450:"Norse" speakers who were capable of speaking "no other thing," and notes that there were more speakers of the language in Shetland than in Orkney. It was said in 1703 that the people of Shetland generally spoke a Lowland Scots dialect brought to Shetland from the end of the fifteenth century by settlers from Fife and Lothian, but that "many among them retain the ancient Danish Language"; while in 1750 Orkney-born James Mackenzie wrote that Norn was not yet entirely extinct, being "retained by old people," who still spoke it among each other.
321:
684:
333:
1441:
546:
While this classification is based on the differences between the North
Germanic languages at the time they split, their present-day characteristics justify another classification, dividing them into Insular Scandinavian and Mainland Scandinavian language groups based on mutual intelligibility. Under
470:
from Skaw in Unst, who died about 1850, has been cited as the last native speaker of the Norn language. However, fragments of vocabulary survived the death of the main language and remain to this day, mainly in place-names and terms referring to plants, animals, weather, mood, and fishing vocabulary.
445:
It is not known exactly when Norn became extinct. Sources from the 17th and 18th centuries speak of Norn (sometimes identified as "Norse", "Norwegian" or "Danish") as being in a state of decline and generally indicate that the language remained stronger in
Shetland than in Orkney. A source from 1670
478:
but had probably become extinct there by the 15th century, replaced by Scots. Hence, some scholars also speak about "Caithness Norn", but others avoid this. Even less is known about "Caithness Norn" than about Orkney and
Shetland Norn. Almost no written Norn has survived, but what little remains
453:
The last reports of Norn speakers are claimed to be from the 19th century, with some claims of a very limited use up until the early 20th century, but it is more likely that the language was dying out in the late 18th century. The isolated islands of
550:
Norn is generally considered to have been fairly similar to
Faroese, sharing many phonological and grammatical traits, and might even have been mutually intelligible with it. Thus, it can be considered an Insular Scandinavian language.
574:
of Norn can never be determined with much precision because of the lack of source material, but the general aspects can be extrapolated from the few written sources that exist. Norn shared many traits with the dialects of southwest
547:
this system, Norwegian is grouped together with Danish and
Swedish because the last millennium has seen all three undergo important changes, especially in grammar and lexis, which have set them apart from Faroese and Icelandic.
446:
states that there are "only three or four parishes" in Orkney where people speak "Noords or rude Danish" and that they do so "chiefly when they are at their own houses". Another from 1701 indicates that there were still a few
675:("the man"). Though it is difficult to be certain of many of the aspects of Norn grammar, documents indicate that it may have featured subjectless clauses, which were common in the West Scandinavian languages.
398:
in 1468 and 1469 respectively, and it is with these pledges that the replacement of Norn with Scots is most associated. However, the decline of Norse speech in Orkney probably began in 1379 when the
425:. Despite this, the process by which Scots overtook Norn as the primary spoken language on the islands was not a swift one, and most natives of Orkney and Shetland probably spoke Norn as a
429:
until the late 16th and early-to-mid 17th centuries respectively. One of the last documents written in Norn was for a 1597 mortgage issued over a property belonging to Else, sister of
2074:
367:
settlement in the islands probably began in the early 9th century. These settlers are believed to have arrived in very substantial numbers, and like those who migrated to
1588:, as part of the Shetland 550 concert celebrating the 550th anniversary of Shetland becoming Scottish, singer Inge Thompson sang a rendition of a song in Norn.
3536:
2154:
2264:
1562:
Norn words are still used to describe many of the colour and pattern variations in the native sheep of
Shetland and Orkney, which survive as the
1996:
1466:
Most of the use of Norn/Norse in modern-day
Shetland and Orkney is purely ceremonial, and mostly in Old Norse, for example the Shetland motto,
2221:
3911:
2989:
3709:
2125:
2026:
1826:
2287:
1933:
1476:'with law shall land be built', which is the same motto used by the Icelandic police force and inspired by the medieval Norwegian
4999:
4984:
4969:
2393:
2388:
2176:(2 volumes.). Printed by S. L. Møller, Copenhagen. Foreword by Anna Horsböl, née Jakobsen. Originally published in Danish as
1876:
1856:
1820:
1797:
1761:
1741:
1721:
1701:
1681:
1661:
1641:
2328:
2052:
4994:
4989:
3526:
2180:. Reprinted Lerwick: The Shetland Folk Society, 1985. (1st ed.). Shaftesbury Avenue, London: David Nutt (A. G. Berry)
1470:
4959:
2257:
256:
4438:
2606:
531:, it belongs to the West Scandinavian group, separating it from the East Scandinavian and Gutnish groups consisting of
1921:
2982:
407:
312:, the language's last known speaker, though there are claims the language persisted as late as the 20th century.
246:
4974:
4964:
2250:
236:
4805:
1411:
and two ears stand skyward, two eyes show the way to the field and one tail comes shaking (dangling) behind.
206:
4949:
4835:
4005:
3967:
3952:
2556:
2424:
2378:
3279:
2893:
588:
584:
580:
4939:
4815:
4675:
4025:
3984:
3974:
2975:
415:
325:
2333:
583:
to after vowels and (in the
Shetland dialect but only partially in the Orkney dialect) a conversion of
4944:
3191:
2520:
1585:
4532:
2863:
2621:
2353:
2348:
1988:
492:
1581:("New Norn"), based upon linguistic analysis of the known records and Norse linguistics in general.
