Democratic Republic of the Congo

2290: 3621: 1538: 2894: 1674: 91: 5296: 3032: 4494: 3317: 4685: 2274: 4467: 157: 77: 167: 3915: 3973: 4970:, and sorcery and vary widely among ethnic groups. The syncretic sects often merge elements of Christianity with traditional beliefs and rituals and are not recognized by mainstream churches as part of Christianity. New variants of ancient beliefs have become widespread, led by US-inspired Pentecostal churches which have been in the forefront of witchcraft accusations, particularly against children and the elderly. Children accused of witchcraft are sent away from homes and family, often to live on the street, which can lead to physical violence against these children. There are charities supporting street children such as the 4033: 4813:

language of education at all levels. Since 1975, the four national languages have been reintroduced in the first two years of primary education, with French becoming the sole language of education from the third year onward, but in practice many primary schools in urban areas solely use French from the first year of school onward. Portuguese is taught in the Congolese schools as a foreign language. The lexical similarity and phonology with French makes Portuguese a relatively easy language for the people to learn. Most of the roughly 175,000 Portuguese speakers in the DRC are Angolan and Mozambican expatriates.

5683: 2477: 2448:. The armed groups were after gold, diamonds, oil, and cobalt to line the pockets of rich men both in the region and internationally. There were also ethnic and cultural rivalries at play, as well as religious motives and the political crisis with postponed elections. Egeland says people believe the situation in the DRC is "stably bad" but in fact, it has become much, much worse. "The big wars of the Congo that were really on top of the agenda 15 years ago are back and worsening". Disruption in planting and harvesting caused by the conflict was estimated to escalate starvation in about two million children. 1603: 4293: 4842: 2086: 15491: 2789: 4746: 1840: 1949:. Lumumba was dismissed from office on 5 September 1960 by Kasa-Vubu who publicly blamed him for massacres by the armed forces in South Kasai and for involving Soviets in the country. On 7 September, Lumumba made a speech to the Congolese House of Representatives, arguing his dismissal was illegal under the nation's laws. Congolese law gave parliament, not the president, the authority to dismiss a government minister. The House and Senate both rejected the dismissal of Lumumba, but the removal proceeded unconstitutionally. 2672: 2071:

of the office to maintain control. Joseph Kasa-Vubu's death in April 1969 ensured that no person with First Republic credentials could challenge his rule. By the early 1970s, Mobutu was attempting to assert Zaire as a leading African nation. He traveled frequently across the continent while the government became more vocal about African issues, particularly those relating to the southern region. Zaire established semi-clientelist relationships with several smaller African states, especially Burundi, Chad, and Togo.

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which would likely take several years and therefore keep him in power past the planned 2016 elections, which he is constitutionally barred from participating in). This bill passed; however, it was gutted of the provision that would keep Kabila in power until a census took place. A census is supposed to take place, but it is no longer tied to when the elections take place. In 2015, elections were scheduled for late 2016 and a tenuous peace held in the Congo. On 27 November 2016 Congolese foreign minister

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mountains in the far east. Since the late 19th century, traditional ways of life have undergone changes brought about by colonialism, the struggle for independence, the stagnation of the Mobutu era, and most recently, the First and Second Congo Wars. Despite these pressures, the customs and cultures of the Congo have retained much of their individuality. The country's 81 million inhabitants (2016) are mainly rural. The 30% who live in urban areas have been the most open to

5409: 4457: 715: 4882:. The impact of the Catholic Church is difficult to overestimate. Schatzberg has called it the country's "only truly national institution apart from the state." Its schools have educated over 60% of the nation's primary school students and more than 40% of its secondary students. The church owns and manages an extensive network of hospitals, schools, and clinics, as well as many diocesan economic enterprises, including farms, ranches, stores, and artisans' shops. 3166:). It is the only country in the world in which bonobos are found in the wild. Much concern has been raised about great ape extinction. Because of hunting and habitat destruction, the numbers of chimpanzee, bonobo and gorilla (each of whose populations once numbered in the millions) have now dwindled down to only about 200,000 gorillas, 100,000 chimpanzees and possibly only about 10,000 bonobos. The gorillas, chimpanzee, bonobo, and okapi are all classified as 590: 17243: 16599: 15706: 14537: 4828: 3775: 15718: 1817: 4924: 2247: 5188: 4336: 2611: 2316:(CNDP), which began an armed rebellion against the government. In March 2009, after a deal between the DRC and Rwanda, Rwandan troops entered the DRC and arrested Nkunda and were allowed to pursue FDLR militants. The CNDP signed a peace treaty with the government in which it agreed to become a political party and to have its soldiers integrated into the national army in exchange for the release of its imprisoned members. In 2012 14451: 5009: 3208: 2835: 14527: 740: 696: 681: 652: 637: 2029: 10876:"Article 3, Paragraphe 7: De la mutilation sexuelle; Article 174g; Sera puni d'une peine de servitude pénale de deux à cinq ans et d'une amende de deux cent mille francs congolais constants, quiconque aura posé un acte qui porte atteinte à l'intégrité physique ou fonctionnelle des organes génitaux d'une personne. Lorsque la mutilation a entraîné la mort, la peine est de servitude pénale à perpétuité." 4145: 2243:. These were the first free national elections since 1960, which many believed would mark the end to violence in the region. However, an election-result dispute between Kabila and Bemba turned into a skirmish between their supporters in Kinshasa. MONUC took control of the city. A new election took place in October 2006, which Kabila won, and in December 2006 he was sworn in as president. 4697: – constitute an important subset of the population. Additionally, the country's large mine operations attract migrant workers from Africa and beyond. There is also considerable migration for commercial activities from other African countries and the rest of the world, but these movements are not well studied. Transit migration towards South Africa and Europe also plays a role. 1384: 3048: 1659:, confirmed the accusations of humanitarian abuses. The Belgian Parliament forced Leopold II to set up an independent commission of inquiry. Its findings confirmed Casement's report of abuses, concluding that the population of the Congo had been "reduced by half" during this period. Determining precisely how many people died is impossible, as no accurate records exist. 4164:

than 2,500 km (1,600 mi) (e.g. Matadi to Lubumbashi, 2,700 km (1,700 mi) by road). The figure of 2,250 km (1,400 mi) converts to 35 km (22 mi) of paved road per one million of population. Comparative figures for Zambia and Botswana are 721 km (448 mi) and 3,427 km (2,129 mi), respectively. Three routes in the

1956:, with the backing of the US and Belgium, removed Lumumba from office. On 17 January 1961, Lumumba was handed over to Katangan authorities and executed by Belgian-led Katangan troops. A 2001 investigation by Belgium's Parliament found Belgium "morally responsible" for the murder of Lumumba, and the country has since officially apologised for its role in his death. 2396:

individuals who have died are children under five years of age. There have been frequent reports of weapon bearers killing civilians, of the destruction of property, of widespread sexual violence, causing hundreds of thousands of people to flee their homes, and of other breaches of humanitarian and human rights law. One study found that more than

5443:, and France. By the 1980s, numerous Congolese musicians were based in Europe, facilitating the global dissemination of their musical prowess. Congolese lead guitarists became a sought-after commodity, attracting bands worldwide eager to infuse a Congolese flavor into their compositions or learn the intricate art of Congolese guitar dexterity. 2452:

deemed to be a threat to the president," they said. Fierce fighting has erupted in Masisi between government forces and a powerful local warlord, General Delta. The United Nations mission in the DRC is its largest and most expensive peacekeeping effort, but it shut down five UN bases near Masisi in 2017, after the U.S. led a push to cut costs.

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goods by boat and ferry than any other country in Africa, but air transport remains the only effective means of moving goods and people between many places within the country, especially in rural areas. Chronic economic mismanagement, political corruption and internal conflicts have led to long-term under-investment of infrastructure.

4252:. The country also possesses 50% of Africa's forests and a river system that could provide hydro-electric power to the entire continent, according to a UN report on the country's strategic significance and its potential role as an economic power in central Africa. The generation and distribution of electricity are controlled by 1713:, remained in office in the Belgian Congo and the majority of Leopold II's administration with him. Opening up the Congo and its natural and mineral riches to the Belgian economy remained the main motive for colonial expansion – however, other priorities, such as healthcare and basic education, slowly gained in importance. 2078:" or "Zairian sickness", meaning gross corruption, theft and mismanagement, was coined, reportedly by Mobutu. International aid, most often in the form of loans, enriched Mobutu while he allowed national infrastructure such as roads to deteriorate to as little as one-quarter of what had existed in 1960. Zaire became a 3866:(FGM) is also practiced in DRC, although not on a large scale. The prevalence of FGM is estimated at 5% of women. FGM is illegal: the law imposes a penalty of two to five years of prison and a fine of 200,000 Congolese francs on any person who violates the "physical or functional integrity" of the genital organs. 3648:

from rampant corruption and inefficiency. The agreements signed at the end of the Second Congo War called for a new "national, restructured and integrated" army that would be made up of Kabila's government forces (the FAC), the RCD, and the MLC. Also stipulated was that rebels like the RCD-N, RCD-ML, and the

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Under Belgian rule, the Belgians instituted teaching and use of the four national languages in primary schools, making it one of the few African nations to have had literacy in local languages during the European colonial period. This trend was reversed after independence, when French became the sole

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The DRC has fewer all-weather paved highways than any country of its population and size in Africa — a total of 2,250 km (1,400 mi), of which only 1,226 km (762 mi) is in good condition. To put this in perspective, the road distance across the country in any direction is more

3930:, which serves as the primary form of currency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2007, The World Bank decided to grant the Democratic Republic of Congo up to $ 1.3 billion in assistance funds over the following three years. The Congolese government started negotiating membership in the 3647:

The FARDC was established in 2003 after the end of the Second Congo War and integrated many former rebel groups into its ranks. Due to the presence of undisciplined and poorly trained ex-rebels, as well as a lack of funding and having spent years fighting against different militias, the FARDC suffers

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After a four-year interlude between two constitutions, with new political institutions established at the various levels of government, as well as new administrative divisions for the provinces throughout the country, a new constitution came into effect in 2006 and politics in the Democratic Republic

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Given the often unstable situation in the country and the condition of state structures, it is extremely difficult to obtain reliable migration data. However, evidence suggests that DRC continues to be a destination country for immigrants, in spite of recent declines in their numbers. Immigration is

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In April 2013, anti-corruption NGOs revealed that Congolese tax authorities had failed to account for $ 88 million from the mining sector, despite booming production and positive industrial performance. The missing funds date from 2010 and tax bodies should have paid them into the central bank.

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At independence in 1960, DRC was the second-most-industrialized country in Africa after South Africa; it boasted a thriving mining sector and a relatively productive agriculture sector. Foreign businesses have curtailed operations because of uncertainty about the outcome of long-term conflicts, lack

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Despite such vast mineral wealth, the economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo has declined drastically since the mid-1980s. The DRC generated up to 70% of its export revenue from minerals in the 1970s and 1980s and was particularly hit when resource prices deteriorated at that time. By 2005,

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as the winner of the presidential vote, and he was officially sworn in as president on 24 January. However, there were widespread suspicions that the results were rigged and that a deal had been made between Tshisekedi and Kabila. The Catholic Church said that the official results did not correspond

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ally. Opponents within Zaire stepped up demands for reform. This atmosphere contributed to Mobutu's declaring the Third Republic in 1990, whose constitution was supposed to pave the way for democratic reform. The reforms turned out to be largely cosmetic. Mobutu continued in power until armed forces

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but has suffered from political instability, a lack of infrastructure, corruption, and centuries of both commercial and colonial extraction and exploitation, followed by more than 60 years of independence, with little widespread development. Besides the capital Kinshasa, the two next largest cities,

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Figures for Congolese nationals abroad vary greatly depending on the source, from three to six million. This discrepancy is due to a lack of official, reliable data. Emigrants from the DRC are above all long-term emigrants, the majority of whom live in Africa and to a lesser extent in Europe; 79.7%

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Ground transport in the Democratic Republic of Congo has always been difficult. The terrain and climate of the Congo Basin present serious barriers to road and rail construction, and the distances are enormous across this vast country. The DRC has more navigable rivers and moves more passengers and

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on Violence against Women who toured eastern Congo in July 2007, violence against women in North and South Kivu included "unimaginable brutality". Ertürk added that "Armed groups attack local communities, loot, rape, kidnap women and children, and make them work as sexual slaves". In December 2008,

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broke out across the country and protesters demanded that Kabila step down as president. The protests began after the passage of a law by the Congolese lower house that, if also passed by the Congolese upper house, would keep Kabila in power at least until a national census was conducted (a process

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in the Democratic Republic of Congo every year. In 2018 and 2019, Congo reported the highest levels of sexual violence in the world. According to the Human Rights Watch and the New York University-based Congo Research Group, armed troops in DRC's eastern Kivu region have killed over 1,900 civilians

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By late 1967 Mobutu had successfully neutralized his political opponents and rivals, either through co-opting them into his regime, arresting them, or rendering them otherwise politically impotent. Throughout the late 1960s, Mobutu continued to shuffle his governments and cycle officials in and out

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against the new leadership. Most of the 100,000 Europeans who had remained behind after independence fled the country. After the United Nations rejected Lumumba's call for help to put down the secessionist movements, Lumumba asked for assistance from the Soviet Union, who accepted and sent military

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A relative of Mobutu explained how the government illicitly collected revenue during his rule: "Mobutu would ask one of us to go to the bank and take out a million. We'd go to an intermediary and tell him to get five million. He would go to the bank with Mobutu's authority and take out ten. Mobutu

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employ new, integrated and responsive strategies for identifying and ensuring, on a continual basis, an adequate supply of strategic and critical materials required for their security needs. Highlighting the DR Congo's importance to United States national security, the effort to establish an elite

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techniques. The people living in the south and southwest were foraging groups, whose technology involved only minimal use of metal technologies. The development of metal tools during this time period revolutionized agriculture. This led to the displacement of the hunter-gatherer groups in the east

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in the late 1990s—early 2000s, over 5.2 million children in the country did not receive any education. Since the end of the civil war, the situation has improved tremendously, with the number of children enrolled in primary schools rising from 5.5 million in 2002 to 16.8 million in

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Metallurgical Plant, which has a capacity of 175,000 tonnes of copper and 8,000 tonnes of cobalt per year, making it the largest cobalt refinery in the world. After a major rehabilitation program, the company resumed copper production operations in December 2007 and cobalt production in May 2008.

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writes literature for the between generations of those who grew up in the Congo, during the time when they were colonised, fighting for independence and after. Yamusangie in an interview said he felt the distance in literature and wanted to remedy that he wrote the novel, Full Circle, which is a

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The culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo reflects the diversity of its numerous ethnic groups and their differing ways of life throughout the country—from the mouth of the River Congo on the coast, upriver through the rainforest and savanna in its centre, to the more densely populated

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The political allies of Kabila maintained control of key ministries, the legislature, judiciary and security services. However, Tshisekedi succeeded in strengthening his hold on power. In a series of moves, he won over more legislators, gaining the support of almost 400 out of 500 members of the

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Human Rights Watch said in 2017 that Kabila recruited former 23 March Movement fighters to put down country-wide protests over his refusal to step down from office at the end of his term. "M23 fighters patrolled the streets of Congo's main cities, firing on or arresting protesters or anyone else

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in 2006 expressed concern that in the post-war transition period, the promotion of women's human rights and gender equality is not seen as a priority. Mass rapes, sexual violence and sexual slavery are used as a weapon of war by the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and armed

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to live in the country came from Uganda in 1953. Four years later the first local administrative council was elected. In 1970 the National Spiritual Assembly (national administrative council) was first elected. Though the religion was banned in the 1970s and 1980s, due to misrepresentations of

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published reported rape and sexual violence being used routinely by state officials in Congolese prisons as punishment for politically active women. The women included in the report were abused in several locations across the country including the capital Kinshasa and other areas away from the

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running out at 64 km/h (40 mph) and 46 m (50 yd) wide. One of the three streams flowed directly through Goma, killing 45 people and leaving 120,000 homeless. Over 400,000 people were evacuated from the city during the eruption. The lava flowed into and poisoned the water of

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reported that people in the Congo continued to die at a rate of an estimated 45,000 per month – estimates of the number who have died from the long conflict range from 900,000 to 5,400,000. The death toll is caused by widespread disease and famine; reports indicate that almost half of the

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The government – not the President – is responsible to the Parliament. The new constitution also granted new powers to the provincial governments, creating provincial parliaments which have oversight of the Governor and the head of the provincial government, whom they elect. The new

1693:, assisted by a Colonial Council (Conseil Colonial) (both located in Brussels). The Belgian parliament exercised legislative authority over the Belgian Congo. In 1923 the colonial capital moved from Boma to Léopoldville, some 300 kilometres (190 mi) further upstream into the interior. 4052:

and is not reflected in GDP data. A third of the DRC's diamonds are believed to be smuggled out of the country, making it difficult to quantify diamond production levels. In 2002, tin was discovered in the east of the country but to date has only been mined on a small scale. Smuggling of

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The 2006 constitution, also known as the Constitution of the Third Republic, came into effect in February 2006. It had concurrent authority, however, with the transitional constitution until the inauguration of the elected officials who emerged from the July 2006 elections. Under the new

2440:, the situation in the DRC became much worse in 2016 and 2017 and is a major moral and humanitarian challenge comparable to the wars in Syria and Yemen, which receive much more attention. Women and children are abused sexually and "abused in all possible manners". Besides the conflict in 4000:

and are highly mechanized, with a capacity of several million tons per year of copper and cobalt ore, and refining capability for metal ore. The DRC is the second-largest diamond-producing nation in the world, and artisanal and small-scale miners account for most of its production.

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killing its plants, animals and fish. Only two planes left the local airport because of the possibility of the explosion of stored petrol. The lava flowed through and past the airport, destroying a runway and trapping several parked airplanes. Six months after the event, nearby

2331:, M23 briefly captured the provincial capital of Goma in November 2012. Neighboring countries, particularly Rwanda, have been accused of arming rebels groups and using them as proxies to gain control of the resource-rich country, an accusation they deny. In March 2013, the 4016:

missions met with the government to help it develop a coherent economic plan, and President Kabila began implementing reforms. Much economic activity still lies outside the GDP data. Through 2011 the DRC had the lowest Human Development Index of the 187 ranked countries.

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guilty of corruption. He was sentenced to 20 years' hard labour, after facing charges of embezzling almost $ 50m (£39m) of public funds. He was the most high-profile figure to be convicted of corruption in the DRC. However, Kamerhe was released already in December 2021.

5894: 2463:. Nearly 900 Banunu people from four villages were slaughtered by members of the Batende community in a deep-rooted rivalry over monthly tribal duties, land, fields and water resources. Some 100 Banunus fled to Moniende island in the Congo River, and another 16,000 to 139: 3578:

It is thought that due to the importance of cobalt for batteries for electric vehicles and stabilization of electric grids with large proportions of intermittent renewables in the electricity mix, the DRC could become an object of increased geopolitical competition.

2664: 2578:, Tshisekedi had a clear lead in his run for a second term. On 31 December 2023, officials said that President Felix Tshisekedi had been re-elected with 73% of the vote. Nine opposition candidates signed a declaration rejecting the election and called for a rerun. 1618:

In the Free State, colonists coerced the local population into producing rubber, for which the spread of automobiles and development of rubber tires created a growing international market. Rubber sales made a fortune for Leopold, who built several buildings in

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The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has expressed concern over abuses against civilians, especially women and children, in South Kivu in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. It frequently receives reports of abductions, executions, rapes, and

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suspended the country's candidacy for membership due to insufficient reporting, monitoring and independent audits, but in July 2013 the country improved its accounting and transparency practices to the point where the EITI gave the country full membership.

