3362:
292:
1846:
wrestling and drinking strong liquor as noted during midwinter by the Korean Sin Chung-il when it was very cold. These
Jurchens who lived in the north-east's harsh cold climate sometimes half sunk their houses in the ground which they constructed of brick or timber and surrounded their fortified villages with stone foundations on which they built wattle and mud walls to defend against attack. Village clusters were ruled by beile, hereditary leaders. They fought each other and dispensed weapons, wives, slaves, and lands to their followers in them. The Jurchens who founded the Qing lived and their ancestors lived in such a way before the Jin. Alongside Mongols and Jurchen clans there were migrants from Liaodong provinces of the
1731:
3974:
20:
2724:, pp. 65â66, 68â69: "The warriors who founded the Bulgar state in the Lower Danube region were culturally related to the nomads of Eurasia. Indeed, their language was Turkic, and more specifically OÄuric, as is apparent from the isolated words and phrases preserved in a number of inventory inscriptions." ... "It is generally believed that during their migration to the Balkans, the Bulgars brought with them or swept along several other groups of Eurasian nomads whose exact ethnic and linguistic affinities are impossible to determine... Sarmato-Alanian origin... Slav or Slavicized sedentary populations."
6067:
5751:
1399:
904:
1807:
livestock raising, and sedentary agriculture were all practiced by the
Jianzhou Jurchens as part of their culture. In spite of the fact that the Manchus practiced archery on horseback and equestrianism, the Manchu's immediate progenitors practiced sedentary agriculture. Although the Manchus also partook in hunting, they were sedentary. Their primary mode of production was farming, and they lived in villages, forts, and towns surrounded by walls. Farming was practiced by their Jurchen Jin predecessors.
1286:
547:
699:
875:
1855:
They became the Eight
Banners, which was initially capped to 4 and then grew to 8 with three different types of ethnic banners as Han, Mongol and Jurchen were recruited into Nurhaci's forces. Jurchens like Nurhaci spoke both their native Tungusic language and Chinese and adopted the Mongol script for their own language unlike the Jin Jurchen's script, which was derived from Khitan. They adopted Confucian values and practiced their shamanist traditions.
1652:
1454:
1568:
1622:
210:
1299:
1278:. In 820, war broke out between the Kyrgyz and the Uyghur Khaganate, which continued with varying success for 20 years. In 840, the Uyghur Khaganate fell, and the Kyrgyz Khaganate was restored on its territory. It reached its peak of power at the end of the 9th century, but had little geopolitical influence thereafter. Eventually, the Kyrgyz Khaganate was finally dissolved in 1207 after becoming part of the
1355:
609:
485:
789:
1113:
1151:
1814:"The (people of) Chien-chou and Mao-lin are the descendants of the family Ta of Po-hai. They love to be sedentary and sow, and they are skilled in spinning and weaving. As for food, clothing and utensils, they are the same as (those used by) the Chinese. (Those living) south of the Ch'ang-pai mountain are apt to be soothed and governed."
3350:
1837:
said to the
Mongols, "The languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same with us Manchus (JuĆĄen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later, Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the
1786:
were sedentary, settled farmers with advanced agriculture. They farmed grain and millet as their cereal crops, grew flax, and raised oxen, pigs, sheep, and horses. Their farming way of life was very different from the pastoral nomadism of the
Mongols and the Khitan on the steppes. "At the most", the
1854:
living among those
Jurchens in a cosmopolitan manner. Nurhaci who was hosting Sin Chung-il was uniting all of them into his own army, having them adopt the Jurchen hairstyle of a long queue and a shaved fore=crown and wearing leather tunics. His armies had black, blue, red, white, and yellow flags.
2709:
The exact ethnic origins of the
Danubian Bulgars is controversial. It is in any case most probable that they had enveloped groupings of diverse origins during their migration westwards across the Eurasian steppes, and they undoubtedly spoke a form of Turkic as their main language. The Bulgars long
1838:
Mongols was not based in any real shared culture. It was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism" since
Nurhaci said to the Mongols, "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages."
1858:
The Qing stationed "New Manchu" Warka foragers in
Ningguta and attempted to turn them into normal agricultural farmers like normal Old Manchus, but the Warka just reverted to hunter gathering and requested money to buy cattle for beef broth. The Qing wanted the Warka to become soldier-farmers and
1416:
chieftain Seljuk that had served under Khazar army. Ancestors of Seljuk remained unclarified except for his father, Dukak. Dukak was a competent man in Oghuz Yabgu State, and like him Seljuk also gained a seat the court of the Oghuz Yabgu. Afterwards Seljuk fell into disfavor in the court, and he
1845:
who were farmers that foraged, hunted, herded and harvested crops in the Liao and Yalu river basins. They gathered ginseng root, pine nuts, hunted for came pels in the uplands and forests, raised horses in their stables, and farmed millet and wheat in their fallow fields. They engaged in dances,
1806:
were "semi-agricultural, the
Jianzhou Jurchens and Maolian (æŻæ) Jurchens were sedentary, and hunting and fishing was the way of life of the "Wild Jurchens". Han Chinese society resembled that of the sedentary Jianzhou and Maolian, who were farmers. Hunting, archery on horseback, horsemanship,
2671:, p. 253, 256: " With their Avar and TĂŒrk political heritage, they assumed political leadership over an array of Turkic groups, Iranians and Finno-Ugric peoples, under the overlordship of the Khazars, whose vassals they remained." ... "The Bulgars, whose Oguric ancestors ..."
995:, were genuine Huns. The rulers of various post-Hunnic steppe peoples are known to have claimed descent from Attila in order to legitimize their right to the power, and various steppe peoples were also called "Huns" by Western and Byzantine sources from the fourth century onward.
1778:
tribes of the far northeast. The Mohe enjoyed eating pork, practiced pig farming extensively, and were mainly sedentary, and also used both pig and dog skins for coats. They were predominantly farmers and grew soybean, wheat, millet, and rice, in addition to engaging in hunting.
1878:
to repel surrounding despotic empires trying to annex their homelands. Only the pastoral part of the population and military troops migrated frequently, but most of the population lived in organized agricultural and industrial small scale townships, which are called in Europe
183:
forces because of the limitations of pasture in a settled lifestyle. Therefore, settled civilizations usually became reliant on nomadic ones to provide the supply of horses as neededâbecause they did not have resources to maintain these numbers of horses themselves.
1417:
decided to move into Jend with his clan in 961. Rumor has it that he converted to Ä°slam in order to gain the power from Ä°slamic countries. The Oghuz Turks sought a proper homeland that includes vast pastures for their herdes, and consistently fought against
1274:. In 710â711, as a result of the war with the GöktĂŒrks, the Kyrgyz Khaganate fell, and the descendants of Bars Bek remained vassals of the Second Turkic Khaganate until its fall in 744. After that, the Kyrgyz tribes became part of the ascendant
2782:
The name Bulgaria comes from the Bulgars, a people who are still a matter of academic dispute with respect to their origin (Turkic or Indo-European) as well as to their influence on the ethnic mixture and the language of present-day
2820:
Although many scholars, including linguists, had posited that the Bulgars were derived from a Turkic tribe of Central Asia (perhaps with Iranian elements), modern genetic research points to an affiliation with western Eurasian
2454:
and Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-Sang, Books 1â5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906 and Hill (2009), pp. 29,
3525:
2154:
The strong centralized government set up in Egypt by Mohammed Ali (1805â49) not only broke up the Bedouin confederations in the basin of the Nile but also the powerful nomadic empire of the Wahhabis in Arabia
3552:
947:
and Indo-European peoples. Modern genetic research on Central Asian Turkic people and ethnic groups related to the Bulgars points to an affiliation with Western Eurasian populations. The Bulgars spoke a
3416:
1955:
and invaders among them, who adopted their horse-riding, metallurgy, technologies, clothing, and customs caused them to be also often confused with the latter, which mostly occurred in the case of the
369:, with the eastern edges of the region vaguely defined by the Greeks. The Ancient Greeks gave the name Scythia (or Great Scythia) to all the lands north-east of Europe and the northern coast of the
1445:
to seek proper pastures, so the conflicts between Oghuz Turks and Byzantine Empire began. During Tughril's reign, the life styles of nomadic Oghuz tribes changed as they conquered lands of Persia.
112:
inside a conquered sedentary state and then exploiting the existing bureaucrats and commercial resources of that non-nomadic society. In such a scenario, the originally nomadic dynasty may become
1752:
were a nomadic people, when in fact they were not nomads, but instead were a sedentary agricultural people who lived in fixed villages, farmed crops, and practiced hunting and mounted archery.
176:. Trading in horses actually gave these nomadic groups the means to acquire goods by commercial means and reduced the number of attacks and raids into the territories of Central Plain regimes.
1859:
imposed that on them, but the Warka simply left their garrison at Ningguta and went back to the Sungari River to their homes to herd, fish, and hunt. The Qing accused them of desertion.
3173:
744:
who expanded their domain westward in the 5th century. At the height of its power in the first half of the 6th century, the Hephthalite Empire controlled territory in present-day
1555:), each of which was ruled by its own monarch, although the emperors of the Yuan dynasty had nominal title of Khagan. After the disintegration of the western khanates and the
1718:
patrons for dominion and control over the Mongol tribes. In 1756, this last nomadic power was dissolved due to the Oirat princes' succession struggle and costly war with the
2366:
J.Harmatta: "Scythians" in UNESCO Collection of History of Humanity â Volume III: From the Seventh Century BC to the Seventh Century AD. Routledge/UNESCO. 1996. p. 182
1475:
The Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous land empire in history at its peak, with an estimated population of over 100 million people. The Mongol Empire was founded by
1706:
tribes who formed and maintained the last horse archer empire from the early 17th century to the middle 18th century. They emerged in the early 17th century to fight the
7073:
These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
291:
2852:
Suslova; et al. (October 2012). "HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals)".