421:
In
Shetland, the transition began later, but by the end of the 15th century both island groups were
4810:
4764:
4759:
4683:
4293:
4277:
4156:
4015:
3906:
3901:
2931:
2883:
2383:
2217:
1992:
512:
467:
309:
277:
230:
95:
68:
4749:
4693:
4688:
4608:
4281:
4231:
3531:
3349:
3105:
3033:
3021:
2459:
1567:
508:
85:
4871:
4591:
3989:
1577:
There are some enthusiasts who are engaged in developing and disseminating a modern form called
462:
are variously claimed as the last refuges of the language in
Shetland, where there were people "
4934:
4754:
4236:
4202:
3820:
3636:
3496:
3336:
3231:
2689:
2571:
2403:
364:
2358:
2171:
2018:
1810:
4912:
4876:
4144:
4137:
4089:
3859:
3830:
3799:
3762:
3687:
3444:
3357:
3218:
3180:
2807:
2763:
2368:
2273:
1057:
gjev oss i dag vårt daglege brød; / og forlat oss vår skuld, som me òg forlet våre skuldmenn;
656:
395:
168:
4377:
3252:
2812:
4881:
4861:
4830:
4703:
4563:
4309:
4127:
3719:
3546:
3508:
3503:
3377:
3324:
3082:
2838:
2505:
2480:
2398:
2343:
2307:
607:
Norn grammar had features very similar to the other Scandinavian languages. There were two
4537:
2650:
2159:
Northern Lights, Northern Words. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009.
683:
8:
4820:
4056:
4010:
3944:
3697:
3344:
3257:
3055:
2695:
2661:
2525:
2515:
2510:
4367:
4212:
3459:
2449:
1941:
1595:
has Norn as a language, though due to the lack of words it acts more like a dictionary.
4979:
4954:
4866:
4790:
4718:
4708:
4663:
4425:
4352:
4249:
4094:
4069:
4064:
3957:
3785:
3670:
3491:
3269:
3264:
3243:
3204:
3008:
2998:
2858:
2843:
2748:
2643:
2444:
2363:
1289:
1024:
961:
528:
524:
516:
132:
90:
4020:
2611:
935:
Fyrigev okkum syndir okkara, / so sum vit eisini fyrigeva teimum, iĂ° mĂłti okkum synda.
222:
4840:
4639:
4555:
4548:
4503:
4447:
4207:
4197:
4180:
4175:
4079:
3962:
3841:
3641:
3602:
3582:
3420:
3312:
3294:
3146:
2878:
2873:
2738:
2530:
2500:
2464:
1917:
1872:
1852:
1816:
1793:
1757:
1737:
1717:
1697:
1677:
1657:
1637:
1547:
1491:
648:
252:
4795:
4586:
4520:
4476:
4471:
4431:
4420:
4412:
4217:
4185:
4132:
4121:
4034:
3743:
3682:
3472:
3454:
3289:
3050:
3042:
2888:
2848:
2786:
2710:
2616:
2561:
2454:
1563:
1524:
1435:
1431:
1331:
1327:
1258:
1083:
898:
699:
612:
608:
555:
532:
520:
480:
320:
305:
62:
4632:
2075:"Celtic Connections review: Shetland 550: Norn Voices, Glasgow Royal Concert Hall"
647:
were also present. Like all other North Germanic languages (except West and South
4825:
4785:
4618:
4525:
4508:
4493:
4488:
4481:
4190:
4099:
4084:
4039:
3891:
3854:
3846:
3825:
3812:
3792:
3778:
3541:
3518:
3449:
3439:
3431:
3211:
2941:
2926:
2898:
2868:
2853:
2833:
2677:
2671:
2586:
2490:
1963:
The dialect and place names of Shetland; two popular lectures; by Jakob Jakobsen.
1571:
1477:
1146:
536:
348:
336:
Languages of Scotland around the early 15th century, based on placename evidence
158:
77:
1570:
breeds. Icelandic uses similar words for many of the same colour variations in
698:
The following are Norn, Old Norse and contemporary Scandinavian versions of the
332:
4906:
4800:
4780:
4732:
4624:
4498:
4168:
3935:
3874:
3653:
3610:
3567:
3484:
3479:
3368:
3318:
3169:
3120:
3075:
3068:
2956:
2666:
2656:
2434:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2239:
Collection of all known texts in Norn, description of its phonology and grammar
1598:
In 2023 the singer Siobhan Wilson released a song featuring the Norn language.
1543:
1484:
1408:
1235:
1213:
834:
687:
616:
559:
447:
430:
426:
403:
399:
376:
357:
301:
281:
149:
137:
100:
51:
872:
Ok fyr gefþu oss synþer órar, / sem vér fyr gefom þeim er viþ oss hafa misgert
4928:
4856:
4698:
4405:
4222:
4161:
4074:
3979:
3917:
3864:
3748:
3675:
2951:
2936:
2921:
2908:
2817:
2791:
2728:
2591:
2429:
2312:
2048:
1427:
1225:
640:
411:
372:
199:
4725:
4149:
4113:
4046:
3869:
3692:
3665:
3648:
3592:
3551:
3133:
3112:
2946:
2771:
2601:
2576:
2419:
2373:
2200:
1506:
1456:
998:
Fyrirgef oss vorar skuldir, / svo sem vér og fyrirgefum vorum skuldunautum.
297:
4372:
2485:
2166:, ed. Peter Trudgill, 352–66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
296:
in the far north of the Scottish mainland. After Orkney and Shetland were
190:
4542:
4515:
4333:
4241:
3923:
3884:
3467:
3162:
3126:
3061:
2439:
2338:
1495:
4387:
2242:
1028:
4382:
4362:
3727:
3397:
3098:
2733:
2210:
Rendboe, Laurits. "The Lord's Prayer in Orkney and Shetland Norn 1-2".
1517:
644:
624:
620:
466:
in Norn", probably passages from folk songs or poems, as late as 1894.