3656:(Superior Defence Council) which would declare states of siege or war and give advice on security sector reform, disarmament/demobilisation, and national defence policy. The FARDC is organised on the basis of brigades, which are dispersed throughout the 2756:

As a result of its equatorial location, the DRC experiences high precipitation and has the highest frequency of thunderstorms in the world. The annual rainfall can total upwards of 2,000 millimetres (80 in) in some places, and the area sustains the

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for petroleum and chemical processing; drying agents for paints and inks; ground coats for porcelain enamels; decolorant for ceramics and glass; and pigments for ceramics, paints, and plastics. The country possesses 80% of the world's cobalt reserves.

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of infrastructure, and the difficult operating environment. The wars intensified the impact of such basic problems as an uncertain legal framework, corruption, inflation, and lack of openness in government economic policy and financial operations.

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and four vice presidents. The President was also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The transitional constitution also established a relatively independent judiciary, headed by a Supreme Court with constitutional interpretation powers.

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was complete by the 10th century, followed by the establishment of the Bantu kingdoms, whose rising populations soon made possible intricate local, regional, and foreign commercial networks that traded mostly in slaves, salt, iron, and copper.

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Kimbanguism was seen as a threat to the colonial regime and was banned by the Belgians. Kimbanguism, officially "the church of Christ on Earth by the prophet Simon Kimbangu", has about three million members, primarily among the Bakongo of

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In July 2007, the International Committee of the Red Cross expressed concern about the situation in eastern DRC. A phenomenon of "pendulum displacement" has developed, where people hasten at night to safety. According to Yakin Ertürk, the

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forced him to flee in 1997. "From 1990 to 1993, the United States facilitated Mobutu's attempts to hijack political change", one academic wrote, and "also assisted the rebellion of Laurent-Desire Kabila that overthrew the Mobutu regime."

9959: 7448: 11687: 12960: 4704:, the number of immigrants in the DRC has fallen from just over one million in 1960, to 754,000 in 1990, to 480,000 in 2005, to an estimated 445,000 in 2010. Official figures are unavailable, partly due to the predominance of the 3254:

constitution, the legislature remained bicameral; the executive was concomitantly undertaken by a President and the government, led by a Prime Minister, appointed from the party able to secure a majority in the National Assembly.

2220:. The two rebel movements, along with Rwandan and Ugandan troops, started the Second Congo War by attacking the DRC army in 1998. Angolan, Zimbabwean, and Namibian militaries entered the hostilities on the side of the government. 2467:

in Republic of Congo. Military-style tactics were employed in the bloodbath, and some assailants were clothed in army uniforms. Local authorities and elements within the security forces were suspected of lending them support.

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as well as the ongoing military conflict. This was criticized as these regions are known as opposition strongholds. In August 2019, six months after the inauguration of Félix Tshisekedi, a coalition government was announced.

4800:). Although some limited number of people speak these as first languages, most of the population speak them as a second language, after the native language of their own ethnic group. Lingala was the official language of the 3860:

groups in the eastern part of the country. The eastern part of the country in particular has been described as the "rape capital of the world" and the prevalence of sexual violence there described as the worst in the world.

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Mobutu allegedly amassed between US$ 50 million and $ 125 million during his rule. He was not the first corrupt Congolese leader by any means: "Government as a system of organized theft goes back to King Leopold II," noted

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occupies nearly the entire country and an area of nearly 1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi). The river and its tributaries form the backbone of Congolese economics and transportation. Major tributaries include the

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report, 49 million Congolese people (51% of the population) could read and write in French. A 2021 survey found that 74% of the population could speak French, making it the most widely spoken language in the country.

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The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name "République du Congo" ("Republic of Congo" or "Republic of the Congo" in English). Shortly after, on 15 August 1960, the neighboring French colony of

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under Belgian colonial rule and remains to this day the predominant language of the armed forces. Since the recent rebellions, a good part of the army in the east also uses Swahili, where it competes to be the regional

1087:, are both mining communities. The DRC's largest export is raw minerals, with China accepting over 50% of its exports in 2019. In 2021, DR Congo's level of human development was ranked 179th out of 191 countries by the 3937:

The DRC is widely considered one of the world's richest countries in natural resources; its untapped deposits of raw minerals are estimated to be worth in excess of US$ 24 trillion. The DRC has 70% of the world's

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In 2021, the UN estimated the country's population to be 96 million, a rapid increase from 39.1 million in 1992 despite the ongoing war. As many as 250 ethnic groups have been identified and named. About 600,000

11690:[Technical Study preparing lobby-work on energy-resources and conflict prevention – Hydroelectric power dams at Inga: Great potential for the development of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Africa] 3811: 3805: 5401:, have set the tone for a generation of young men always dressed up in exorbitant designer clothes. They came to be known as the fourth generation of Congolese music and mostly come from the former prominent band 5055:

Actual school attendance has also improved greatly in recent years, with primary school net attendance estimated to be 82.4% in 2014 (82.4% of children ages 6–11 attended school; 83.4% for boys, 80.6% for girls).

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In a campaign to identify himself with African nationalism, starting on 1 June 1966, Mobutu renamed the nation's cities: Léopoldville became Kinshasa (the country was known as Congo-Kinshasa), Stanleyville became

10291: 138: 8743:"'The wars will never stop' – millions flee bloodshed as Congo falls apart: Starving and sick, people living in the Democratic Republic of Congo are caught in a bloody cycle of violence and political turmoil" 2013:

the year before Mobutu's coup of 1965 resulted in the country's official name being changed to the "Democratic Republic of the Congo". In 1971 Mobutu changed the name again, this time to "Republic of Zaire".

17197: 10144: 4256:, but only 15% of the country has access to electricity. The DRC is a member of three electrical power pools. These are Southern African Power Pool, East African Power Pool, and Central African Power Pool. 2289: 1302:

In 1992, the Sovereign National Conference voted to change the name of the country to the "Democratic Republic of the Congo", but the change was not made. The country's name was later restored by President

1107:, around 600,000 Congolese refugees were still living in neighbouring countries. Two million children risk starvation, and the fighting has displaced 4.5 million people. The country is a member of the 9390: 7591: 17315: 13342: 1720:). Indigenous courts had only limited powers and remained under the firm control of the colonial administration. The Belgian authorities permitted no political activity in the Congo whatsoever, and the 17350: 10619: 9918: 7092: 4859:

Program in 2013–2014 indicated that Christians constituted 93.7% of the population (with Catholics making up 29.7%, Protestants 26.8%, and other Christians 37.2%). A new Christian religious movement,

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conflict zones. In 2015, figures both inside and outside of the country, such as Filimbi and Emmanuel Weyi, spoke out about the need to curb violence and instability as the 2016 elections approached.

2190:) fled to eastern Zaire and used refugee camps as bases for incursions against Rwanda. They allied with the Zairian Armed Forces to launch a campaign against Congolese ethnic Tutsis in eastern Zaire. 14856: 3856: 140: 12110: 10879: 9117: 8752: 3620: 2753:, with one-third to the north and two-thirds to the south. With an area of 2,345,408 square kilometres (905,567 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in Africa by area, after Algeria. 14185:, Paper to be presented at the Workshop "Colonial Extraction in the Netherlands Indies and Belgian Congo: Institutions, Institutional Change and Long Term Consequences", Utrecht 3–4 December 2010. 5123:

The incidence of yellow fever-related fatalities in DRC is relatively low. According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) report in 2021, only two individuals died due to yellow fever in DRC.

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Because of abundant sunlight, the potential for solar development is very high in the DRC. There are already about 836 solar power systems in the DRC, with a total power of 83 MW, located in

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constitution also saw the disappearance of the Supreme Court, which was divided into three new institutions. The constitutional interpretation prerogative of the Supreme Court is now held by the

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rose up, taking a significant amount of territory and proclaiming a communist "People's Republic of the Congo" in Stanleyville. The Simbas were pushed out of Stanleyville in November 1964 during

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and Tshisekedi resulted in new agreements increasing international trade and security (counterterrorism, immigration, cyber security, and customs) between the two countries. In February 2022,

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in the DRC. Data are also lacking on irregular immigrants, however given neighbouring countries' ethnic links to DRC nationals, irregular migration is assumed to be a significant phenomenon.

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and 15.3% respectively, according to estimated 2000 data. New destination countries include South Africa and various points en route to Europe. The DRC has produced a considerable number of

2010: 11695: 13161: 12970: 10839: 5795: 14736: 14626: 10491: 2552: 2425:

told the press no elections would be held in 2016: "it has been decided that the voter registration operation will end on July 31, 2017, and that election will take place in April 2018."

16652: 12066: 11890: 10170: 9759: 9641: 8549: 2568: 2193:

A coalition of Rwandan and Ugandan armies invaded Zaire to overthrow the government of Mobutu, launching the First Congo War. The coalition allied with some opposition figures, led by

1537: 13858: 1709:

The transition from the Congo Free State to the Belgian Congo was a break, but it also featured a large degree of continuity. The last governor-general of the Congo Free State, Baron

1689:) and took over the Free State from King Leopold II. On 18 October 1908, the Belgian parliament voted in favour of annexing the Congo as a Belgian colony. Executive power went to the 3583: 14880: 14590: 8087: 4863:, had the adherence of 2.8%, while Muslims made up 1%. Other recent estimates have found Christianity the majority religion, followed by 95.8% of the population according to a 2010 3586:

in the DRC and Congolese exports to China have grown rapidly. In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including DRC, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's

9290: 8946: 8891: 8810: 15756: 14751: 12134: 10084: 3292: 3946:

90% of the DRC's revenues derived from its minerals. Congolese citizens are among the poorest people on Earth. In 2023, 60% of Congolese subsisted on less than $ 2.15 a day, and

2908:

The Albertine Rift plays a key role in shaping the Congo's geography. Not only is the northeastern section of the country much more mountainous, but tectonic movement results in

14902: 14690: 13718: 3801: 2236: 1575:

Leopold had designs on what was to become the Congo as a colony. In a succession of negotiations, Leopold, professing humanitarian objectives in his capacity as chairman of the

11574: 11186: 9320: 8980: 1636:

During 1885–1908, millions of Congolese died as a consequence of exploitation and disease. In some areas the population declined dramatically – it has been estimated that

15125: 14180: 12992: 12716: 11842: 10461: 8455: 8037: 2048: 10597: 9830: 8694: 8639: 2002:, a military operation conducted by Belgian and American forces to rescue hundreds of hostages. Congolese government forces fully defeated the Simba rebels by November 1965. 11633: 6273: 5958: 16123: 15194: 14616: 8524: 5450:

emerged as a fast-paced, hip-swaying dance music, drawing inspiration from Congolese rumba and soukous. This genre gained widespread popularity in Africa, Europe, and the

5165:

levels in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are very unhealthy. In 2020, annual average air pollution in the DRC stood at 34.2 μg/m, which is almost 6.8 times the

3931: 3259: 3020: 2545: 12779: 12671: 11048: 10052: 4700:

Immigration to the DRC has decreased steadily over the past two decades, most likely as a result of the armed violence that the country has experienced. According to the

12091: 9800: 9211: 7528: 5865: 2235:. Talks led to a peace accord under which Kabila would share power with former rebels. By June 2003 all foreign armies except those of Rwanda had pulled out of Congo. A 90: 14960: 14890: 14771: 14746: 12312: 10858: 6078: 5701: 4332:

linguistic groups. Because of this diversity, there is no dominant ethnic group in the Congo, however the following ethnic groups account for 51.5% of the population:

3026: 10288: 15026: 14940: 14817: 14761: 13819: 13679: 10909: 6013: 5085: 3603: 3513: 3235: 2541: 2198: 821: 10401: 9993: 7895: 14984: 11897: 11868: 11725: 10136: 10020: 6632: 5507: 4263:(167), Katanga (159), Nord-Kivu (170), the two Kasaï provinces (170), and Bas-Congo (170). Also, the 148 Caritas network system has a total power of 6.31 MW. 4243: 2201:. In 1997 Mobutu fled and Kabila marched into Kinshasa, naming himself as president and reverting the name of the country to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2051:. He periodically held elections in which he was the only candidate. Although relative peace and stability were achieved, Mobutu's government was guilty of severe 10752: 7385: 3766:

In November 2021, a judicial investigation targeting Kabila and his associates was opened in Kinshasa after revelations of alleged embezzlement of $ 138 million.

17246: 15099: 14955: 14846: 13044: 9374: 7583: 6748: 5706: 5660: 5325:". Imported records by Sexteto Habanero and Trio Matamoros, often mislabeled as "rumba", played a significant role. Artists such as Antoine Kasongo, Paul Kamba, 4927: 4724:, there were more than 460,000 refugees from the DRC; in 2008, Congolese refugees numbered 367,995 in total, 68% of whom were living in other African countries. 4304:

estimated the population to be over 115 million as of 2024. Between 1950 and 2000, the country's population nearly quadrupled from 12.2 million to 46.9 million.

4092:

defined the DRC as economically "the Saudi Arabia of the electric vehicle age," because of its cobalt resources, cobalt being essential in the production of the

3967: 3793: 2397: 14032: 13749: 12342: 11812: 10311: 7154: 5839: 2890:

into the Atlantic Ocean. The river and a 37-kilometre-wide (23 mi) strip of coastline on its north bank provide the country's only outlet to the Atlantic.

1024: 16442: 16061: 14897: 14756: 14731: 13336: 8719: 6111: 4438: 4119: 3818:

have been used on a large scale in DRC, and in 2011 it was estimated that 30,000 children were still operating with armed groups. Instances of child labor and

3797: 2575: 2504: 2240: 1875: 1847: 1056: 355: 13540: 11342: 7561: 6665: 5036:. Primary education is neither free nor compulsory, even though the Congolese constitution says it should be (Article 43 of the 2005 Congolese Constitution). 1204:). According to American writer Samuel Henry Nelson: "It is probable that the word 'Kongo' itself implies a public gathering and that it is based on the root 16128: 14822: 14807: 14741: 14583: 10623: 8109: 7950: 4248:

Both coal and crude oil resources were mainly used domestically up to 2008. The DRC has the infrastructure for hydro-electricity from the Congo River at the

4101: 3832: 3186: 816: 11927: 11213: 11023: 10636:

Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en œuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM), Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP) et ICF International (2014).

15924: 15749: 15036: 15011: 14873: 14851: 14834: 14802: 14797: 11595: 8505: 4272: 4157: 3787: 3615: 3016: 2006: 1971:, along with all 15 passengers, setting off a succession crisis. Amidst widespread confusion and chaos, a temporary government was led by technicians (the 1048: 530: 405: 314: 276: 12850: 12107: 11756: 10883: 10361: 9109: 8742: 7128: 4221:. All air carriers certified by the DRC have been banned from European Union airports by the European Commission, because of inadequate safety standards. 2882:

are on opposite sides of the river at the Pool. Then the river narrows and falls through a number of cataracts in deep canyons, collectively known as the

1395:

The geographical area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was populated as early as 90,000 years ago, as shown by the 1988 discovery of the

17345: 14930: 14839: 12909: 10939: 5668: 5602: 5592: 4994:. Though recently outlawed, children have been subjected in these exorcisms to often-violent abuse at the hands of self-proclaimed prophets and priests. 3844: 3633: 3302: 3286: 3245:

had, among other things, the charge of drafting the new constitution of the country. The executive branch was vested in a 60-member cabinet, headed by a

14351:

From Genocide to Continental War: The Congolese Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa: The Congo Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa

6304: 5766:

The figures are obtained by dividing the population figures in the Knowledge country articles by the paved roads figure in the 'Transport in ' articles.

4990:(children accused of witchcraft). Non-denominational church organizations have been formed to capitalize on this belief by charging exorbitant fees for 4912:

pushed into the interior for ivory- and slave-trading purposes. Today, Muslims constitute approximately 1% of the Congolese population according to the

17310: 16422: 16345: 16263: 16179: 16174: 15089: 15001: 14996: 14863: 14829: 10689: 10549: 9087: 6707: 5924: 5640:

are others who gained significant international attention in basketball. Several Congolese players and players of Congolese descent—including strikers

5531: 5499: 4282: 4153: 3725: 3718: 3546:

There are economic and strategic incentives (for external countries) to bring more "security" to the Congo, which is rich in natural resources such as

2586: 2064: 375: 13072: 11993: 11520: 11463: 11108: 9438: 9251: 976:

formally acquired rights to the Congo territory from the colonial nations of Europe in 1885 and declared the land his private property, naming it the

16381: 16330: 15046: 15031: 15016: 14970: 14885: 14812: 14719: 14530: 13305: 12755:"UIS.Stat (see: National Monitoring >> Number of students and enrolment rates by level of education >> Enrollment by level of education)" 11368: 9342: 8779: 7269: 7022: 6912: 5003: 4740: 4443: 4113: 3657: 3637: 3298: 3282: 3246: 2680: 2628: 1883: 1829: 340: 13384: 12400: 10801: 10106: 7840: 16056: 15084: 15041: 14785: 14766: 14576: 12880: 12642: 11542: 9170: 7419: 6968: 5598: 5588: 5224:

story of a boy named Emanuel who in the beginning of the book feels a difference in culture among the different groups in the Congo and elsewhere.

5212: 5071: 4822: 4191:: this east–west highway crosses Katanga and requires re-construction over most of its length, being an earth track between the Angolan border and 3202: 3012: 2278: 594: 576: 294: 17151: 13946: 13022: 11442: 10996: 9046: 8601: 6047: 3724:

got one, and we took the other nine." Mobutu institutionalized corruption to prevent political rivals from challenging his control, leading to an

16417: 15742: 15118: 15061: 14965: 14918: 14608: 11265: 10836: 6975: 5787: 5696: 5518: 5182: 4278: 3909: 3903: 2684: 2313: 1451: 1348: 412: 13153: 11070: 10664: 10483: 2532:

in the country left nearly 5,000 dead in 2019. The Ebola outbreak ended in June 2020, after causing 2,280 deaths over 2 years. Another, smaller

76: 16644: 15069: 15021: 14945: 12234: 12160: 12122: 11688:"Energie hydraulique des barrages d'Inga : Grands potentiels pour le développement de la République Démocratique du Congo et de l'Afrique" 10721: 9649: 7689: 5435:, expanding the spread of Congolese urban music. Notably, the quartet Ry-Co Jazz played a crucial role in globalizing Congolese music, touring 5065: 4767: 4237: 3306: 3231: 3171: 1716:

Colonial administrators ruled the territory and a dual legal system existed (a system of European courts and another one of indigenous courts,

1417:

at some point during the first millennium BC, then gradually started to expand southward. Their propagation was accelerated by the adoption of

1130: 481: 96: 13478: 13414: 11786: 6857: 2893: 16225: 15948: 15185: 15094: 15051: 15006: 14685: 13920: 13437: 12050: 11655: 10166: 9751: 8545: 7239: 5237: 5048:

2018, and the number of children enrolled in secondary schools rising from 2.8 million in 2007 to 4.6 million in 2015 according to

4081: 3951: 3855:(pp. 299) found that 74.8% of women agreed that a husband is justified in beating his wife in certain circumstances. The United Nations 3700: 2009:. Taking advantage of the leadership crisis between Kasavubu and Tshombe, Mobutu garnered enough support within the army to launch a coup. A 545: 288: 17146: 13842: 12733: 12559: 9464: 6143: 1673: 17335: 16268: 15564: 15079: 10337: 9490: 7720: 7474: 5228:, an author from the Katanga province, wrote novels and poems to promote artistic expressions as a way to address and deal with conflicts. 4894: 4253: 3688: 3641: 1136: 751: 191: 82: 14169: 13971: 13509: 12529: 12282:(in French). Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en œuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité, Ministère de la Santé Publique. p. 36. 11957: 11298: 11241:

which is used in the fabrication of electronic components in computers and mobile phones. The coltan mines are small, and non-mechanized.