3141:, p. 151: "...ethnic symbiosis between Slavic commoners and Bulgar elites of Turkic origin, who ultimately gave their name to the Slavic-speaking Bulgarians."
373:. The Scythiansâthe Greeks' name for this initially nomadic peopleâinhabited Scythia from at least the 11th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.
3253:
2040:
4142:
441:
published in 1832, Sarmatia had two parts, Sarmatia Europea and Sarmatia Asiatica covering a combined area of 503,000 sq mi or 1,302,764 km.
3761:
2465:
which began about 127 CE. "Falk 2001, pp. 121â136", Falk (2001), pp. 121â136, Falk, Harry (2004), pp. 167â176 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 33, 368â371.
2440:
2401:
2099:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State Formation in the Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East
1054:
3610:
2081:"Sur quelques vestiges et indices nouveaux de l'hellĂ©nisme dans les arts entre la Bactriane et le GandhÄra (130 av. J.-C.-100 apr. J.-C. environ)"
1759:
used flint-headed wooden arrows, farmed, hunted, and fished and lived in caves and trees. The cognates Sushen or Jichen (çš·ç) again appear in the
960:
branch. They preserved the military titles, organization and customs of Eurasian steppes, as well as pagan shamanism and belief in the sky deity
4959:
1866:
dominions, like the Cimmerian, Scythian, Sarmatian or Kushan ones, were not strictly nomadic or strictly empires. They were organized in small
991:. This conclusion is still subject to some controversy. Some scholars also argue that another group identified in ancient sources as Huns, the
6657:
7042:
40:
3749:
Haines, Spencer (2017). "The 'Military Revolution' Arrives on the Central Eurasian Steppe: The Unique Case of the Zunghar (1676 - 1745)".
2167:
6024:
3288:
3303:
3973:
2743:, p. 13: "Thus, the Bulgars were actually a tribal confederation of multiple Hunnic, Turkic, and Iranian groups mixed together."
239:
during the 8th century BCE. Linguistically they are usually regarded as Iranian, or possibly Thracian with an Iranian ruling class.
5192:
5031:
4043:
4029:
3476:
2760:
1429:. They followed changeable policies among contiguous states due to tending to keep the balance of power. The grandsons of Seljuk,
7075:
5739:
4053:
4033:
3377:
1841:
Only the Mongols and the northern "wild" Jurchen were semi-nomadic, unlike the mainstream Jiahnzhou Jurchens descended from the
4765:
3622:
4009:
3813:
3535:
3144:
3125:
3106:
3087:
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2976:
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2746:
2727:
2674:
2608:
2589:
2570:
2549:
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2318:
1324:, and surrounding areas for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries. It was a tribal confederation under the
822:
River some years after the middle of the 4th century, they conquered all of eastern Europe, ending up at the border of the
1134:
from the late 4th century until the late 6th century. They controlled an area corresponding to modern-day northern China,
4235:
4004:
2259:
830:
in the north. Their appearance in Europe brought with it great ethnic and political upheaval and may have stimulated the
3237:
998:
The first clear mention and evidence of the Bulgars was in 480, when they served as the allies of the Byzantine Emperor
7105:
6765:
4952:
3675:
3646:
3464:
3404:
27:
origin: the rider wears a hairbun characteristic of the oriental steppes, and his horse has characteristically Xiongnu
5717:
3569:
1332:
in 744, taking advantage of the power vacuum in the region after the fall of the Gökturk Empire. It collapsed after a
5154:
3781:
3773:
3735:
3713:
3598:
3221:
2702:
2653:
2122:
1470:
2803:
2765:
2322:
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2228:
2171:
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1833:
chose variously to emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols.
3392:
2808:
2770:
6366:
6818:
4323:
1077:
522:
dynasties and the Xiongnu were complicated and included military conflict, exchanges of tribute and trade, and
191:
societies in Arabia have functioned as desert-based analogues of Central-Asian horse-oriented nomadic empires.
172:
to resist nomadic incursions into their territories, but was only able to purchase the needed horses from the
7037:
6652:
6066:
4984:
4945:
2246:
2007:). In some rare cases, the enslaved Indo-Europeans may rise to power like Aleksandra (IĆĄkandara) Lisowska or
1625:
2416:
2377:
1999:. The Turkic invaders exploited the subdued sedentary Indo-Europeans in agriculture, industry, and warfare (
179:
Nomads were generally unable to hold onto conquered territories for long without reducing the size of their
6700:
856:
169:
5732:
5702:
5036:
3799:
3157:
1863:
1842:
1379:
2623:
510:
between the 3rd century BCE and the 460s CE, their territories including the modern-day northern China,
6586:
4770:
4167:
4134:
4096:
4021:
5710:
Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
2710:
retained many of the customs, military tactics, titles and emblems of a nomadic people of the steppes.
5063:
4901:
4525:
4495:
4366:
4199:
4152:
4109:
3991:
3702:
Mongols, Turks, and others: Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world (Brill's Inner Asian Library, 11)
2207:
1707:
1088:, where the Bulgars became a political and military elite. They merged subsequently with established
920:
458:
434:
348:
248:
244:
4921:
3428:
2045:
1730:
7095:
6414:
4780:
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4147:
4114:
4038:
3924:
3897:
3892:
3834:
1438:
1243:
1237:
1213:
1209:
7120:
7100:
6442:
6386:
6133:
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5969:
5787:
5782:
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3902:
2030:
1267:
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430:
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19:
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6037:
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406:
332:
113:
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4209:
4175:
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3663:
3161:
2541:
2535:
2202:
2055:
2050:
1787:
Jurchen could only be described as "semi-nomadic" while the majority of them were sedentary.
1690:, which had been begun many hundreds of years earlier to keep the northern nomads out of the
1656:
1638:
1058:
3500:
3330:
3305:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in the Seventeenth Century
2798:
1032:
tribes are mentioned as being in the North Caucasian-Kuban steppes. An obscure reference to
622:
The Xianbei state or Xianbei confederation was a nomadic empire which existed in modern-day
7062:
6125:
5844:
5799:
5073:
4875:
4241:
4104:
4048:
3766:
Warriors of the steppe: A military history of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1700
2688:
1556:
1426:
1329:
1073:
992:
886:
1169: Eastern GöktĂŒrk: Lighter area is direct rule; darker areas show sphere of influence.
1163: Western GöktĂŒrk: Lighter area is direct rule; darker areas show sphere of influence.
1006:. Anachronistic references about them can also be found in the 7th-century geography work
8:
7115:
6803:
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4820:
4708:
4351:
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3934:
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1940:
1687:
1418:
1046:
581:
535:
422:
344:
142:
83:
5454:
2144:. Oxford Pamphlets on World Affairs, Issues 40â49. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1940
1593:
in 1370 and lasting until 1506. At its zenith, the Timurid Empire included the whole of
915:
The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were
6798:
6647:
6620:
5854:
5747:
5058:
5019:
5009:
4790:
4626:
4346:
4316:
2877:
2503:
2494:
Chen, Sanping (1996). "A-Gan Revisited â The Tuoba's Cultural and Political Heritage".
2434:
2395:
1880:
1790:
The Manchu way of life (economy) was described as agricultural, with farming crops and
1127:
1062:
898:
707:
597:
518:. The Xiongnu was the first unified empire of nomadic peoples. Relations between early
3374:
1694:. During the subsequent centuries, the Northern Yuan dynasty tended to continue their
903:
596:(Benares), where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan emperor
6939:
6858:
6611:
6358:
6032:
5944:
5919:
5909:
5904:
5874:
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2649:
2545:
2240:
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2118:
1912:
1013:
932:
507:
506:
with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes. They lived on the
426:
263:
2881:
437:
family. According to authors Arrowsmith, Fellowes and Graves Hansard in their book
7125:
6904:
6884:
6662:
6438:
6426:
6418:
6406:
6382:
6374:
6362:
6343:
6296:
6198:
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4968:
4800:
4180:
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3705:
3664:"2 Rival Empires on the Hunt for Sable and People in Seventeenth-Century Manchuria"
3249:
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2020:
1952:
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852:
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647:
305:
161:
91:
6894:
5794:
1398:
1204:
as the main power in the region. They were the first Turkic tribe to use the name
7058:
Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
6740:
6717:
6690:
6430:
6402:
6398:
6370:
6339:
6276:
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6004:
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2643:
2139:
2112:
2025:
1948:
1695:
1675:
1664:
1646:
957:
953:
940:
928:
864:
631:
418:
351:
340:
95:
79:
75:
28:
5502:
5112:
2453:
1748:
is mistakenly confused as a nomadic empire by people who wrongly think that the
1479:
in 1206, and at its height, it encompassed the majority of the territories from
576:
territories in the early 1st century. It spread to encompass much of modern-day
16:
Empires of the Eurasian steppes from classical antiquity to the early modern era
7052:
6949:
6929:
6823:
6808:
6773:
6446:
6434:
6410:
6390:
6351:
6300:
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6009:
5994:
5974:
5959:
5954:
5929:
5914:
5834:
5772:
5755:
5655:
5507:
5414:
5245:
5068:
4810:
4698:
3982:
3958:
3909:
3805:
3798:, and T. Barfield (pp. 73â87). Moscow: Center for Civilizational Studies,
3787:
3186:
1803:
1795:
1783:
1699:
1642:
1576:
1484:
1271:
1181:
1008:
999:
916:
659:
651:
623:
425:, flourishing from about the 6th century BCE to the 4th century CE. They spoke
392:
358:
2418:
A Grammar of Ancient Geography,: Compiled for the Use of King's College School
2379:
A Grammar of Ancient Geography,: Compiled for the Use of King's College School
1536:
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6985:
6975:
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6226:
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4309:
4290:
4124:
4076:
3944:
3939:
3882:
3693:
3488:
3452:
3317:
3238:
the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history?