463:
388:
4568:
4316:
3879:
3660:
3615:
3587:
3413:
2967:
2916:
2781:
2743:
2683:
2566:
1502:
1174:
som i himlen således også på jorden / giv os i dag vort daglige brød,
1102:
Tillkomme ditt rike/ ske din vilja sĂĄsom i himmelen sĂĄ ock pĂĄ jorden.
571:
475:
422:
293:
215:
183:
55:
4392:
4357:
3705:
2723:
2700:
2596:
2581:
2495:
1607:
1513:
1460:
1221:
1048:
lat riket ditt koma; / lat viljen din rĂĄda pĂĄ jordi som i himmelen;
770:
628:
434:
384:
289:
264:
41:
926:
so sum á himli, so á jørð. / Gev okkum à dag okkara dagliga breyð.
16:
Extinct Germanic language spoken in the Northern Isles of Scotland
4398:
3994:
3896:
2753:
2718:
2637:
2546:
1420:
540:
488:
368:
260:
735:
o yurn sinna gort i chimrie, / ga vus da on da dalight brow vora
3701:
2551:
1539:
1228:, Norway, and Iceland, and a variation also occurs in England.
1209:
1066:
og før oss ikkje ut i freisting; / men frels oss frå det vonde.
706:
691:
652:
632:
576:
484:
387:
bears some resemblance to that of northwest Norway, while Norn
380:
300:
to Scotland by Norway in 1468–69, it was gradually replaced by
285:
2236:
1440:
908:
FaĂ°ir vár, tĂş sum ert Ă himlinum. / Heilagt verĂ°i navniĂ° tĂtt.
554:
Few written texts remain. It is distinct from the present-day
433:, who had married a Shetland man Andrew Mowat of Heogoland in
3619:
1535:
1531:
1452:
1183:
Og forlad os vor skyld / som ogsĂĄ vi forlader vore skyldnere,
1138:
Ty riket är ditt, och makten och härligheten i evighet! Amen.
1111:
Vårt dagliga bröd giv oss idag / och förlåt oss våra skulder,
1007:
Og eigi leið þú oss à freistni, / heldur frelsa oss frá illu.
944:
Leið okkum ikki à freistingar, / men frels okkum frá tà illa.
881:
Leiðd oss eigi à freistni, / heldr leys þv oss frá ollu illu.
455:
2100:
989:
svo á jörðu sem á himni. / Gef oss à dag vort daglegt brauð.
863:
sva a iarĂ°u sem Ă himnum. / Gef oss Ă dag brauĂ° vort dagligt
808:
Forgive sindorwara / sin vi forgiva gem ao sinda gainst wus.
2173:
An etymological dictionary of the Norn language in Shetland
1900:
An Etymological Dictionary of the Norn Language in Shetland
1404:
1217:
1129:
och inled oss icke i frestelse / utan fräls oss ifrån ondo.
1039:
Fader vĂĄr, du som er i himmelen! / Lat namnet ditt helgast;
799:
i vrildin sindaeri chimeri. / Gav vus dagh u dagloght brau.
744:
Firgive vus sinna vora / sin vee Firgive sindara mutha vus,
636:
459:
817:
Lia wus ikè o vera tempa, / but delivra wus fro adlu idlu.
491:". Michael P Barnes, professor of Scandinavian Studies at
263:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1192:
Og led os ikke ind i fristelse / men fri os fra det onde.
1156:
Vor fader, du som er i himlene / helliget blive dit navn.
1093:
Fader vår, du som är i himmelen / helgat vare ditt namn.
1628:
1626:
1624:
1224:, in the 1890s. The same riddle is also known from the
845:
FaĂľer vár es ert Ă himenrĂki, / verĂ°i nafn Ăľitt hæilagt
753:
lyv vus ye i tumtation, / min delivera vus fro olt ilt.
1592:
2178:
Etymologisk ordbog over det norröne sprog på Shetland
1654:
Language Contact and Development around the North Sea
726:
gilla cosdum thite cumma, / veya thine mota vara gort
391:
implies links with more southerly Norwegian regions.
1849:
Reallexikon Der Germanischen Altertumskunde: Band 21
1621:
971:
Faðir vor, þú sem ert á himnum. / Helgist þitt nafn,
659:
to indicate definiteness as in modern Scandinavian:
1772:T. Manson, 'Shetland in the Sixteenth Century', in
1201:
For dit er riget og magten og æren i evighed! Amen.
2195:A Tour through the Islands of Orkney and Schetland
2162:Barnes, Michael P. "Orkney and Shetland Norn". In
1075:For riket er ditt, og magti og æra i all æva! Amen
292:) off the north coast of mainland Scotland and in
1419:"Nynorn" redirects here. Not to be confused with
790:La Konungdum din cumma. / La vill din vera guerde
4926:
1483:Another example of the use of Norse/Norn in the
717:Fa vor i ir i chimrie, / Helleur ir i nam thite,
1014:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
969:
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
781:Fy vor or er i Chimeri. / Halaght vara nam dit.
1812:A Description of the Western Isles: Circa 1695
1292:
2983:
2258:
2169:
2011:
1656:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 218.
1610:, the Norse law system of the Northern Isles.
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
951:
942:
933:
924:
915:
906:
1261:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1808:
1734:The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language
1634:The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language
694:linguist and leading documentarist of Norn.
2990:
2976:
2265:
2251:
1914:The Norn Language of Orkney & Shetland
1784:
1782:
1550:. The service is operated by two ferries,
1468:
1335:
1120:såsom ock vi förlåta dem oss skyldiga äro,
824:
815:
806:
797:
788:
779:
760:
751:
742:
733:
724:
715:
669:
661:
29:
2272:
2212:North-Western European Language Evolution
1989:"The Fleet – New Yell Sound Ferries"
1554:(Norse for 'dawn'), launched in 2003 and
1239:
599:at" respectively) to and respectively.