8063: 5624:

is one of the best African basketball players to ever play the game. Mutombo is well known for humanitarian projects in his home country.

3744:

case of about $ 6.7 million of deposits of Mobutu's in a Swiss bank, and therefore the assets should be returned to Mobutu's family.

17320: 17192: 16522: 16248: 16169: 16164: 11498: 8954: 8888: 8802: 8579: 8481: 6247: 6176: 2512:

to the information its election monitors had collected. The government had also "delayed" the vote until March in some areas, citing the

1705:

soldiers in the Belgian Congo in 1918. At its peak, the Force Publique had around 19,000 Congolese soldiers, led by 420 Belgian officers.

1686: 17266: 12138: 10208: 10074: 9282: 8929: 7816: 7177: 6995: 6599: 6450: 6397: 5733:

proper. The confusion arises from the fact that the government of the DRC officially recognizes and refers to the language as "Kikongo".

16278: 6949: 6828: 6792: 6560: 5561: 3747:

President Kabila established the Commission of Repression of Economic Crimes upon his ascension to power in 2001. However, in 2016 the

878: 558: 14507: 13702: 10970: 8432: 4493: 17305: 16635: 16202: 15134: 14868: 14198:

Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard; Ehrhart, Hans Georg. Intervention im Kongo: eine kritische Analyse der Befriedungspolitik von UN und EU.

11564: 11182: 8976: 7981: 4831: 3242: 2336: 390: 12984: 12828: 11834: 10453: 9587: 9312: 8452: 8033: 12934: 11674: 10589: 9822: 9729: 8691: 8631: 7920: 4701: 4185:: the DR Congo is the main missing link in this east–west highway and requires a new road to be constructed before it can function. 2213: 1455: 1447: 11625: 8832: 7782: 6269: 2533: 17156: 16465: 16273: 15984: 15500: 15139: 12780:

Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM); Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP);

12672:

Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM); Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP);

11475: 9883:"The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (in French)" 8521: 7008:

Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC) will become eligible for AGOA trade benefits upon formation of a transitional government.

5950: 5688: 4072: 2492: 1968: 1786:. Belgian Congolese forces under the command of Belgian officers notably fought against the Italian colonial army in Ethiopia in 1739:

turned into open warfare with a joint Anglo-Belgian-Portuguese invasion of German colonial territory in 1916 and 1917 during the

1475: 14655: 13613: 13594:. Middletown, Connecticut, United States: Wesleyan University Press for the Society for Ethnomusicology. 2008. pp. 297–309. 12238: 12164: 9619: 8286: 5173:

of an average citizen of the DRC by almost 2.9 years. Currently, the DRC does not have a national ambient air quality standard.

4466: 4020: 1851: 1833: 1811: 1224: 1004: 16412: 16118: 15765: 13889: 13589: 12459:

Schatzberg, Michael G (February 1980) Politics and Class in Zaire: Bureaucracy, Business and Beer in Lisala, Africana Pub. Co.

11040: 10042: 9228: 7896:"Congo-Zaire's 1996–97 civil war in the context of evolving patterns of military conflict in Africa in the era of independence" 7873: 6972: 6846:"Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 civil war in the context of evolving patterns of military conflict in Africa in the era of independence" 3270: 2887: 2309: 1307:

when he overthrew Mobutu in 1997. To distinguish it from the neighboring Republic of the Congo, it is sometimes referred to as

1234:

At the time of independence, the country was named the Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville to distinguish it from its neighbour

1174: 1124: 425: 26: 14279:, Third Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, "Chapter Six: Congo in The Sixties: The Bleeding Heart of Africa", pp. 147–205, 9792: 6691: 5861: 3881:

released a film documenting the testimony of over 400 women and girls who had been abused by marauding militia. In June 2010,

16235: 16217: 16081: 16044: 15550: 14394: 14365: 14296: 14284: 14269: 14211: 14140: 14069: 14000: 13852: 13813: 13712: 13673: 13573: 12505: 12375: 12308: 12283: 12248: 12174: 12088: 12060: 10855: 10272: 10247: 10202: 8664: 8346: 8316: 8260: 8230: 8200: 8170: 8081: 8011: 7664: 7624: 7512: 7348: 7104: 6989: 6943: 6593: 6554: 6444: 6391: 6364: 6337: 6241: 5020:

rate for the population between the ages of 15 and 49 was estimated to be 75.9% (88.1% male and 63.8% female) according to a

2939:

has exposed an enormous amount of mineral wealth throughout the south and east of the Congo, making it accessible to mining.

2117:

During the 1970s and 1980s, Mobutu was invited to visit the United States on several occasions, meeting with U.S. Presidents

1976: 14075: 12794: 12686: 10640: 10431: 9531: 9004: 8910: 8866: 8675: 8140: 7630: 7354: 5295: 944:, the territory of the Congo was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the 16447: 16436: 16197: 11245: 10658:"Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Democratic Republic of the Congo" 9645: 8407: 8377: 7554:"Patrice Lumumba: 50 Years Later, Remembering the U.S.-Backed Assassination of Congo's First Democratically Elected Leader" 5954: 2802:

produced the Congo River system which dominates the region topographically along with the rainforest it flows through. The

2364: 1960: 1783: 1580: 13803: 13663: 13232: 13097: 10905: 10571: 9890: 6006: 16532: 16527: 16258: 16253: 16086: 13282: 12736:

2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2006).

12475: 11416: 10393: 9985: 9561: 5159:, in 2020 four in ten people in Congo lacked food security and about 15.6 million were facing a potential hunger crisis. 4845: 4210:. Traditionally water transport has been the dominant means of moving around in approximately two-thirds of the country. 3534:

The global growth in demand for scarce raw materials and the industrial surges in China, India, Russia, Brazil and other

1871: 1740: 993: 11721: 11288:"The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo" 10744: 10016: 7377: 6622: 3543:

Congolese unit is the latest push by the U.S. to professionalize armed forces in this "strategically important" region.

2231:, arrived in April 2001. In 2002–03 Bemba intervened in the Central African Republic on behalf of its former president, 1357:, the territory comprising the Democratic Republic of the Congo was home to Central Africa's oldest settled groups, the 17340: 17325: 16091: 14636: 14318: 14307: 13212: 13130: 10525: 6204: 5419:

Political and economic challenges under Mobutu prompted a mass exodus of musicians to Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia,

5151:

United Nations emergency food relief agency warned that amid the escalating conflict and worsening situation following

3031: 1690: 1528: 989: 14166:

The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo

13255: 13048: 12714: 12203: 9147: 7048:

Yellen, John E. (1 September 1998). "Barbed Bone Points: Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa".

6744: 4224:

Several international airlines service Kinshasa's international airport and a few also offer international flights to

1914:.' To avoid confusion between the two, the former Belgian Congo became known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 1685:

In 1908, the Belgian parliament, in spite of initial reluctance, bowed to international pressure (especially from the

15178: 14491: 14248: 14114: 14022: 13741: 12464: 12334: 11808: 10308: 9412: 7321: 7218: 7193: 7148: 6822: 6786: 5989: 5831: 4329: 3871: 3823: 2650: 2429:

when Kabila's term in office ended. Across the country, dozens of protesters were killed and hundreds were arrested.

1435: 874: 11979: 10778: 8711: 6100: 3830:

in the DRC in 2013 and six goods produced by the country's mining industry appear on the department's December 2014

3676:

region, and other rebellions since the Second Congo War. Besides the FARDC, the largest peacekeeping mission of the

3316: 2043:; the U.S. believed that his administration would serve as an effective counter to communist movements in Africa. A 1434:

By the 13th century there were three main confederations of states in the western Congo Basin. In the east were the

1161:, which flows through the country. The Congo River is the world's deepest river and the world's third-largest river 16427: 16360: 16350: 16286: 16146: 15511: 14707: 13532: 11391:"Province orientale: le diamant et l'or quelle part dans la reconstruction socio – économique de la Province?" 11390: 11326: 11160: 8113: 7553: 6655: 4225: 2426: 1972: 13780: 11891:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 11156: 7942: 6070: 4939:

foreign governments, the ban was lifted by the end of the 1980s. In 2012 plans were announced to build a national

3885:

reported a dramatic increase in the number of rapes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and researchers from

16502: 14621: 11919: 11020: 5617: 5117: 4774:

In Kinshasa, 67% of the population in 2014 could read and write French, and 68.5% could speak and understand it.

4693:

very diverse in nature; refugees and asylum-seekers – products of the numerous and violent conflicts in the

3814:

was initiated by Kabila in April 2004. The International Criminal Court prosecutor opened the case in June 2004.

2339:

to neutralize armed groups. On 5 November 2013, M23 declared an end to its insurgency. Additionally, in northern

2332: 2130: 14387:

Entwicklungsträger in der DR Kongo: Entwicklungen in Politik, Wirtschaft, Religion, Zivilgesellschaft und Kultur

12023: 11603: 11209: 10620:"UN expert on violence against women expresses serious concerns following visit to Democratic Republic of Congo" 8502: 7125: 5104:

was introduced around Kinshasa. In 2012, it was estimated that about 1.1% of adults aged 15–49 were living with

4940: 4688:

Population fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebels groups, Sake North Kivu 30 April 2012

4684: 2273: 17207: 17182: 16355: 16073: 15932: 12902: 12854: 12217: 11748: 10358: 9860: 6297:"Violence is roiling the Democratic Republic of Congo. Some say it's a strategy to keep the president in power" 6107: 5021: 4856: 3852: 2979:, iron ore, and coal are all found in plentiful supply, especially in the Congo's southeastern Katanga region. 2632: 2204:

Kabila later requested that foreign military forces return to their own countries. Rwandan troops retreated to

10935: 6296: 4908:

Islam has been present in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the 18th century, when Arab traders from

16628: 16579: 16407: 16395: 16138: 16050: 14648: 12589: 9465:"Gunfire rings out in Congo's capital as men in military uniform clash with politician's guards | World News" 5606: 5285: 5220: 4886: 4871:

reports this figure to be 95.9%. The proportion of followers of Islam is variously estimated from 1% to 12%.

4172: 4165: 2239:

was set up until after the election. A constitution was approved by voters, and on 30 July 2006 DRC held its

2209: 2114:, its fourth name change in eleven years and its sixth overall. The Congo River was renamed the Zaire River. 2090: 840: 156: 16887: 15415: 12619: 11134: 10696: 10541: 9070: 4780:

Approximately 242 languages are spoken in the country, of which four have the status of national languages:

4008:

Conditions improved in late 2002, when a large portion of the invading foreign troops withdrew. A number of

3112: 2521:

National Assembly. The pro-Kabila speakers of both houses of parliament were forced out. In April 2021, the

17355: 16494: 16457: 16432: 16243: 16096: 16001: 15171: 13069: 11524: 11100: 6745:"5.1 Democratic Republic of Congo Acronyms and Abbreviations | Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments" 5467: 4325: 3955: 3918:

Change in per capita GDP of Congo, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

3741: 2417: 1863: 1509:

founded in the 15th and 17th centuries respectfully dominated the eastern region, until colonial conquest.

1060: 806: 282: 14550: 13313: 12407: 11364: 7261: 7026: 6874: 6528:

Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic or Southern Atlantic Ocean

6418:

Nelson, Samuel Henry. Colonialism In The Congo Basin, 1880–1940. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1994

1043:

from 1998 to 2003, which resulted in the deaths of 5.4 million people. The war ended under President

16938: 16470: 16207: 16106: 15977: 14501: 13376: 12758: 11989: 9187: 7829: 6984:. Message from the President of the United States. United States Government Printing Office. p. 87. 6516:

Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816

5902: 5725:

The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution is actually referring to the Kituba language – which is known as

5564:(RTNC) is the national broadcaster of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. RTNC currently broadcasts in 5169:

PM2.5 guideline (5 μg/m: set in September 2021). These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the

4009: 3587: 2401:

and kidnapped at least 3,300 people since June 2017 to June 2019. On 10 May 2018, Congolese gynecologist

2368: 1775: 1596: 1162: 13338:

52 ans de musique congolaise : Au Congo-Kinshasa République démocratique du Congo (RDC) – 1960–2012

12876: 11538: 7416: 5483: 16517: 16322: 16029: 14516: 13942: 13014: 11438: 11262: 10992: 10079: 9029: 8609: 7185: 6039: 2194: 1304: 778: 10657: 7340:

Bortaï: journal de campagne: Abyssinie 1941, offensive belgo-congolaise, Faradje, Asosa, Gambela, Saio

4893:, since it covers most of the DRC Protestants. With more than 25 million members, it constitutes 4766:, facilitating communication among the many different ethnic groups of the Congo. According to a 2018 4175:: this route crosses the western extremity of the country on National Road No. 1 between Kinshasa and 3758:

In June 2020, a court in the Democratic Republic of Congo found President Tshisekedi's chief of staff

2387:

moved from their original bases in Uganda and South Sudan to DR Congo in 2005 and set up camps in the

166: 16475: 14935: 11078: 9171:"Vaccine hesitancy runs high in some African countries, in some cases leaving unused doses to expire" 5536: 5357:

authentically popularized the style and made significant contributions to it in the 1940s and 1950s.

5256:

Congo has a rich musical heritage, rooted in traditional rhythms. The earliest known form of popular

5166: 5155:

in the DRC, millions of lives were at risk as they could die of hunger. According to the data of the

5089: 4182: 3923: 3914: 3863: 3706: 3100: 2581:

In May 2024, during a parliamentary crisis related to the election for the leadership of parliament,

2560: 2437: 2384: 1518: 881:. With a population of around 109 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous 14466: 10713: 7681: 4032: 3269:, the nation is also economically and regionally affiliated with Southern Africa as a member of the 16727: 16621: 16512: 16156: 16014: 15254: 13470: 11778: 7496: 6845: 6540: 5365: 5152: 5101: 4188: 3815: 3266: 3185:, which threatens wildlife populations, water pollution and mining. From 2015 to 2019, the rate of 2698: 1891: 1032: 894: 327: 14289:

Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent

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was called in and made the practice of cutting off the limbs of the natives a matter of policy.

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo has been known in the past as, in chronological order, the

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The law on sexual violence, DRC 2006 (Les lois sur les violences sexuelles) reads (in French):

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The economy of DRC relies heavily on mining. However, the smaller-scale economic activity from

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also erupted. The mountain subsequently erupted again in 2006, and once again in January 2010.

2594: 1999: 1052: 660: 612: 15671: 8571: 7174: 6354: 6166: 4841: 4503: 4292: 4179:, a distance of 285 km (177 mi) on one of the only paved sections in fair condition. 2912:

activity, occasionally with loss of life. The geologic activity in this area also created the

16747: 16335: 16307: 15274: 10239: 10232: 10192: 8926: 6979: 6929: 6708:"DR Congo: Children's access to education under threat from ongoing violence in Kasai region" 6583: 6434: 6381: 6327: 5653: 4541: 4359: 3550:, a metal used in many industrial and military applications. The largest use of cobalt is in 3499: 3190: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3052: 3040: 2769:

of the river, which slopes toward the Atlantic Ocean in the west. This area is surrounded by

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in 2013 and 400,000 persons displaced in the province as of 2013. On and off fighting in the

1911: 1557: 1239: 1235: 1170: 973: 890: 22: 14568: 14347:

Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe

12118: 10962: 9227: 9186: 8429: 7973: 7313: 7099:, New Approaches to African History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 16–55, 6808: 6772: 6544: 2391:. The war in the Congo has been described as the bloodiest war since World War II. In 2009, 2227:

succeeded him and called for multilateral peace talks. UN peacekeepers, MONUC, now known as

2085: 16984: 16302: 15940: 14557: 14222: 9933: 9684: 6935: 6888: 5276:. The style gained popularity in the 1920s–1930s, introducing the "bar-dancing" culture in 5156: 4975: 4971: 4312:

Over 250 ethnic groups and 450 tribes (ethnic subgroups) populate the DRC. They are in the

3972: 3947: 3942:, a third of its cobalt, more than 30% of its diamond reserves, and a tenth of its copper. 3890: 2917: 2488: 2464: 2352: 2056: 1553: 1112: 934: 33: 12820: 4935: 2320:, the leader of the CNDP, and troops loyal to him, mutinied and formed the rebel military 1595:. Leopold's regime began various infrastructure projects, such as the construction of the 8: 17223: 17040: 15532: 15515: 14423: 13956: 13707:. Santa Barbara, California, United States: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 207–208. 12965: 12938: 10194:

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-Progress Report (EPub)

9583: 8073: 5610: 4913: 4864: 4789: 4694: 4344: 4093: 3457: 3381: 3223: 3220: 3167: 3104: 2913: 2738: 2513: 2460: 2268: 2060: 1602: 1268: 790: 256: 14456: 12432: 12401:"Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa" 9937: 9721: 9688: 7912: 6892: 5225: 5024:

nationwide survey. The education system is governed by three government ministries: the

4855:

Christianity is the predominant religion of the DRC. A 2013–14 survey, conducted by the

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discovered that rapes committed by civilians had increased seventeenfold. In June 2014,

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was President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from January 2001 to January 2019.

2590: 2508: 2481: 1964: 1064: 346: 17330: 17228: 17025: 16553: 16506: 14496: 14403:

Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa

14217: 11984: 11539:"Katanga Project Update and 2Q 2008 Financials, Katanga Mining Limited, 12 August 2008" 8840: 7778: 7073: 7023:"Katanda Bone Harpoon Point | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program" 6904: 6778: 6660: 5475: 5350: 4868: 4301: 4218: 3535: 2782: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2690: 2348: 1736: 1576: 1299:

as the name used by the natives (i.e., derived from Portuguese usage) remained common.

1067:, who has served as president since. Since 2015, eastern Congo has been the site of an 15163: 12903:"Democratic Republic of the Congo, Epidemiological profile, World Malaria Report 2014" 12851:"The World Factbook – Field Listing : HIV/AIDS : adult prevalence rate" 9110:"Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) – Ebola Situation Report #40 – April 10, 2021" 8282: 2507:

was held. On 10 January 2019, the electoral commission announced opposition candidate

1710: 17030: 16767: 16340: 16039: 15878: 15717: 15290: 15074: 14390: 14361: 14314: 14303: 14292: 14280: 14265: 14264:

Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma", 2010.

14244: 14207: 14203: 14136: 14110: 14065: 13848: 13809: 13708: 13669: 13636: 13605: 13569: 13445: 13208: 13090:"Millions 'on the edge' in DR Congo, now in even greater danger of tipping over: WFP" 12781: 12673: 12501: 12460: 12254: 12244: 12211: 12180: 12170: 12056: 11334: 10521: 10268: 10243: 10198: 10167:"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" 9951: 9702: 9609: 9498: 9382: 9219: 9178: 9079: 9038: 8077: 7660: 7620: 7508: 7501: 7344: 7317: 7306: 7214: 7189: 7100: 7077: 7065: 6985: 6939: 6908: 6818: 6782: 6589: 6550: 6440: 6387: 6360: 6333: 6237: 6007:

Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An ongoing crisis: Full 26-page report

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to fight Kabila, while Uganda instigated the creation of a rebel movement called the

2171: 2126: 1795: 1763: 1607: 1588: 1400: 1228: 1055:, torture, arbitrary imprisonment and restrictions on civil liberties. Following the 13881: 10542:"Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Democratic Republic of the Congo" 7865: 5338: 4631: 3993: 3423: 3395: 1839: 1403:, one of the oldest barbed harpoons ever found, believed to have been used to catch 956:

from the 14th to 19th centuries. In the northeast, center, and east, the empires of

16019: 14680: 14665: 14631: 13989:"Rwanda Kicks Off Quest for Africa Women's Volleyball Championship Against Morocco" 9941: 9692: 9413:"Congolese army says shootout in the capital is failed coup, perpetrators arrested" 8690:

Al Jazeera News (9 March 2018). "UN: Two million children risk starvation in DRC."