2284:
2060:
1988:
1908:
1761:
1749:
1734:
1715:
1711:
1671:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1462:
1407:
1345:
1333:
1325:
1279:
1175:
1066:
679:
675:
617:
555:
527:
466:
414:
362:
67:
3819:
1383:
943:
the Bulgars absorbed other ethnic groups and cultural influences, including
235:
as early as 1300 BCE until they were driven southward by the Scythians into
6964:
6750:
6378:
6320:
6304:
6266:
6118:
6088:
5618:
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3577:
3265:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, by Barbara A. West, p. 558
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2639:
1847:
1745:
1738:
1719:
1683:
1679:
1660:
1594:
1586:
1552:
1540:
1491:
1476:
1413:
1371:
1349:
1285:
1217:
936:
924:
879:
823:
815:
749:
741:
687:
546:
531:
366:
149:
133:
109:
3745:, Naomi Walford, (tr.), New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970.
116:
to the culture of the occupied nation before it is ultimately overthrown.
6954:
6606:
6551:
6256:
6186:
5623:
5546:
5301:
5149:
4855:
4836:
4071:
2004:
1904:
1871:
1775:
1767:
1606:
1602:
1520:
in the period of the 13th and 14th centuries. It had significantly eased
1517:
1387:
1246:
was a Turkic-led empire occupying the territories of modern-day northern
1093:
979:. Kim, however, argues that the Huns continued under Ernak, becoming the
745:
577:
232:
117:
32:
2507:
1312:
The Uyghur Khaganate was an empire that existed in present-day northern
874:
127:
Historians of the early medieval period may refer to these polities as "
120:(1332â1406) described a similar cycle on a smaller scale in 1377 in his
6934:
6899:
6755:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6596:
5934:
5675:
5628:
5119:
4880:
4870:
4744:
4570:
4520:
4505:
4285:
4187:
4086:
3850:
3075:
2035:
1964:
1920:
1900:
1505:
1434:
1422:
1193:
1189:
1101:
1097:
1003:
765:
761:
757:
753:
663:
503:
442:
382:
267:
224:
218:
36:
6561:
3174:
Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands By Mark Hudson
2834:
2648:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58â59, 150â155, 168, 204, 243.
6980:
6959:
6924:
6919:
6868:
6828:
6813:
6783:
6686:
6637:
6546:
6308:
6221:
6181:
6102:
6098:
5376:
5331:
5265:
4865:
4723:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4455:
4414:
3727:
1956:
1932:
1892:
1737:, originally a nomadic steppe people who ruled northern China as the
1691:
1544:
1494:
tribes, the Empire expanded through conquests throughout continental
1480:
1441:, gained the power in the Khorasan. Tughril Beg sent Chagri Beg into
1375:
1216:
part around 600, and both divisions were eventually conquered by the
1126:
The Rouran (æç¶), Ruanruan (è è ), or Ruru (èčèč) were a confederation of
980:
968:
698:
683:
519:
473:
370:
354:
165:
121:
99:
6969:
3550:
3527:
Transactions, American Philosophical Society (vol. 36, Part 1, 1946)
2080:
1651:
1453:
7011:
6944:
6889:
6838:
6793:
6642:
6616:
6591:
6541:
6516:
6333:
6146:
6110:
6094:
5589:
5566:
5316:
5290:
5260:
5255:
5235:
5225:
4937:
4906:
4885:
4847:
4662:
4616:
4545:
4540:
4510:
4500:
4490:
4485:
4424:
4389:
4374:
2008:
1992:
1984:
1924:
1799:
1621:
1610:
1582:
1567:
1525:
1317:
1263:
1251:
1135:
769:
729:
643:
639:
627:
593:
511:
469:
295:
Distribution of Iranic peoples in Central Asia during the Iron Age.
273:
259:
236:
228:
209:
3724:
Early riders: The beginnings of mounted warfare in Asia and Europe
1224:
which later declined after 734 following the establishment of the
7021:
7001:
6914:
6531:
6526:
6506:
6459:
6328:
6246:
6191:
6171:
6151:
6141:
6106:
5633:
5576:
5556:
5541:
5528:
5522:
5517:
5491:
5434:
5409:
5404:
5381:
5366:
5356:
5348:
5280:
5270:
5250:
5240:
5205:
5164:
5139:
5129:
5096:
4926:
4677:
4631:
4575:
4565:
4560:
4550:
4530:
4515:
4450:
4445:
4258:
3929:
3872:
3867:
2907:
2888:
2715:
1996:
1968:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1888:
1875:
1867:
1834:
1830:
1495:
1466:
1430:
1321:
1298:
1259:
1255:
1201:
1139:
988:
984:
976:
908:
894:
860:
827:
811:
671:
589:
573:
569:
515:
498:
The Xiongnu were a confederation of nomadic tribes from northern
493:
462:
454:
450:
286:
252:
188:
180:
128:
87:
24:
5175:
1363:
7047:
7006:
6788:
6745:
6695:
6556:
6511:
6501:
6485:
6479:
6464:
6454:
6290:
6251:
6241:
6206:
5680:
5660:
5534:
5486:
5481:
5468:
5429:
5285:
5275:
5220:
5215:
5134:
5101:
4713:
4693:
4621:
4611:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4555:
4535:
4475:
4460:
4404:
4394:
3113:
2983:
2000:
1980:
1916:
1884:
1851:
1756:
1703:
1386:(Emperor Dezong of Western Liao) fled west and established the
1382:
in the 12th century, remnants of the Liao imperial clan led by
1370:(Emperor Taizu of Liao) around the time of the collapse of the
1367:
1366:
clan of the Khitan people in northern China. It was founded by
1354:
1155:
1081:
961:
835:
793:
608:
585:
561:
484:
138:
102:
63:
2945:
2625:
The Proto-Bulgarians: Pre-history of Asparouhian Bulgaria text
975:
seem to have been absorbed by other ethnic groups such as the
788:
674:
is unclear. The Xianbei were a northern branch of the earlier
564:
who originally hailed from the modern-day Chinese province of
7016:
6601:
6536:
6271:
5686:
5595:
5512:
5444:
5326:
5311:
5295:
5144:
5124:
4728:
4718:
4703:
4672:
4667:
4470:
4465:
4419:
4409:
4399:
4384:
4379:
4192:
3094:
2926:
2596:
2414:
2375:
1972:
1590:
1313:
1302:
Asia in 800 CE, showing the Uyghur Khanate and its neighbors.
1247:
1185:
1131:
1037:
935:, according to some researchers their roots can be traced to
819:
777:
773:
737:
635:
565:
523:
499:
173:
71:
1150:
1112:
666:
from 156 to 234 CE. Like most ancient peoples known through
317:
7057:
6833:
5399:
5182:
4332:
3914:
3086:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFBowersock,_Brown,_Grabar1999 (
1976:
1960:
1896:
1822:
Sino-JÌĂŒrÄed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403â1424
1598:
1529:
1041:
972:
944:
882:
807:
801:
655:
446:
323:
320:
3808:. Nomads of Inner Asia in Transition. Moscow: URSS, 2014 (
2662:
314:
227:
were an ancient Indo-European people living north of the
3751:
Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies
3214:
History of the East. Vol. 2. The East in the Middle Ages
3081:
3058:
3056:
1951:
etc.). Since the 2nd century BCE, the growing number of
911:
after the fall of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century.
560:
The Kushan Empire was a syncretic empire, formed by the
4301:
3776:); Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2001 (paperback,
3670:. Contemporary Chinese Studies. UBC Press. p. 68.
3015:
846:
7043:
International Organization of Turkic Culture (TĂRKSOY)
3530:. American Philosophical Society. 1946. pp. 10â.
3132:
2415:
Arrowsmith, Fellowes, Hansard, A, B & G L (1832).
2376:
Arrowsmith, Fellowes, Hansard, A, B & G L (1832).
472:
claimed a direct descent from Sarmatians as a part of
3053:
3034:
311:
6494:
3743:
The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia
3290:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
2041:
List of conflicts in Europe during Turco-Mongol rule
682:. After it collapsed, the tribe immigrated into the
108:
Some nomadic empires consolidated by establishing a
3757:. International Association of Mongolists: 170â185.
3216:. Eastern Literature, Russian Academy of Sciences.
2734:
2421:(3 April 2006 ed.). Hansard London. p. 15
2114:
The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1
919:semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the
308:
3768:. New York: Sarpedon Publishers, 1997 (hardcover,
2964:
2956:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973 (
2569:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnesco_Staff1996 (
2468:
2382:(3 April 2006 ed.). Hansard London. p. 9
2352:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWaldmanMason2006 (
3668:Empire and Environment in the Making of Manchuria
3544:
3105:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWaldman,_Mason2006 (
2937:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWaldman,_Mason2006 (
2918:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWaldman,_Mason2006 (
2899:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWaldman,_Mason2006 (
2607:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWaldman,_Mason2006 (
1678:were also nomadic empires. After the fall of the
1208:as a political name. The empire was split into a
7087:
826:in the south, and advancing far into modern day
5390:
3551:Karl August Wittfogel; Chia-shĂȘng FĂȘng (1949).