375:, it is probable that most came from the
2214:14 (1989): 77-112 and 15 (1990): 49–111.
2207:. London: Oxford University Press, 1929.
2101:"The English - Norn dictionary | Glosbe"
1897:
1439:
682:
497:The Norn Language of Orkney and Shetland
474:Norn had also been a spoken language in
331:
319:
1902:. Shetland: David Nutt. pp. XVIII.
1779:
1774:Renaissance and Reformation in Scotland
980:til komi Ăľitt rĂki, / verĂ°i Ăľinn vilji,
257:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4927:
2997:
2394:Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland
1809:Martin, Martin; Monro, Donald (2018).
1792:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 126.
1756:. Cambridge University Press. p. 354.
1716:. Cambridge University Press. p. 352.
1696:. Cambridge University Press. p. 361.
1676:. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.
1652:Stenroos, Merja-Riitta et al. (2012).
1636:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 394.
1487:can be found in the names of ferries:
4661:
4275:
3019:
2971:
2246:
1736:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 62.
1558:(Norse for 'dusk'), launched in 2004.
418:on Orkney by the early 15th century.
2055:from the original on 24 October 2013
854:Til kome rĂke Ăľitt, / værĂ°i vili Ăľin
414:. Scots had superseded Norse as the
394:Orkney and Shetland were pledged to
3552:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
2223:An Account of the Islands of Orkney
917:Komi rĂkiĂ° tĂtt. / VerĂ°i vilji tĂn,
13:
4911:Languages between parentheses are
4276:
2147:
2029:from the original on 14 March 2016
1999:from the original on 6 August 2007
1829:from the original on 27 March 2021
14:
5011:
2230:
2019:"1000 Years of Sheep in Shetland"
1976:The Orkney Norn Hugh Marwick 1926
1851:. Walter De Gruyter Inc. p. 385.
1523:('horse island', an old name for
1380:Traditional version from England
502:
304:. Norn is thought to have become
2607:Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial
2521:Scottish–Norwegian War (1262-66)
2197:. Kirkwall: William Peace, 1879.
1916:. Lerwick: Shetland Times 1998.
635:). The two main conjugations of
308:around 1850, after the death of
2118:
2093:
2067:
2041:
1981:
1968:
1956:
1926:
1906:
1891:
1882:
1861:
1841:
1802:
328:possessions in the 12th century
5000:Languages extinct in the 1850s
4915:of the language on their left.
2170:Jakobsen, Jakob (1928–1932) .
1788:Millar, Robert McColl (2007).
1766:
1746:
1726:
1706:
1686:
1666:
1646:
1165:Komme dit rige / ske din vilje
678:
1:
4970:Extinct languages of Scotland
4806:Germanic substrate hypothesis
4662:
2226:. London: Jacob Tonson, 1700.
2164:Language in the British Isles
1871:(London: Edward Arnold 1984,
1754:Language in the British Isles
1714:Language in the British Isles
1694:Language in the British Isles
1674:Language in the British Isles
1614:
1414:
1372:Two show the way to the field
1250:and ane comes atta driljandi.
1220:, the northernmost island in
602:
579:. That includes a voicing of
440:
4836:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
3527:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
1934:"Pater Noster - M through N"
1375:And one comes shaking behind
565:
30:
7:
4995:West Scandinavian languages
4990:Extinct languages of Europe
4816:High German consonant shift
2369:Ingibjörg the Earls'-Mother
1601:
1355:An’ een comes dinglan efter
1297:FjĂłrir hanga, fjĂłrir ganga,
1230:
655:instead of a prepositioned
406:, passed into the hands of
10:
5016:
4960:Extinct Germanic languages
3354:Westlauwers–Terschellings
3007:According to contemporary
2909:Associated clans and septs
1790:Northern and Insular Scots
1776:(Edinburgh, 1983), p. 208.
1586:Glasgow Royal Concert Hall
1471:Með lögum skal land byggja
1425:
1418:
1407:hang, four legs walk, two
1403:The answer is a cow: four
1379:
1362:
1326:
1288:
1257:
1233:
1031:1920, present-day Nynorsk)
479:includes a version of the
464:who could repeat sentences
315:
67:c.1850, with the death of
4985:Norway–Scotland relations
4898:
4849:
4773:
4742:
4674:
4670:
4657:
4606:
4579:
4533:Southern Schleswig Danish
4464:
4345:
4301:
4292:
4288:
4271:
4112:
4055:
3943:
3934:
3839:
3811:
3770:
3761:
3736:
3718:
3629:
3601:
3575:
3566:
3517:
3430:
3405:
3396:
3335:
3230:
3179:
3154:
3145:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3015:
3005:
2907:
2826:
2800:
2762:
2709:
2630:
2539:
2473:
2412:
2389:Margaret, Queen of Norway
2349:Gormflaith ingen Murchada
2321:
2280:
1336:
1240:
495:, has published a study,
493:University College London
243:
229:
213:
197:
181:
176:
146:
125:
74:
61:
47:
37:
28:
23:
4811:West Germanic gemination
4765:Ancient Belgian language
4760:Germanic parent language
4704:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
3826:Austrian Standard German
3020:
2384:Margaret, Maid of Norway
2334:BethĂłc, Prioress of Iona
2237:Orkney&Shetland Norn
2188:– via archive.org.
1993:Shetland Islands Council
1898:Jakobsen, Jakob (1928).
1869:The Languages of Britain
1847:Hoops, Johannes (2003).
