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1029:'s wartime takeover of the Pocahontas Roads. The operating efficiencies were significant, and after the war, when the railroads were returned to their respective owners and competitive status, the N&W never lost sight of the VGN and its low-gradient routing through Virginia. N&W meanwhile during World War 2 used their J's, K1's, A Class, and S1 Switchers to handle the troop trains from Ohio to Norfolk, a point of embarkation. Other three were New York, San Francisco, and San Diego. However, the US
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683:
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tender in
Bellville, Ohio as a display for a restaurant. M2 #1118 is owned by the Roanoke Chapter Historical Society without a tender. M2 #1134 is displayed in Portsmouth VA at the Railroad Museum of Virginia with a tender. M2c #1151 is owned by the Virginia Museum of Transportation, and currently sits unrestored with a tender from an A class engine.
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railcars. These autoracks had end doors and were very large by the standards of the time; at 75 feet (23 m) long, each autorack could carry 8 completed automobiles. These autoracks were a big success and helped lead to the development of today's fully enclosed autoracks. Tri-level autoracks were
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for 1938. In a promotional booklet published in 1939, the N&W wrote "For the second time in 12 years, the
American Museum of Safety has awarded the Harriman Memorial Gold Medal to the Norfolk & Western Railway for the outstanding safety record during 1938 among class I railroads of the United
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Four other engines survive known as the Lost
Engines of Roanoke; a group of engines that survived in a Roanoke Scrapyard from the late 1950s until all were retrieved in 2009. These four engines included a Class W2 2-8-0 #917, Class M2 #1118 and #1134, and Class M2c #1151. #917 is displayed without a
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at
Roanoke. The Shops employed thousands of craftsmen, who refined their products over the years. The A, J, and Y6 locomotives, designed, built and maintained by NW personnel, brought the company industry-wide fame for its excellence in steam power. The N&W's commitment to steam power was due in
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reserves grouped together to form the coalfields' largest landowner, the
Philadelphia-based Flat-Top Coal Land Association.The N&W bought the association and reorganized it as the Pocahontas Coal and Coke Company (PCCC). The PCCC was later renamed the Pocahontas Land Corporation (PLC) and is now
618:
William and Otelia Mahone were illustrious characters in post-bellum
Virginia. Mahone got quickly to work restoring "his" N&P, and resumed his dream of linking the three trunk lines across the southern tier of Virginia to reach points to the west. He became president of all three, and drove the
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The
Roanoke & Southern Railway Company was organized in 1887, succeeding separate companies called Roanoke & Southern in North Carolina and Virginia. Norfolk and Western leased the Roanoke & Southern (called the Norfolk, Roanoke & Southern Rail Road by 1896) starting in 1892 but it
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to
Kentucky, but was never built. Mahone retained control of AM&O for several more years before his relationship with English and Scottish bondholders deteriorated in 1876 and receivers were appointed to oversee his work. After several years of operating under receiverships, Mahone's role as a
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The railroads were able to provide lower costs and greater protection from in-transit damage, such as that which may occur due to vandalism or weather and traffic conditions on unenclosed truck trailers. Using the autoracks, the railroads became the primary long-distance transporter of completed
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to build and operate steam locomotives, and partially due to the major commodity it hauled, coal. During the 1950s, N&W rebuilt its W Class 2-8-0 Consolidations into Shop Co W6 0-8-0Ts. In 1960, the N&W became the last major railroad in the United States to abandon steam locomotives for
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VGN operated over more modern alignments than the C&O, and the N&W, and its track was built to the highest standards. It provided major competition for coal traffic to C&O and the N&W. The 600-mile (970 km) VGN followed Rogers' philosophy throughout its profitable history,
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via North
Philadelphia. This allowed for a trip from western Virginia to New York, bypassing Washington, D.C. and Baltimore. In contrast with other N&W trains from south of Roanoke which traveled east from Roanoke, this overnight train continued north from Roanoke along the
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To bolster the
Roanoke locomotive department, in 1916 the N&W added a large terminal (one full-circle roundhouse and two half-circle roundhouses), car shops, and yard at Shaffers Crossing, west of downtown. These continued to operate after the conversion to diesel power.
1346:, Norfolk–Cincinnati/Columbus) was the N&W's flagship passenger train, sporting a regal maroon livery with gold trim and hauled by a J Class 4-8-4 Northern Type steam locomotive, the railroad also operated a number of other passenger trains. These include:
736:, Mining and Manufacturing Company, the Bluestone Railroad, and the East River Railroad. Consolidated into the New River Railroad Company, with Kimball as president, these railroads became the basis for N&W's New River Division, which was soon built from
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By 1996, N&W ran in most of the Midwest and Eastern states. Many N&W lines by 1998 were abandoned and some of them were never used again. However, the Norfolk to Bluefield line still exists but traffic has slowed because of its 12-mile 1.2% grade.
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since its first days of passenger traffic, and deliberately powered them with steam engines after 1960, when most other trains had been switched to diesels. The excursion trains were powered by several of the N&W's famous steam locomotives, including
1248:. Sometime in the 1980s the song "Cargo Movin' People" was written and recorded, however it never was officially released to the public. It eventually made its way onto a DVD program titled Rails to Roanoke by Mark I Video in 1987.
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At the end of 1925, the N&W operated 2,241 miles (3,607 km) of route on 4,429 miles (7,128 km) track; at the end of 1956 NW operated 2,132 miles (3,431 km) of route on 4,759 miles (7,659 km) of track.
849:, and in the next few years, as coal demand swelled, some of them amassed fortunes. The countryside was soon sprinkled with tipples, coke ovens, houses for workers, company stores and churches. In the four decades before the
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in the early stages, and the bigger railroads did not take Page seriously. However, the partners planned and then built a "Mountains to Sea" railroad from the coal fields of southern West Virginia to port near
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Engineered by Page and financed almost entirely from Rogers' personal resources, VGN lines were laid on the principle that picking the best route and buying the best equipment would save operating expenses.