2951:
2235:. Archived from the original on April 19, 2005.
1504:facilitated cultural exchange and trade on the
3790:. Nomadic Empires: Origins, Rise, Decline. In
3641:(reprint ed.). Basic Books. p. 422.
3211:
3100:
2932:
2913:
2894:
2602:
1812:âć»șć·æŻæćæž€æ”·ć€§æ°éćœïŒäčäœç§ïŒćçŒçșșïŒé„źéŁæçšïŒçćŠćäșșïŒèȘéżçœć±±èż€ćïŒćŻæèæČ»äčă"
1632:
98:). They are the most prominent example of non-
5733:
4953:
4317:
3849:
3835:
3557:. American Philosophical Society. p. 10.
2793:
2791:
2341:
1266:, and in 695, after a confrontation with the
939:. During their westward migration across the
7076:State with limited international recognition
2726:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSophoulis2011 (
2638:
2564:
2439:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2400:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2347:
1200:around 546, taking the place of the earlier
834:. The empire reached its largest size under
41:National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan
3193:. TĂŒrkiye Diyanet Vakfı Ä°slam Ansiklopedisi
3026:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRĂłna-Tas1999 (
2697:. Cambridge University Press. p. 229.
2687:
2311:
1539:in 1259, the empire split into four parts (
400:
5740:
5726:
4960:
4946:
4324:
4310:
3842:
3828:
3554:History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907â1125
3143:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFiedler2008 (
2788:
2753:
2621:
2588:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWest2009 (
1829:For political reasons, the Jurchen leader
1374:and was the first state to control all of
3124:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGolden2011 (
3067:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGolden1992 (
3045:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGolden1992 (
3006:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFSinor2005 (
2721:
2673:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGolden1992 (
2190:
2160:
2078:
1725:
1412:The founder of the Seljuk dynasty was an
841:
213:Distribution of "Thraco-Cimmerian" finds.
6023:
3021:
2860:(5). Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 375â392.
2745:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrook2006 (
2558:
2533:
2479:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWyatt2004 (
2299:
1820:â æźéçăçæäčèŸčèăć·äșă蟜äžéèŸč怷èă Translation from
1729:
1650:
1620:
1566:
1452:
1397:
1353:
1297:
1284:
1149:
1111:
902:
873:
787:
697:
607:
545:
483:
290:
208:
137:, the title of their rulers). After the
18:
3138:
2994:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFKim2015 (
2854:International Journal of Immunogenetics
2851:
2845:
2832:
2826:
2262:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
1220:. In 680, the GöktĂŒrks established the
1100:, thus forming the ancestors of modern
1065:c. 635, which was absorbed by the
792:The Hunnic Empire, at its height under
538:to prevent the Xiongnu from returning.
141:conquests of the 13th century the term
7088:
4766:Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire
3748:
3119:
3062:
3040:
2975:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKim2013 (
2668:
2645:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe
2360:
1670:Later Mongol-led khanates such as the
1559:in 1368, the empire finally broke up.
1262:. The khaganate was founded in 693 by
530:drove them away from the south of the
262:area, including modern territories of
5721:
4941:
4305:
3823:
3661:
3212:Alaev, L.B.; Ashrafyan, K.Z. (1994).
3001:
2740:
2540:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
2474:
2305:
2110:
1771:during the dynastic era referring to
1589:dynasty, established by the warlord
1378:. After the Liao dynasty fell to the
1130:-speaking nomadic tribes in northern
1092:, as well as with previously settled
693:
580:, and then the northern parts of the
4967:
3792:Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution
3634:
3205:
2835:"Y-DNA Haplogroups in Turkic People"
2583:
2577:
2527:
2493:
1874:that sometimes united into a bigger
927:during the 7th century. Emerging as
847:Mongolic people and Turkic expansion
678:and it is likely at least some were
4236:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
4005:Protectorate of the Western Regions
3567:
3465:Mote, Twitchett & Fairbank 1988
3184:
3178:
2989:
2970:
2632:
2274:
445:were basically Scythian veterans (
31:. 2nd-1st century BC. Excavated in
13:
3687:
2761:"Bulgaria: Arrival of the Bulgars"
2694:The New Cambridge Medieval History
1798:agriculture in the areas north of
1626:Mongol residual states and domains
1585:, self-designated GurkÄnÄ«, were a
1437:decisively defeated Ghaznavids in
1362:The Liao dynasty was ruled by the
1196:and his sons they established the
1158:at their height, c. 600 CE :
199:
14:
7137:
3240:, The historian 50 (1988), 568â70
1616:
1562:
1180:The GöktĂŒrks or Kök-TĂŒrks were a
6065:
5749:
4796:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
3972:
3405:Twitchett, Franke, Fairbank 1994
2866:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x
2283:. Thomas Lessman. Archived from
2203:Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
2046:List of Kiyad-Borjigin dynasties
1702:were a confederation of several
1698:of life. On the other hand, the
1448:
1393:
1328:nobility. It was established by
783:
541:
304:
7048:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
3655:
3628:
3616:
3604:
3592:
3561:
3518:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3323:
3311:
3296:
3287:Patricia Buckley Ebrey et al.,
3281:
3268:
3259:
3243:
3230:
3167:
3151:
2681:
2615:
2514:
2487:
2459:
2447:
2408:
2369:
2264:(1854), William Smith, LLD, Ed.
1402:Map of the Seljuk Empire (1090)
1289:The Kyrgyz Khagnate at its peak
1184:of inhabiting much of northern
1116:The Rouran Khaganate, c. 500 CE
1040:being an offspring of Biblical
3254:and conquest in Mongol Eurasia
2804:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
2766:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
2323:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
2268:
2253:
2221:
2172:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
2131:
2117:. Cambridge University Press.
2104:
2101:. Southgate Publishers. p. 75.
2091:
2079:Francfort, Henri-Paul (2020).
2072:
1995:invading them and were called
1471:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1457:Expansion of the Mongol Empire
1057:during the 7th century in the
439:A Grammar of Ancient Geography
1:
7038:Organization of Turkic States
3162:early empires of Central Asia
3082:Bowersock, Brown, Grabar 1999
2809:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, Inc.
2771:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, Inc.
2066:
1061:, establishing the polity of
885:pursue the Byzantines at the
155:
1979:, although known earlier as
1883:. Examples are the oases of
1794:on farms. Manchus practiced
1605:, as well as large parts of
1498:. During its existence, the
857:Turkic tribal confederations
818:. Appearing from beyond the
814:tribes from the Steppes of
148:also came into useâââas in "
7:
3800:Russian Academy of Sciences
3576:. p. 1. Archived from
3158:William Montgomery McGovern
2014:
1991:but were confused with the
1633:Later Mongol-ruled khanates
1145:
670:, the ethnic makeup of the
376:
204:
10:
7142:
4771:Battle of the Tanais River
4105:against Northwest khanates
3666:. In Smith, Norman (ed.).
3191:islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/
2839:yhaplogroups.wordpress.com
2622:Giïž uïžĄzelev, Vasil (1979).
2111:Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990).
1636:
1574:
1460:
1405:
1343:
1339:
1305:
1293:
1235:
1192:. Under the leadership of
1173:
1119:
892:
869:
850:
799:
736:, were a confederation of
705:
615:
603:
568:under the pressure of the
553:
491:
479:
410:
380:
336:
284:
280:
216:
194:
7106:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
7071:
7030:
6994:
6877:
6851:
6764:
6716:
6709:
6630:
6579:
6074:
6063:
5763:
5699:
5605:
5575:
5467:
5347:
5340:
5191:
5082:
4975:
4902:Attila in popular culture
4894:
4829:
4758:
4737:
4686:
4655:
4604:
4433:
4365:
4339:
4227:
4166:
4133:
4095:
4062:
4020:
3990:
3981:
3970:
3858:
3477:Twitchett & Mote 1998
2537:The Empire of the Steppes
2245:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2208:Columbia University Press
2097:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
1708:Altan Khan of the Khalkha
1231:
1107:
465:. Many noble families of
23:A horserider of probable
6653:Timeline of the GöktĂŒrks
4331:
3898:Western Turkic Khaganate
3893:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
3662:Bello, David A. (2017).
3122:, p. 145, 158, 196.
2496:Journal of Asian History
2348:Waldman & Mason 2006
1915:) or the rural areas of
1557:fall of the Yuan dynasty
1439:the Battle of Dandanaqan
1244:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
1238:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
810:were a confederation of
357:, encompassing parts of
272:Central, East and North
50:, sometimes also called
7111:History of Central Asia
3903:Second Turkic Khaganate
3302:Frederic Wakeman, Jr.,
2833:Cenghiz, Ilhan (2015).
2534:Grousset, Rene (1970).
2031:History of Central Asia
1571:Timurid continental map
1268:Second Turkic Khaganate
1222:Second Turkic Khaganate
740:and settled people in
6367:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4922:Origin of the Székelys
3888:First Turkic Khaganate
3794:. Ed. by N.N. Kradin,
2628:. pp. 15, 33, 38.
