108:
1490:
278:
936:
2219:
156:
1444:
337:
75:
590:, was appointed a commander in November 2006. Brigadier General Vainqueur Mayala was transferred from command of the Ituri operational zone, promoted to Major General, and appointed military region commander in May 2007. Ngizo left Goma on May 13, 2007, his next posting not being known at the time. During late 2008, the FARDC maintained its dismal record in combat against Nkunda's CNDP faction, losing the
93:
536:
on Lake Kivu. British troops under Coote withdrew from the Rubona post on 29 June 1909, and the
Belgians occupied the post. After a series of incidents, the boundaries of the Congo, Uganda and Rwanda were settled in May 1910, with the eastern part of Kivu assigned to Uganda and the German colony of
577:
Eighth
Military Region, covering North Kivu. He declined. On May 26, 2004, General Obed Wibasira (RCD-Goma) was named to the position. But Wibasira was suspected of complicity with the soldiers in Goma who had triggered a mutiny in Bukavu in February 2004, and on January 23, 2005, he was switched
617:
also has fighters in the province; 'at the beginning of the transition the RCD-Mouvement de Libération president declared he had 8-10,000 Armée
Patriotic Congolaise (APC) troops in the Beni-Lubero area of North Kivu.' This exaggerated figure seems to have been reduced to 'several thousand'
1452:
1407:
Denis Tull, The reconfiguration of political order in Africa: a case study of North Kivu (DR Congo), Volume 13 of
Hamburg African studies, Institut fĂĽr Afrika-Kunde (Hamburg, Germany), GIGA-Hamburg, 2005,
508:
and ending at a point located on the 30th east meridian and at 1° 20' south latitude; further north, the border is formed by the 30th meridian east." On this basis, all of Lake Kivu and both banks of the
1742:
504:, in which the European powers staked out their territorial claims in Africa. The Congo Free State's northeastern boundary was defined in 1885 as "a straight line coming from the northern end of
270:
1735:
1249:
975:
by armed groups across North Kivu. The UNHCR thought that there were over 370,000 people in North Kivu displaced since
December 2006, and is expanding its camps in the
2244:
1728:
415:
1751:
357:
202:
65:
1489:
960:
574:
964:
948:
1033:
1653:
1658:
976:
1678:
1163:
2223:
1457:
118:
1638:
1528:
411:
1421:
1390:
1306:
1112:"Congo (Dem. Rep.): Provinces, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"
1479:
1935:
481:
The province is politically unstable and has been one of the flashpoints of military conflict in the region since 1998.
1413:
1085:
92:
450:, are located on the province's eastern edge, serving as a vital source of freshwater and sustaining a plethora of
365:
277:
161:
1014:
586:. Kumba was named as a Brigadier General when taking up the post. General Louis Ngizo, a former commander of the
485:
74:
1238:
Jean
Omasombo (ed.), RDC: Biographies des Acteurs de la Troisième République, Africa Museum, Bruxelles, 24-25.
107:
1273:
International Crisis Group, Security Sector Reform in the Congo, Africa Report N°104, February 13, 2006, p.14
930:
614:
587:
2153:
1921:
2072:
1283:
952:
547:
of 28 March 1912, which divided the Congo into 22 districts. By 1954, Kivu
District had been split into
2209:
2160:
2058:
2002:
1720:
1137:
935:
2051:
972:
816:
2188:
1487:
1472:
308:
1770:
618:(2-4,000?) as of early 2006, following demobilizations and men joining the integrated brigades.
521:
1329:
2016:
1775:
1380:
1362:
910:
789:
731:
467:
2135:
2086:
1607:
435:
8:
2239:
2065:
1880:
1840:
1543:
1520:
579:
525:
471:
2195:
2128:
1970:
1617:
1612:
1465:
1443:
918:
777:
760:
748:
726:
622:
552:
517:
443:
439:
431:
336:
80:
22:
2174:
1907:
1417:
1409:
1386:
898:
721:
632:
548:
501:
1805:
1795:
583:
2167:
1942:
1928:
1835:
1709:
1602:
1597:
1341:
1111:
971:'s forces, and a buildup of military supplies and forces, including recruitment of
914:
902:
836:
826:
811:
804:
559:
497:
475:
427:
423:
353:
301:
54:
1800:
2121:
1830:
505:
47:
2044:
1825:
1790:
1785:
1592:
1535:
1516:
1346:
1059:
968:
782:
772:
570:
533:
447:
419:
376:
901:
extends through the province. The mountain range is the site of the volcanoes
2233:
2181:
1995:
1815:
1765:
980:
956:
850:
843:
831:
626:
563:
540:
133:
120:
2093:
2030:
2023:
1673:
510:
979:
area, where over 80,000 IDPs were estimated. The brief capture of Goma by
2114:
1855:
1780:
1633:
909:, where approximately 40% of Africa's volcanic activity takes place, and
906:
882:
602:
21:
This article is about the current province. For the former district, see
983:
caused "tens of thousands" of refugees. The town of Sake was abandoned.