8661: 8338: 8308: 8252: 8222: 8192: 8162: 8069: 7779:""Zaire: The Hoax of Independence", The Aida Parker Newsletter #203, 4 August 1997" 7057: 6900: 6896: 6681: 6512:

An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700

6229: 6171: 5664: 5633: 5629: 5605:. The sports are played in numerous stadiums throughout the country, including the 5565: 5523: 5371:

style that evolved from Congolese rumba. Soukous led to diverse offshoots, such as

5354: 5273: 5127: 5093: 5044: 4963: 4793: 4705: 4394: 4199:, and a paved road in fair condition over the short distance to the Zambian border. 4097: 4049: 4045: 3997: 3485: 3084: 3036: 2983: 2799: 2792: 2788: 2730: 2340: 2175: 2164: 2154: 2032: 1953: 1930: 1879: 1855: 1825: 1611: 1592: 1565: 1549: 1522: 1498: 1378: 1251: 1216: 1181: 1075: 1040: 1020: 977: 961: 949: 930: 786: 704: 438: 251: 246: 127: 15904: 13988: 13882:"Musique : qu'est-ce que le clan Wenge, pionnier de la danse Ndombolo ?" 13154:"Regulating Air Quality: the First Global Assessment of Air Pollution Legislation" 12476:"Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo)", Adherents.com – Religion by Location. 12364: 12276: 8003: 6981:

Comprehensive Report on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa

6873:

Ballinger, Benjamin; Stringer, Martin; Schmeda-Lopez, Diego R. (1 December 2019).

5616:

Internationally, the country is especially famous for its professional basketball

5272:, encompassing parts of the present-day Republic of the Congo, southern Gabon and 4745: 4720:

located in the region and beyond. These numbers peaked in 2004 when, according to

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International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3806:

International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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would become part of the new armed forces. It also provided for the creation of a

3409: 1988: 1934: 1791: 1655:, was instructed by the British government to investigate. His report, called the 1644:

killed nearly half the population in the areas surrounding the lower Congo River.

1560:. The eastern regions of the precolonial Congo were heavily disrupted by constant 1552:

and administration took place from the 1870s until the 1920s. It was first led by

17172: 16822: 15710: 15619: 15206: 14950: 14675: 14482: 14173: 14059: 13975: 13563: 13076: 12785: 12720: 12677: 12114: 12095: 11470: 11269: 11249: 11027: 10862: 10843: 10644: 10637: 10423: 10365: 10315: 10295: 9523: 9008: 9001: 8933: 8914: 8907: 8895: 8862: 8747: 8698: 8679: 8672: 8668: 8528: 8509: 8459: 8436: 8136: 7614: 7423: 7338: 7204: 7181: 7158: 7132: 6208: 5742: 5645: 5637: 5625: 5621: 5322: 5243: 5201: 5170: 5133: 5040: 4781: 4753: 4384: 4313: 3927: 3733: 3570:

consumes significant quantities of cobalt in a variety of applications including

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The country is currently divided into the city-province of Kinshasa and 25 other

3159: 3151: 3096: 2929: 2859: 2765:. This massive expanse of lush jungle covers most of the vast, low-lying central 2522: 2159: 2150: 2044: 1995: 1994:

Meanwhile, in the east of the country, Soviet and Cuban-backed rebels called the

1899: 1895: 1867: 1843: 1752: 1656: 1427: 1396: 1362: 1354: 1295:

is the preferred English name in 19th-century literature, although references to

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In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo

11242: 8399: 8369: 8283:"Tanzanian troops arrive in eastern DR Congo as part of UN intervention brigade" 6967: 6228:, Arab Human Development Report, United Nations, pp. ii–iii, 29 June 2022, 6221: 4160:

and the Office of the Uele Railways (Office des Chemins de fer des Ueles, CFU).

2671: 2445: 17020: 16024: 16009: 15873: 15656: 15640: 13228: 13089: 12787:

Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014

12679:

Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014

11656:"How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy" 10638:

Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014

10575: 10513: 9946: 9882: 6879: 6233: 5730: 5463: 5412: 5342: 5145: 5137: 4959: 4717: 4649: 4523: 4379: 4374: 4068: 3980:

The DRC is the world's largest producer of cobalt ore, and a major producer of

3954:

in the world. The DRC is also one of the twenty lowest-ranked countries on the

3779: 3748: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3559: 3367: 3331: 3092: 2851: 2843: 2766: 2564: 2556: 2372: 2360: 2317: 2305: 2264: 2040: 1984: 1701: 1652: 1648: 1629: 1532: 1414: 1197: 1108: 985: 981: 965: 870: 361: 13278: 13183: 12233: 12159: 12135:"Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala" 11412: 9697: 9672: 9553: 9343:"DR Congo presidential election: partial results give Tshisekedi a clear lead" 7061: 5076: 4777:

In 2024, there were around 12 million native French speakers in the country.

3950:

had reached 173%. DR Congo consistently has the lowest, or nearly the lowest,

3851:

seems to be perceived by large sectors of society to be normal. The 2013–2014

2005:

Lumumba had previously appointed Mobutu chief of staff of the new Congo army,

1980: 17299: 17281: 17268: 16943: 16792: 15993: 15899: 15894: 15722: 15330: 14702: 14697: 14643: 14545: 14254: 14188:

Gondola, Ch. Didier, "The History of Congo", Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002.

13808:. New York City, New York State, United States: Hachette Books. p. 129. 13449: 13045:"The World Factbook – Country Comparison : Maternal mortality rate" 12739: 11569: 11338: 9955: 9614: 9502: 9386: 9223: 9182: 9083: 9042: 7069: 6875:"The vulnerability of electric vehicle deployment to critical mineral supply" 6201: 5641: 5455: 5388: 5384: 5334: 5330: 5299: 5257: 5162: 4902: 4797: 4762: 4402: 4369: 4214: 3819: 3759: 3661: 3599: 3523: 3339: 3211: 3178: 2828: 2824: 2597:

were arrested by security forces, and videos of their capture shared online.

2402: 2328: 2298: 2260: 2224: 2133:

U.S. relations with Mobutu cooled, as he was no longer deemed necessary as a

2122: 2118: 1918:), while the former French colony retained the name 'Republic of the Congo' ( 1816: 1767: 1668: 1561: 1443: 1410: 1231:, before returning to its current name the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 1220: 1185: 1116: 1068: 1044: 997: 833: 451: 206: 193: 15150: 13122: 5130:, in 2016, 26,529 people died on the roads in DRC due to traffic accidents. 4124: 3988:. As of 2023, the country is estimated to possess around 70% of the world's 3629: 1696: 16697: 15835: 15440: 15430: 15234: 14660: 14176:, Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 31, University Innsbruck 2007. 14128: 13668:. New York City, New York State, United States: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 13247: 12821:"Congo, With Donors' Help, Introduces New Vaccine for Pneumococcal Disease" 10484:"DRC: Investigation opens on Joseph Kabila over $ 138 million embezzlement" 10047: 10017:"An April 2009 report to Congress by the National Defense Stockpile Center" 9706: 9439:"RDC: situation confuse à Kinshasa autour de la résidence de Vital Kamerhe" 9139: 7652: 5548: 5490:

making significant contributions to its evolution and international stage.

5479: 5420: 5402: 5376: 5346: 5326: 5265: 5113: 4978:'s flagship project is Kimbilio, which works to reunite street children in 4885:

Sixty-two Protestant denominations are federated under the umbrella of the

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in the south and southwest, by mountainous terraces in the west, and dense

2052: 1941: 1907: 1807: 1771: 1506: 1358: 1189: 1152: 1012: 969: 464: 14259:

Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide and the International Community

10424:"Vital Kamerhe: DRC president's chief of staff found guilty of corruption" 9752:"Analysis: The next Amazon? Congo Basin faces rising deforestation threat" 4760:

of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is culturally accepted as the

1501:

was founded in the 14th century and dominated the western region, and the

17100: 16902: 16882: 16802: 15614: 15445: 15335: 11413:"UN human development rankings place Norway at the top and DR Congo last" 10774: 6329:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo. La République Démocratique du Congo

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Since 2003, more than 400,000 Congolese migrants have been expelled from

4389: 4058: 3996:

in the west. By far the largest mines in the DRC are located in southern

3752: 3471: 3387: 3226:. The 2003 transitional constitution had established a parliament with a 3000: 2936: 2925: 2879: 2875: 2808: 2803: 2702: 2433: 2380: 2376: 2187: 2079: 1938: 1728: 1502: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1418: 1158: 1148: 953: 941: 898: 399: 384: 13959:

Libraries & Academic Information Resources. Retrieved 28 April 2014.

12495: 11398: 8546:"1,900 killed, over 3,300 abducted in DR Congo's eastern Kivu provinces" 5026:

Ministère de l'Enseignement Primaire, Secondaire et Professionnel (MEPSP

972:

ruled from the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries to the 19th century. King

17075: 17070: 16964: 16897: 16837: 16827: 16817: 16722: 16548: 15830: 15820: 15805: 15521: 15425: 15390: 15375: 15360: 15315: 15249: 14182:

Doomed to Disaster? Long-term Trajectories of Exploitation in the Congo

13772: 12556:

U.S. Department of State – Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor

11677:, Official EC list, updated 20 April 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011. 10800:

Matundu Mbambi, Annie; Faray-Kele, Marie-Claire (April–December 2010).

10075:"DRC's Tshisekedi has secured his power base: now it's time to deliver" 9347: 8833:"REFILE-Opposition leader Felix Tshisekedi sworn in as Congo president" 7974:"Revealed: how Africa's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers" 6814: 5408: 5398: 5314: 4979: 4967: 4947: 4835: 4827: 4667: 4613: 4536: 4518: 4498: 4471: 4196: 4129: 4013: 3665: 3555: 3551: 3493: 3479: 3415: 3072: 2901: 2863: 2635: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2441: 2356: 2282: 2103: 1678: 1438:, considered to be the oldest and most powerful, which likely included 1084: 1080: 1039:. The country then had its name changed back and was confronted by the 298: 21:

This article is about the larger country. For the smaller country, see

15598: 13847:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 313. 12713:

Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo – Wikisource

11841:. UN, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 10265:

War, Hunger, and Displacement: The Origins of Humanitarian Emergencies

6432: 5652:—have gained prominence in world football. DR Congo has twice won the 5136:

is poor in DRC. According to 2010 estimates, DRC has the 17th highest

5080:

Development of life expectancy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3774: 3709:

are the primary police force in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

3063:

The rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo contain great

2347:

created by Laurent Kabila slipped out of the control of Kinshasa with

1878:

of the Republic of the Congo, on 24 June 1960. The parliament elected

1727:

The Belgian Congo was directly involved in the two world wars. During

17060: 17055: 17000: 16842: 15815: 15380: 14199: 13994: 12015: 10837:"Female Genital Cutting Rates | African Women's Health Center at BWH" 9793:"Interim Constitution – Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003–2006)" 9491:"DRC army says it stopped attempted coup involving three US citizens" 9071:"New Ebola Outbreak in Congo, Already Hit by Measles and Coronavirus" 7175:

The Cambridge history of Africa: From the earliest times to c. 500 BC

5780: 5659:

DR Congo's women's national volleyball team lastly qualified for the

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Democratic Republic of the Congo map of Köppen climate classification

2246: 2099: 1569: 11041:"Rights Groups, DRC Lawmakers Call for 'Filimbi' Activists' Release" 10137:"China Cash Flowed Through Congo Bank to Former President's Cronies" 9919:"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths" 9852: 8137:"Congo-Kinshasa: General Ntaganda and Loyalists Desert Armed Forces" 4335: 4296:

Democratic Republic of the Congo's population between 1960 and 2017.

4065:

and tin, respectively, helped to fuel the war in the eastern Congo.

2610: 1627:

to honor himself and his country. To enforce the rubber quotas, the

1599:

of Leopoldville (now Kinshasa), which took eight years to complete.

1587:

King Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the

1169:("Committee for the Study of the Upper Congo"), established by King 889:, which is also the economic center. The country is bordered by the 17316:

Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

17202: 17126: 17095: 17090: 16757: 16752: 16712: 16707: 16692: 15850: 15840: 15795: 15785: 15480: 15455: 15305: 15300: 15279: 15244: 15229: 14486: 14380:

Bradt Travel Guide: Congo — Democratic Republic/Republic

12052:

Migration en République Démocratique du Congo: Profil national 2009

11464:"Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production" 11238: 10647:. Rockville, Maryland, USA : MPSMRM, MSP and ICF International 8863:"DR Congo presidential election: Outcry as Tshisekedi named winner" 7584:"Belgians accused of war crimes in killing of Congo leader Lumumba" 7135:. BBC World Service: The Story of Africa; accessed 2 December 2017. 6686: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5307: 5277: 5251: 5105: 5017: 4955: 4879: 4713: 4626: 4590: 4484: 4479: 4461: 4217:) that offered flights inside DR Congo. Congo Airways was based at 4213:

As of February 2024, DR Congo had one major national airline (

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The military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, known as the

3571: 3373: 3325: 3182: 3068: 2948: 2871: 2842:

The Congo River has the second-largest flow and the second-largest

2718: 2134: 2107: 2039:

Mobutu had the staunch support of the United States because of his

1641: 1620: 1542: 1422: 914: 886: 828: 766: 185: 16643: 12581: 11285: 10690:"Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)" 10107:"Congo Reviews $ 6.2 Billion China Mining Deal as Criticism Grows" 8947:"DR Congo announces new govt 7 months after president inaugurated" 6140:"Democratic Republic of Congo in Crisis | Human Rights Watch" 4874:

There are about 35 million Catholics in the country with six

1250:(a past name for the Congo River) on 27 October 1971 by President 17110: 17105: 17080: 17035: 17015: 17005: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16892: 16872: 16857: 16847: 16812: 16737: 16702: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 15825: 15800: 15764: 15687: 15666: 15635: 15593: 15465: 15435: 15420: 15405: 15395: 15385: 15350: 15345: 15295: 15264: 15239: 15214: 14373:

The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006

13188: 12738:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

12611: 11864: 11130: 9375:"DRC president declared election winner as opposition cries foul" 9283:"RDC failed coup plot: president's security adviser in detention" 8927:

Nearly 900 killed in ethnic violence in Congo in mid-December -UN

8908:

DR Congo: Nearly 900 killed in ethnic clashes last month, UN says

8065:

The Frontlines of Peace: An Insider's Guide to Changing the World

6200:

BBC. (9 October 2013). "DR Congo: Cursed by its natural wealth".

5424: 5393: 5361: 5247: 5109: 4951: 4785: 4572: 4192: 3985: 3886: 3684:, is also present in the country with about 18,000 peacekeepers. 3681: 3649: 3563: 3465: 3451: 3443: 3401: 3135: 2976: 2968: 2944: 2774: 2770: 2750: 2714: 2471: 2344: 2228: 1487: 1388: 1008: 910: 468: 308: 15962: 14064:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. 11980:"The World Factbook: Africa – Congo, Democratic Republic of the" 11626:"The [Ivanhoe] pullback investors have been waiting for" 11101:"World Bank Pledges $ 1 Billion to Democratic Republic of Congo" 9554:"Nyamuragira Volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo | John Seach" 8936:. Reuters. Published 16 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019. 5008: 3293:

Administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3207: 2834: 2571:

in the country led to uncertainty, but the coup attempt failed.

2411:

the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict

2208:

and launched a new Tutsi-led rebel military movement called the

1959:

On 18 September 1961, in ongoing negotiations of a ceasefire, a

1945:

supplies and advisers. On 23 August, the Congolese armed forces

1801: 1774:, the Belgian Congo provided a crucial source of income for the 1591:

in 1885 and made the land his private property. He named it the

17351:

1960 establishments in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)

17085: 17065: 17050: 17045: 16979: 16974: 16948: 16877: 16852: 16787: 16782: 16772: 16717: 15845: 15810: 15780: 15490: 15475: 15470: 15410: 15365: 15325: 15219: 15198: 14520: 13308:[Musical Journey: the return and return of the rumba]. 11234: 10043:"Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?" 9857:

Southern African Development Community: Towards a common future

9212:"Italy Mourns an Ambassador and His Bodyguard, Killed in Congo" 8803:"Surprise Winner Of Congolese Election Is An Opposition Leader" 7659:(expanded ed.). Rochester, Vermont: Schenkman Books, Inc. 7262:"Kinshasa – national capital, Democratic Republic of the Congo" 6712: 5428: 5141: 5049: 4849: 4728: 4608: 4559: 4425:

Largest cities or towns in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Rail transportation is provided by the Congo Railroad Company (

3989: 3981: 3939: 3802:

Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3547: 3359: 3353: 3076: 2972: 2940: 2726: 2722: 2710: 2706: 2028: 1748: 1624: 1556:, who undertook his explorations under the sponsorship of King 1463: 1459: 1439: 1404: 1177:, established by him in 1879, were also named after the river. 1120: 926: 922: 906: 902: 12754: 11596:"10th Annual Pan-European Conference Strategic Decisions 2013" 8034:"ICC Convicts Bemba of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity" 6872: 6031: 1758:

After 1918, Belgium was rewarded for the participation of the

1180:

The Congo River was named by early European sailors after the

1011:

on 30 June 1960 and was immediately confronted by a series of

16969: 16867: 16862: 16797: 16777: 16762: 16687: 16365: 15661: 15450: 15400: 15355: 15340: 15320: 15310: 15284: 15224: 14670: 14598: 12089:"Calls for Angola to Investigate Abuse of Congolese Migrants" 12055:(in French). International Organization for Migration. 2010. 10454:"DRC: Under what conditions has Vital Kamerhe been released?" 10262: 6436:

Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

6356:

Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5471: 5192: 5030:

Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et Universitaire (MESU)

4721: 4644: 4133: 3882: 3595: 3562:

and in cutting and wear-resistant materials such as cemented

3088: 3056: 2990: 2850:

in both respects). The sources of the Congo River are in the

2781:

extending beyond the Congo River in the north. The glaciated

2536:

began in June 2020, ultimately causing 55 deaths. The global

2456: 2179: 2023: 1898:, and the Parti National du Peuple led by Albert Delvaux and 1887: 1821: 1787: 1491: 1483: 1247: 1246:

on 1 August 1964, the country became the DRC but was renamed

1208:, 'to gather' (trans)." The modern name of the Kongo people, 1028: 504: 14107:

The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective

12552:"2010 Human Rights Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo" 10802:"Gender Inequality and Social Institutions in the D.R.Congo" 10745:"Prevalence of Rape in E. Congo Described as Worst in World" 9313:"Combat troops patrol in Kinshasa after failed coup attempt" 8917:. BBC. Published 16 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019. 8512:. The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research. 8223:"Rwanda defence chief leads DR Congo rebels, UN report says" 7747: 7619:. Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing. pp. 14–18. 6167:"Congo's surprise new leader in 1st peaceful power transfer" 5391:

ethnic background. The same soukous, under the guidance of "

4144: 3932:

Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa

3857:

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

3751:

issued a report claiming that the Congo is run as a violent

3021:

Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1047:, who governed the country from 2001 to 2019 and under whom 16907: 16832: 16807: 16732: 15460: 15370: 15259: 14027: 12752: 11183:"Congo with $ 24 Trillion in Mineral Wealth BUT still Poor" 8602:"The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Hurdle After Hurdle" 7900:

Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick

7830:"The 2006 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Congo" 7657:

The Rise and Fall of Patrice Lumumba: Conflict in the Congo

6962:

Aid Applicant: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC).