1817:
1741:
1726:Popular misconceptions
1667:
1629:
1572:
1458:
1403:
1359:
1303:
1290:
1198:First Turkic Khaganate
1171:
1117:
1096:, and were eventually
1086:First Bulgarian Empire
1084:, and established the
1002:(474â491) against the
912:
890:
842:Post-classical history
797:
703:
668:Chinese historiography
613:
551:
489:
457:...) returning to the
401:
396:
296:
255:until 7th century BCE.
214:
114:culturally assimilated
44:
6864:Proto-Turkic language
6495:Extinct Turkic groups
4030:against Western Turks
3453:Reardon-Anderson 2000
3293:, 3rd edition, p. 271
3185:Ăzaydın, AbdĂŒlkerim.
2689:McKitterick, Rosamond
2056:Scytho-Siberian world
2051:List of Mongol states
1903:etc.) and around the
1810:
1733:
1672:Northern Yuan dynasty
1654:
1639:Northern Yuan dynasty
1624:
1570:
1456:
1401:
1357:
1301:
1288:
1153:
1115:
1090:Byzantine populations
1059:Pontic-Caspian steppe
1034:Ziezi ex quo Vulgares
921:PonticâCaspian steppe
907:The migration of the
906:
877:
851:Further information:
838:between 447 and 453.
791:
701:
611:
549:
487:
459:PonticâCaspian steppe
294:
245:PonticâCaspian steppe
212:
22:
7063:World Turks Qurultai
4876:North Caucasian Huns
4830:Other Hunnic peoples
4242:Greater Central Asia
2952:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
2277:"World History Maps"
1901:Tokarians/Tokharians
1427:Eastern Roman Empire
1388:Western Liao dynasty
1330:Kutlug I Bilge Kagan
1270:, was recognised by
1080:, opening access to
993:North Caucasian Huns
887:Battle of Versinikia
688:Northern Wei dynasty
411:ΣαÏÎŒÎŹÏαÎč, ΣαÏ
ÏÎżÎŒÎŹÏαÎč
6804:Karachay-Cherkessia
4821:Battle of Bassianae
4352:History of the Huns
3635:Keay, John (2011).
3236:Gregory G.Guzman â
3101:Waldman, Mason 2006
2933:Waldman, Mason 2006
2914:Waldman, Mason 2006
2895:Waldman, Mason 2006
2603:Waldman, Mason 2006
2085:Journal des Savants
1941:Indian subcontinent
1628:by the 15th century
1535:After the death of
1532:during its height.
1490:After unifying the
1419:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1053:The Bulgars became
1047:Chronography of 354
929:nomadic equestrians
584:at least as far as
582:Indian subcontinent
461:after the siege of
423:classical antiquity
345:classical antiquity
168:polities relied on
84:classical antiquity
60:Inner Asian empires
6995:Traditional sports
6799:Kabardino-Balkaria
6419:Meskhetia (Ahiska)
5703:Donghu and Xianbei
5059:Mongolian nobility
5010:Slab Grave culture
4791:Battle of the Utus
4781:Battle of Faesulae
4687:Other notable Huns
4347:Origin of the Huns
3568:è§ćœäșź (2007-01-24).
3417:de Rachewiltz 1993
3380:2010-06-01 at the
2916:, p. 108â109.
2897:, p. 106â107.
2586:, pp. 274â277
2567:, pp. 135â163
2350:, pp. 692â694
2287:on 8 December 2013
1937:Boioaria/Boghoaria
1933:Spyrgowa/Spirgovia
1742:
1668:
1630:
1573:
1459:
1404:
1360:
1304:
1291:
1172:
1118:
1063:Old Great Bulgaria
913:
899:Old Great Bulgaria
891:
798:
708:Hephthalite Empire
704:
702:Hephthalite Empire
694:Hephthalite Empire
614:
598:Kanishka the Great
552:
524:marriage alliances
490:
433:language from the
347:, occupied by the
339:) was a region of
297:
215:
45:
7083:
7082:
6859:Old Turkic script
6847:
6846:
6658:Timeline 500â1300
6575:
6574:
6061:
6060:
5920:Kipchak languages
5875:Karamanli Turkish
5715:
5714:
5695:
5694:
5463:
5462:
4990:Mongolian Plateau
4935:
4934:
4850:
4776:Siege of Florence
4299:
4298:
4275:Chinese Turkestan
4223:
4222:
4044:Mongolian Plateau
3814:978-5-396-00632-4
3796:Dmitri Bondarenko
3537:978-1-4223-7719-2
3274:Pamela Crossley,
2565:Unesco Staff 1996
2551:978-0-8135-1304-1
2275:Lessman, Thomas.
2233:history-world.org
1987:, formed now the
1913:Kingdom of Khotan
1657:DzungarâQing Wars
1336:invasion in 840.
1254:, and southern
1014:Anania Shirakatsi
933:Volga-Ural region
508:Mongolian Plateau
7133:
6905:Tibetan Buddhism
6885:Turkic mythology
6766:Autonomous areas
6718:Sovereign states
6714:
6713:
6492:
6491:
6474:
6449:
6346:
6323:
6285:
6236:
6201:
6162:Crimean Karaites
6136:
6113:
6069:
6021:
6020:
5900:Khorasani Turkic
5754:
5753:
5752:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5392:Southern Mongols
5388:
5387:
5345:
5344:
4995:Mongol heartland
4969:Mongolic peoples
4962:
4955:
4948:
4939:
4938:
4846:
4801:Sack of Aquileia
4709:Eskam's daughter
4434:Military leaders
4326:
4319:
4312:
4303:
4302:
3988:
3987:
3976:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3758:
3741:Grousset, Rene.
3682:
3681:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3638:China: A History
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3300:
3294:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3250:Thomas T. Allsen
3247:
3241:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3182:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3013:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2531:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2325:. Archived from
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2272:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2174:. Archived from
2164:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2076:
2021:Conquest dynasty
1825:
1824:by Henry Serruys
1549:Chagatai Khanate
1443:Eastern Anatolia
1308:Uyghur Khaganate
1276:Uyghur Khaganate
1226:Uyghur Khaganate
1168:
1162:
1122:Rouran Khaganate
1072:In c. 679, Khan
853:Turkic expansion
686:and founded the
648:Zabaykalsky Krai
412:
404:
338:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
162:history of China
92:early modern era
35:(near Farkhor),
7141:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7096:Nomadic empires
7086:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7067:
7026:
6990:
6873:
6843:
6760:
6741:Northern Cyprus
6705:
6691:Altai Mountains
6626:
6571:
6490:
6470:
6415:North Macedonia
6357:
6338:
6295:
6281:
6277:Siberian Tatars
6232:
6217:Khorasani Turks
6197:
6124:
6093:
6070:
6057:
6019:
5940:Ottoman Turkish
5860:Karachay-Balkar
5759:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5716:
5711:
5709:
5691:
5671:Sichuan Mongols
5601:
5571:
5477:Altai Uriankhai
5459:
5386:
5336:
5193:Medieval tribes
5187:
5078:
5064:Writing systems
5032:Medieval tribes
4971:
4966:
4936:
4931:
4912:Eurasian nomads
4890:
4825:
4816:Battle of Nedao
4786:Battle of Arles
4754:
4750:Hunnic language
4733:
4682:
4651:
4600:
4429:
4361:
4335:
4330:
4300:
4295:
4271:Western Regions
4264:Chinese Tartary
4254:Eurasian nomads
4219:
4176:against Dzungar
4162:
4143:against Mongols
4129:
4091:
4058:
4016:
4000:against Xiongnu
3983:Chinese empires
3977:
3968:
3860:Nomadic empires
3854:
3848:
3806:Kradin, Nikolay
3788:Kradin, Nikolay
3762:Hildinger, Erik
3690:
3688:Further reading
3685:
3678:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3570:"æ代æ±æäžć„łçæçé©ŹćžèŽžæ"
3566:
3562:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3382:Wayback Machine
3373:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3308:, p. 24, note 1
3301:
3297:
3286:
3282:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3005:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2850:
2846:
2831:
2827:
2813:
2811:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2775:
2773:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2705:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2637:
2633:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2273:
2269:
2258:
2254:
2238:
2237:
2229:"The Scythians"
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2147:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2026:Eurasian nomads
2017:
1862:Similarly, the
1827:
1819:
1792:raising animals
1728:
1676:Dzungar Khanate
1665:Dzungar Khanate
1659:between Manchu
1649:
1647:Dzungar Khanate
1637:Main articles:
1635:
1619:
1579:
1565:
1473:
1461:Main articles:
1451:
1410:
1396:
1352:
1344:Main articles:
1342:
1310:
1296:
1240:
1234:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1148:
1138:, and southern
1124:
1110:
954:Bulgar language
950:Turkic language
941:Eurasian steppe
901:
893:Main articles:
878:Bulgars led by
872:
867:
865:Pannonian Avars
849:
844:
832:Great Migration
804:
786:
710:
696:
632:Northeast China
620:
606:
558:
544:
534:, he built the
496:
482:
435:Eastern Iranian
413:) were a large
385:
379:
341:Central Eurasia
307:
303:
289:
283:
249:southern Russia
221:
207:
202:
200:Ancient history
197:
187:Camel-oriented
158:
80:Eurasian Steppe
66:erected by the
48:Nomadic empires
29:horse trappings
17:
12:
11:
5:
7139:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7121:Iranian nomads
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7101:Former empires
7098:
7081:
7080:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7053:Turkic Academy
7050:
7045:
7040:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6950:Khalwati order
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6930:Bektashi Order
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6881:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6855:
6853:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6809:Karakalpakstan
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6774:Altai Republic
6770:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6722:
6720:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6675:Nomadic empire
6672:
6671:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6498:
6496:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6443:Western Thrace
6349:
6348:
6347:
6331:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6167:Crimean Tatars
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6029:
6027:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5970:Siberian Tatar
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5775:
5769:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5745:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5722:
5713:
5712:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5642:
5637:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5526:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5415:Eastern Dorbet
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5069:Soyombo symbol
5066:
5061:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5042:Nomadic empire
5039:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5025:Proto-Mongolic
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4965:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4942:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4917:Nomadic empire
4914:
4909:
4907:Akatziri tribe
4904:
4898:
4896:
4895:Related topics
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4811:Siege of Milan
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4741:
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4735:
4734:
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4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
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4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4608:
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4602:
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4573:
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4563:
4558:
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4478:
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4468:
4463:
4458:
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4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
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4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4239:
4231:
4229:
4228:Related topics
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4148:against Turpan
4145:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4010:Chief Official
4002:
3996:
3994:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3937:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:history series
3847:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3803:
3785:
3759:
3746:
3739:
3717:
3694:Amitai, Reuven
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3677:978-0774832922
3676:
3654:
3648:978-0465025183
3647:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3591:
3560:
3543:
3536:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3322:
3310:
3295:
3280:
3267:
3258:
3242:
3229:
3222:
3204:
3177:
3166:
3150:
3131:
3112:
3103:, p. 108.