1752:Trudgill, Peter (1984).
1712:Trudgill, Peter (1984).
1692:Trudgill, Peter (1984).
1672:Trudgill, Peter (1984).
1501:(after the old name for
1345:An’fower ching-changers,
1307:Tveir fyrir hundum verja
1293:
1262:
2460:Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson
2379:Máel Muire ingen AmlaĂb
1732:Jones, Charles (1997).
1632:Jones, Charles (1997).
1469:
1266:Fýra hanga, fýra ganga,
1248:twa veestra vaig a bee,
1244:Fira honga, fira gonga,
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
780:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
670:
662:
280:that was spoken in the
278:North Germanic language
4872:Preterite-present verb
4755:Proto-Germanic grammar
4709:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
3821:German Standard German
3497:East Frisian Low Saxon
2404:Ragnhildis Olafsdottir
1591:The online translator
1463:
1208:A Shetland "guddick" (
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
970:
952:
943:
934:
925:
916:
907:
695:
509:Indo-European language
402:, covering all of the
361:
329:
245:This article contains
4975:Scandinavian Scotland
4965:Languages of Scotland
4877:Grammatischer Wechsel
3860:Namibian Black German
3831:Swiss Standard German
3800:Early New High German
3358:Mainland West Frisian
3219:Harlingerland Frisian
2808:Scottish island names
2631:Artifacts and culture
2308:Mormaers of Caithness
2274:Scandinavian Scotland
1443:
1366:Four hang, four walk,
1317:sá er oftast saurugur
686:
558:, which evolved from
335:
323:
4882:Indo-European ablaut
4862:Germanic strong verb
4831:Germanic spirant law
3968:Southeast Limburgish
3464:Gelders-Overijssels
3093:Irish Middle English
3083:Early Modern English
2827:Battles and treaties
2481:Kingdom of the Isles
2399:Ragnhild Eriksdotter
2354:Gunnhild GormsdĂłttir
2344:Cacht ingen Ragnaill
1888:Price (1984), p. 204
1363:English translation
1340:Foweer hing-hangers,
1281:Og ein darlar aftast
1271:Fýra standa uppà ský
416:language of prestige
105:Insular Scandinavian
4950:History of Shetland
4850:Synchronic features
4821:Germanic a-mutation
4774:Diachronic features
4124:in the broad sense
4057:East Central German
4011:Lorraine Franconian
3985:Transylvanian Saxon
3945:West Central German
3720:East Low Franconian
3630:West Low Franconian
2696:St Magnus Cathedral
2572:Cubbie Roo's Castle
2516:Davidian Revolution
2359:Helga ModdansdĂłttir
2329:Aud the Deep-Minded
2153:Barnes, Michael P.
1912:Barnes, Michael P.
1312:Einn eftir drallar,
1246:fira staad upo skø,
4940:Medieval languages
4867:Germanic weak verb
4676:Language subgroups
4026:Pennsylvania Dutch
3975:Moselle Franconian
3953:Central Franconian
3786:Middle High German
3537:Central Pomeranian
3492:Northern Low Saxon
3205:Wangerooge Frisian
2999:Germanic languages
2690:Sen dollotar Ulaid
2644:Chronicles of Mann
2364:Ingeborg of Norway
1464:
1383:Four dilly danders
1369:Two stand skyward,
1276:Tvey vĂsa veg á bø
696:
517:Germanic languages
362:
330:
169:Old Norse alphabet
4945:History of Orkney
4922:
4921:
4907:extinct languages
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4841:Great Vowel Shift
4653:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4602:
4601:
4448:Greenlandic Norse
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4198:Southern Bavarian
4181:Northern Bavarian
4157:Highest Alemannic
4108:
4107:
3842:standard variants
3757:
3756:
3603:Standard variants
3562:
3561:
3421:Middle Low German
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3192:Saterland Frisian
2965:
2964:
2932:Macaulay of Lewis
2465:Thorstein the Red
2413:Other notable men
2156:The study of Norn
2081:. 24 January 2022
1877:978-0-7131-6452-7
1867:Glanville Price,
1857:978-3-11-017272-0
1822:978-0-85790-288-7
1798:978-0-7486-2317-4
1762:978-0-521-28409-7
1742:978-0-7486-0754-9
1722:978-0-521-28409-7
1702:978-0-521-28409-7
1682:978-0-521-28409-7
1662:978-90-272-4839-8
1642:978-0-7486-0754-9
1548:Shetland Mainland
1492:NorthLink Ferries
1401:
1400:
1212:) in Norn, which
511:belonging to the
468:Walter Sutherland
400:Earldom of Orkney
310:Walter Sutherland
271:
270:
253:rendering support
249:phonetic symbols.