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During the 1960s, autoracks took over rail transportation of newly completed automobiles in North America. They carried more cars in the same space and were easier to load and unload than the
900:, a practice rare outside Britain (where most railways either built their own locomotives or had outside contractors build locomotives to their designs). The locomotives were built at the
320:, for most of its existence. Its motto was "Precision Transportation"; it had a variety of nicknames, including "King Coal" and "British Railway of America". In 1986, N&W merged with
1137:, and later revealing that Rogers had been instrumental in funding many small country schools and institutions of higher education in the South for the betterment of Black communities.
502:(1784–1853), a Virginia state treasurer. Popular legend has it that Otelia and William Mahone traveled along the newly completed N&P naming stations along the 52-mile (84 km)
375:
In 1982, the Southern Railway was renamed Norfolk Southern Railway and the holding company transferred the Norfolk & Western Railway to the control of the newly renamed company.
1094:. After failing to establish favorable rates to interchange coal traffic with the big railroads (who shut them out through collusion), the project expanded. Rogers was apparently a
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States." It is further noted that the railway carried one million passengers more than 86,000,000 miles (138,000,000 km) without incident in the period from 1924 to 1938.
1111:. They accomplished this right under the noses of the pre-existing and much bigger C&O and N&W railroads and their leaders by forming two small intrastate railroads,
1237:
In 1970, the N&W operated in North Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa.
483:, employed a log foundation laid at right angles beneath the surface of the swamp. It is still in use 150 years later and it withstands immense tonnages of coal traffic.
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formed a system that operated 7,595 miles (12,223 km) of road on 14,881 miles (23,949 km) of track from North Carolina to New York and from Virginia to Iowa.
1954:
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spoke at VGN's dedication in Norfolk, Virginia, only 6 weeks before Rogers died in May 1909 after his only inspection trip on the newly completed railroad. That June,
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shipping. A residential section was also developed to house the families of the workers. Many early residents of Lambert's Point were involved in the coal industry.
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Kimball served as N&W president from 1883 to 1895. Under his leadership, the N&W continued expansion westward with its lines through the wilderness of
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meet the revenue specifications for Class I status, but are not technically Class I railroads due to being passenger-only railroads with no freight component.
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1835:
343:. After 1960, N&W was the last major Class I railroad using steam locomotives; the last remaining Y class 2-8-8-2s would eventually be retired in 1961.
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motive power. The Roanoke Shops continued to build and repair rolling stock until 2020 when Norfolk Southern closed them, ending 139 years of operations.
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earning the nickname "Richest Little Railroad in the World." It operated some of the largest and most powerful steam, electric, and diesel locomotives.
756:. From there, the new line ran up the East River, crossing the Virginia-West Virginia border several times to reach the coalfields to the west near the
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In 1881, the AM&O was reorganized and renamed Norfolk and Western, a name perhaps taken from an 1850s charter application filed by citizens of
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in Virginia. Once right-of-way and land acquisitions had been secured, the two small railroads were merged in 1907 to form the Virginian Railway.
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were brought into the system in one of the most complex mergers of the era. This consolidation, plus the 1976 addition of a more direct route to
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The last three were unusual in that the Southern Railway operated the trains, either side of the N&W stretch between Lynchburg and Bristol.
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to serve the western section of the system, which employed about 2,000 in the 1920s. These shops took the place of the roundhouse and shop at
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597:, was held by the Union for most of the war. The eastern portion of the City Point Railroad played a crucial role for Union General
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1404:, via Waynesboro, VA. Sleeping car passengers would be able to take the trip continuously, without a change of coach in Harrisburg.
702:, became First Vice President. Henry Fink, whom Mahone had hired in 1855, became Second Vice President and General Superintendent.
468:(N&P) and eventually became its president in the pre-Civil War era. Construction of N&P began in 1853. Mahone's innovative
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As a part of Norfolk Southern's 30th anniversary, the company painted 20 new locomotives into predecessor schemes. NS #8103, a
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company. The headquarters of the Norfolk Southern Railway and the parent Norfolk Southern Corporation are now located in
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1033:(ICC) turned down attempts at combining the roads until 1959, when a proposed N&W-VGN merger was finally approved.
791:. By the time Kimball died in 1903, the railroad had attained the basic structure it would use for more than 60 years.
550:, it is said that the young couple invented a new word in honor of their "dispute", which is how the tiny community of
2402:, reprinted with permission of Norfolk Southern Corporation in 1995 by Norfolk & Western Historical Society, Inc.
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The AM&O operated profitably in the early 1870s but like many railroads encountered financial problems during the
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In 1955, the N&W operated in North Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, and Ohio. In 1959, the
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134 miles (216 km) of its route between 1922 and 1926 at a cost of $ 15 million, and had its own power plant at
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1995:
372:. The N&W and the Southern Railway continued as separate railroads operating under the single holding company.
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1802:, was painted into the Norfolk and Western's blue scheme. NS also has SD40 #1580, of N&W heritage, stored at
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At its founding, the N&W primarily transported agricultural products. Kimball, who had a strong interest in
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Carroll, Edward F.; Coleman, Peter T.; Jackson, Henry D.; Mink, William T.; Votinelli, Mario J., eds. (1984).
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formerly used. Ever-larger auto carriers and specialized terminals were developed by NW and other railroads.
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Because the Roanoke Shops were so large and complete, the only other heavy repair site needed was located in
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increased, economic forces took over. Coal operators and their employees settled dozens of towns in southern
788:
779:(CP&V) (which it had long supported and leased) extended the N&W system west along the Ohio River to
760:. Coal transported to Norfolk soon became NW's primary commodity, and led to great wealth and profitability.
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2110:'Official Guide of the Railways,' June 1961, Norfolk & Western section, Table 3-Shenandoah Valley Route
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1627:. The practice continued after the 1982 merger, under the first president of the merged Norfolk Southern,
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automobiles, one of few commodities where the industry has been able to overcome trucking in competition.