573:
the rank of
Brigadier General and command of the new Congo Government's
2009:
1977:
1875:
1870:
1002:
388:
1914:
1750:
1683:
1663:
1562:
940:
890:
858:
765:
591:
361:
173:
1949:
1810:
1693:
1547:
868:
753:
638:
Approximate correspondence between historical and current province
610:
168:
1164:"Shaping the Rwenzoris: balancing uplift, erosion, and glaciation"
633:
Approximate correspondence between historical and current province
2107:
2079:
1956:
1890:
1865:
1850:
1845:
1643:
1574:
1555:
1539:
1437:
1284:"DR Congo: UN agency concerned at military buildup in North Kivu"
997:
992:
598:
529:
459:
458:. A project has been underway since 2013 to grant city status to
407:
384:
327:
260:
2037:
1885:
1820:
1688:
1570:
1566:
1034:"RDC: un nouveau gouverneur militaire intérimaire au Nord-Kivu"
894:
886:
797:
601:
85th
Brigade, commanded by Colonel Samy Matumo, controlled the
488:, which was compounded by political instability in the region.
396:
392:
380:
1162:
Kaufmann, Georg; Hinderer, Matthias; Romanov, Douchko (2016).
1668:
1648:
606:
463:
455:
451:
1508:
1083:
821:
569:
On August 19, 2003, DRC government decree 019/2003 offered
403:
369:
187:
1220:
582:, at the time commander of the Fifth Military Region in
1382:
Politics, Religion, and Power in the Great Lakes Region
1161:
1186:
1184:
2207:
558:
The region was the scene of much fighting during the
372:. The 2020 population was estimated to be 8,147,400.
1208:
1196:
1169:. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. p. 1762
1136:
Travel, Love; Trekking, Gorilla (October 23, 2020).
1060:"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"
1367:, University of California Press, GGKEY:TQ2J84FWCXN
1181:
500:were defined by the Neutrality Act during the 1885
1307:"PHOTOS: Tens Of Thousands Of Civilians Flee Goma"
2245:Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1752:Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
484:From 2018 to 2020, North Kivu was the site of an
2231:
1092:. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency
16:Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1135:
965:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
1736:
1473:
967:(FDLR) rebels and renegade troops, including
949:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
524:when he travelled southwest from the British
1052:
39:
28:Province in Democratic Republic of the Congo
1250:"Congo's Riches, Looted by Renegade Troops"
1743:
1729:
1480:
1466:
1442:
1360:
1226:
951:(UNHCR) warned of an increasing number of
335:
1345:
613:, in southeastern North Kivu. The former
1364:Political Awakening in the Belgian Congo
1247:
934:
466:and Luholu. The province is home to the
1378:
1327:
1214:
1202:
1190:
218:59,483 km (22,967 sq mi)
2232:
1304:
1077:
924:
402:The province consists of three cities—
391:to the south. To the east, it borders
1724:
1461:
1248:Polgreen, Lydia (November 16, 2008).
835:
830:
744:
1084:Central Intelligence Agency (2014).
943:flight reconnaissance in North Kivu.
375:North Kivu borders the provinces of
1305:Gordts, Eline (November 23, 2012).
955:(IDP) in North Kivu related to the
528:and established fortified camps at
13:
1400:
1286:. UN News Service. October 5, 2007
1086:"Democratic Republic of the Congo"
14:
2256:
1429:
652:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2224:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2217:
1488:
366:Democratic Republic of the Congo
276:
162:Democratic Republic of the Congo
154:
106:
91:
73:
1330:"Incident de frontière au Kivu"
1298:
1276:
1267:
1241:
1232:
1015:List of governors of North Kivu
1155:
1129:
1104:
1026:
1:
1142:Gorilla Trekking Tours Uganda
1020:
986:
959:there between the government
931:2012 East D.R. Congo conflict
594:military camp to the rebels.