5829: 5432: 5097: 4662: 2952: 2866:. The river flows generally west from Kisangani just below 2294: 2205: 2183: 1192:, when they encountered them in the 16th century. The word 1100: 14122:

The Democratic Republic of Congo: Between Hope and Despair

12937:. World Health Organization. 24 April 2014. Archived from 11749:"The Power Plants That May Save a Park, and Aid a Country" 11016: 11014: 10882:[The laws against sexual violence]. Archived from 10590:"Foreign travel advice – Democratic Republic of the Congo" 10518:

Reimagining Child Soldiers in International Law and Policy

10267:. Faculty of Philosophy Columbia University. p. 261. 9584:"Lambertini, A Naturalist's Guide to the Tropics, excerpt" 9140:"Covid: DR Congo in race against time to vaccinate people" 8801:

Gonzales, Richard; Schwartz, Matthew S. (9 January 2019).

8057: 8055: 7093:"The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540" 5702:

Index of Democratic Republic of the Congo-related articles

4195:, a paved road in very poor condition between Kolwezi and 3027:

List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1383: 1074:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is extremely rich in

14233:. Boulder, Colorado and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. 13951: 13844:

Europe after Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture

11660: 10775:"UN official calls DR Congo 'rape capital of the world.'" 10368:. Swissinfo, Basel Institute of Governance, 14 July 2009. 9887:

National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

9013: 7943:"Zaire Chooses Confusing New Name | The Spokesman-Review" 7797: 7759: 7735: 6627: 6539: 6101:"Measuring Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 5984:. New York, NY: HarperCollins. pp. Chapter 1 and 2. 4749:

The four Bantu languages with elevated "national" status.

3736:

in 2009. In July 2009, a Swiss court determined that the

3514:

Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3047: 2960: 2663: 2589:

which was repelled by security forces loyal to President

2312:, defected along with troops loyal to him and formed the 2199:

Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo

2144: 2082:

as Mobutu and his associates embezzled government funds.

2017: 1063:

since independence, Kabila was succeeded as president by

845: 14477: 13742:"Spreading Ndombolo Dance Across Africa with Bush Sebar" 11898:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

11869:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

10799: 10234:

King of the Mountain: The Nature of Political Leadership

9252:"Kenya, DRC sign deals on security, trade and transport" 8036:. International Justice Resource Center. 29 March 2016. 6928:

Starbird, Caroline; Deboer, Dale; Pettit, Jenny (2004).

4244:

Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3558:

parts for high speed war planes. Cobalt is also used in

2721:(across Lake Tanganyika), to the south and southeast by 2324:(M23), claiming the government had violated the treaty. 1291:

gradually in English usage during the 18th century, and

1157:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is named after the

115:("Justice – Peace – Work") 111:"Justice – Paix – Travail" 15193: 14562:

Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources

13533:"Papa Wemba: the King of Rumba, 'le Prince de la Sape'" 12365:"Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS-RDC) 2013–2014" 12277:"Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS-RDC) 2013–2014" 11565:"Watchdog says $ 88m missing in Congolese mining taxes" 11279: 11011: 10906:"DRC: 'Civilians bearing brunt of South Kivu violence'" 9002:"DR Congo measles: Nearly 5,000 dead in major outbreak" 8977:"DR Congo names new cabinet, cements president's power" 8052: 3968:

Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3794:

Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3590:

and other Muslim ethnic minorities. In 2021, President

3043:, making the park a critical habitat for these animals. 2761:, the second-largest rainforest in the world after the 1096: 885:

in the world. The national capital and largest city is

14243:

Mealer, Bryan: "All Things Must Fight To Live", 2008.

13438:"Papa Wemba: Congolese music's dandy with a dark side" 12961:"The Latest: Ebola deaths top 1,000 in Congo outbreak" 8632:"No elections in DR Congo before April 2018: minister" 4120:

Rail transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3798:

Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2874:, joining with the Ubangi River, and running into the 2729:, and to the west by the South Atlantic Ocean and the 2563:. On 22 April 2021, meetings between Kenyan President 2277:

People fleeing their villages due to fighting between

1584:, actually played one European rival against another. 15925:

Southern African Development Coordination Conference

14158:

The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo.

13568:. London, United Kingdom: Rough Guides. p. 723. 13306:"Voyage Musical : l'aller et retour de la rumba" 11835:"Democratic Republic of the Congo Demographic Trends" 10572:"Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo" 10394:"New Study Shows Congo is Run as Violent Kleptocracy" 9823:"Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 2005 (rev. 2011)" 8339:"Katanga: Fighting for DR Congo's cash cow to secede" 8112:. Agence France-Presse. 23 March 2012. Archived from 7503:

The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History

5895:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition" 5280:(now Kinshasa), incorporating unique elements like a 3833:

List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor

3187:

deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3103:. Five of the country's national parks are listed as 2916:, four of which lie on the Congo's eastern frontier: 1975:). Katangan secession ended in January 1963 with the 1910:

also gained independence and adopted the same name, '

14326:

The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History

12204:"Mapped: Top 15 Countries by Native French Speakers" 8776:"Fear and trauma haunt Congolese massacre survivors" 8453:"A New Study Finds Death Toll in Congo War too High" 8110:"DR Congo government, CNDP rebels 'sign peace deal'" 7913:"Capture of Zaire's capital complete – May 18, 1997" 7150:

The Congo Free State – a colony of gross excess

6927: 5678: 5661:

2021 Women's African Nations Volleyball Championship

5012:

A classroom in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

4273:

Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3839:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo has prohibited

3788:

Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3616:

Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3594:

called for a review of mining contracts signed with

3127:. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of 17 3017:

Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature

2455:

A tribal conflict erupted on 16–17 December 2018 at

2141:

In September 1997, Mobutu died in exile in Morocco.

1647:

News of the abuses began to circulate. In 1904, the

1279:("river swallowing rivers"). The river was known as 1104: 14551:

The Democratic Republic of Congo from Global Issues

14531:

Wikimedia Atlas of Democratic Republic of the Congo

12496:De Boeck, Filip; Plissart, Marie-Frangoise (1899). 10736: 10197:. International Monetary Fund. 2010. pp. 56–. 9030:"Congo's Deadliest Ebola Outbreak Is Declared Over" 8889:

DR Congo election board delays vote in three cities

8712:"DR Congo: Rebels Were Recruited to Crush Protests" 8062:Autesserre, Séverine; Gbowee, Leymah (3 May 2021). 7336: 6165:Mwanamilongo, Saleh; Anna, Cara (24 January 2019). 5707:

Democratic Republic of the Congo–South Sudan border

5593:

Rugby union in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5116:are problems. In May 2019, the death toll from the 3287:

Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2838:

Satellite image of Democratic Republic of the Congo

1051:remained poor and included frequent abuses such as 12935:"Yellow fever in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 12335:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 10263:Nafziger, E. Wayne; Raimo Frances Stewart (2000). 10231: 9986:"GIs retrain Congo troops known for being violent" 9069: 9028: 7500: 7305: 6656:"DR Congo: Rampant Intercommunal Violence in West" 6546:From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo 6270:"DR Congo crisis stirs concerns in central Africa" 5838:. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 5500:Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4283:Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo 3926:is responsible for developing and maintaining the 3719:Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2254: 16382:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 14058:Young, M. Crawford; Turner, Thomas Edwin (2013). 13943:Countries: Democatric Republic of the Congo: News 13248:"L'état de la musique traditionnelle en RD.Congo" 11950:"Pygmies want UN tribunal to address cannibalism" 11694:(in French). suedwind-institut.de. Archived from 11210:"Mining Companies Could See Big Profits in Congo" 10169:. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. 7866:"Mobutu dies in exile in Morocco – Sept. 7, 1997" 7507:(3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave. p. 108. 6623:"A Visit to the Other Congo, the Forgotten Congo" 6433:Emizet Francois Kisangani; Scott F. Bobb (2010). 6004: 5998: 5092:. The DRC has the world's second-highest rate of 5086:hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5004:Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4741:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4114:Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3976:Rough diamonds ≈1 to 1.5 mm in size from DR Congo 3658:provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3624:Congolese soldiers being trained by UN personnel. 3283:Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3134:Conservationists have particularly worried about 2681:Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1890:) party. Other parties that emerged included the 1862:In May 1960, a growing nationalist movement, the 557:2,345,409 km (905,567 sq mi) ( 17297: 13802:George, Nelson; Carr, Daphne (20 October 2008). 12723:. Fr.wikisource.org. Retrieved 27 February 2013. 11896:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 8800: 8608:. PGW Global Risk Management LLP. Archived from 8253:"Rwanda military aiding DRC mutiny, report says" 8061: 7819:, Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum #239. 7495: 6969:Office of the United States Trade Representative 6428: 6426: 6424: 6164: 5589:Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5072:HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4823:Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3203:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3013:Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3006: 2427:Protests broke out in the country on 20 December 16423:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 14340:No Mercy: A Journey into the Heart of the Congo 11632:. London, UK: Aspermont Ltd. 22 February 2018. 10327: 9670: 7710: 6934:. Center for Teaching International Relations, 5697:Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5669:2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup 5183:Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4279:Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4088:In February 2018, global asset management firm 3910:Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3904:Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3687:The Democratic Republic of Congo signed the UN 2854:Mountains that flank the western branch of the 2685:Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2667:The map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2379:ethnic groups, respectively. In the northeast, 2314:National Congress for the Defence of the People 1751:in September 1916 under the command of General 1512: 1349:History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1227:, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the 16645:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 15949:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 12235:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 12161:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 12123:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 12045: 12043: 12041: 11722:"DR Congo economic and strategic significance" 11131:"OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa" 11071:"Is Emmanuel Weyi "the change" the DRC needs?" 8474:"Congo's Death Rate Unchanged Since War Ended" 7971: 7254: 6071:"Congo War driven crisis kills 45,000 a month" 5215:use literature as a way to develop a sense of 5096:(after Chad). In April 2011, through aid from 5066:Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4946:Traditional religions embody such concepts as 4238:Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3847:are generally negative throughout the nation. 2472:2018 election and new president (2018–present) 1747:gained a notable victory when it marched into 1731:(1914–1918), an initial stand-off between the 1597:railway that ran from the coast to the capital 1131:Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie 17152:Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 16629: 15978: 15750: 15179: 15155: 14584: 14109:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984, 13978:. World Stadiums. Retrieved 27 February 2013. 13502:"Why Papa Wemba's Legacy Will Outlive Us All" 13279:"La "Rumba", un humanisme musical en partage" 13117: 13115: 12229: 12227: 11286:Exenberger, Andreas; Hartmann, Simon (2007). 9722:"World 'losing battle against deforestation'" 6421: 5979: 5597:Many sports are played in the DRC, including 5238:Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4339:Breakdown of the largest ethnic groups in DRC 4154:Société nationale des chemins de fer du Congo 4082:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 3701:Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3309:. Before 2015, the country had 11 provinces. 2870:, then gradually bends southwest, passing by 2525:was formed without the supporters of Kabila. 2047:was established, and Mobutu declared himself 1802:Independence and political crisis (1960–1965) 1766:mandate over the previously German colony of 16418:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 15565:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 14133:Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67 12269: 11883: 11397:(in French). 23 October 2009. Archived from 9664: 7616:Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002 7473:. Historylearningsite.co.uk. 30 March 2007. 7169: 7167: 6774:Angola: A Modern Military History, 1961–2002 6614: 6325: 6267: 6093: 5505: 3694: 3689:treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 3131:and is the most biodiverse African country. 2035:and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973. 1662: 1319:. Its name is sometimes also abbreviated as 1212:, was introduced in the early 20th century. 1137:Economic Community of Central African States 1128: 124: 109: 50: 17193:Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 14356:Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo. 14057: 13281:(in French). Lyon, France: HAL. p. 3. 13151: 12038: 11491:"Congo's Riches, Looted by Renegade Troops" 11365:"Cobalt: World Mine Production, By Country" 10936:"DRC: 'Pendulum displacement' in the Kivus" 8953:(in French). 26 August 2019. Archived from 8740: 7803: 7765: 7753: 7741: 7229: 7143: 7141: 6585:African Yearbook of International Law, 1997 6581: 6294: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5671:in both the women's and the men's section. 3602:, in particular the Sicomines multibillion 3276: 3219:of the Congo finally settled into a stable 3039:; half of its population live in the DRC's 2355:briefly invading the provincial capital of 1482:was a confederation of three small states; 17346:States and territories established in 1960 17147:Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie 16636: 16622: 16226:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 15985: 15971: 15757: 15743: 15186: 15172: 14591: 14577: 14418:The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality 14231:Borders, nationalism and the African state 13801: 13202: 13112: 12482:(1998), 'official government web site' of 12469: 12224: 11719: 11602:. Sanford C. Bernstein Ltd. Archived from 11295:Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 11123: 10014: 9381:. Agence France-Presse. 31 December 2023. 9280: 9209: 8004:"Kabila's son to be sworn in as president" 7673: 6931:Teaching International Economics and Trade 5862:"DR Congo Population (2024) – Worldometer" 5663:. The country featured a national team in 3828:Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor 3660:. Congolese troops have been fighting the 3196: 3177:Major environmental issues in DRC include 2210:Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie 2110:. In 1971, Mobutu renamed the country the 165: 155: 32:"DRC" redirects here. For other uses, see 17311:French-speaking countries and territories 14291:, First Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, 14191:Joris, Lieve, translated by Waters, Liz, 14061:The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State 13969:Stadiums in the Democratic Republic Congo 13910: 13739: 13377:"A brief history of popular music in DRC" 13303: 13184:"Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie Interview" 12643:"Children in Congo forced into exorcisms" 12301: 10743:McCrummen, Stephanie (9 September 2007). 10742: 9945: 9696: 9634: 9610:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" 7375: 7164: 6739: 6737: 6486:Zaïre: the Roots of the Continuing Crisis 6359:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 158. 6352: 5982:Congo : the epic history of a people 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5360:The 1960s and 1970s saw the emergence of 5313:In the 1940s and 1950s, the influence of 2785:are found in the extreme eastern region. 2651:Learn how and when to remove this message 2593:. Three belligerents reportedly carrying 2337:United Nations Force Intervention Brigade 2223:Kabila was assassinated in 2001. His son 714: 14023:"Continental Cup Finals start in Africa" 13879: 13840: 13435: 12985:"Yellow Fever – West and Central Africa" 12127: 11488: 11263:"A bid for front-line command in Africa" 10856:RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) 10238:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 9916: 8471: 8193:"Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city" 7682:"Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)" 7303: 7138: 7097:A History of West Central Africa to 1850 7090: 6647: 6549:. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 5–. 6379: 6326:Bobineau, Julien; Gieg, Philipp (2016). 6037: 5880: 5407: 5294: 5186: 5075: 5007: 4922: 4840: 4826: 4744: 4702:International Organization for Migration 4683: 4334: 4291: 4143: 4123: 4031: 4019: 3971: 3913: 3773: 3619: 3517: 3315: 3301:. The provinces are subdivided into 145 3265:Although located in the Central African 3206: 3046: 3030: 2989:, with three streams of extremely fluid 2892: 2846:of any river in the world (trailing the 2833: 2787: 2670: 2662: 2561:killed in North Kivu on 22 February 2021 2475: 2288: 2272: 2245: 2214:Movement for the Liberation of the Congo 2158: 2084: 2027: 1838: 1815: 1695: 1672: 1601: 1536: 1382: 948:about 3,000 years ago. In the west, the 589: 160: 17157:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 13700: 13634: 13370: 13368: 13366: 13364: 13362: 13360: 12819:McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (11 April 2011). 12243:. Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 117. 11857: 11207: 10960: 10622:. UNOG.ch. 30 July 2007. Archived from 10520:. Oxford University Press. p. 32. 10359:"Court agrees to release Mobutu assets" 9067: 8594: 8428:Kristof, Nicholas D. (31 January 2010) 8163:"Rebels in DR Congo withdraw from Goma" 8068:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press. 6770: 6620: 6005:Coghlan, Benjamin; et al. (2007). 5689:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal 4982:. The usual term for these children is 4930:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4203:The DRC has thousands of kilometres of 3822:have been observed and reported in the 3782:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3189:doubled. In 2021, deforestation of the 3099:and, further south in the country, the 2534:Ebola outbreak in the Équateur Province 1969:Secretary-General of the United Nations 1470:. It included various kingdoms such as 1099:. As of 2018, following two decades of 984:forced the local population to produce 25:. For entities with similar names, see 17298: 15766:Southern African Development Community 14238:Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. 13561: 13499: 13374: 13276: 12818: 12640: 12240:La langue française dans le monde 2014 12169:. Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 30. 12166:La langue française dans le monde 2014 11577:from the original on 21 September 2013 11457: 11327:"Why Congo's chaotic election matters" 11321: 11319: 11111:from the original on 22 September 2013 10961:Bennett, Christian (5 December 2008). 10880:"Les lois sur les violences sexuelles" 10512: 10309:"Mobutu's village basks in his glory". 10289:"Mobutu: A Rich man In Poor Standing". 10229: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9719: 8825: 8773: 8552:from the original on 26 September 2020 8410:from the original on 30 September 2009 8349:from the original on 10 September 2013 8309:"DR Congo M23 rebels 'end insurgency'" 8289:from the original on 28 September 2013 8263:from the original on 26 September 2012 8143:from the original on 21 September 2013 8040:from the original on 11 September 2016 7612: 7406:Congo 1960, dossiers du CRISP, Belgium 7376:McCrummen, Stephanie (4 August 2009). 7047: 6973:United States House of Representatives 6734: 6501:, KARTHALA Editions, 2014, p. 171 6068: 6050:from the original on 11 September 2013 5810: 3843:since 2006, and attitudes towards the 3271:Southern African Development Community 2145:Continental and civil wars (1996–2007) 2074:Corruption became so common the term " 2018:Mobutu autocracy and Zaire (1965–1997) 1175:International Association of the Congo 1125:Southern African Development Community 1015:, the assassination of Prime Minister 27:Republic of the Congo (disambiguation) 16617: 16375:Specialised agencies and institutions 15966: 15738: 15167: 15154: 14572: 14179:Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. 14163:Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. 13923:from the original on 26 November 2015 13892:from the original on 12 November 2023 13841:Buettner, Elizabeth (24 March 2016). 13770: 13661: 13655: 13635:Tchakam, Stéphane (2 December 2003). 13616:from the original on 12 November 2023 13543:from the original on 15 December 2023 13530: 13512:from the original on 15 December 2023 13375:Mukuna, Kazadi wa (7 December 2014). 13334: 13285:from the original on 15 December 2023 13258:from the original on 15 December 2023 13235:from the original on 5 December 2018. 13152:Environment, U. N. (31 August 2021). 12883:from the original on 12 November 2014 12800:from the original on 26 December 2016 12732:"Congo, Democratic Republic of the." 12726: 12692:from the original on 26 December 2016 12345:from the original on 22 February 2021 11815:from the original on 22 February 2021 11759:from the original on 4 September 2017 11675:List of airlines banned within the EU 11636:from the original on 22 November 2018 11163:from the original on 21 February 2014 10973:from the original on 5 September 2013 10781:from the original on 22 November 2012 10464:from the original on 11 November 2022 10377: 9833:from the original on 5 September 2015 9781:Full text of constitution (in French) 9564:from the original on 14 November 2017 9355:from the original on 30 December 2023 9293:from the original on 10 February 2022 9210:Pianigiani, Gaia (23 February 2021). 9168: 9026: 8869:from the original on 11 February 2019 8642:from the original on 28 November 2016 8367: 8203:from the original on 20 November 2012 8134: 7651: 7451:from the original on 16 November 2018 7242:from the original on 21 November 2016 6196: 6194: 6134: 6132: 6019:from the original on 8 September 2013 5842:from the original on 22 February 2021 5609:. As Zaire, they participated in the 5562:Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise 5034:Ministère des Affaires Sociales (MAS) 2733:. The country lies between latitudes 2436:, presently Secretary-General of the 1979:. Several short-lived governments of 1426:and southeast. 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The Congo is inhabited by several 2633:adding citations to reliable sources 2604: 2365:Nationalist and Integrationist Front 1854:, was murdered by Belgian-supported 1812:Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) 1762:in the East African campaign with a 1724:put down any attempts at rebellion. 1691:Belgian minister of colonial affairs 1581:Association Internationale Africaine 1365:culture remain in the present time. 1283:during the 16th and 17th centuries; 17336:Member states of the United Nations 16533:Single African Air Transport Market 16528:African Continental Free Trade Area 14428:Congo: The Epic History of a People 14100:The African Stakes of the Congo War 13387:from the original on 25 August 2023 13328: 13304:Ossinondé, Clément (3 March 2020). 13297: 13164:from the original on 24 August 2022 13133:from the original on 20 August 2020 13123:"The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI)" 12877:"DRC: Malaria still biggest killer" 12098:, Inter Press Service. 21 May 2012. 11924:Library of Congress Country Studies 11809:"Congo, Democratic Republic of the" 11746: 11728:from the original on 10 August 2010 11415:. 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(30 June 2003). 13500:Ukabam, Chinedu (29 April 2016). 13436:Denselow, Robin (24 April 2016). 12831:from the original on 22 July 2016 12761:from the original on 10 June 2017 12753:UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 12108:La langue française dans le monde 12026:from the original on 19 July 2022 11930:from the original on 28 June 2017 11865:"World Population Prospects 2022" 11845:from the original on 30 July 2023 11789:from the original on 25 July 2017 11545:from the original on 22 June 2013 11243:DR Congo poll crucial for Africa" 11216:from the original on 17 July 2011 11030:. Freedom From Torture. June 2014 10942:from the original on 2 April 2015 10912:from the original on 2 April 2015 10670:from the original on 4 March 2016 10552:from the original on 3 March 2015 10546:United States Department of Labor 10404:from the original on 3 March 2021 10340:from the original on 1 March 2018 10055:from the original on 16 July 2019 9732:from the original on 18 June 2021 9648:. 15 January 2009. 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Peter and Paul Cathedral 4408: 4107: 3059:was unknown to science until 1901 1973:Collège des commissaires généraux 1942:engaged in secessionist struggles 1572:, who was well known to Stanley. 1436:Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza 17306:Democratic Republic of the Congo 17242: 17241: 16743:Democratic Republic of the Congo 16598: 16597: 16448:African Union–Ethiopia relations 16129:Specialized Technical Committees 15791:Democratic Republic of the Congo 15716: 15705: 15704: 15512:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 15489: 15270:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14600:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14542:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14535: 14525: 14517:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14508:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14492:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14467:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14449: 14015: 13981: 13962: 13935: 13904: 13873: 13834: 13764: 13733: 13694: 13582: 13555: 13524: 13493: 13481:from the original on 13 May 2023 13463: 13429: 13399: 13270: 13246:Yoka, Lye M. 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According to 4502: 4492: 4465: 4455: 4307: 4226:Lubumbashi International Airport 4219:Kinshasa's international airport 3142:species: the common chimpanzee ( 2609: 1735:and the German colonial army in 1462:which stretched from modern-day 1368: 1361:. Most of the remnants of their 875:second-largest country in Africa 873:. By land area the Congo is the 855:Democratic Republic of the Congo 739: 738: 713: 695: 694: 680: 679: 651: 650: 636: 635: 588: 136: 89: 75: 15933:Southern African Customs Union 13880:Makumeno, Emery (1 July 2022). 13665:Culture and Customs of Tanzania 13531:Bauer, George (24 April 2016). 13158:UNEP – UN Environment Programme 13047:. Cia.gov. 2010. Archived from 12853:. Cia.gov. 2012. Archived from 12622:from the original on 9 May 2019 12592:from the original on 9 May 2019 12532:from the original on 9 May 2019 12311:. Pew Forum. 18 December 2012. 10211:from the original on 9 May 2016 8734: 8704: 8684: 8654: 8624: 8564: 8548:. Africa News. 15 August 2019. 8538: 8515: 8496: 8465: 8451:Butty, James (21 January 2010) 8445: 8422: 8392: 8361: 8331: 8301: 8285:. United Nations. 10 May 2013. 8245: 8215: 8185: 8155: 8135:Gouby, Melanie (4 April 2012). 8128: 8102: 8026: 7996: 7965: 7935: 7905: 7888: 7858: 7822: 7817:"Zaire's Mobutu Visits America" 7809: 7771: 7704: 7645: 7606: 7576: 7546: 7521: 7489: 7463: 7433: 7409: 7400: 7330: 7297: 7284: 7223: 7119: 7091:Thornton, John K., ed. (2020), 7084: 7041: 7015: 6751:from the original on 8 May 2023 6588:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 6575: 6563:from the original on 5 May 2016 6533: 6514:(1746). James Hingston Tuckey, 6504: 6497:Jean-Jacques Arthur Malu-Malu, 6491: 6478: 6465: 6412: 6373: 6346: 6319: 6288: 6261: 6214: 6158: 6069:Bavier, Joe (22 January 2008). 6062: 6038:Robinson, Simon (28 May 2006). 5219:amongst the people of the DRC. 4266: 4254:Société nationale d'électricité 3992:production. Diamonds come from 3769: 3654:Conseil Supérieur de la Défense 2620:needs additional citations for 2333:United Nations Security Council 2255:Continued conflicts (2008–2018) 2131:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1991:took over in quick succession. 1925:Shortly after independence the 1886:, of the Alliance des Bakongo ( 1846:, first democratically elected 1828:, first democratically elected 1242:. With the promulgation of the 17183:International Francophonie Day 14627:Colonial governors (1885–1960) 13771:Kabwe, Jason (15 March 2013). 13610:Site de miziki-ya-congo ! 13203:Yamusangie, Frederick (2003). 13070:"Democratic Republic of Congo" 13015:"Democratic Republic of Congo" 12522:"Street Children in D.R.Congo" 12137:. 10 July 2021. Archived from 9281:AfricaNews (9 February 2022). 7815:Johns, Michael (29 June 1989) 7529:"The Assassination of Lumumba" 6901:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113844 6844:Thom, William G. (Fall 1999). 6621:Gjelten, Tom (28 April 2007). 6439:. Scarecrow Press. p. i. 6108:International Rescue Committee 5973: 5854: 5736: 5719: 5504:Newspapers of the DRC include 4857:Demographic and Health Surveys 2689:The DRC is located in central 2576:the 2023 presidential election 1019:, and the seizure of power by 952:ruled around the mouth of the 482:Admitted to the United Nations 1: 16580:United States of Latin Africa 16274:Rural Economy and Agriculture 16051:Organisation of African Unity 12908:. World Health Organization. 12433:"Structured View of Dioceses" 12202:Lu, Marcus (31 August 2024). 11252:, BBC News. 16 November 2006. 10995:. Al Jazeera. 15 April 2010. 10865:. justice.gov. 17 April 2012. 10380:The Corruption Notebooks 2006 9068:Maclean, Ruth (1 June 2020). 9017:. Retrieved 20 November 2020. 8430:"Orphaned, Raped and Ignored" 7238:. Vol. 62, no. 10. 7232:"Belgium's Heart of Darkness" 7050:African Archaeological Review 6518:(1818). "Congo River, called 6295:Robyn Dixon (12 April 2018). 5980:Van Reybrouck, David (2015). 