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Thousands of men and women worked for the AM&O and NW after the Civil War. Among the leaders were:
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350:(reporting mark VGN), a longtime rival in the Pocahontas coal region. By 1970, other mergers with the
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639:, the midpoint of the AM&O. The acronym AM&O was said to stand for "All Mine and Otelia's."
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1226:(EL) railroads. Dereco's troubled railroads were not merged into the N&W: EL eventually joined
1152:. It shared electrical resources with N&W from 1925 to 1950, when the N&W discontinued its
926:
873:
861:, which in its heyday boasted the highest per capita concentration of millionaires in the country.
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213:
42:
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in Strasburg, Pennsylvania, where 611 participated in Fall 2019 for the "Reunion of Steam" event.
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in Roanoke, Virginia; locomotive #611 has been restored to working order for the VMT by the
825:
In 1885, several small mining companies representing about 400,000 acres (1,600 km) of
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1955:"Roanoke's rail shops sit dormant as Norfolk Southern has no concrete plans for the future"
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From Mine to Market: The History of Coal Transportation on the Norfolk and Western Railway
1307:
Today, former N&W trackage remains a vital portion of the Norfolk Southern Railway, a
713:. Over time, Roanoke began to grow and in the 1950s, reached a population of over 90,000.
316:, formed by more than 200 railroad mergers between 1838 and 1982. It was headquartered in
97:
8:
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1806:, awaiting restoration to its original N&W colors. In 2024, 1580 was donated to the
1676:. The Virginia Creeper runs on the old Right of Way of the Norfolk and Western Abingdon
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1304:, itself a combination of smaller railroads in the eastern half of the United States.
705:
Kimball and his board of directors selected Big Lick, a small Virginia village on the
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2227:
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2180:
2079:
2022:
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1742:
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and the Virginia-Maryland border, and a line with territory reaching as far north as
710:
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523:
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347:
317:
113:
2119:'Official Guide of the Railways,' June 1961, Pennsylvania Railroad section, Table 39
3839:
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3258:
2619:
1777:
1772:
1752:
1312:
922:
897:
854:
780:
598:
563:
487:
422:
332:
313:
177:
2017:
King, Ed (April 2004). "Getting them up the grade the Norfolk & Western way".
3388:
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2539:
2021:. Vol. 64, no. 4. Waukesha WI: Kalmbach Publishing Co. pp. 65–73.
1827:
1707:
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1215:
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1072:
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906:
842:
826:
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461:
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region. The VGN track was de-electrified in 1962, after the N&W-VGN merger.
837:
Aerial view of Lambert Point Coal Pier showing part of storage yard, Norfolk, VA
3484:
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3143:
2923:
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2284:
Norfolk & Western in the Appalachians: From the Blue Ridge to the Big Sandy
1722:
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1537:
1338:
1044:
The N&W also operated safely in this time, being the recipient of the Gold
772:
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railroad builder ended in 1881 when northern financial interests took control.
647:
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535:
453:
302:
253:
191:
141:
120:
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646:. A fourth road of the AM&O family was planned to extend west through the
562:
Of small stature, dynamic "Little Billy" Mahone became a major general in the
4050:
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729:
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145:
1902:. Vol. 99. New York: National Railway Publication Company. p. XIX.
1133:
made a whistle-stop speaking tour on VGN, traveling in Rogers' private car,
732:. In mid-1881, the N&W acquired the franchises to four other lines: the
3954:
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1356:
1084:
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659:
522:. From Scott's historical Scottish novels, Otelia chose the place names of
519:
181:
2393:
Norfolk & Western Railway's Magnificent Mallets: The Y Class 2-8-8-2s
686:
Share of the Norfolk and Western Railroad Company, issued October 22, 1885
631:(AM&O). The AM&O extended 408 miles (657 km) from Norfolk to
19:"Norfolk & Western" redirects here. For the indie folk rock band, see
1939:
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1204:
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by the Scioto Valley Railroad. Acquisition of other lines, including the
709:, to be the junction of SVRR and the N&W. Big Lick was later renamed
542:
town. When they could not agree on a name for a station just west of the
225:
2438:
1856:
1732:
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768:
340:
857:, these coal towns flourished. One example was the small community of
1799:
955:
An electric Norfolk and Western train hauling coal during World War I
865:
472:
418:
361:
In 1980, the N&W merged its business operation with those of the
1472:
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in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Railroad and Southern Railway).
1446:
in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Railroad and Southern Railway).
1283:
1168:
2759:
2728:
2483:
1379:
The N&W also participated in five inter-line passenger trains:
1265:
725:
173:
169:
157:
149:
137:
133:
2349:
The Back Shop Illustrated, Volume 3: Southeast and Western Regions
1982:
The Back Shop Illustrated, Volume 3: Southeast and Western Regions
817:
2908:
2060:
1564:
1500:
1489:
1300:(formerly the Southern Railway) to compete more effectively with
1227:
946:
717:
670:(SVRR), which was then under construction up the valley from the
503:
161:
2270:
Norfolk & Western and Virginian Railways in Color by H. Reid
2143:
https://www.facebook.com/share/9QWZtugsJTQxqMMU/?mibextid=xfxF2i
1610:
N&W steam locomotive 1218 photographed on a fan trip in 1987
2644:
1410:(New York – Norfolk in conjunction with Pennsylvania Railroad,
1273:
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before their partnership was formed early in the 20th century.
1083:
and Rogers had already become a millionaire and a principal of
767:
with the Ohio Extension, eventually extending north across the
2055:"N&W, Southern Rwy Formally ask ICC permission to merge".
2374:. Old Dominion Chapter, National Railway Historical Society.