588:Rally for Congolese Democracy
1385:, African Books Collective,
876:
7:
1008:
953:internally displaced people
609:, just north of Manoire in
10:
2261:
1379:Rutanga, Murindwa (2011),
1347:10.4000/civilisations.1730
1320:
928:
629:occurred in the province.
491:
474:containing the endangered
20:
2145:
1987:
1899:
1758:
1702:
1626:
1585:
1554:
1527:
1507:
1500:
1361:Lemarchand, René (1964),
867:
857:
849:
825:
820:
815:
796:
793:
747:
741:
738:
735:
730:
725:
651:
648:
645:
642:
446:, which form part of the
322:
307:
297:
289:
269:
259:
251:
243:
235:
230:
222:
214:
209:
198:
193:
179:
167:
149:
114:
105:
87:
72:
63:
33:
513:were in the Free State.
53:Mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini (
1328:Lederer, André (1993),
350:Jimbo la Kivu Kaskazini
255:140/km (350/sq mi)
944:
893:to its southeast with
701:21 provinces + capital
646:Republic of the Congo
522:Kivu frontier incident
387:to the southwest, and
40:
1116:www.citypopulation.de
1064:hdi.globaldatalab.org
947:In October 2007, the
938:
911:Virunga National Park
732:Stanleyville Province
707:8 provinces + capital
704:8 provinces + capital
496:The frontiers of the
468:Virunga National Park
199: • Governor
41:Province du Nord-Kivu
1040:. September 20, 2023
562:(1998–2003) and the
252: • Density
1501:Cities and communes
1494:North Kivu Province
925:Human rights issues
881:North Kivu borders
639:
580:Gabriel Amisi Kumba
526:Uganda Protectorate
472:World Heritage Site
130: /
1254:The New York Times
1138:"Gorilla Trekking"
1090:The World Factbook
945:
919:endangered species
637:
623:Effacer le tableau
553:Nord-Kivu District
543:was created by an
518:John Methuen Coote
444:Rwenzori Mountains
383:to the northwest,
271:License Plate Code
236: • Total
215: • Total
81:Rwenzori Mountains
23:Nord-Kivu District
2205:
2204:
1759:Current provinces
1718:
1717:
1581:
1580:
1453:Map of North Kivu
1422:978-3-928049-90-0
1392:978-2-86978-492-5
915:mountain gorillas
899:Virunga Mountains
885:to its east with
874:
873:
549:Sud-Kivu District
502:Berlin Conference
476:mountain gorillas
368:. Its capital is
343:
342:
330:.provincenordkivu
298:National language
290:Official language
244: • Rank
223: • Rank
58:
2252:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2017:Katanga Oriental
2003:Cuvette-Centrale
1929:KasaĂŻ-Occidental
1745:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1710:Mount Nyiragongo
1627:Populated places
1505:
1504:
1492:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1438:Official website
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1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1030:
903:Mount Nyiragongo
640:
636:
566:(2004–present).
560:Second Congo War
498:Congo Free State
339:
334:
331:
329:
318:
281:
280:
184:
183:and largest city
160:
158:
157:
145:
144:
142:
141:
140:
135:
134:0.567°S 28.700°E
131:
128:
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126:
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110:
95:
77:
51:
43:
38:
31:
30:
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2250:
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2230:
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2218:
2216:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2141:
2136:Unité Kasaïenne
1983:
1895:
1754:
1749:
1719:
1714:
1698:
1622:
1577:
1550:
1523:
1496:
1486:
1447:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1403:
1401:Further reading
1398:
1393:
1370:
1368:
1352:
1350:
1340:(41): 415–426,
1323:
1318:
1311:Huffington Post
1303:
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1282:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
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1256:
1246:
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1227:Lemarchand 1964
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1031:
1027:
1023:
1011:
989:
933:
927:
879:
817:Costermansville
635:
506:Lake Tanganyika
494:
364:in the eastern
326:
316:
315:
275:
203:Peter Cirimwami
182:
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29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1936:KasaĂŻ-Oriental
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
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1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
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1858:
1853:
1848:
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1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
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1813:
1808:
1806:KasaĂŻ-Oriental
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
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1756:
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1430:External links
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973:child soldiers
969:Laurent Nkunda
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913:, which hosts
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643:Belgian Congo
634:
631:
597:The dissident
584:KasaĂŻ-Oriental
571:Laurent Nkunda
516:In June 1909,
493:
490:
486:Ebola epidemic
448:Albertine Rift
379:to the north,
341:
340:
324:
320:
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305:
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265:North Kivutian
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139:-0.567; 28.700
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2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1996:Congo Central
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
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1975:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
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1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
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1937:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
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1869:
1867:
1864:
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1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:Kongo Central
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:KasaĂŻ-Central
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
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1677:
1675:
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1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
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1637:
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1632:
1631:
1629:
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1611:
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1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
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1588:
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1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:3-928049-90-9
1411:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1336:(in French),
1335:
1334:Civilisations
1331:
1326:
1325:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1229:, p. 63.