101:West Scandinavian
69:Walter Sutherland
5007:
4699:Elbe (Irminonic)
4672:
4671:
4659:
4658:
4587:Mainland Gutnish
4477:Swedish dialects
4439:Middle Icelandic
4413:Middle Norwegian
4302:Historical forms
4299:
4298:
4290:
4289:
4273:
4272:
4232:South Franconian
4218:Hutterite German
4186:Central Bavarian
4006:Rhine Franconian
3941:
3940:
3771:Historical forms
3768:
3767:
3683:Surinamese Dutch
3576:Historical forms
3573:
3572:
3406:Historical forms
3403:
3402:
3155:Historical forms
3152:
3151:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3029:
3017:
3016:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2622:St Magnus Church
2617:Scar boat burial
2562:Brough of Birsay
2455:Sweyn Asleifsson
2450:Ragnall ua ĂŤmair
2267:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2079:www.scotsman.com
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1940:. Archived from
1930:
1924:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1806:
1800:
1786:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1750:
1744:
1730:
1724:
1710:
1704:
1690:
1684:
1670:
1664:
1650:
1644:
1630:
1525:Mainland, Orkney
1494:has ships named
1474:
1436:Orcadian dialect
1432:Shetland dialect
1328:Orcadian dialect
1231:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
955:
946:
937:
928:
919:
910:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
847:
828:
819:
810:
801:
792:
783:
764:
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
673:
665:
590:
586:
582:
556:Shetland dialect
519:. Together with
355:
346:
340:
239:
225:
209:
193:
186:
164:
152:
80:
33:
21:
20:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4886:
4845:
4826:Germanic umlaut
4791:Holtzmann's law
4769:
4738:
4666:
4645:
4598:
4575:
4509:South Jutlandic
4494:Danish dialects
4460:
4341:
4284:
4255:
4237:East Franconian
4191:Viennese German
4104:
4085:Silesian German
4051:
4040:Central Hessian
3930:
3855:Namibian German
3844:
3835:
3813:Standard German
3807:
3793:New High German
3779:Old High German
3753:
3732:
3714:
3625:
3597:
3558:
3542:East Pomeranian
3532:Brandenburgisch
3519:East Low German
3513:
3440:Dutch Low Saxon
3432:West Low German
3426:
3384:
3350:Schiermonnikoog
3331:
3226:
3212:Wursten Frisian
3175:
3141:
3024:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2966:
2961:
2903:
2899:Treaty of Perth
2822:
2796:
2758:
2705:
2678:Orkneyinga saga
2672:Manx runestones
2626:
2612:Rubha an DĂąnain
2587:Kirkwall Castle
2557:Bishop's Palace
2535:
2469:
2408:
2317:
2303:Lords of Argyll
2293:Earls of Orkney
2276:
2271:
2233:
2205:The Orkney Norn
2183:
2181:
2150:
2148:Further reading
2145:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1944:on 19 June 2017
1938:Christusrex.org
1932:
1931:
1927:
1911:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1866:
1862:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1767:
1751:
1747:
1731:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1691:
1687:
1671:
1667:
1651:
1647:
1631:
1622:
1617:
1604:
1584:In 2022 at the
1572:Icelandic sheep
1568:North Ronaldsay
1530:The Yell Sound
1478:Frostathing Law
1438:
1424:
1417:
1386:Four upstanders
1360:
1359:
1322:
1321:
1302:Tveir veg vĂsa,
1286:
1285:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1234:Shetland Norn (
681:
605:
568:
505:
443:
360:
353:
351:
349:Scottish Gaelic
344:
342:
338:
326:Scottish island
318:
251:Without proper
235:
221:
205:
202:
189:
182:
162:
159:Younger Futhark
153:
148:
142:
128:
121:
81:
78:Language family
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5013:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4909:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4750:Proto-Germanic
4746:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4668:
4667:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4625:Crimean Gothic
4614:
4612:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4501:
4499:Insular Danish
4496:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4482:Rinkebysvenska
4479:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4328:Old East Norse
4325:
4323:Old West Norse
4313:
4305:
4303:
4296:
4286:
4285:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4203:South Tyrolean
4195:
4194:
4193:
4183:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4145:High Alemannic
4142:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4013:
4003:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3949:
3947:
3938:
3936:Central German
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3875:Barossa German
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3772:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3654:French Flemish
3646:
3645:
3644:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3570:
3568:Low Franconian
3564:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3369:Westereendersk
3363:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3247:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3170:Middle Frisian
3166:
3158:
3156:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3076:Modern English
3072:
3069:Middle English
3065:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3036:
3026:
3025:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2894:Treaty of 1098
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2813:Northern Isles
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2667:Lewis chessmen
2664:
2659:
2657:Galloway Hoard
2654:
2647:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
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2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2506:Outer Hebrides
2503:
2498:
2493:
2491:Gall-GhĂ idheil
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Olaf the White
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Crovan dynasty
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:External links
2229:
2228:
2227:
2218:Wallace, James
2215:
2208:
2198:
2191:
2167:
2160:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2117:
2092:
2066:
2040:
2010:
1980:
1967:
1955:
1925:
1905:
1890:
1881:
1860:
1840:
1821:
1801:
1778:
1765:
1745:
1725:
1705:
1685:
1665:
1645:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1600:
1560:
1559:
1528:
1485:Northern Isles
1416:
1413:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1361:
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1357:
1352:
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1342:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1236:Jakob Jakobsen
1216:heard told on
1214:Jakob Jakobsen
1206:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
965:
964:
958:
957:
948:
939:
930:
921:
912:
902:
901:
895:
894:
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
839:
838:
835:Old West Norse
831:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
775:
774:
767:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
711:
710:
688:Jakob Jakobsen
680:
677:
604:
601:
567:
564:
560:Middle English
515:branch of the
513:North Germanic
504:
503:Classification
501:
442:
439:
431:Anna Throndsen
427:first language
408:Henry Sinclair
404:Northern Isles
352:
343:
337:
317:
314:
282:Northern Isles
276:is an extinct
269:
268:
255:, you may see
241:
240:
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187:
179:
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177:Language codes
174:
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166:
154:
150:Writing system
147:
144:
143:
141:
140:
138:Old West Norse
131:
129:
126:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
96:North Germanic
84:
82:
75:
72:
71:
65:
59:
58:
52:Northern Isles
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5012:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Norn language
4933:
4932:
4930:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Germanic verb
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4796:Sievers's law
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:Reconstructed
4741:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4556:Middle Danish
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4432:Old Icelandic
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4406:Old Norwegian
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4326:
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4321:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4224:
4223:Gottscheerish
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4162:Walser German
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4128:Low Alemannic
4126:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:High Prussian
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:Erzgebirgisch
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Luxembourgish
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3918:Klezmer-loshn
3915:
3913:
3912:Scots Yiddish
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3749:Meuse-Rhenish
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:Kleverlandish
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:Central Dutch
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Stellingwarfs
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:Wood Frisian
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3232:North Frisian
3229:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Anglo-Frisian
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2792:Old Norwegian
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Law Ting Holm
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
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2660:
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2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Linton Chapel
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
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2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
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2509:
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2499:
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2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
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2448:
2446:
2445:Páll Bálkason
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2441:
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2433:
2431:
2428:
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2326:
2324:
2322:Notable women
2320:
2314:
2311:
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2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
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2289:
2288:List of kings
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2206:
2202:
2201:Marwick, Hugh
2199:
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2193:Low, George.