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and paid regular dividends throughout the Depression. During
579:
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The N&P was severed by the war. The portion east of the
2170:
William Mahone of Virginia; Soldier and Political Insurgent
2039:
1996:"North Carolina Railroads - Roanoke & Southern Railway"
1090:
Initially, their project was an 80-mile (130 km)-long
881:
165:
153:
654:
At the foreclosure auction, the AM&O was purchased by
614:
Beginning as the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad
389:
City Point, Southside and Virginia and Tennessee railroads
1897:
905:
part to its investment in the manufacturing capacity and
2328:(1st ed.). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing Co.
1713:
841:
As the availability and fame of high-quality Pocahontas
601:
during the Siege of Petersburg, and was operated by the
534:. She tapped the Scottish Clan "McIvor" for the name of
2433:
2618:
2312:
Norfolk & Western Railway, Pocahontas Coal Carrier
2129:
1025:, the N&W was jointly operated with VGN under the
962:
Revenue freight traffic, in millions of net ton-miles
864:
In 1886, the N&W tracks were extended directly to
1836:
Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District
1672:
survives at the trailhead of the Virginia Creeper in
677:
293:
Norfolk and Western magazine ad with system map, 1948
2360:
Roanoke, Va. : Norfolk and Western Railway Co.
1817:
1469:, which also served as the N&W company offices.
1375:(coaches and Pullmans, Norfolk–Cincinnati/Columbus).
720:, led the railroad's efforts to open the Pocahontas
666:. The PRR was seeking a southern connection for its
605:. The South Side Railroad was also heavily damaged.
1288:In 1980, the profitable N&W teamed up with the
2414:Norfolk & Western Passenger Service: 1946-1971
1430:in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Railroad and
1056:
1040:N&W timetable for a division in Virginia, 1918
884:export facilities in the world was built to reach
448:
1702:N&W Class Y3a #2050 is also preserved at the
1473:Steam locomotive types on the Norfolk and Western
1391:) which continued in a pool arrangement with the
1284:Becoming part of the Norfolk Southern Corporation
331:The N&W was famous for manufacturing its own
4048:
2191:Norfolk and Western Coal Cars: From 1881 to 1998
635:. The Mahones moved to the headquarters city of
2412:Warden, William and Miller, Kenneth L., (2000)
2078:. MBI Pub. Co. and Voyageur Press. p. 15.
1846:List of Norfolk and Western Railway locomotives
1479:List of Norfolk and Western Railway locomotives
1264:(CN) introduced a group of innovative bi-level
456:(1826–95), an 1847 engineering graduate of the
2345:
2300:Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing Co.
1979:
1601:
1180:(ICC) approved VGN's merger into the N&W.
947:World Wars, Great Depression, and efficiencies
798:. This gave the railroad a reach north of the
554:was named. The N&P was completed in 1858.
346:In December 1959, the N&W merged with the
4067:Former Class I railroads in the United States
2604:
2469:
2172:, Garrett and Massie Publishers; Richmond, VA
1412:Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad
4062:Predecessors of the Norfolk Southern Railway
943:became part of Norfolk and Western in 1911.
896:The company was famous for building its own
777:Cincinnati, Portsmouth and Virginia Railroad
740:(near East Radford) up the west bank of the
570:. He was widely regarded as the hero of the
365:, another profitable carrier, to create the
2416:. Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing Inc.
2272:. Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing Inc.
2244:, Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing Inc.
2179:. Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing Inc.
1841:Norfolk and Western Railway Freight Station
1244:. The N&W was also a major investor in
1240:On September 1, 1981, the N&W acquired
694:. George Frederick Tyler became president.
393:The N&W's earliest predecessor was the
4137:Railroads in the Chicago metropolitan area
2611:
2597:
2476:
2462:
2400:Coal On The Move Via The Virginian Railway
2384:Wiley, Aubrey and Wallace, Conley (1985).
2265:. Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing Inc.
2130:"Norfolk & Western Historical Society"
2100:http://www.trainweb.org/varail/nsvall.html
1292:, another profitable company, to form the
4172:American companies disestablished in 1998
2296:Middleton, William D., (1974) (1st ed.).
2205:Norfolk & Western: Steam's Last Stand
2073:
1940:"Millionaire Coal Town-Historic Bramwell"
1634:Today, #1218 is on static display at the
1492:simple articulated Top Speed: 70 mph
1075:. Page had helped engineer and build the
937:
876:just north of the City of Norfolk on the
78:Learn how and when to remove this message
4147:Railway companies disestablished in 1998
2434:Norfolk & Western Historical Society
2388:. Lynchburg, Virginia: W-W Publications.
1605:
1332:leaving Norfolk, VA on November 24, 1968
1322:
1167:
1163:
1035:
1013:The N&W operated profitably through
950:
832:
816:
681:
288:
41:This article includes a list of general
1900:The Official Railway Equipment Register
1318:
1156:section through the Elkhorn Tunnel and
806:. This would become referred to as the
629:Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad
4167:American companies established in 1896
4049:
2217:
2177:Appalachian Coal Mines & Railroads
1234:; it is now part of Canadian Pacific.
1214:In 1968, the N&W formed Dereco, a
578:in 1864–65. Otelia Mahone served as a
16:Former US Class I railroad (1838–1982)
4142:Railway companies established in 1896
2592:
2457:
2168:Blake, Nelson Morehouse, Phd. (1935)
1952:
1714:Presidents of the Norfolk and Western
1646:has been brought to Roanoke from the
1197:Akron, Canton and Youngstown Railroad
405:(now part of the independent city of
283:1970: 7,595 miles (12,223 kilometers)
2358:The Norfolk & Western: a history
2298:When The Steam Railroads Electrified
2040:Norfolk and Western Railway (1939).
2016:
1640:North Carolina Transportation Museum
1465:The Norfolk-bound trains arrived at
1193:Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway
752:to the mouth of the East River near
281:1956: 2,132 miles (3,431 kilometers)
27:
2258:New York: New York University Press
2240:Huddleston, Eugene L, Ph.D. (2002)
2010:
1477:For a more comprehensive list, see
1079:(C&O) through the mountains of
794:In 1890 the N&W bought out the
425:. In 1854, CPRR became part of the
13:
4162:1998 disestablishments in Virginia
4107:Defunct New York (state) railroads
2444:Norfolk and Western 1966 timetable
2162:
1631:, but was finally halted in 1994.