1228:
1223:
1217:, p. 89.
1216:
1211:
1205:, p. 70.
1204:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1165:
1158:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1069:September 13,
1065:
1061:
1055:
1044:September 20,
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
942:
937:
932:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
870:
865:Kivu-Central
864:
863:
860:
854:
852:
848:
845:
842:
841:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
810:
809:
806:
803:
802:
799:
791:
788:
787:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
755:
752:
750:
733:
728:
723:
720:
719:
716:26 provinces
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
655:
641:
630:
628:
627:Beni massacre
624:
619:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
572:
567:
565:
564:Kivu conflict
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:Kivu District
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
507:
503:
499:
489:
487:
482:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
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400:
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394:
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386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
338:
333:
325:
321:
313:
310:
306:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
204:
201:
197:
192:
189:
186:
178:
175:
172:
170:
166:
163:
152:
148:
143:
115:Coordinates:
113:
109:
104:
94:
86:
82:
76:
71:
67:
62:
56:
49:
42:
32:
24:
19:
2194:
2189:LĂ©opoldville
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2094:Nord-Katanga
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2031:Kivu Central
2029:
2024:Kibali-Ituri
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1860:
1776:Haut-Katanga
1674:Kanyabayonga
1493:
1381:
1369:, retrieved
1363:
1353:February 22,
1351:, retrieved
1337:
1333:
1310:
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1278:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1243:
1234:
1222:
1215:Rutanga 2011
1210:
1203:Rutanga 2011
1198:
1193:, p. 2.
1191:Lederer 1993
1173:February 13,
1171:. Retrieved
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
1131:
1121:February 11,
1119:. Retrieved
1115:
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1089:
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1063:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
946:
880:
790:Stanleyville
778:Kibali-Ituri
713:11 provinces
710:11 provinces
689:22 districts
620:
596:
568:
557:
545:arrêté royal
544:
539:
520:started the
515:
511:Ruzizi River
495:
483:
480:
401:
374:
349:
345:
344:
283:
79:View of the
18:
2115:South Kasai
2087:Moyen-Congo
1856:Nord-Ubangi
1781:Haut-Lomami
1634:Abakuasimbo
1586:Territories
1448:(in French)
1424:, 342 pages
907:Nyamuragira
883:Lake Edward
794:Haut-Congo
745:Haut-ZaĂŻre
698:6 provinces
695:6 provinces
692:4 provinces
603:cassiterite
416:territories
137: /
2240:North Kivu
2234:Categories
2073:Mai-Ndombe
2066:Luluabourg
2010:Haut-Congo
1978:South Kivu
1964:North Kivu
1881:Tanganyika
1876:Sud-Ubangi
1871:South Kivu
1861:North Kivu
1841:Mai-Ndombe
1608:Nyiragongo
1561:Communes:
1534:Communes:
1515:Communes:
1371:August 19,
1290:October 6,
1021:References
1003:Ntamugenga
987:Localities
981:M23 rebels
929:See also:
855:Nord-Kivu
742:Orientale
736:Orientale
436:Nyiragongo
389:South Kivu
360:bordering
346:North Kivu
231:Population
205:(military)
194:Government
35:North Kivu
2196:Orientale
2146:1960–1963
2101:Nord-Kivu
1988:1963–1966
1971:Orientale
1915:Bas-Congo
1900:1966–2015
1786:Haut-Uélé
1684:Kitchanga
1664:Chambucha
1563:Bulengera
1544:Ruwenzori
1521:Karisimbi
1511:(capital)
891:Lake Kivu
877:Geography
859:Nord-Kivu
766:Haut-Uele
761:Haut-Uele
749:Orientale
727:Orientale
592:Rumangabo
414:—and six
362:Lake Kivu
239:8,147,400
174:Lake Kivu
169:Named for
2175:Kinshasa
2154:Équateur
1950:Kinshasa
1922:Équateur
1908:Bandundu
1811:Kinshasa
1771:Équateur
1766:Bas-Uélé
1694:Rutshuru
1654:Bunagana
1618:Walikale
1613:Rutshuru
1548:Muhekera
1259:April 9,
1147:July 28,
1009:See also
957:fighting
869:Sud-Kivu
754:Bas-Uele
722:Bas-Uele
615:RCD-K/ML
611:Walikale
605:mine at
537:Rwanda.