3093:
3084:, p. 354.
3074:
3065:, p. 103.
3052:
3043:, p. 104.
3033:
3024:, p. 309.
3014:
3004:, p. 4228
2982:
2973:, p. 123.
2963:
2954:, p. 168.
2944:
2935:, p. 109.
2925:
2906:
2887:
2844:
2825:
2787:
2752:
2733:
2722:Sophoulis 2011
2714:
2703:
2680:
2661:
2654:
2631:
2614:
2605:, p. 106.
2595:
2576:
2557:
2550:
2526:
2513:
2486:
2467:
2458:
2446:
2407:
2368:
2359:
2340:
2329:on 11 May 2020
2310:
2298:
2267:
2252:
2220:
2189:
2178:on 21 May 2014
2159:
2130:
2123:
2103:
2090:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2013:
1809:
1804:Haixi Jurchens
1796:slash-and-burn
1727:
1724:
1643:Kalmyk Khanate
1634:
1631:
1618:
1617:Modern history
1615:
1577:Timurid Empire
1575:Main article:
1564:
1563:Timurid Empire
1561:
1485:Eastern Europe
1450:
1447:
1406:Main article:
1395:
1392:
1358:"Khitan State"
1341:
1338:
1306:Main article:
1295:
1292:
1236:Main article:
1233:
1230:
1174:Main article:
1165:
1159:
1147:
1144:
1120:Main article:
1109:
1106:
1055:semi-sedentary
1028:and immigrant
1026:Olxontor BĆkar
1009:Ashkharatsuyts
971:'s death, the
871:
868:
848:
845:
843:
840:
800:Main article:
785:
782:
706:Main article:
695:
692:
660:Altai Republic
652:Irkutsk Oblast
624:Inner Mongolia
616:Main article:
612:Xianbei Empire
605:
602:
554:Main article:
543:
540:
492:Main article:
488:Xiongnu Empire
481:
478:
419:Iranian people
381:Main article:
378:
375:
359:Eastern Europe
285:Main article:
282:
279:
278:
277:
270:
256:
217:Main article:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
157:
154:
76:nomadic people
52:steppe empires
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7138:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
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7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7031:Organizations
7029:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6987:
6986:Vattisen Yaly
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
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6968:
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6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6779:Bashkortostan
6777:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6757:
6754:
6752:
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6708:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6668:Turkification
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
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6613:
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6608:
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6508:
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6487:
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6408:
6404:
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6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6284:
6283:Baraba Tatars
6280:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6225:
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6220:
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6200:
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6143:
6140:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6068:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6038:Common Turkic
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6015:Western Yugur
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
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5968:
5966:
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5958:
5956:
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5928:
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5923:
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5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5830:Crimean Tatar
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5743:
5738:
5736:
5731:
5729:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5665:Yunnan Mongol
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5562:Upper Mongols
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5341:Ethnic groups
5339:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5201:Khamag Mongol
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5084:Proto-Mongols
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5047:Mongol Empire
5045:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5015:Ordos culture
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4958:
4956:
4951:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Sack of Padua
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4292:
4291:Greater China
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4125:Northern Yuan
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:Northern Liao
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:against Tibet
4037:
4035:
4034:Eastern Turks
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3945:Mongol Empire
3943:
3941:
3940:Khamag Mongol
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3782:0-306-81065-4
3779:
3775:
3774:1-885119-43-7
3771:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3736:0-415-32624-9
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3720:Drews, Robert
3718:
3715:
3714:90-04-14096-4
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3698:Biran, Michal
3695:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3631:
3624:
3623:Peterson 2002
3619:
3612:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3580:on 2014-07-29
3579:
3575:
3574:èșæŻäžćœ(ARTX.cn)
3571:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3430:
3425:
3418:
3413:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3363:Gorelova 2002
3359:
3352:
3351:Gorelova 2002
3347:
3332:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3262:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3225:
3223:5-02-018102-1
3219:
3215:
3208:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3083:
3078:
3070:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3023:
3022:RĂłna-Tas 1999
3018:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2992:, p. 136
2991:
2986:
2978:
2972:
2967:
2959:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2896:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2784:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2748:
2742:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2704:9780521362924
2700:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2676:
2670:
2665:
2657:
2655:9781107009066
2651:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2585:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2523:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2476:
2471:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2397:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2344:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2308:, p. 113
2307:
2302:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2137:For example:
2134:
2126:
2124:9780521243049
2120:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2061:Thalassocracy
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:Kushan Empire
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:Turkic nomads
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:Tarim mummies
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:Indo-European
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:Shan Hai Jing
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:Jasaghtu Khan
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:Central Plain
1689:
1685:
1682:in 1368, the
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:communication
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:Pax Mongolica
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:Mongol Empire
1455:
1449:Mongol Empire
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1408:Seljuk Empire
1400:
1394:Seljuk Empire
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1346:Khitan people
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:Orkhon Uyghur
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:Mongol Empire
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:Yenisei River
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:Turkic people
1177:
1157:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Slavic tribes
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:Scythia Minor
1075:
1070:
1068:
1067:Khazar Empire
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
910:
905:
900:
896:
888:
884:
881:
876:
866:
862:
858:
854:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
803:
795:
790:
784:Hunnic Empire
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
709:
700:
691:
689:
685:
684:Central Plain
681:
680:proto-Mongols
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
618:Xianbei state
610:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
557:
556:Kushan Empire
550:Kushan Empire
548:
542:Kushan Empire
539:
537:
533:
529:
528:Qin Shi Huang
525:
521:
520:Central Plain
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
495:
486:
477:
475:
471:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:Indo-European
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:confederation
408:
407:Ancient Greek
403:
398:
394:
390:
384:
374:
372:
368:
364:
363:Vistula River
360:
356:
353:
350:
346:
342:
334:
333:Ancient Greek
328:
301:
293:
288:
275:
271:
269:
265:
261:
258:The northern
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
220:
211:
192:
190:
185:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
166:Central Plain
163:
153:
151:
147:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
6965:Qalandariyya
6940:Christianity
6751:Turkmenistan
6689: /
6680:Turco-Mongol
6674:
6119:Azerbaijanis
5707:Turco-Mongol
5664:
5052:Turco-Mongol
5041:
5037:Modern clans
4916:
4861:Iranian Huns
4842:Hephthalites
4357:List of Huns
4281:China proper
4247:Central Asia
4234:
4082:Eastern Liao
4072:Western Liao
3859:
3791:
3765:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3723:
3701:
3667:
3657:
3637:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3599:Serruys 1955
3594:
3582:. Retrieved
3578:the original
3573:
3563:
3553:
3546:
3526:
3520:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3460:
3448:
3436:
3429:Breuker 2010
3424:
3412:
3400:
3388:
3370:
3358:
3353:, pp. 13â14.
3346:
3334:. Retrieved
3325:
3313:
3304:
3298:
3289:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3261:
3245:
3232:
3213:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3190:
3187:"SELĂUK BEY"
3180:
3169:
3153:
3139:Fiedler 2008
3134:
3115:
3096:
3077:
3036:
3017:
2985:
2966:
2947:
2928:
2909:
2890:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2838:
2828:
2821:populations.
2819:
2802:
2781:
2764:
2755:
2736:
2717:
2708:
2693:
2683:
2664:
2644:
2640:Hyun Jin Kim
2634:
2624:
2617:
2598:
2579:
2560:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2502:(1): 46â78.
2499:
2495:
2489:
2477:, p. 8.