2192:
2190:(part 1 only)
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2024:
2023:Sheep-isle.dk
2020:
2014:
1998:
1994:
1990:
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1971:
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1959:
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1922:1-898852-29-4
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1428:Insular Scots
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1395:And a wig-wag
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700:Lord's Prayer
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651:), it used a
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477:
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449:
438:
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412:Clan Sinclair
409:
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200:Linguist List
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86:Indo-European
83:
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73:
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66:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4902:
4786:Verner's law
4731:
4726:Gotho-Nordic
4724:
4717:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4617:
4607:
4592:Fårö Gutnish
4554:
4547:
4454:
4453:
4446:
4437:
4430:
4411:
4404:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4248:
4150:Swiss German
4114:Upper German
4047:Amana German
4021:Volga German
3990:HunsrĂĽckisch
3916:
3870:Unserdeutsch
3865:Berlinerisch
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3737:Cover groups
3693:Mohawk Dutch
3688:Jersey Dutch
3666:East Flemish
3649:West Flemish
3593:Middle Dutch
3547:Low Prussian
3419:
3412:
3378:Terschelling
3362:Clay Frisian
3337:West Frisian
3325:Wiedingharde
3317:
3305:
3265:Heligolandic
3242:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3181:East Frisian
3168:
3161:
3134:Middle Scots
3132:
3125:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
2776:
2772:Middle Irish
2688:
2676:
2651:Darraðarljóð
2649:
2642:
2602:Old Scatness
2420:Caittil Find
2374:Isabel Bruce
2222:
2211:
2204:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2177:
2172:
2163:
2155:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2104:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2078:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2022:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:the original
1937:
1928:
1913:
1908:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1868:
1863:
1848:
1843:
1833:25 September
1831:. Retrieved
1811:
1804:
1789:
1773:
1768:
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1733:
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1482:
1467:
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1402:
1392:Two crookers
1354:
1349:
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1296:
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506:
496:
473:
452:
444:
420:
393:
363:
273:
272:
244:
231:Linguasphere
214:
108:
18:
4801:Kluge's law
4781:Grimm's law
4564:Dalecarlian
4543:Perkerdansk
4516:East Danish
4334:Old Gutnish
4310:Proto-Norse
4250:Langobardic
4242:Vogtlandian
4070:Upper Saxon
3924:Lachoudisch
3885:Lotegorisch
3763:High German
3509:Westphalian
3504:Eastphalian
3468:Achterhooks
3345:Hindeloopen
3280:Bökingharde
3249:Föhr–Amrum
3163:Old Frisian
3127:Early Scots
3062:Old English
2889:Vestrajǫrðr
2864:Isle of Man
2540:Archaeology
2440:Olvir Rosta
1815:. Birlinn.
1534:sails from
1389:Two lookers
1334:(not Norn)
679:Sample text
507:Norn is an
383:. Shetland
259:instead of
127:Early forms
4929:Categories
4633:Burgundian
4549:Old Danish
4538:Gøtudanskt
4521:Bornholmsk
4383:Vestlandsk
4363:Kebabnorsk
4100:Halcnovian
4065:Thuringian
3728:Limburgish
3698:Stadsfries
3671:Brabantian
3398:Low German
3244:Eiderstedt
3099:Fingallian
2942:MacDougall
2937:Mac Coitir
2839:Brunanburh
2734:Lunnasting
2130:list.co.uk
2126:"The List"
2110:4 November
2105:glosbe.com
2085:4 November
2003:4 February
1615:References
1426:See also:
1415:Modern use
645:past tense
625:accusative
621:nominative
603:Morphology
595:ing" and "
441:Extinction
389:vocabulary
377:west coast
341: Norn
4980:Old Norse
4955:Caithness
4913:varieties
4905:indicate
4719:Northwest
4664:Philology
4569:Elfdalian
4504:Jutlandic
4426:Icelandic
4401:(written)
4395:(written)
4373:Trøndersk
4353:Norwegian
4317:Old Norse
4138:Coloniero