440:Walikale
432:Rutshuru
358:province
66:Province
2168:Katanga
2108:Sankuru
2080:Maniema
2059:Lualaba
1957:Maniema
1943:Katanga
1891:Tshuapa
1866:Sankuru
1851:Mongala
1846:Maniema
1836:Lualaba
1659:Busengo
1644:Asangwa
1575:Vulamba
1556:Butembo
1540:Bungulu
1321:Sources
1096:May 10,
998:Mununzi
993:Mukulia
977:Mugunga
837:Maniema
827:Maniema
812:Maniema
805:Aruwimi
599:Mai-Mai
530:Burungu
492:History
460:Kasindi
408:Butembo
385:Maniema
356:) is a
354:Swahili
323:Website
302:Swahili
261:Demonym
180:Capital
150:Country
125:28°42′E
55:Swahili
2210:Portal
2122:Ubangi
2052:Lomami
2038:Kwango
1886:Tshopo
1831:Lomami
1821:Kwango
1689:Masisi
1679:Karuba
1603:Masisi
1598:Lubero
1571:Mususa
1567:Kimemi
1420:
1412:
1389:
963:, the
897:. The
895:Rwanda
887:Uganda
798:Tshopo
649:Zaire
534:Rubona
442:. The
428:Masisi
424:Lubero
397:Rwanda
393:Uganda
381:Tshopo
311:(2017)
293:French
282:CGO /
159:
122:0°34′S
48:French
44:
2161:KasaĂŻ
2045:Kwilu
1826:Kwilu
1796:KasaĂŻ
1791:Ituri
1703:Other
1669:Ikobo
1649:Bisie
1167:(PDF)
941:Mi-24
939:A UN
917:, an
783:Ituri
773:Ituri
739:Uele
684:2015
607:Bisie
578:with
575:FARDC
464:OĂŻcha
456:fauna
452:flora
377:Ituri
314:0.440
2182:Kivu
2129:Uele
1639:Aloi
1593:Beni
1536:Beni
1529:Beni
1517:Goma
1509:Goma
1418:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1373:2020
1355:2021
1292:2007
1261:2010
1175:2024
1149:2023
1123:2024
1098:2016
1071:2018
1046:2023
961:army
905:and
889:and
851:Kivu
844:Lowa
832:Kivu
822:Kivu
681:1997
678:1988
675:1971
672:1966
669:1963
666:1947
663:1932
660:1919
657:1908
625:and
621:The
551:and
532:and
470:, a
454:and
438:and
420:Beni
412:Beni
410:and
404:Goma
395:and
370:Goma
226:18th
210:Area
188:Goma
97:Seal
1342:doi
1038:RFI
352:in
332:.cd
328:www
317:low
309:HDI
247:2nd
2236::
1573:,
1569:,
1565:,
1546:,
1542:,
1538:,
1519:,
1416:,
1338:41
1332:,
1309:.
1252:.
1183:^
1140:.
1114:.
1088:.
1062:.
1036:.
921:.
555:.
478:.
462:,
434:,
430:,
426:,
422:,
406:,
399:.
284:19
2212::
1744:e
1737:t
1730:v
1481:e
1474:t
1467:v
1344::
1313:.
1294:.
1263:.
1177:.
1151:.
1125:.
1100:.
1073:.
1048:.
418:—
348:(
57:)
50:)
46:(
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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