2470:
2461:
2449:
2423:. Retrieved
2417:
2410:
2384:. Retrieved
2378:
2371:
2362:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2327:the original
2313:
2301:
2289:. Retrieved
2285:the original
2280:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2232:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2201:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2176:the original
2162:
2153:
2146:. Retrieved
2140:
2133:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2084:
2074:
1971:, etc.). In
1967:, Skolotoi,
1872:Voivodeships
1861:
1857:
1848:Ming dynasty
1840:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1789:
1781:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1746:Qing dynasty
1743:
1739:Liao dynasty
1720:Qing dynasty
1686:rebuilt the
1684:Ming dynasty
1680:Yuan dynasty
1669:
1661:Qing dynasty
1655:Map showing
1595:Central Asia
1587:Turko-Mongol
1580:
1553:Golden Horde
1541:Yuan dynasty
1534:
1508:between the
1499:
1492:Turco-Mongol
1489:
1477:Genghis Khan
1474:
1414:Oghuz Turkic
1411:
1372:Tang dynasty
1361:
1350:Liao dynasty
1311:
1241:
1218:Tang dynasty
1205:
1179:
1125:
1071:
1052:
1045:
1044:, is in the
1033:
1030:Ä'dar Bulkar
1029:
1025:
1022:DuÄ'i Bulkar
1021:
1018:Kup'i Bulgar
1017:
1016:, where the
1007:
997:
966:
937:Central Asia
925:Volga region
914:
824:Roman Empire
816:Central Asia
805:
750:Turkmenistan
742:Central Asia
733:
725:
721:
717:
714:Hephthalites
713:
711:
662:and eastern
621:
559:
532:Yellow River
497:
453:, Skolotoi,
438:
388:
386:
367:Central Asia
361:east of the
299:
298:
276:714â626 BCE.
222:
186:
178:
159:
150:Golden Horde
143:
132:
126:
110:capital city
107:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
6955:Malamatiyya
6607:Pan-Turkism
6587:Grey Wolves
6552:Oghuz Turks
6472:Afghanistan
6257:Qarai Turks
6187:Karakalpaks
5955:Sakha/Yakut
5845:FuyĂŒ GĂŻrgĂŻs
5800:Azerbaijani
5552:Sart Kalmyk
5302:Qara Khitai
4054:Tarim Basin
3700:(editors).
3611:Perdue 2009
3513:Allsen 2011
3501:Rawski 1998
3489:Rawski 1996
3276:The Manchus
3120:Golden 2011
3063:Golden 1992
3041:Golden 1992
2669:Golden 1992
2520:Prokopios,
2333:31 December
2319:"Sarmatian"
2260:"Scythia",
2005:Janissaries
1905:Tarim Basin
1843:Jin dynasty
1768:Book of Wei
1696:nomadic way
1607:Mesopotamia
1603:Afghanistan
1601:and modern
1537:Möngke Khan
1518:Middle East
1435:Chagri Begs
1380:Jin dynasty
1368:YelĂŒ Abaoji
1320:, southern
1258:around the
1069:in 668 CE.
746:Afghanistan
718:Ephthalites
626:, northern
578:Afghanistan
514:, southern
233:Sea of Azov
118:Ibn Khaldun
70:-wielding,
62:, were the
33:Saksanokhur
7116:Inner Asia
7090:Categories
6935:Burkhanism
6900:Aiyy Faith
6819:Nakhchivan
6756:Uzbekistan
6736:Kyrgyzstan
6731:Kazakhstan
6726:Azerbaijan
6597:Burkhanism
6423:Montenegro
6387:Dodecanese
6048:Old Uyghur
6033:Old Turkic
5935:Old Turkic
5870:Karakalpak
5701:See also:
5676:Sogwo Arig
4881:White Huns
4745:Hunnic art
4571:Thraustila
4521:Laudaricus
4286:Sinosphere
4188:Lifan Yuan
4087:Later Liao
3851:Inner Asia
3704:. Leiden:
3393:Sinor 1996
3318:Huang 1990
3002:Sinor 2005
2812:Retrieved
2774:Retrieved
2741:Brook 2006
2475:Wyatt 2004
2306:Sinor 1990
2291:23 October
2168:"Scythian"
2067:References
2036:Inner Asia
1965:Sarmatians
1891:along the
1868:KĆĄatrapies
1714:and their
1688:Great Wall
1516:, and the
1506:Silk Route
1423:Ghaznavids
1384:YelĂŒ Dashi
1194:Bumin Khan
1190:Inner Asia
1156:khaganates
1102:Bulgarians
1098:Slavicized
1076:conquered
1004:Ostrogoths
766:Kazakhstan
762:Kyrgyzstan
758:Tajikistan
754:Uzbekistan
734:Sveta Huna
726:White Huns
664:Kazakhstan
536:Great Wall
504:Inner Asia
443:Sarmatians
389:Sarmatians
383:Sarmatians
268:Azerbaijan
225:Cimmerians
219:Cimmerians
156:Background
37:Tajikistan
6981:Zahediyeh
6976:Safaviyya
6925:Bayramiye
6920:Batiniyya
6895:Shamanism
6878:Religions
6869:Turkology
6829:Tatarstan
6814:Khakassia
6784:Chuvashia
6710:Locations
6687:Tian Shan
6663:Migration
6638:Turkestan
6621:Hungarian
6612:Turkesism
6309:Kryashens
6297:Astrakhan
6222:Krymchaks
6182:Karachays
6103:Telengits
6099:Kumandins
6025:Alphabets
5855:Ili Turki
5765:Languages
5629:Dongxiang
5377:Khotogoid
5362:Dariganga
5332:Uriankhai
5307:Qara'unas
5266:Khongirad
5020:Languages
4866:Kidarites
4724:Vadamerca
4656:Diplomats
4647:Ultzindur
4642:Onegesius
4637:Oebarsius
4456:Ambazuces
4415:Dengizich
4200:Manchuria
4153:Manchuria
4110:Manchuria
3728:Routledge
3613:, p. 127.
3515:, p. 215.
3491:, p. 834.
3479:, p. 258.
3467:, p. 266.
3455:, p. 504.
3443:, p. 828.
3441:Wurm 1996
3431:, p. 221.
3419:, p. 112.
3407:, p. 217.
3395:, p. 416.
2783:Bulgaria.
2584:West 2009
2522:Historien
2435:cite book
2425:20 August
2396:cite book
2386:20 August
2198:"Scythia"
2141:The Arabs
1957:Scythians
1939:...) and
1893:Silk Road
1545:Ilkhanate
1481:East Asia
1376:Manchuria
969:Dengizich
728:, or, in
572:, in the
474:Sarmatism
455:Parthians
402:SauromatĂŠ
371:Black Sea
355:Scythians
146:("horde")
131:" (after
122:Asabiyyah
100:sedentary
90:) to the
74:-riding,
6945:Hurufism
6890:Tengrism
6839:Xinjiang
6794:Gagauzia
6643:Mongolia
6617:Turanism
6592:Kemalism
6580:Politics
6542:Kipchaks
6522:GöktĂŒrks
6517:Dughlats
6371:Bulgaria
6359:Abkhazia
6334:Turkmens
6317:NaÄaybĂ€k
6147:Bashkirs
6111:Tubalars
6095:Chelkans
6089:Altaians
6043:Cyrillic
5945:Pecheneg
5910:Krymchak
5815:Chagatai
5788:Southern
5783:Northern
5590:Hamnigan
5567:Zakhchin
5455:Ăzemchin
5425:Khorchin
5420:Kharchin
5317:Taichiud
5291:Olkhonud
5226:Borjigin
5074:Religion
4985:Timeline
4886:Xionites
4848:Cadiseni
4663:Berichus
4617:Emnetzur
4605:Noblemen
4546:Sanoeces
4541:Ragnaris
4511:Hormidac
4501:Elmingir
4491:Chelchal
4486:Chalazar
4425:Zilgibis
4390:Charaton
4375:Balamber
4215:Xinjiang
4205:Mongolia
4181:genocide
4115:Mongolia
3950:Chagatai
3883:GöktĂŒrks
3730:, 2004 (
3708:, 2005 (
3625:, p. 31.
3601:, p. 22.
3503:, p. 43.
3378:Archived
3365:, p. 14.
3336:18 March
3164:, p. 421
2990:Kim 2015
2971:Kim 2013
2882:20804610
2874:22520580
2799:"Bulgar"
2691:(1995).
2642:(2013).
2524:I 3,2â7.
2508:41931010
2241:cite web
2087:: 35â39.
2015:See also
2009:Roxelana
1993:Xionites
1985:Kambojas
1945:KaĆperia
1929:Vysperia
1925:Pannonia
1921:Sarmatia
1800:Shenyang
1784:Jurchens
1773:Tungusic
1700:Dzungars
1674:and the
1611:Caucasus
1609:and the
1583:Timurids
1526:commerce
1318:Mongolia
1264:Bars Bek
1252:Mongolia
1176:GöktĂŒrks
1154:Gökturk
1146:GöktĂŒrks
1136:Mongolia
1128:Mongolic
1074:Asparukh
981:Kutrigur
923:and the
812:Eurasian
770:Pakistan
730:Sanskrit
644:Buryatia
640:Mongolia
628:Xinjiang
594:Varanasi
574:Bactrian
512:Mongolia
470:Szlachta
427:Scythian
377:Sarmatia
274:Anatolia
260:Caucasus
237:Anatolia
231:and the
229:Caucasus
205:Cimmeria
129:khanates
124:theory.