5773: 5607:Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba 5306:orchestra performing live at 5221:Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie 5207: 4889:. It is often referred to as 4887:Church of Christ in the Congo 4287: 4166:Trans-African Highway network 3712: 3230:legislature, consisting of a 3007:Biodiversity and conservation 2947:, industrial and gem-quality 2878:(Stanley Pool). Kinshasa and 2371:who claimed to represent the 1929:mutinied, and on 11 July the 1677:1908 photograph of a married 1271:adaptation of a Kikongo word 1167:Comité d'études du haut Congo 1027:. Mobutu renamed the country 16437:United States military bases 16433:United States Africa Command 14708:M23 offensive (2022–present) 14681:Second Congo War (1998–2003) 14656:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65) 14632:Congo Free State (1885–1908) 13704:Culture and Customs of Kenya 12484:Democratic Republic of Congo 12309:"Global Religious Landscape" 8741:Jason Burke (3 April 2018). 8673:BBC DR Congo country profile 8572:"The Nobel Peace Prize 2018" 8462:, VOA News, 21 January 2010. 7902:, Vol. XIX No. 2, Fall 1999. 7337:Philippe Brousmiche (2010). 7294:, Brussels: Editions Racine. 7230:Tim Stanley (October 2012). 7126:The East African slave trade 6771:Weigert, Stephen L. (2011). 6526:by the natives" John Purdy, 6268:Samir Tounsi (6 June 2018). 5601:, basketball, baseball, and 5468:Quartier Latin International 5098:Global Alliance for Vaccines 5090:General Hospital of Kinshasa 4997: 4734: 4679: 4136:on a newly refurbished line. 3956:Corruption Perceptions Index 3742:international asset recovery 3071:species, such as the common 2600: 2569:allegations of a coup d'état 2548:beginning on 19 April 2021. 2444:, violence increased in the 2106:, and Coquilhatville became 1864:Mouvement National Congolais 1513:Congo Free State (1877–1908) 1142: 1105:continued internal conflicts 1061:peaceful transition of power 1031:in 1971 and imposed a harsh 7: 16939:French Community of Belgium 16264:HR, Sciences and Technology 14823:Foreign policy under Mobutu 14540:Geographic data related to 14502:Central Intelligence Agency 14324:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, 14135:. New York: PublicAffairs. 13411:www.redbullmusicacademy.com 13312:(in French). Archived from 13229:"Rais Neza Boneza's Baraza" 12649:. USA today. Archived from 12641:Harris, Dan (21 May 2009). 11747:Yee, Amy (30 August 2017). 11297:. University of Innsbruck. 10993:"Rapes 'surge' in DR Congo" 8662:BBC Newshour, Feb. 15, 2018 7688:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 6976:Committee on Ways and Means 6850:Journal of Conflict Studies 6386:. James Currey Publishers. 5903:International Monetary Fund 5674: 5100:, a new vaccine to prevent 4846:Our Lady of Peace Cathedral 4816: 4010:International Monetary Fund 3609: 3079:(or pygmy chimpanzee), the 2369:Union of Congolese Patriots 2241:first multi-party elections 2216:, led by Congolese warlord 1874:. Lumumba became the first 1776:Belgian government in exile 1614:chief Mata-Buiké in c. 1888 1564:, mainly from Arab–Swahili 1275:("river"), a truncation of 1049:human rights in the country 493:• Democratic Republic 10: 17372: 16518:African Economic Community 16323:Peace and Security Council 16030:African and Malagasy Union 14666:State of Katanga (1960–63) 14349:, 2011 (also published as 14312:Africa: Dawn of a New Era, 13919:. Courrier International. 13917:Courrierinternational.com/ 13740:AfroConex (9 March 2023). 13471:"The Legendary Papa Wemba" 13019:www.roadsafetyfacility.org 12216:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 12016:"Africa Population (2022)" 11439:"Economic activity in DRC" 11021:Rape As torture in the DRC 10230:Ludwig, Arnold M. (2002). 9947:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018 9618:. April 2016. April 2016. 8606:PGW Global Risk Management 7186:Cambridge University Press 6817:. 2000. pp. 79, 645. 6682:"DR Congo country profile" 6234:10.18356/9789210019293c001 6211:Retrieved 9 December 2017. 5729:by its speakers – not the 5586: 5575: 5571: 5514:Radion Télévision Mwangaza 5497: 5241: 5235: 5180: 5176: 5069: 5063: 5001: 4820: 4738: 4491: 4454: 4416: 4276: 4270: 4241: 4235: 4117: 4111: 3965: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3791: 3785: 3716: 3698: 3613: 3511: 3314: 3290: 3280: 3200: 3067:, including many rare and 3024: 3010: 2678: 2258: 2148: 2021: 2007:Armée Nationale Congolaise 1805: 1784:Allied campaigns in Africa 1666: 1606:Congo Free State official 1526: 1516: 1372: 1346: 1342: 1146: 328:semi-presidential republic 31: 20: 17341:Central African countries 17326:Least developed countries 17237: 17216: 17165: 17139: 17119: 16993: 16957: 16932:National/regional members 16931: 16660: 16651: 16593: 16562: 16541: 16493: 16456: 16443:United States ambassadors 16403: 16394: 16374: 16321: 16295: 16259:Social Affairs and Health 16254:Infrastructure and Energy 16234: 16216: 16188: 16155: 16137: 16114: 16105: 16072: 16000: 15917: 15887: 15866: 15859: 15773: 15700: 15680: 15649: 15628: 15607: 15586: 15575: 15559: 15543: 15530: 15498: 15487: 15205: 15195:Countries and territories 15161: 15156:Links to related articles 15112: 15060: 14992: 14983: 14926: 14917: 14793: 14784: 14727: 14718: 14676:First Congo War (1996–98) 14607: 14160:St. Martin's Press, 2002. 13911:International, Courrier. 13079:. scalingupnutrition.org. 11954:The Sydney Morning Herald 11469:21 September 2013 at the 10364:23 September 2015 at the 10294:25 September 2022 at the 9698:10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.006 8503:"IHL and Sexual Violence" 7497:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges 7365:– via Google Books. 7304:Meredith, Martin (2005). 7292:Congo: Mythes et réalités 6781:. pp. PT122, PT157. 6541:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges 5582: 5387:dance movements from the 5167:World Health Organization 5059: 4934:The first members of the 4231: 4173:Tripoli–Cape Town Highway 4104:and habitat destruction. 3961: 3924:Central Bank of the Congo 3864:Female genital mutilation 3726:economic collapse in 1996 3707:Congolese National Police 3695:Law enforcement and crime 3101:southern white rhinoceros 2559:, and his bodyguard were 2438:Norwegian Refugee Council 2011:constitutional referendum 1963:resulted in the death of 1952:On 14 September, Colonel 1663:Belgian Congo (1908–1960) 1519:Colonisation of the Congo 1478:. To its west across the 1069:ongoing military conflict 1059:, in the country's first 980:. From 1885 to 1908, his 931:Cabinda exclave of Angola 879:11th-largest in the world 839: 827: 815: 805: 797: 773: 758: 728: 703: 688: 673: 659: 644: 629: 611: 601: 582: 575: 565: 551: 544: 540: 527: 514: 501: 491: 478: 461: 448: 435: 422: 418: 411: 396: 381: 371: 367: 352: 337: 333: 322: 307: 265: 232: 222: 178: 152: 125: 119: 110: 105: 71: 41: 16:Country in Central Africa 16728:Central African Republic 16218:African Court of Justice 16015:Decolonisation of Africa 15255:Central African Republic 14798:Administrative divisions 14287:; Mwakikagile, Godfrey, 13562:Trillo, Richard (2002). 12486:. Retrieved 25 May 2007. 12113:16 December 2021 at the 11441:. Research and Markets. 10963:"Rape in a lawless land" 10842:29 November 2014 at the 10643:26 December 2016 at the 10378:Werve, Jonathan (2006). 10334:New York Review of Books 9671:Vigilant, Linda (2004). 9497:. Reuters. 19 May 2024. 9445:(in French). 19 May 2024 9007:11 February 2020 at the 8894:10 February 2019 at the 8865:. BBC. 10 January 2019. 8527:22 December 2015 at the 7717:New York Review of Books 7422:16 December 2014 at the 7343:(in French). Harmattan. 6380:Anderson, David (2000). 5925:"GINI index coefficient" 5712: 5493: 5484:Wenge Musica Maison Mére 5379:rhythmic influence, and 5231: 5120:in DRC surpassed 1,000. 3824:U.S. Department of Labor 3277:Administrative divisions 3172:World Conservation Union 2699:Central African Republic 2102:, Elisabethville became 1892:Parti Solidaire Africain 1796:Auguste-Eduard Gilliaert 1545:Station and Port in 1884 1033:personalist dictatorship 895:Central African Republic 607:48/km (124.3/sq mi) 52:République démocratique 17188:Jeux de la Francophonie 16585:East African Federation 16575:United States of Africa 16313:African Investment Bank 14703:M23 rebellion (2012–13) 14644:Belgian Congo (1908–60) 14406:, Public Affairs, 2011. 13974:6 February 2013 at the 13805:Best Music Writing 2008 13413:. Paris, France. 2015. 12879:. IRIN. 28 April 2008. 12719:25 October 2011 at the 11248:2 December 2010 at the 10938:. IRIN. 1 August 2007. 10846:. brighamandwomens.org. 10714:"OHCHR | Africa Region" 8932:22 January 2019 at the 8701:Retrieved 9 March 2018. 8692:Al Jazeera News website 7804:Young & Turner 2013 7766:Young & Turner 2013 7754:Young & Turner 2013 7742:Young & Turner 2013 7290:Stengers, Jean (2005), 7131:6 December 2013 at the 7062:10.1023/A:1021659928822 6810:Worldmark Yearbook 2000 6777:(electronic ed.). 4941:Baháʼí House of Worship 4168:pass through DR Congo: 4036:Collecting firewood in 4026:Human Development Index 3778:A group of demobilized 3197:Government and politics 3081:African forest elephant 2398:400,000 women are raped 2293:Government troops near 2237:transitional government 2178:and the ascension of a 2170:By 1996, following the 2041:opposition to communism 1977:assistance of UN forces 1872:parliamentary elections 1375:Early Congolese history 1287:seems to have replaced 1244:Luluabourg Constitution 1093:least developed country 1089:Human Development Index 223:Official languages 17178:UN French Language Day 17011:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16296:Financial institutions 16287:Cross-Cutting Programs 16190:Pan-African Parliament 14661:Congo Crisis (1960–65) 14622:Colonization (1867–85) 14564:. Stanford University. 14275:Mwakikagile, Godfrey, 14172:15 August 2011 at the 12438:Catholic-Hierarchy.org 11573:, South Africa, 2013, 11212:. Theotcinvestor.com. 11159:. Thefreelibrary.com. 10777:. BBC. 28 April 2010. 9642:"Gorillas on Thin Ice" 7613:Abbott, Peter (2014). 7173:Fage, John D. (1982). 6012:(Report). p. 26. 5746: 5654:African Cup of Nations 5620:and football players. 5506: 5416: 5310: 5217:national consciousness 5196: 5081: 5013: 4931: 4852: 4838: 4750: 4689: 4340: 4297: 4149: 4137: 4069:Katanga Mining Limited 4041: 4029: 3977: 3952:nominal GDP per capita 3919: 3849:Violence against women 3783: 3738:statute of limitations 3625: 3531: 3320: 3215: 3125:Okapi Wildlife Reserve 3121:Virunga National Parks 3060: 3044: 2905: 2839: 2795: 2725:, to the southwest by 2701:, to the northeast by 2697:, to the north by the 2676: 2668: 2544:in March 2020, with a 2530:major measles outbreak 2514:Ebola outbreak in Kivu 2503:On 30 December 2018 a 2500: 2409:for his effort to end 2385:Lord's Resistance Army 2302: 2286: 2251: 2167: 2094: 2089:Mobutu with the Dutch 2036: 2000:Operation Dragon Rouge 1961:plane crash near Ndola 1859: 1836: 1782:again participated in 1755:after heavy fighting. 1706: 1682: 1651:at Boma in the Congo, 1615: 1546: 1392: 1129: 1013:secessionist movements 51: 16888:São Tomé and Príncipe 16748:Republic of the Congo 16336:African Standby Force 16308:African Monetary Fund 15941:Common Monetary Area 15416:São Tomé and Príncipe 15275:Republic of the Congo 14512:UCB Libraries GovPubs 14301:Congo in The Sixties, 13999:. 12 September 2021. 11900:, Population Division 11871:, Population Division 11527:on 30 September 2011. 11268:17 March 2008 at the 11237:is a major source of 10861:14 April 2014 at the 10702:on 25 September 2007. 10458:The Africa Report.com 10314:27 March 2024 at the 10113:. 28 September 2021. 8778:. AFP. Archived from 8406:. 25 September 2008. 7180:18 March 2015 at the 7157:19 March 2012 at the 6716:. 15 September 2017. 5667:that competed at the 5656:football tournament. 5587:Further information: 5560:, a web-based daily. 5411: 5331:Antoine Wendo Kolosoy 5298: 5242:Further information: 5190: 5079: 5011: 4988:enfants dits sorciers 4928:Roman Catholic Church 4926: 4891:the Protestant Church 4844: 4830: 4748: 4687: 4338: 4295: 4277:Further information: 4242:Further information: 4183:Lagos–Mombasa Highway 4147: 4127: 4118:Further information: 4094:lithium-ion batteries 4035: 4023: 3975: 3917: 3872:UN Special Rapporteur 3792:Further information: 3777: 3623: 3582:In the 21st century, 3521: 3500:Haut-Katanga Province 3319: 3291:Further information: 3210: 3191:Congolian rainforests 3129:Megadiverse countries 3053:Congolian rainforests 3050: 3041:Virunga National Park 3034: 3025:Further information: 2896: 2837: 2791: 2695:Republic of the Congo 2674: 2666: 2486:Republic of the Congo 2479: 2389:Garamba National Park 2363:occurred between the 2349:Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga 2292: 2276: 2250:Refugees in the Congo 2249: 2195:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 2162: 2088: 2031: 1989:Moise Kapenda Tshombe 1842: 1819: 1741:East African campaign 1699: 1676: 1605: 1568:such as the infamous 1558:Leopold II of Belgium 1540: 1458:. South of these was 1386: 1305:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 1240:Republic of the Congo 1171:Leopold II of Belgium 1147:Further information: 1057:2018 general election 1053:forced disappearances 990:widespread atrocities 974:Leopold II of Belgium 891:Republic of the Congo 567:• Water (%) 23:Republic of the Congo 16985:United Arab Emirates 16303:African Central Bank 14226:HarperCollins, 1998. 14223:The Poisonwood Bible 14206:, 2008. (In German) 13335:Ossinondé, Clément. 13075:2 April 2015 at the 12586:Congo Children Trust 12526:Congo Children Trust 12413:on 24 September 2015 11920:"Zaire – Population" 11839:Open Data for Africa 11701:on 21 September 2013 11401:on 25 November 2009. 11333:. 18 December 2023. 11026:22 July 2014 at the 10626:on 17 February 2008. 10490:. 24 November 2021. 10307:The New York Times, 10143:. 28 November 2021. 9758:. 11 November 2022. 9351:. 25 December 2023. 9319:. 13 February 2022. 9011:(21 November 2019). 8913:5 March 2019 at the 8697:9 March 2018 at the 8678:29 July 2018 at the 8667:5 March 2018 at the 8638:. 27 November 2016. 8458:2 April 2015 at the 8435:25 June 2017 at the 8199:. 20 November 2012. 7210:King Leopold's Ghost 6936:University of Denver 6582:Yusuf, A.A. (1998). 6484:Ghislain C. Kabwit, 5157:World Food Programme 5102:pneumococcal disease 4976:Congo Children Trust 4972:Congo Children Trust 4867:estimate, while the 4189:Beira–Lobito Highway 3948:food-price inflation 3891:Freedom from Torture 3588:treatment of Uyghurs 3536:developing countries 3526:with U.S. President 3260:Constitutional Court 3105:World Heritage Sites 2982:On 17 January 2002, 2629:improve this article 2546:vaccination campaign 2489:Denis Sassou Nguesso 2465:Makotimpoko District 2353:Mai Mai Kata Katanga 2163:Belligerents of the 2057:political repression 1856:Katangan separatists 1794:under Major-General 1589:Conference of Berlin 1554:Henry Morton Stanley 1113:Non-Aligned Movement 1091:and is classed as a 935:South Atlantic Ocean 857:, also known as the 584:• 2024 estimate 531:Current constitution 134:("Arise, Congolese") 43:Democratic Republic 34:DRC (disambiguation) 17356:Countries in Africa 17278: / 17224:Francophone economy 15888:Secretaries-General 15672:Plazas de soberanía 15576:African territories 15516:unclear sovereignty 15501:States with limited 14338:O'Hanlon, Redmond, 14331:O'Hanlon, Redmond, 14218:Kingsolver, Barbara 13957:Stanford University 13612:(in French). 2018. 13231:. 17 October 2018. 12966:The Washington Post 12857:on 16 February 2015 12478:Sources quoted are 12094:25 May 2013 at the 11926:. 8 November 2004. 11606:on 22 November 2018 10749:The Washington Post 10460:. 7 December 2021. 10330:"Rape of the Congo" 10083:. 27 October 2021. 9938:2019ERSS...49...36O 9889:. 10 January 2015. 9689:2004CBio...14.R369V 9528:pamojasolutions.org 9232:on 28 December 2021 9191:on 28 December 2021 8951:Journal du Cameroun 8843:on 14 February 2019 8782:on 14 February 2019 8718:. 4 December 2017. 8315:. 5 November 2013. 8229:. 17 October 2012. 8169:. 1 December 2012. 8116:on 30 November 2012 8010:. 19 January 2001. 7713:"Rape of the Congo" 7560:. 21 January 2011. 7382:The Washington Post 6893:2019ApEn..25513844B 6383:Africa's Urban Past 6207:31 May 2018 at the 5611:1974 FIFA World Cup 5446:In the late 1980s, 5260:music in Congo was 5039:As a result of the 4986:(child witches) or 4916:. The majority are 4914:Pew Research Center 4865:Pew Research Center 4148:Map of rail network 4080:Later in 2013, the 4057:such as coltan and 3598:by his predecessor 3540:developed countries 3458:Tanganyika Province 3382:Mai-Ndombe Province 3224:democratic republic 2914:African Great Lakes 2749:. It straddles the 2495:due to the ongoing 2491:in 2020; both wear 2461:Mai-Ndombe Province 2269:2018 Yumbi violence 2093:in Kinshasa in 1973 2061:cult of personality 2045:single-party system 1947:invaded South Kasai 1931:province of Katanga 1778:in London, and the 1718:tribunaux indigènes 1550:Belgian exploration 1405:giant river catfish 1387:Arab slave raid on 992:. In 1908, Leopold 883:Francophone country 203: / 17229:Senghor University 17026:Dominican Republic 16554:African Border Day 16269:Trade and Industry 16244:Peace and Security 16236:ECOSOCC Committees 16170:Deputy Chairperson 15580:non-African states 14961:Telecommunications 14808:Court of Cassation 14772:Former place names 14556:Karen Fung (ed.). 14497:The World Factbook 14371:Reyntjens, Filip, 14156:Edgerton, Robert, 14124:, Zed Books, 2013. 14120:Deibert, Michael: 13316:on 28 October 2023 13096:. 12 August 2020. 12825:The New York Times 12653:on 4 November 2012 12480:The World Factbook 12141:on 23 October 2022 12119:Éditions Gallimard 12020:populationstat.com 11985:The World Factbook 11753:The New York Times 11664:. 1 February 2023. 11600:Bernstein Research 11495:The New York Times 10663:. United Nations. 10578:on 12 August 2006. 10318:29 September 1988. 9469:The Indian Express 9216:The New York Times 9175:The New York Times 9076:The New York Times 9035:The New York Times 8508:4 May 2011 at the 8478:The New York Times 8441:The New York Times 8345:. 11 August 2013. 7445:www.heinonline.org 7441:"- HeinOnline.org" 7308:The Fate of Africa 6779:Palgrave Macmillan 6661:Human Rights Watch 5836:The World Factbook 5417: 5351:Tabu Ley Rochereau 5317:bands transformed 5311: 5197: 5138:maternal mortality 5088:(DRC) include the 5082: 5014: 4932: 4869:CIA World Factbook 4853: 4839: 4751: 4695:Great Lakes Region 4690: 4341: 4302:CIA World Factbook 4298: 4150: 4138: 4042: 4030: 4028:scores, 1970–2010. 3978: 3934:(OHADA), in 2009. 3920: 3784: 3740:had run out on an 3632:, consists of the 3626: 3584:Chinese investment 3532: 3321: 3216: 3061: 3045: 2906: 2840: 2796: 2783:Rwenzori Mountains 2691:sub-Saharan Africa 2677: 2669: 2553:Italian ambassador 2501: 2393:The New York Times 2303: 2287: 2281:and rebel groups, 2252: 2233:Ange-Félix Patassé 2168: 2095: 2037: 1860: 1852:Congo-Léopoldville 1837: 1834:Congo-Léopoldville 1737:German East Africa 1707: 1683: 1616: 1577:front organization 1547: 1393: 1101:various civil wars 869:, is a country in 669:2024 estimate 625:2024 estimate 283:traditional faiths 171:Show map of Africa 17261: 17260: 17255: 17254: 17135: 17134: 17120:Suspended members 16958:Associate members 16768:Equatorial Guinea 16611: 16610: 16489: 16488: 16413:Foreign relations 16390: 16389: 16341:Panel of the Wise 16249:Political Affairs 16119:Executive Council 16062:Secretary General 16040:Sirte Declaration 15960: 15959: 15913: 15912: 15879:Kgalema Motlanthe 15732: 15731: 15696: 15695: 15571: 15570: 15291:Equatorial Guinea 15148: 15147: 15108: 15107: 15027:Human trafficking 14979: 14978: 14913: 14912: 14881:Political parties 14874:National Assembly 14818:Foreign relations 14780: 14779: 14478:Official website. 14409:Tayler, Jeffrey, 14395:978-3-8258-0425-1 14385:Schulz, Manfred. 14366:978-1-84277-485-4 14345:Prunier, Gérard, 14297:978-0-9802534-2-9 14285:978-0-9802534-1-2 14270:978-3-8383-4027-2 14212:978-3-17-020781-3 14204:Kohlhammer Verlag 14195:, Atlantic, 2008. 14142:978-1-58648-405-7 14071:978-0-299-10113-8 13993:Damas Sikubwabo ( 13854:978-1-316-59470-4 13815:978-0-7867-2612-7 13714:978-0-313-03936-2 13675:979-8-216-06991-1 13575:978-1-85828-859-8 13192:. 15 August 2014. 12782:ICF International 12685:. pp. 41–3. 12674:ICF International 12582:"About the trust" 12507:978-90-5544-554-7 12441:. David M. Cheney 12250:978-2-09-882654-0 12176:978-2-09-882654-0 12062:978-92-9068-567-8 11811:. 18 April 2022. 11479:, 20 August 2013. 11081:on 26 August 2016 10886:on 19 August 2014 10287:Washington Post, 10274:978-0-19-829739-0 10249:978-0-8131-2233-5 10204:978-1-4552-2241-4 9990:Stars and Stripes 9683:(10): R369–R371. 9258:. 22 April 2021. 9116:. 10 April 2021. 8612:on 3 October 2017 8139:. allafrica.com. 8083:978-0-19-753035-1 7947:www.spokesman.com 7894:Thom, William G. 7756:, pp. 61–62. 7680:Payanzo, Ntsomo. 7666:978-0-87073-901-9 7626:978-1-78200-076-1 7514:978-1-84277-053-5 7350:978-2-296-13069-2 7106:978-1-107-56593-7 6991:978-1-4289-5014-6 6945:978-0-943804-92-7 6690:. 14 April 2023. 6595:978-90-411-1055-8 6556:978-91-7106-538-4 6499:Le Congo Kinshasa 6446:978-0-8108-6325-5 6393:978-0-85255-761-7 6366:978-1-4422-7316-0 6339:978-3-643-13473-8 6301:Los Angeles Times 6243:978-92-1-001929-3 5957:. 19 March 2024. 5650:Dieumerci Mbokani 5578:Congolese cuisine 5375:, reflecting the 5270:Kingdom of Loango 5213:Congolese authors 5126:According to the 5045:Second Congo Wars 4758:official language 4676: 4675: 4405:live in the DRC. 4098:electric vehicles 4090:AllianceBernstein 4055:conflict minerals 3875:GuardianFilms of 3841:same-sex marriage 3568:chemical industry 3508:Foreign relations 3505: 3504: 3236:National Assembly 3193:increased by 5%. 3001:Mount Nyamuragira 2884:Livingstone Falls 2856:East African Rift 2763:Amazon rainforest 2741:, and longitudes 2705:, to the east by 2661: 2660: 2653: 2583:Christian Malanga 2538:COVID-19 pandemic 2497:COVID-19 pandemic 2423:Raymond Tshibanda 2407:Nobel Peace Prize 2327:In the resulting 2322:March 23 Movement 2218:Jean-Pierre Bemba 2172:Rwandan Civil War 2127:George H. W. Bush 2112:Republic of Zaire 1912:Republic of Congo 1764:League of Nations 1638:sleeping sickness 1608:Camille Coquilhat 1238:, officially the 1229:Republic of Zaire 1188:inhabitants, the 1173:in 1876, and the 1076:natural resources 982:colonial military 851: 850: 722:medium inequality 690:• Per capita 646:• Per capita 640:$ 160.197 billion 593:109,717,326 ( 505:Republic of Zaire 487:20 September 1960 406:National Assembly 145: 17363: 17293: 17292: 17290: 17289: 17288: 17283: 17279: 17276: 17275: 17274: 17271: 17245: 17244: 16658: 16657: 16638: 16631: 16624: 16615: 16614: 16601: 16600: 16513:Development Bank 16401: 16400: 16283:Women and Gender 16279:Economic Affairs 16208:Gallagher Estate 16112: 16111: 16020:Casablanca Group 15987: 15980: 15973: 15964: 15963: 15952: 15944: 15936: 15928: 15864: 15863: 15759: 15752: 15745: 15736: 15735: 15720: 15708: 15707: 15584: 15583: 15541: 15540: 15493: 15287:(partly in Asia) 15207:Sovereign states 15188: 15181: 15174: 15165: 15164: 15152: 15151: 15128: 15121: 14990: 14989: 14951:Franc (currency) 14924: 14923: 14791: 14790: 14725: 14724: 14593: 14586: 14579: 14570: 14569: 14565: 14539: 14538: 14529: 14528: 14453: 14452: 14433:Wrong, Michela, 14416:Turner, Thomas, 14411:Facing the Congo 14400:Stearns, Jason: 14193:The Rebels' Hour 14151:The Wild Highway 14146: 14098:Clark, John F., 14087: 14085: 14083: 14045: 14044: 14042: 14040: 14031:. 22 June 2021. 