1232:Guilford Transportation Industries
698:, a civil engineer and partner in
678:Name change to Norfolk and Western
429:, which connected Petersburg with
47:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4183:
2427:
2222:. Images of Rail (1st ed.).
1648:National Museum of Transportation
1636:Virginia Museum of Transportation
1395:from Hagerstown to Harrisburg to
1296:and it paved the way for today's
4112:Defunct North Carolina railroads
2577:
2063: dj00000020011126dcc403idm.
1820:
1793:
1557:switchers Top Speed: 50 mph
891:
156:; after the 1960s mergers, also
96:
32:
4157:1896 establishments in Virginia
4132:Defunct West Virginia railroads
2136:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2092:
2067:
1172:N&W system map, around 1975
1067:VGN was conceived and built by
1057:Acquiring the Virginian Railway
625:Virginia and Tennessee Railroad
603:United States Military Railroad
466:Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad
449:Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad
439:Virginia and Tennessee Railroad
383:
4122:Defunct Pennsylvania railroads
2386:The Virginian Railway Handbook
2286:. Kalmbach Publishing Company
2203:Ferrell, Mallory Hope, (2007)
2074:Borkowski, Richard C. (2008).
2048:
2033:
1988:
1972:
1946:
1932:
1906:
1891:
1178:Interstate Commerce Commission
1031:Interstate Commerce Commission
932:
608:
582:in the Confederate capital of
496:Isle of Wight County, Virginia
401:formed in 1838 to extend from
397:(CPRR), a 9-mile (14 km)
1:
2449:Operation Fast Freight (1950)
2356:Striplin, E. F. Pat., (1981)
2335:(1st ed.) Old Line Graphics.
1953:Dwyer, Shayne (May 6, 2021).
1885:
1875:Norfolk and Western class Y6b
1077:Chesapeake & Ohio Railway
789:Winston-Salem, North Carolina
443:James River and Kanawha Canal
2175:Dixon, Thomas W Jr., (1994)
1880:Dinwiddie County Pullman Car
1661:continues to operate at the
1416:Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
1294:Norfolk Southern Corporation
1255:
787:, and south from Roanoke to
658:, a private banking firm in
557:
518:, a book she was reading by
367:Norfolk Southern Corporation
21:Norfolk & Western (band)
7:
4057:Norfolk and Western Railway
2487:Norfolk and Western Railway
2439:Norfolk & Western Steam
2391:Wardeb, William E., (1996)
2314:, R.E. Prince; Millard, NE
2310:Prince, Richard E., (1980)
2220:Norfolk and Western Railway
1813:
1602:Surviving steam locomotives
880:, where one of the busiest
808:Shenandoah Valley Division.
458:Virginia Military Institute
299:Norfolk and Western Railway
91:Norfolk and Western Railway
10:
4188:
4127:Defunct Virginia railroads
4102:Defunct Missouri railroads
4097:Defunct Michigan railroads
4092:Defunct Maryland railroads
4087:Defunct Kentucky railroads
4072:Defunct Illinois railroads
2395:. Motorbooks International
2370:Traser, Donald R., (1998)
2254:Lambie, Joseph T., (1954)
1869:Norfolk & Western 2156
1863:Norfolk & Western 1218
1476:
1242:Illinois Terminal Railroad
1060:
1008:Source: ICC annual reports
796:Shenandoah Valley Railroad
783:, south from Lynchburg to
668:Shenandoah Valley Railroad
378:
335:, which were built at the
18:
4077:Defunct Indiana railroads
4033:
4007:
3412:
2779:
2772:
2738:
2701:
2634:
2627:
2575:
2494:
2333:Virginian Rails 1953–1993
2098:'Shenandoah Valley Line'
1857:Norfolk & Western 475
1262:Canadian National Railway
1154:own, shorter, electrified
437:through traffic with the
277:
260:
224:
219:
209:
201:
197:
187:
129:
119:
109:
104:
95:
4152:Defunct Ontario railways
2331:Reisweber, Kurt, (1995)
2268:Lewis, Lloyd D., (1994)
2261:Lewis, Lloyd D., (1992)
2150:
2076:Norfolk Southern Railway
1467:Norfolk Terminal Station
1298:Norfolk Southern Railway
1269:developed in the 1970s.
1230:and D&H was sold to
1115:, in West Virginia, and
927:Bluefield, West Virginia
804:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
619:1870 merger of N&P,
326:Norfolk Southern Railway
2398:Cuthriell, N.L. (1956)
2372:Virginia Railway Depots
2346:Starr, Timothy (2024).
2218:Harris, Nelson (2003).
2157:N&W System Map 1965
1980:Starr, Timothy (2024).
1851:Norfolk and Western 611
1704:Illinois Railway Museum
1644:N&W class Y6a #2156
1516:Top Speed: 110 mph
1402:Shenandoah Valley Route
1158:Great Flat Top Mountain
1073:Henry Huttleston Rogers
872:, which was located in
859:Bramwell, West Virginia
812:
758:Great Flat Top Mountain
662:with ties to the large
460:(VMI), was employed by
409:), a port on the tidal
308:), commonly called the
62:more precise citations.
4117:Defunct Ohio railroads
4082:Defunct Iowa railroads
2057:Dow Jones News Service
2042:Along the Right of Way
1611:
1597:Top Speed: 45 mph
1587:Top Speed: 70 mph
1577:Top Speed: 65 mph
1567:Top Speed: 60 mph
1547:Top Speed: 55 mph
1534:Top Speed: 80 mph
1506:Top Speed: 60 mph
1333:
1173:
1041:
956:
938:Roanoke & Southern
838:
822:
785:Durham, North Carolina
687:
294:
2326:The Virginian Railway
2207:. Hundman Publishing
1609:
1538:Classes M, M1, and M2
1393:Pennsylvania Railroad
1326:
1220:Delaware & Hudson
1171:
1164:Merger era: 1960–1982
1039:
954:
836:
820:
685:
664:Pennsylvania Railroad
339:, as well as its own
292:
2484:Named trains of the
2352:. Privately printed.