4122:Alemannic
4095:Wymysorys
3963:Colognian
3958:Ripuarian
3880:Rotwelsch
3710:Midslands
3661:Zeelandic
3642:Hollandic
3616:Afrikaans
3588:Old Dutch
3414:Old Saxon
3313:Karrharde
3295:Goesharde
3276:Mainland
3009:philology
2957:MacDonald
2927:Somhairle
2801:Etymology
2782:Old Norse
2744:Sandsting
2684:Ounceland
2577:Earl's Bu
2567:Camas Uig
2486:Dál Riata
2425:Ingimundr
1879:), p. 203
1509:Hjaltland
1503:Stromness
1290:Icelandic
1025:Norwegian
962:Icelandic
667:("man");
649:Jutlandic
615:and four
572:phonology
566:Phonology
529:Norwegian
525:Icelandic
476:Caithness
423:bilingual
396:James III
294:Caithness
237:52-AAA-ac
216:Glottolog
184:ISO 639-3
133:Old Norse
56:Caithness
4640:Vandalic
4583:Gutnish
4388:Vikværsk
4368:SognamĂĄl
4358:Bergensk
4208:Cimbrian
4176:Bavarian
4133:Alsatian
4080:Lusatian
4016:Palatine
3706:Amelands
3583:Frankish
3473:Sallaans
3455:Gronings
3306:Southern
3299:Northern
3290:Halligen
3239:Insular
3056:dialects
2952:Macruari
2922:UĂ ĂŤmair
2859:Epiphany
2844:Clontarf
2818:Hebrides
2764:Language
2749:Tingwall
2724:Dingwall
2711:Althings
2701:Udal law
2662:Hogbacks
2597:Maeshowe
2582:Jarlshof
2526:Scotland
2511:Shetland
2496:Lochlann
2430:LjĂłtĂłlfr
2313:UĂ ĂŤmair
2184:30 March
2053:Archived
2027:Archived
1997:Archived
1827:Archived
1608:Udal law
1602:See also
1564:Shetland
1556:Dagalien
1514:Shetland
1498:Hamnavoe
1461:Shetland
1449:Dagalien
1222:Shetland
1029:LandsmĂĄl
771:Shetland
629:genitive
611:, three
448:monoglot
435:Eshaness
385:toponymy
371:and the
290:Shetland
265:Help:IPA
223:oldn1246
163:original
91:Germanic
42:Scotland
4903:Italics
4526:Scanian
4472:Swedish
4421:Faroese
4399:Nynorsk
4378:Valdris
4213:Mòcheno
4169:Swabian
4035:Hessian
3995:Hunsrik
3907:Western
3902:Eastern
3897:Yiddish
3847:creoles
3744:Bergish
3460:Drèents
3450:Tweants
3302:Central
3284:Mooring
3147:Frisian
3106:Kildare
3051:English
2947:MacLeod
2879:Skyhill
2874:Renfrew
2787:Pictish
2754:Tynwald
2739:Nesting
2719:Delting
2638:Birlinn
2547:Bornish
2474:History
2059:10 June
2033:24 June
1948:24 June
1546:on the
1538:on the
1520:Hrossey
1505:), and
1421:Nynorsk
1350:
1259:Faroese
1084:Swedish
899:Faroese
692:Faroese
657:article
641:present
613:genders
609:numbers
581:/p,t,k/
541:Gutnish
533:Swedish
521:Faroese
489:Hildina
369:Iceland
316:History
306:extinct
298:pledged
261:Unicode
63:Extinct
4619:Gothic
4489:Danish
4393:BokmĂĄl
3892:Yenish
3702:Bildts
3485:Veluws
3480:Urkers
3319:Strand
3043:Anglic
2849:Dollar
2552:Birsay
2531:Norway
2501:Orkney
2339:BjaĂ°Ç«k
2281:Rulers
2135:5 June
2049:"Norn"
1920:
1875:
1855:
1819:
1796:
1760:
1740:
1720:
1700:
1680:
1660:
1640:
1593:Glosbe
1579:Nynorn
1552:Daggri
1540:island
1516:) and
1445:Daggri
1434:, and
1210:riddle
1147:Danish
773:Norn:
707:Orkney
690:was a
671:mannen
663:man(n)
653:suffix
633:dative
577:Norway
537:Danish
485:ballad
483:and a
381:Norway
356:
354:
347:
345:
339:
324:Norse
286:Orkney
48:Region
4733:South
4684:North
4294:North
4278:North
3620:Kaaps
3611:Dutch
3258:Amrum
3199:Weser
3121:Scots
2869:Largs
2854:Barry
2834:Bauds
1536:Ulsta
1532:Ferry
1453:Ulsta
1409:horns
1405:teats
1332:Scots
1016:Amen.
953:Amen.
890:Amen.
826:Amen.
762:Amen.
709:Norn:
637:verbs
617:cases
456:Foula
410:, of
365:Norse
358:Scots
302:Scots
4694:West
4689:East
4609:East
4465:East
4455:Norn
4346:West
4282:East
4280:and
3845:and
3840:Non-
3270:Sylt
3253:Föhr
3188:Ems
3113:Yola
3022:West
2917:Gunn
2884:Tara
2777:Norn
2186:2020
2137:2023
2112:2022
2087:2022
2061:2011
2035:2017
2005:2008
1965:1897
1950:2017
1918:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1835:2020
1817:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1566:and
1544:Toft
1457:Yell
1447:and
1218:Unst
643:and
631:and
587:and
570:The
539:and
527:and
460:Unst
458:and
288:and
274:Norn
109:Norn
54:and
31:norn
24:Norn
1542:to
1518:MV
1507:MV
1496:MV
1451:at
1330:of
639:in
589:/Ă°/
585:/θ/
487:, "
379:of
247:IPA
207:nrn
191:nrn
4931::
2220:.
2203:.
2128:.
2103:.
2077:.
2051:.
2025:.
2021:.
1995:.
1991:.
1936:.
1825:.
1781:^
1623:^
1574:.
1527:).
1480:.
1459:,
1455:,
1430:,
1238:)
702::
627:,
623:,
597:th
593:th
591:("
562:.
543:.
535:,
523:,
499:.
437:.
4628:)
4622:(
3708:/
3704:/
3700:/
3622:)
3618:(
2991:e
2984:t
2977:v
2266:e
2259:t
2252:v
2139:.
2114:.
2089:.
2063:.
2037:.
2007:.
1952:.
1837:.
1512:(
1423:.
1027:(
837::
619:(
284:(
267:.
165:)
161:(
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