103:polities
96:Dzungars
7126:Empires
7022:Chovgan
7002:Kyz kuu
6915:Alevism
6852:Studies
6648:History
6631:Origins
6562:TĂŒrgesh
6532:Khazars
6527:Karluks
6507:Bulgars
6482:(Sakha)
6460:Uyghurs
6439:Tunisia
6427:Romania
6407:Lebanon
6375:Croatia
6363:Algeria
6352:Turkish
6344:Iranian
6329:Tofalar
6301:Chinese
6262:Qashqai
6247:Naimans
6192:Kazakhs
6172:Dolgans
6157:Chuvash
6152:Chulyms
6142:Balkars
6134:Georgia
6130:Armenia
6107:Teleuts
6084:Afshars
6076:Peoples
6053:Persian
5990:Turkmen
5985:Turkish
5950:Qashqai
5905:Kipchak
5825:Chuvash
5805:Bashkir
5656:Monguor
5640:Kangjia
5577:Buryats
5557:Torghut
5542:Myangad
5518:Khoshut
5508:Dzungar
5492:Chantuu
5382:Sartuul
5372:Khalkha
5367:Eljigin
5357:Darkhad
5349:Mongols
5271:Manghud
5256:Katagan
5241:Eljigin
5236:Dughlat
5165:Didouyu
5140:Tuyuhun
5130:Kumo Xi
5113:YujiulĂŒ
5097:Xianbei
4977:History
4927:Xiongnu
4837:Alchons
4738:Culture
4699:Donatus
4678:Scottas
4632:Mundzuk
4576:Tuldila
4566:Tarrach
4561:Sunicas
4551:Sigizan
4531:Odolgan
4516:Kursich
4451:Althias
4446:Alathar
4340:History
4259:Tartary
4049:Beiting
3964:Dzungar
3959:Timurid
3910:Tibetan
3873:Xianbei
3868:Xiongnu
3802:, 2003.
3584:25 July
3320:p. 246.
2455:318â350
1997:Mleccha
1969:Iazyges
1949:PandĆŸab
1876:Mandala
1835:Nurhaci
1831:Nurhaci
1750:Manchus
1735:Khitans
1528:across
1496:Eurasia
1467:Tartary
1431:Tughril
1340:Khitans
1322:Siberia
1294:Uyghurs
1272:Qapagan
1256:Siberia
1214:eastern
1212:and an
1210:western
1202:Xiongnu
1140:Siberia
1036:, with
989:Bulgars
977:Bulgars
958:Oghuric
952:, i.e.
931:in the
909:Bulgars
895:Bulgars
870:Bulgars
861:Khazars
828:Germany
738:nomadic
672:Xianbei
604:Xianbei
590:Sarnath
570:Xiongnu
526:. When
516:Siberia
494:Xiongnu
480:Xiongnu
463:Nineveh
451:Iazyges
421:during
397:SarmatĂŠ
352:Iranian
349:Eastern
337:ÎŁÎșÏ
ΞÎčÎșÎź
300:Scythia
287:Scythia
281:Scythia
264:Georgia
253:Ukraine
195:History
189:Bedouin
181:cavalry
160:In the
88:Scythia
82:, from
78:in the
64:empires
56:Central
25:Xiongnu
7012:Kokpar
7007:Jereed
6970:RifaÊœi
6960:Qadiri
6789:Crimea
6746:Turkey
6696:Otuken
6557:Shatuo
6547:K'o-sa
6512:Cumans
6502:Bulaqs
6486:Yugurs
6480:Yakuts
6465:Uzbeks
6455:Tuvans
6431:Serbia
6403:Kosovo
6399:Israel
6383:Cyprus
6340:Afghan
6313:Mishar
6291:Tatars
6252:Nogais
6242:Kumyks
6227:Kyrgyz
6212:Khalaj
6207:Khakas
6177:Gagauz
6005:Uyghur
5925:Kyrgyz
5895:Khazar
5890:Khalaj
5885:Khakas
5880:Kazakh
5865:Karaim
5850:Gagauz
5840:Dolgan
5820:Chulym
5810:Bulgar
5773:Afshar
5758:topics
5756:Turkic
5661:Khatso
5651:Moghol
5645:Mughal
5634:Hazara
5535:Buzava
5533:incl.
5529:Kalmyk
5523:Khoton
5503:Dörbet
5498:Choros
5482:Baatud
5469:Oirats
5435:Naiman
5430:Jaruud
5410:Chahar
5405:Baarin
5281:Naiman
5276:Merkit
5261:Kerait
5251:Jalair
5246:Gorlos
5231:Chonos
5216:Barlas
5206:Baarin
5174:incl.
5170:Khitan
5160:Shiwei
5135:Murong
5111:incl.
5107:Rouran
5102:Wuhuan
5092:Donghu
5005:Rulers
5000:States
4714:Ildico
4694:Adamis
4622:Gordas
4612:Atakam
4596:Zolban
4591:Uldach
4586:Tyranx
4581:Turgun
4556:Simmas
4536:Optila
4526:Mundus
4481:Bochas
4476:Basich
4461:Apsich
4405:Attila
4395:Rugila
4367:Rulers
3930:Mongol
3925:Kyrgyz
3920:Uyghur
3878:Rouran
3812:
3780:
3772:
3734:
3726:. NY:
3712:
3674:
3645:
3534:
3278:, p. 3
3220:
2880:
2872:
2814:3 June
2776:3 June
2701:
2652:
2548:
2506:
2213:16 May
2182:16 May
2148:17 May
2121:
2001:Mamluk
1975:, the
1917:Europe
1889:Sparia
1885:Sogdia
1852:Joseon
1802:. The
1757:Sushen
1716:Manchu
1710:, the
1645:, and
1469:, and
1334:Kyrgyz
1232:Kyrgyz
1167:
1161:
1108:Rouran
1082:Moesia
987:Hunno-
985:Utigur
967:After
962:Tangra
945:Hunnic
917:Turkic
889:(813).
863:, and
836:Attila
794:Attila
732:, the
722:Ye-tai
676:Donghu
586:Saketa
562:Yuezhi
467:Polish
174:nomads
170:horses
139:Mongol
7017:Jigit
6910:Islam
6824:Sakha
6602:Jadid
6537:Kimek
6447:Yemen
6435:Syria
6411:Libya
6391:Egypt
6379:Crete
6321:Volga
6305:Lipka
6272:Shors
6267:Salar
6234:China
6199:China
6010:Uzbek
5995:Tuvan
5975:Tatar
5960:Salar
5930:Nogai
5915:Kumyk
5835:Cuman
5778:Altai
5687:Yugur
5681:Tuvan
5619:Bonan
5613:Aimaq
5606:Other
5596:Soyot
5585:Barga
5513:Khoid
5487:Bayad
5445:Tumed
5440:Ordos
5327:Tumed
5322:Tatar
5312:Sunud
5296:Ongud
5286:Oirat
5221:Bayad
5211:Barga
5145:Tuoba
5125:Yuwen
4871:Nezak
4856:Hunas
4729:Zerco
4719:Kreka
4704:Eskam
4673:Eslas
4668:Edeko
4627:Mamas
4496:Cours
4471:Ascum
4466:Ascan
4441:Aigan
4420:Ernak
4410:Ellac
4400:Bleda
4385:Octar
4380:Uldin
4210:Tibet
4193:Amban
4158:Tibet
4120:Tibet
3935:Tatar
3706:Brill
3375:Vajda
3331:"éžćšæž"
3256:, 211
3197:3 May
2878:S2CID
2542:67â72
2504:JSTOR
1981:Ćakya
1973:India
1881:gords
1704:Oirat
1591:Timur
1314:China
1248:China
1186:China
1132:China
1038:Ziezi
820:Volga
778:China
774:India
636:Gansu
592:near
566:Gansu
500:China
429:, an
393:Latin
266:and
72:horse
6834:Tuva
6701:OÄuz
6567:Uzes
6395:Iraq
6126:Iran
6000:Urum
5980:Tofa
5965:Shor
5795:Ăynu
5624:Daur
5547:Olot
5450:Urad
5400:Asud
5183:Zubu
5176:YelĂŒ
5155:Tufa
5150:Qifu
5120:Duan
4759:Wars
4506:Glom
4333:Huns
4168:Qing
4135:Ming
4097:Yuan
4064:Liao
4022:Tang
3915:Zubu
3810:ISBN
3778:ISBN
3770:ISBN
3732:ISBN
3710:ISBN
3672:ISBN
3643:ISBN
3586:2014
3532:ISBN
3338:2015
3218:ISBN
3199:2023
3145:help
3126:help
3107:help
3088:help
3069:help
3047:help
3028:help
3008:help
2996:help
2977:help
2958:help
2939:help
2920:help
2901:help
2870:PMID
2816:2015
2778:2015
2747:help
2728:help
2699:ISBN
2675:help
2650:ISBN
2609:help
2590:help
2571:help
2546:ISBN
2481:help
2441:link
2427:2014
2402:link
2388:2014
2354:help
2335:2014
2293:2013
2281:2004
2247:link
2215:2015
2184:2015
2150:2021
2119:ISBN
1977:Ćaka
1961:Ćaka
1897:Ćaka
1887:and
1850:and
1782:The
1776:Mohe
1765:and
1755:The
1744:The
1663:and
1599:Iran
1581:The
1551:and
1530:Asia
1524:and
1514:West
1510:East
1433:and
1425:and
1364:YelĂŒ
1348:and
1242:The
1206:TĂŒrk
1188:and
1042:Shem
1000:Zeno
983:and
973:Huns
897:and
883:Krum
880:Khan
808:Huns
806:The
802:Huns
776:and
712:The
656:Tuva
588:and
502:and
447:Saka
387:The
365:and
251:and
243:The
223:The
144:orda
134:khan
6469:in
6356:in
6231:in
6196:in
6123:in
3992:Han
2862:doi
1983:or
1483:to
1012:by
956:of
417:of
399:or
343:in
152:".
68:bow
58:or
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6361:,
6342:,
6319:,
6315:,
6311:,
6307:,
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