:, pp. 155–156.
534:, pp. 154–155.
510:, pp. 153–154.
486:, pp. 152–153.
474:, pp. 151–152.
460:de Crespigny (2007)
367:Imperial Chancellor
325:Minister of Finance
294:Minister of Justice
216:Minister of Finance
171:Minister of Justice
1267:Balanced Discourse
806:Chu–Han Contention
654:de Crespigny, Rafe
633:, pp. 37, 56.
1888:
1887:
1813:
1812:
1754:Viceroys in China
1739:Grand Secretariat
1712:
1711:
1704:Ministry of Works
1689:Ministry of Rites
1636:Three Departments
1593:Translated titles
1498:Five Directorates
1339:
1338:
848:Four Commanderies
285:Minister Coachman
238:
237:
156:Minister Coachman
95:Rafe de Crespigny
22:Nine Chamberlains
1918:
1765:
1764:
1632:
1631:
1533:Tributary system
1488:Nine-rank system
1472:Scholar-official
1462:Grand Chancellor
1366:
1359:
1352:
1343:
1342:
943:
782:
775:
768:
759:
758:
753:
718:
683:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
535:
529:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
423:
416:
334:Minister Steward
270:Imperial Academy
266:
261:
248:Imperial Academy
234:Small Treasurer
231:Minister Steward
88:
40:
31:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1846:
1818:Imperial guards
1809:
1763:
1759:Mandarin square
1708:
1694:Ministry of War
1665:
1630:
1602:Middle Imperial
1597:
1559:
1476:
1450:
1376:
1370:
1340:
1335:
1330:Zhoubi Suanjing
1309:Huangdi Neijing
1274:Book of Origins
1252:
1248:Zhang Zhongjing
1174:
1139:
1053:
944:
935:
831:Han–Xiongnu War
792:
786:
756:
742:10.2307/2718206
707:10.2307/2718619
680:
643:
638:
637:
629:
625:
617:
613:
605:
601:
593:
589:
581:
577:
569:
565:
557:
553:
545:
538:
530:
526:
518:
514:
506:
502:
494:
490:
482:
478:
470:
466:
458:
454:
446:
442:
437:
432:
427:
426:
417:
413:
408:
376:
345:
336:
327:
318:
305:
303:Minister Herald
296:
287:
278:
256:
243:
225:
210:
195:
186:Minister Herald
180:
165:
150:
135:
120:
106:
83:
12:
11:
5:
1924:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1671:Six Ministries
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1649:Zhongshu Sheng
1646:
1644:Shangshu Sheng
1640:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1586:Nine Ministers
1583:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1564:Early Imperial
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1518:Hanlin Academy
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1374:Imperial China
1372:Government of
1369:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1129:Chief Official
1122:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1103:Nine Ministers
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1005:
998:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
960:
954:
952:
946:
945:
938:
936:
934:
933:
932:
931:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
892:
887:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
859:Han–Minyue War
852:
851:
850:
840:
839:
838:
833:
823:
818:
813:
802:
800:
794:
793:
785:
784:
777:
770:
762:
755:
754:
719:
684:
678:
649:
648:
647:
642:
639:
636:
635:
623:
611:
599:
587:
575:
573:, p. 137.
563:
551:
549:, p. 155.
536:
524:
522:, p. 154.
512:
500:
498:, p. 153.
488:
476:
464:
452:
439:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
425:
424:
410:
409:
407:
404:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
375:
372:
344:
341:
335:
332:
326:
323:
317:
314:
304:
301:
295:
292:
286:
283:
277:
274:
255:
252:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
221:
220:
217:
214:
206:
205:
202:
199:
191:
190:
187:
184:
176:
175:
172:
169:
161:
160:
159:Grand Servant
157:
154:
146:
145:
142:
139:
131:
130:
127:
124:
116:
115:
113:
110:
102:
101:
98:
97:'s translation
92:
82:
81:Nine Ministers
79:
63:Six Ministries
18:Nine Ministers
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1923:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:Grand Council
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Three Bureaus
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:Late Imperial
1715:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Son of Heaven
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1316:Shuowen Jiezi
1313:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1130:
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631:Hucker (1958)
627:
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619:Hucker (1958)
615:
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608:
607:Hucker (1958)
603:
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1805:Zongli Yamen
1654:Menxia Sheng
1585:
1481:Institutions
1328:
1321:
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895:Red Eyebrows
729:
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84:
59:Ming dynasty
56:
37:
21:
17:
15:
1911:Nine Courts
1830:Shence Army
1614:Jimi system
1493:Nine Courts
1439:Consort kin
1228:Luoxia Hong
1091:Family tree
976:Book of Han
890:Xin dynasty
789:Han dynasty
736:: 134–187.
646:Works cited
583:Wang (1949)
571:Wang (1949)
559:Wang (1949)
547:Wang (1949)
532:Wang (1949)
520:Wang (1949)
508:Wang (1949)
496:Wang (1949)
484:Wang (1949)
472:Wang (1949)
380:Nine Courts
361:During the
349:Han dynasty
48:Nine Courts
44:Han dynasty
1895:Categories
1785:Lifan Yuan
1243:Zhang Heng
1238:Wang Chong
1059:Government
1037:Han poetry
430:References
212:dà sī nóng
197:zōng zhèng
182:dà hóng lú
73:, and the
1852:Dynasties
1528:Censorate
1513:Guozijian
1218:Liu Xiang
1198:Ding Huan
1165:Silk Road
1032:Old Texts
1002:Huainanzi
963:Sima Qian
435:Citations
108:tài cháng
67:Censorate
1624:Shumishi
1609:Jiedushi
1390:Monarchy
1382:Nobility
1233:Sima Tan
1193:Cai Yong
1071:Ban Chao
1063:military
1026:Yiwu Zhi
904:Chengjia
701:: 1–66.
656:(2007).
374:See also
167:tíng wèi
39:jiǔ qīng
1455:Offices
1434:Empress
1412:Emperor
1395:Dynasty
1288:Fangyan
1223:Liu Xin
1208:Hua Tuo
1188:Cai Lun
1153:Coinage
1145:Economy
1081:Emperor
1076:Ma Yuan
798:History
750:2718206
732:(1/2).
715:2718619
641:Sources
347:In the
227:shào fǔ
137:wèi wèi
91:Chinese
26:Chinese
1508:Taixue
1407:Titles
1213:Liu An
1203:Du Shi
958:Ban Gu
791:topics
748:
713:
676:
662:Leiden
152:tài pú
69:, the
65:, the
36::
34:pinyin
28::
1795:Ranks
1548:Yamen
1446:Harem
1400:Cycle
1258:Texts
1115:Kings
899:Lulin
746:JSTOR
711:JSTOR
670:Brill
406:Notes
1880:Qing
1875:Yuan
1870:Liao
1865:Tang
1768:Qing
1571:King
1553:Tusi
1417:List
1086:list
1061:and
897:and
674:ISBN
343:Rank
265:láng
16:The
1860:Han
738:doi
703:doi
354:dan
209:大司農
179:大鴻臚
119:光祿勳
20:or
1897::
1042:Fu
744:.
730:12
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709:.
697:.
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693:.
672:.
668::
664:,
660:.
539:^
262:;
224:少府
194:宗正
164:廷尉
149:太僕
134:衛尉
105:太常
77:.
54:.
32:;
30:九卿
1662:)
1658:(
1365:e
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808:(
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260:郎
24:(
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