2242:Appalachian Conquest
2059:. December 4, 1980.
1984:. Privately printed.
1808:Roanoke Chapter NHRS
1738:Frederick J. Kimball
1614:The N&W had run
1389:Hagerstown, Maryland
1319:Passenger operations
1183:In 1964, the former
1131:Booker T. Washington
1046:E. H. Harriman Award
830:a subsidiary of NS.
700:E.W. Clark & Co.
696:Frederick J. Kimball
656:E.W. Clark & Co.
572:Battle of the Crater
415:Petersburg, Virginia
2526:City of Kansas City
2193:. Motorbooks Intl.
2189:Dow, Andrew (1999)
1914:"Frederick Kimball"
1871:– Class Y6a 2-8-8-2
1689:Ohio Railway museum
1652:St. Louis, Missouri
1428:Birmingham, Alabama
1092:short line railroad
1069:William Nelson Page
963:
621:South Side Railroad
576:Siege of Petersburg
427:South Side Railroad
399:short-line railroad
395:City Point Railroad
92:
2568:Wabash Cannon Ball
2505:Birmingham Special
2324:Reid, H. (1961).,
2224:Arcadia Publishing
1768:Stuart T. Saunders
1674:Abingdon, Virginia
1663:Strasburg Railroad
1612:
1423:Birmingham Special
1334:
1302:CSX Transportation
1174:
1042:
961:
957:
839:
823:
754:Glen Lyn, Virginia
734:New River Railroad
688:
568:American Civil War
540:Southampton County
477:Great Dismal Swamp
441:(V&T) and the
407:Hopewell, Virginia
295:
202:Dates of operation
90:
4044:
4043:
4003:
4002:
2768:
2767:
2620:Class I railroads
2586:
2585:
2533:City of St. Louis
2292:978-0-89024-316-9
2282:King, Ed, (1997)
2263:The Virginian Era
2233:978-0-7385-1527-4
2213:978-0-945434-60-3
2199:978-1-883089-36-8
1920:on March 20, 2002
1865:– Class A 2-6-6-4
1788:Richard F. Dunlap
1783:Robert B. Claytor
1758:Arthur C. Needles
1748:Nicholas D. Maher
1743:Lucius E. Johnson
1693:Worthington, Ohio
1629:Robert B. Claytor
1246:Piedmont Airlines
1209:Mississippi River
1201:Chicago, Illinois
1150:Narrows, Virginia
1117:Tidewater Railway
1113:Deepwater Railway
1107:in the harbor of
1063:Virginian Railway
1006:
1005:
898:steam locomotives
711:Roanoke, Virginia
692:Norfolk, Virginia
633:Bristol, Virginia
481:Norfolk, Virginia
421:of the shallower
352:Nickel Plate Road
348:Virginian Railway
333:steam locomotives
318:Roanoke, Virginia
287:
286:
114:Roanoke, Virginia
88:
87:
80:
4179:
3324:SOO/MStP&SSM
3169:NKP/ NYC&StL
3124:MILW/CMStP&P
2777:
2776:
2632:
2631:
2622:of North America
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1916:. Archived from
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1895:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1778:John P. Fishwick
1773:Herman H. Pevler
1753:William J. Jenks
1687:survives at the
1616:excursion trains
1495:Class Y1 though
1432:Southern Railway
1383:Trains 1 and 2 (
1313:Atlanta, Georgia
1290:Southern Railway
964:
960:
923:Portsmouth, Ohio
781:Cincinnati, Ohio
599:Ulysses S. Grant
591:Blackwater River
564:Confederate Army
498:, a daughter of
423:Appomattox River
363:Southern Railway
324:to form today's
322:Southern Railway
314:class I railroad
272:
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214:Norfolk Southern
100:
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1859:– Class M 4-8-0
1853:- Class J 4-8-4
1828:Railways portal
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1728:George F. Tyler
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2428:External links
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1998:. carolana.com
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1372:The Pocahontas
1368:
1339:Powhatan Arrow
1329:The Pocahontas
1320:
1317:
1285:
1282:
1260:In the 1950s,
1257:
1254:
1222:(D&H) and
1165:
1162:
1105:Sewell's Point
1096:silent partner
1061:Main article:
1058:
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874:Norfolk County
814:
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773:Columbus, Ohio
746:Pulaski County
679:
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648:Cumberland Gap
615:
612:
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595:Zuni, Virginia
559:
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454:William Mahone
450:
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2636:United States
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2423:
2422:1-88308-950-6
2419:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2408:0-9633254-2-6
2405:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:0-9669906-0-9
2377:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:0-9633254-6-9
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2341:1-879314-11-8
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2306:0-89024-028-0
2303:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:1-883089-09-3
2275:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2250:1-883089-79-4
2247:
2243:
2239:
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2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:1-883089-08-5
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2158:
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2154:
2144:
2139:
2131:
2125:
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2107:
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2087:
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2070:
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2043:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
1997:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1919:
1915:
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1901:
1894:
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1834:
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1811:
1809:
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1804:Altoona Works
1801:
1794:Heritage unit
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
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1766:
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1660:
1657:
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1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:A class #1218
1622:
1617:
1608:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
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1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:(coaches and
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1314:
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1305:
1303:
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1277:
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1253:
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1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:Hampton Roads
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:West Virginia
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:
989:
985:
982:
981:
977:
974:
973:
969:
966:
965:
953:
944:
930:
928:
924:
919:
915:
913:
908:
903:
902:Roanoke Shops
899:
892:Roanoke Shops
889:
887:
886:Hampton Roads
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
851:Crash of 1929
848:
847:West Virginia
844:
835:
831:
828:
819:
810:
809:
805:
801:
800:Potomac River
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:West Virginia
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:West Virginia
728:and southern
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
707:Roanoke River
703:
701:
697:
693:
684:
675:
673:
672:Potomac River
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
649:
645:
644:Panic of 1873
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
555:
553:
549:
548:Prince George
545:
544:Sussex County
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:Robert Butler
497:
493:
489:
488:Otelia Butler
484:
482:
478:
474:
471:
467:
464:to build the
463:
459:
455:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
376:
373:
371:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
337:Roanoke Shops
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
304:
300:
291:
280:
276:
271:1,524 mm
268:
263:
259:
255:
249:1,435 mm
229:
227:
223:
218:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:West Virginia
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
103:
99:
94:
82:
79:
71:
61:
57:
51:
50:
44:
39:
30:
29:
26:
22:
4036:
4025:1977–present
3193:
2821:
2780:1956–present
2727:
2643:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2498:
2485:
2413:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2371:
2357:
2348:
2332:
2325:
2311:
2297:
2283:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2241:
2219:
2204:
2190:
2176:
2169:
2138:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2094:
2075:
2069:
2056:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2018:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1990:
1981:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1958:
1948:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:the original
1908:
1899:
1893:
1797:
1717:
1701:
1697:
1685:Class E #578
1682:
1670:Class M #433
1667:
1633:
1621:J class #611
1613:
1544:
1531:
1464:
1461:
1454:(New York –
1449:
1442:(New York –
1437:
1426:(New York –
1421:
1407:
1378:
1370:
1352:The Cavalier
1350:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1306:
1287:
1278:
1271:
1259:
1250:
1239:
1236:
1213:
1189:Nickel Plate
1182:
1175:
1143:
1139:
1125:
1121:
1089:
1085:Standard Oil
1066:
1051:
1043:
1019:World War II
1012:
941:
920:
916:
895:
863:
840:
824:
807:
793:
762:
750:Giles County
715:
704:
689:
660:Philadelphia
653:
641:
627:to form the
617:
588:
561:
520:Walter Scott
515:
485:
475:through the
452:
435:interchanged
392:
384:Predecessors
374:
360:
345:
330:
309:
305:
298:
296:
182:Pennsylvania
110:Headquarters
74:
68:October 2011
65:
46:
25:
3830:PCC&STL
3715:KCM&OTX
3500:CCC&STL
2499:Banner Blue
2002:October 18,
1678:branch line
1444:New Orleans
1439:The Pelican
1408:Cannon Ball
1367:/Columbus).
1309:Fortune 500
1205:Great Lakes
1146:electrified
1023:World War I
1015:World War I
933:Later years
738:New Kanawha
724:in western
609:Early years
574:during the
566:during the
433:, where it
411:James River
341:hopper cars
312:, was a US
226:Track gauge
60:introducing
4051:Categories
3945:TSTL&W
3910:SLIM&S
3570:CP&STL
3159:NC&STL
2929:CSPM&O
2889:CNO&TP
2854:CAR&NW
2561:Tennessean
2547:Pocahontas
1924:January 6,
1886:References
1733:Henry Fink
1414:, and the
1365:Cincinnati
1336:While the
1127:Mark Twain
866:coal piers
855:Depression
769:Ohio River
722:coalfields
552:Disputanta
538:, a small
512:Petersburg
492:Smithfield
403:City Point
43:references
4020:1930–1976
4015:1910–1929
3905:SLB&M
3900:SJ&GI
3890:SFP&P
3880:SB&NY
3875:SA&AP
3795:NYP&N
3790:NOT&M
3780:NJ&NY
3730:LS&MS
3720:LA&SL
3710:KCM&O
3685:HE&WT
3665:GH&SA
3660:GC&SF
3655:FW&RG
3630:EP&SW
3620:DNW&P
3600:DGH&M
3585:CR&NW
3580:CRI&G
3550:CM&PS
3480:BSL&W
3445:A&STL
3294:SD&AE
3214:NYO&W
3179:NO&NE
3174:NYS&W
3154:M&STL
2979:D&TSL
2969:DSS&A
2964:D&RGW
2959:DM&IR
2817:AT&SF
2512:Blue Bird
2027:0041-0934
1964:April 30,
1800:GE ES44DC
1256:Autoracks
748:and into
742:New River
637:Lynchburg
558:Civil War
532:Wakefield
431:Lynchburg
419:fall line
417:, on the
266:5 ft
220:Technical
210:Successor
4008:Timeline
3995:Y&MV
3975:W&LE
3970:WJ&S
3965:VS&P
3940:T&OC
3930:T&FS
3925:T&BV
3895:S&IE
3885:SD&A
3870:PS&N
3865:P&SF
3825:PB&W
3810:OR&L
3750:M&NA
3740:MD&V
3725:LE&W
3690:H&TC
3680:G&SI
3675:GR&I
3670:GM&N
3650:FS&W
3645:FJ&G
3640:F&CC
3635:E&TH
3625:D&SL
3615:DM&N
3605:D&IR
3540:CL&N
3535:CI&W
3530:CI&S
3515:CH&D
3490:CA&C
3470:BR&P
3455:BC&A
3450:BA&P
3430:AB&C
3425:AB&A
3413:pre-1956
3374:TP&W
3364:T&NO
3339:SP&S
3264:QA&P
3254:RF&P
3244:P&WV
3224:P&LE
3139:MN&S
3099:LS&I
3094:L&NE
3074:L&HR
3064:KO&G
3039:GS&F
3029:GM&O
3019:GB&W
3009:FW&D
2989:EJ&E
2984:DW&P
2974:DT&I
2954:DL&W
2944:C&WC
2894:C&NW
2879:C&IM
2864:C&EI
2859:CB&Q
2834:B&AR
2829:A&WP
2812:AT&N
2797:AC&Y
2519:Cavalier
1814:See also
1683:N&W
1668:N&W
1581:Class E2
1571:Class E1
1561:Class Z1
1551:Class S1
1545:Mastodon
1532:Mountain
1519:Classes
1397:New York
1357:Pullmans
1266:autorack
1144:The VGN
970:Traffic
744:through
726:Virginia
623:and the
584:Richmond
546:line in
506:between
470:corduroy
245: in
178:New York
174:Missouri
170:Michigan
158:Illinois
150:Kentucky
138:Maryland
134:Virginia
105:Overview
4037:italics
3950:U&D
3935:T&N
3860:P&S
3845:P&E
3755:M&O
3745:M&I
3610:D&M
3520:C&I
3510:C&G
3505:C&E
3495:C&C
3485:C&A
3475:B&S
3460:B&G
3440:A&D
3369:T&P
3274:S&A
3269:RI/CRIP
3229:P&N
3194:N&W
3089:L&N
3084:L&M
3069:L&A
3024:G&F
2939:C&W
2919:C&S
2899:C&O
2849:B&O
2839:B&M
2628:Current
2540:Pelican
2061:Factiva
1656:Class M
1591:Class W
1565:2-6-6-2
1510:Class J
1501:2-8-8-2
1490:2-6-6-4
1486:Class A
1456:Memphis
1385:Roanoke
1361:Norfolk
1274:boxcars
1228:Conrail
1101:Norfolk
1002:22,364
994:19,907
978:13,684
718:geology
528:Waverly
524:Windsor
516:Ivanhoe
508:Suffolk
504:tangent
490:, from
473:roadbed
379:History
310:N&W
240:⁄
188:Founder
162:Indiana
56:improve
3314:SLSFTX
2773:Former
2740:Mexico
2703:Canada
2420:
2406:
2378:
2364:
2339:
2318:
2304:
2290:
2276:
2248:
2230:
2211:
2197:
2183:
2082:
2025:
2019:Trains
1654:; and
1504:Mallet
1195:; and
1185:Wabash
986:9,804
356:Wabash
278:Length
180:, and
152:, and
130:Locale
45:, but
3920:SSWTX
3915:SOUMS
2151:Notes
1595:2-8-0
1585:4-6-2
1575:4-6-2
1555:0-8-0
1542:4-8-0
1529:4-8-2
1514:4-8-4
1344:coach
1342:(all-
1135:Dixie
999:1956
991:1944
983:1933
975:1925
580:nurse
514:from
479:near
413:, to
273:) (?)
3960:VAND
3955:UTAH
3855:PRDG
3820:OWRN
3800:OCAA
3775:NCRY
3700:ICRY
3595:CVRR
3575:CPVT
3565:CNOR
3560:CNNE
3525:CINN
3309:SLSF
3304:SIRT
3239:PRSL
3209:NYCN
2999:ERIE
2904:CPME
2807:ASAB
2753:KCSM
2748:CPKC
2716:CPKC
2666:CPKC
2651:BNSF
2645:AMTK
2418:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2288:ISBN
2274:ISBN
2246:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2209:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2023:ISSN
2004:2018
1966:2022
1959:WSLS
1926:2013
1659:#475
1623:and
1523:and
1207:and
1071:and
1027:USRA
1017:and
967:Year
882:coal
813:Coal
536:Ivor
530:and
510:and
354:and
297:The
166:Iowa
154:Ohio
3985:WSN
3980:WPT
3835:PCO
3815:OSL
3765:MTR
3760:MSC
3705:IGN
3590:CRP
3555:CNE
3465:BRI
3389:WAB
3379:VGN
3354:TFM
3344:SSW
3329:SOU
3289:SCL
3284:SBD
3279:SAL
3259:RUT
3249:RDG
3234:PRR
3204:NYC
3199:NWP
3144:MON
3134:MKT
3129:MIS
3114:MGA
3109:MEC
3059:ITC
3054:ICG
3044:GTW
3004:FEC
2914:CRR
2884:CNJ
2874:CGW
2823:AUT
2802:AGS
2792:ACL
2760:FXE
2729:VIA
2683:CSX
2676:SOO
2671:KCS
2660:GTC
1706:in
1691:in
1650:in
1497:Y6b
1103:at
868:at
771:to
593:at
494:in
4053::
3990:WV
3850:PM
3840:PE
3805:OE
3785:NN
3770:MV
3735:MC
3695:HV
3545:CM
3435:AC
3404:WP
3399:WM
3394:WC
3384:WA
3359:TM
3349:TC
3334:SP
3319:SN
3299:SI
3219:PC
3189:NS
3184:NP
3164:NH
3149:MP
3119:MI
3104:LV
3079:LI
3049:IC
3034:GN
3014:GA
2994:EL
2949:DH
2934:CV
2924:CS
2909:CR
2869:CG
2844:BN
2787:AA
2721:CP
2711:CN
2693:UP
2688:NS
2656:CN
2226:.
1978:*
1957:.
1810:.
1710:.
1695:.
1680:.
1642:;
1593::
1583::
1573::
1563::
1553::
1540::
1527::
1525:K2
1521:K1
1512::
1499::
1488::
1434:).
1418:).
1359:,
1315:.
1211:.
1191:;
1187:;
929:.
674:.
586:.
526:,
445:.
328:.
306:NW
251:)
176:,
172:,
168:,
164:,
160:,
148:,
144:,
140:,
136:,
125:NW
3420:A
2662:)
2658:(
2612:e
2605:t
2598:v
2477:e
2470:t
2463:v
2236:.
2132:.
2088:.
2044:.
2029:.
2006:.
1968:.
1942:.
1928:.
1481:.
1387:–
1363:–
301:(
269:(
247:(
242:2
238:1
235:+
233:8
81:)
75:(
70:)
66:(
52:.
23:.
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