14019: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14008: 13985: 13979: 13966: 13960: 13939: 13933: 13932: 13930: 13928: 13908: 13902: 13901: 13899: 13897: 13886:BBC News Afrique 13877: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13866: 13838: 13832: 13831: 13829: 13827: 13799: 13793: 13792: 13790: 13788: 13773:"Ndombolo Craze" 13768: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13757: 13737: 13731: 13730: 13728: 13726: 13698: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13687: 13659: 13653: 13652: 13650: 13648: 13641:Cameroon Tribune 13632: 13626: 13625: 13623: 13621: 13602: 13596: 13595: 13586: 13580: 13579: 13559: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13548: 13528: 13522: 13521: 13519: 13517: 13497: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13486: 13475:Guyana Chronicle 13467: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13456: 13433: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13422: 13403: 13397: 13396: 13394: 13392: 13372: 13355: 13354: 13352: 13350: 13332: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13321: 13301: 13295: 13294: 13292: 13290: 13274: 13268: 13267: 13265: 13263: 13243: 13237: 13236: 13225: 13219: 13218: 13200: 13194: 13193: 13180: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13149: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13119: 13110: 13109: 13107: 13105: 13086: 13080: 13067: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13056: 13051:on 18 April 2015 13041: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13030: 13011: 13005: 13004: 13002: 13000: 12981: 12975: 12974: 12969:. Archived from 12957: 12951: 12950: 12948: 12946: 12931: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12920: 12914: 12907: 12899: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12888: 12873: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12862: 12847: 12841: 12840: 12838: 12836: 12816: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12805: 12799: 12792: 12777: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12750: 12744: 12730: 12724: 12712: 12708: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12697: 12691: 12684: 12669: 12663: 12662: 12660: 12658: 12638: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12627: 12608: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12578: 12572: 12571: 12569: 12567: 12548: 12542: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12493: 12487: 12473: 12467: 12457: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12446: 12429: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12412: 12406:. Archived from 12405: 12397: 12391: 12390: 12388: 12386: 12380: 12369: 12361: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12305: 12299: 12298: 12296: 12294: 12288: 12281: 12273: 12267: 12266: 12264: 12262: 12253:. Archived from 12231: 12222: 12221: 12215: 12207: 12199: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12179:. Archived from 12157: 12151: 12150: 12148: 12146: 12131: 12125: 12105: 12099: 12085: 12079: 12078: 12076: 12074: 12047: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12012: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12001: 11976: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11946: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11916: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11905: 11895: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11861: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11805: 11799: 11798: 11796: 11794: 11775: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11764: 11744: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11720:Vandiver, John. 11717: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11706: 11700: 11693: 11684: 11678: 11672: 11666: 11665: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11592: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11561: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11550: 11535: 11529: 11528: 11523:. Archived from 11517: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11486: 11480: 11461: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11450: 11435: 11429: 11428: 11426: 11424: 11409: 11403: 11402: 11395:societecivile.cd 11387: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11361: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11350: 11323: 11314: 11313: 11311: 11309: 11303: 11292: 11283: 11277: 11259: 11253: 11232: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11221: 11205: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11194: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11127: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11097: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11086: 11077:. Archived from 11067: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11047:. 15 June 2015. 11037: 11031: 11018: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11004: 10989: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10958: 10952: 10951: 10949: 10947: 10932: 10926: 10925: 10919: 10917: 10902: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10872: 10866: 10853: 10847: 10834: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10817: 10806: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10771: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10740: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10710: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10694: 10686: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10675: 10669: 10662: 10654: 10648: 10634: 10628: 10627: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10586: 10580: 10579: 10574:. Archived from 10568: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10538: 10532: 10531: 10510: 10504: 10503: 10501: 10499: 10480: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10450: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10430:. 20 June 2020. 10420: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10390: 10384: 10383: 10375: 10369: 10356: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10325: 10319: 10305: 10299: 10285: 10279: 10278: 10260: 10254: 10253: 10237: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10189: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10103: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10080:The Conversation 10071: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10051:. 15 July 2019. 10039: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10015:Vandiver, John. 10012: 10006: 10005: 10003: 10001: 9984:Vandiver, John. 9981: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9964: 9949: 9923: 9914: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9868: 9849: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9789: 9783: 9778: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9700: 9668: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9606: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9550: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9360: 9339: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9256:The East African 9248: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9231: 9226:. Archived from 9207: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9190: 9185:. Archived from 9166: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9073: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9032: 9024: 9018: 8999: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8957:on 17 April 2020 8943: 8937: 8924: 8918: 8905: 8899: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8708: 8702: 8688: 8682: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8628: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8542: 8536: 8519: 8513: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8469: 8463: 8449: 8443: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8059: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7909: 7903: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7845: 7834: 7826: 7820: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7653:Kanza, Thomas R. 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7590:. 23 June 2010. 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7506: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7437: 7431: 7417:Jungle Shipwreck 7413: 7407: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7311: 7301: 7295: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7227: 7221: 7205:Hochschild, Adam 7202: 7196: 7171: 7162: 7147:Keyes, Michael. 7145: 7136: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7019: 7013: 7010: 7005: 7003: 6964: 6959: 6957: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6741: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6537: 6531: 6508: 6502: 6495: 6489: 6482: 6476: 6471:Forbath, Peter. 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6430: 6419: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6218: 6212: 6202:BBC News website 6198: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6172:Associated Press 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6136: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6116: 6105: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6011: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5927:. CIA Factbook. 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5891: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5827: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5784: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5755: 5749: 5740: 5734: 5723: 5691: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5665:beach volleyball 5634:Jonathan Kuminga 5630:Christian Eyenga 5540: 5527: 5511: 5355:Papa Noel Nedule 5284:, a bottle as a 5226:Rais Neza Boneza 5128:World Bank Group 5094:infant mortality 4984:enfants sorciers 4964:ancestor worship 4943:in the country. 4706:informal economy 4506: 4496: 4469: 4459: 4426: 4414: 4413: 4096:that power many 4046:artisanal mining 3998:Katanga Province 3631: 3592:Félix Tshisekedi 3486:Lualaba Province 3312: 3311: 3156:Gorilla beringei 3085:mountain gorilla 3037:mountain gorilla 2984:Mount Nyiragongo 2951:, gold, silver, 2886:, and runs past 2800:tropical climate 2793:Ituri Rainforest 2759:Congo rainforest 2656: 2649: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2613: 2605: 2591:Félix Tshisekedi 2509:Félix Tshisekedi 2505:general election 2482:Félix Tshisekedi 2405:was awarded the 2186:militia forces ( 2165:Second Congo War 2155:Second Congo War 2129:. Following the 2033:Mobutu Sese Seko 1965:Dag Hammarskjöld 1880:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 1826:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 1593:Congo Free State 1523:Congo Free State 1499:Kingdom of Kongo 1379:Kingdom of Kongo 1309:Congo (Kinshasa) 1252:Mobutu Sese Seko 1217:Congo Free State 1182:Kingdom of Kongo 1134: 1065:Félix Tshisekedi 1041:Second Congo War 1025:1965 coup d'état 1021:Mobutu Sese Seko 978:Congo Free State 964:and kingdoms of 950:Kingdom of Kongo 940:Centered on the 784: 783: 749: 748: 742: 741: 735: 724: 723: 717: 716: 710: 698: 697: 684:$ 73.761 billion 683: 682: 666: 654: 653: 639: 638: 622: 592: 591: 536:18 February 2006 457:15 November 1908 439:Congo Free State 431:17 November 1879 347:Félix Tshisekedi 317: 235: 218: 217: 215: 214: 213: 208: 207:4.317°S 15.317°E 204: 201: 200: 199: 196: 181:and largest city 172: 169: 162: 159: 147: 146: 132: 131: 128:Debout Congolais 113: 112: 93: 79: 66: 65: 57: 55: 46: 39: 38: 17371: 17370: 17366: 17365: 17364: 17362: 17361: 17360: 17296: 17295: 17286: 17284: 17280: 17277: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17265: 17264: 17262: 17257: 17256: 17251: 17233: 17212: 17173:French language 17161: 17131: 17115: 16989: 16953: 16927: 16823:North Macedonia 16647: 16642: 16612: 16607: 16589: 16558: 16537: 16485: 16452: 16386: 16370: 16317: 16291: 16230: 16212: 16184: 16151: 16133: 16101: 16068: 15996: 15991: 15961: 15956: 15950: 15942: 15934: 15926: 15909: 15883: 15855: 15769: 15763: 15733: 15728: 15692: 15676: 15645: 15624: 15620:Pelagie Islands 15603: 15579: 15577: 15567: 15555: 15537: 15534: 15526: 15505: 15502: 15494: 15485: 15201: 15192: 15157: 15149: 15144: 15131: 15124: 15117: 15104: 15100:Public holidays 15056: 14975: 14909: 14847:Law enforcement 14776: 14714: 14671:Zaire (1965–97) 14603: 14597: 14555: 14536: 14526: 14483:Country Profile 14474: 14473: 14472: 14454: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14378:Rorison, Sean, 14174:Wayback Machine 14143: 14127: 14094: 14092:Further reading 14081: 14079: 14072: 14049: 14048: 14038: 14036: 14021: 14020: 14016: 14006: 14004: 13987: 13986: 13982: 13976:Wayback Machine 13967: 13963: 13940: 13936: 13926: 13924: 13909: 13905: 13895: 13893: 13878: 13874: 13864: 13862: 13855: 13839: 13835: 13825: 13823: 13816: 13800: 13796: 13786: 13784: 13769: 13765: 13755: 13753: 13738: 13734: 13724: 13722: 13715: 13699: 13695: 13685: 13683: 13676: 13660: 13656: 13646: 13644: 13633: 13629: 13619: 13617: 13604: 13603: 13599: 13591:Ethnomusicology 13588: 13587: 13583: 13576: 13560: 13556: 13546: 13544: 13529: 13525: 13515: 13513: 13498: 13494: 13484: 13482: 13469: 13468: 13464: 13454: 13452: 13434: 13430: 13420: 13418: 13405: 13404: 13400: 13390: 13388: 13381:Music in Africa 13373: 13358: 13348: 13346: 13333: 13329: 13319: 13317: 13302: 13298: 13288: 13286: 13275: 13271: 13261: 13259: 13252:Music In Africa 13244: 13240: 13227: 13226: 13222: 13215: 13201: 13197: 13182: 13181: 13177: 13167: 13165: 13150: 13146: 13136: 13134: 13121: 13120: 13113: 13103: 13101: 13088: 13087: 13083: 13077:Wayback Machine 13068: 13064: 13054: 13052: 13043: 13042: 13038: 13028: 13026: 13013: 13012: 13008: 12998: 12996: 12983: 12982: 12978: 12959: 12958: 12954: 12944: 12942: 12933: 12932: 12928: 12918: 12916: 12912: 12905: 12901: 12900: 12896: 12886: 12884: 12875: 12874: 12870: 12860: 12858: 12849: 12848: 12844: 12834: 12832: 12817: 12813: 12803: 12801: 12797: 12793:. p. XXV. 12790: 12778: 12774: 12764: 12762: 12751: 12747: 12731: 12727: 12721:Wayback Machine 12710: 12709: 12705: 12695: 12693: 12689: 12682: 12670: 12666: 12656: 12654: 12639: 12635: 12625: 12623: 12610: 12609: 12605: 12595: 12593: 12580: 12579: 12575: 12565: 12563: 12550: 12549: 12545: 12535: 12533: 12520: 12519: 12515: 12508: 12494: 12490: 12474: 12470: 12458: 12454: 12444: 12442: 12431: 12430: 12426: 12416: 12414: 12410: 12403: 12399: 12398: 12394: 12384: 12382: 12378: 12367: 12363: 12362: 12358: 12348: 12346: 12333: 12332: 12328: 12318: 12316: 12307: 12306: 12302: 12292: 12290: 12286: 12279: 12275: 12274: 12270: 12260: 12258: 12251: 12232: 12225: 12209: 12208: 12200: 12196: 12186: 12184: 12177: 12158: 12154: 12144: 12142: 12133: 12132: 12128: 12115:Wayback Machine 12106: 12102: 12096:Wayback Machine 12086: 12082: 12072: 12070: 12063: 12049: 12048: 12039: 12029: 12027: 12014: 12013: 12009: 11999: 11997: 11978: 11977: 11973: 11963: 11961: 11956:. 23 May 2003. 11948: 11947: 11943: 11933: 11931: 11918: 11917: 11913: 11903: 11901: 11893: 11889: 11888: 11884: 11874: 11872: 11863: 11862: 11858: 11848: 11846: 11833: 11832: 11828: 11818: 11816: 11807: 11806: 11802: 11792: 11790: 11777: 11776: 11772: 11762: 11760: 11745: 11741: 11731: 11729: 11724:. 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Stripes.com. 10013: 10009: 9999: 9997: 9982: 9978: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9921: 9915: 9906: 9896: 9894: 9881: 9880: 9876: 9866: 9864: 9853:"Member States" 9851: 9850: 9846: 9836: 9834: 9821: 9820: 9816: 9806: 9804: 9797:ConstitutionNet 9791: 9790: 9786: 9779: 9775: 9765: 9763: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9735: 9733: 9718: 9714: 9677:Current Biology 9669: 9665: 9655: 9653: 9640: 9639: 9635: 9625: 9623: 9608: 9607: 9603: 9593: 9591: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9567: 9565: 9558:Volcanolive.com 9552: 9551: 9547: 9537: 9535: 9522: 9521: 9517: 9507: 9505: 9489: 9488: 9484: 9474: 9472: 9463: 9462: 9458: 9448: 9446: 9437: 9436: 9432: 9422: 9420: 9411: 9410: 9406: 9396: 9394: 9373: 9372: 9368: 9358: 9356: 9341: 9340: 9336: 9326: 9324: 9311: 9310: 9306: 9296: 9294: 9279: 9275: 9265: 9263: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9235: 9233: 9208: 9204: 9194: 9192: 9167: 9163: 9153: 9151: 9146:. 10 May 2021. 9138: 9137: 9133: 9123: 9121: 9108: 9107: 9103: 9093: 9091: 9066: 9062: 9052: 9050: 9025: 9021: 9009:Wayback Machine 9000: 8996: 8986: 8984: 8975: 8974: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8945: 8944: 8940: 8934:Wayback Machine 8925: 8921: 8915:Wayback Machine 8906: 8902: 8896:Wayback Machine 8886: 8882: 8872: 8870: 8861: 8860: 8856: 8846: 8844: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8816: 8814: 8799: 8795: 8785: 8783: 8772: 8768: 8758: 8756: 8748:TheGuardian.com 8739: 8735: 8725: 8723: 8710: 8709: 8705: 8699:Wayback Machine 8689: 8685: 8680:Wayback Machine 8669:Wayback Machine 8659: 8655: 8645: 8643: 8636:modernghana.com 8630: 8629: 8625: 8615: 8613: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8585: 8583: 8570: 8569: 8565: 8555: 8553: 8544: 8543: 8539: 8533:The Independent 8529:Wayback Machine 8520: 8516: 8510:Wayback Machine 8501: 8497: 8487: 8485: 8470: 8466: 8460:Wayback Machine 8450: 8446: 8437:Wayback Machine 8427: 8423: 8413: 8411: 8398: 8397: 8393: 8383: 8381: 8366: 8362: 8352: 8350: 8337: 8336: 8332: 8322: 8320: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8292: 8290: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8266: 8264: 8259:. 4 June 2012. 8251: 8250: 8246: 8236: 8234: 8221: 8220: 8216: 8206: 8204: 8191: 8190: 8186: 8176: 8174: 8161: 8160: 8156: 8146: 8144: 8133: 8129: 8119: 8117: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8084: 8060: 8053: 8043: 8041: 8032: 8031: 8027: 8017: 8015: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7987: 7985: 7970: 7966: 7956: 7954: 7941: 7940: 7936: 7926: 7924: 7917:edition.cnn.com 7911: 7910: 7906: 7893: 7889: 7879: 7877: 7870:edition.cnn.com 7864: 7863: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7823: 7814: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7777: 7776: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7709: 7705: 7695: 7693: 7678: 7674: 7667: 7650: 7646: 7636: 7634: 7627: 7611: 7607: 7597: 7595: 7588:The Independent 7582: 7581: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7552: 7551: 7547: 7537: 7535: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7515: 7494: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7439: 7438: 7434: 7430:, 25 July 1960. 7424:Wayback Machine 7414: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7391: 7389: 7374: 7370: 7360: 7358: 7351: 7335: 7331: 7324: 7302: 7298: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7260: 7259: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7228: 7224: 7203: 7199: 7182:Wayback Machine 7172: 7165: 7161:September 2004. 7159:Wayback Machine 7146: 7139: 7133:Wayback Machine 7124: 7120: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7089: 7085: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7030: 7029:on 2 March 2015 7021: 7020: 7016: 7001: 6999: 6992: 6955: 6953: 6946: 6918: 6916: 6863: 6861: 6834: 6832: 6825: 6813:. Vol. 1. 6807: 6798: 6796: 6789: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6743: 6742: 6735: 6723: 6721: 6706: 6697: 6695: 6680: 6671: 6669: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6638: 6636: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6596: 6580: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6557: 6538: 6534: 6530:, 1822, p. 112. 6509: 6505: 6496: 6492: 6483: 6479: 6473:The River Congo 6470: 6466: 6456: 6454: 6447: 6431: 6422: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6394: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6324: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6266: 6262: 6253: 6251: 6244: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6209:Wayback Machine 6199: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6163: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6138: 6137: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6067: 6063: 6053: 6051: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5905:. 10 April 2024 5893: 5892: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5828: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5794:. 2 June 2022. 5786: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5741: 5737: 5727:Kikongo ya leta 5724: 5720: 5715: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5646:Yannick Bolasie 5638:Emmanuel Mudiay 5626:Bismack Biyombo 5622:Dikembe Mutombo 5595: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5534: 5521: 5502: 5496: 5478:, Exra Musica, 5323:Congolese rumba 5258:partnered dance 5254: 5244:Congolese rumba 5240: 5234: 5210: 5185: 5179: 5171:life expectancy 5134:Maternal health 5074: 5068: 5062: 5006: 5000: 4825: 4819: 4743: 4737: 4682: 4677: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4470: 4464: 4460: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4411: 4310: 4290: 4285: 4275: 4269: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4050:informal sector 3970: 3964: 3928:Congolese franc 3912: 3906: 3900: 3808: 3790: 3772: 3734:Adam Hochschild 3721: 3715: 3703: 3697: 3664:in the eastern 3618: 3612: 3560:magnetic alloys 3554:, used to make 3516: 3510: 3438:Lomami Province 3295: 3289: 3281:Main articles: 3279: 3205: 3199: 3164:Gorilla gorilla 3160:western gorilla 3152:eastern gorilla 3146:), the bonobo ( 3144:Pan troglodytes 3035:The endangered 3029: 3023: 3011:Main articles: 3009: 2930:Lake Tanganyika 2860:Lake Tanganyika 2687: 2679:Main articles: 2657: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2626: 2614: 2603: 2542:reached the DRC 2474: 2335:authorized the 2271: 2259:Main articles: 2257: 2197:, becoming the 2157: 2151:First Congo War 2149:Main articles: 2147: 2091:Prince Bernhard 2026: 2020: 1900:Laurent Mbariko 1896:Antoine Gizenga 1868:Patrice Lumumba 1844:Patrice Lumumba 1814: 1806:Main articles: 1804: 1753:Charles Tombeur 1711:Théophile Wahis 1671: 1665: 1657:Casement Report 1535: 1525: 1517:Main articles: 1515: 1450:, and possibly 1428:Bantu expansion 1397:Semliki harpoon 1381: 1373:Main articles: 1371: 1363:hunter-gatherer 1355:Bantu expansion 1351: 1345: 1254:as part of his 1196:comes from the 1155: 1145: 1037:First Congo War 1017:Patrice Lumumba 1003:Congo achieved 946:Bantu expansion 919:Lake Tanganyika 781: 777: 763:Congolese franc 746: 745: 744: 733: 721: 720: 719: 708: 691: 676: 664: 647: 632: 616: 604: 585: 568: 554: 533: 520: 518:First Congo War 510:27 October 1971 507: 494: 484: 471: 454: 441: 428: 402: 387: 358: 343: 318: 313: 303: 269: 261: 242:Kikongo ya leta 233: 211: 209: 205: 202: 197: 194: 192: 190: 189: 188: 182: 174: 173: 170: 163: 148: 137: 133: 114: 101: 100: 99: 94: 86: 85: 80: 67: 59: 53: 49: 47: 44: 37: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17369: 17359: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17259: 17258: 17253: 17252: 17250: 17249: 17238: 17235: 17234: 17232: 17231: 17226: 17220: 17218: 17214: 17213: 17211: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17169: 17167: 17163: 17162: 17160: 17159: 17154: 17149: 17143: 17141: 17137: 17136: 17133: 17132: 17130: 17129: 17123: 17121: 17117: 17116: 17114: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17021:Czech Republic 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16997: 16995: 16991: 16990: 16988: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16961: 16959: 16955: 16954: 16952: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16935: 16933: 16929: 16928: 16926: 16925: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16730: 16725: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16664: 16662: 16655: 16649: 16648: 16641: 16640: 16633: 16626: 16618: 16609: 16608: 16606: 16605: 16594: 16591: 16590: 16588: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16566: 16564: 16560: 16559: 16557: 16556: 16551: 16545: 16543: 16539: 16538: 16536: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16499: 16497: 16491: 16490: 16487: 16486: 16484: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16462: 16460: 16454: 16453: 16451: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16404: 16398: 16392: 16391: 16388: 16387: 16385: 16384: 16378: 16376: 16372: 16371: 16369: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16327: 16325: 16319: 16318: 16316: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16299: 16297: 16293: 16292: 16290: 16289: 16284: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16240: 16238: 16232: 16231: 16229: 16228: 16222: 16220: 16214: 16213: 16211: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16194: 16192: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16161: 16159: 16153: 16152: 16150: 16149: 16143: 16141: 16135: 16134: 16132: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16115: 16109: 16103: 16102: 16100: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16087:Extreme points 16084: 16078: 16076: 16070: 16069: 16067: 16066: 16065: 16064: 16059: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16025:Monrovia Group 16022: 16017: 16012: 16010:Pan-Africanism 16006: 16004: 15998: 15997: 15990: 15989: 15982: 15975: 15967: 15958: 15957: 15955: 15954: 15946: 15938: 15930: 15921: 15919: 15915: 15914: 15911: 15910: 15908: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15891: 15889: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15881: 15876: 15874:Levy Mwanawasa 15870: 15868: 15861: 15857: 15856: 15854: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15777: 15775: 15771: 15770: 15762: 15761: 15754: 15747: 15739: 15730: 15729: 15727: 15726: 15714: 15701: 15698: 15697: 15694: 15693: 15691: 15690: 15684: 15682: 15678: 15677: 15675: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15657:Canary Islands 15653: 15651: 15647: 15646: 15644: 15643: 15641:Savage Islands 15638: 15632: 15630: 15626: 15625: 15623: 15622: 15617: 15611: 15609: 15605: 15604: 15602: 15601: 15596: 15590: 15588: 15581: 15573: 15572: 15569: 15568: 15563: 15561: 15560:United Kingdom 15557: 15556: 15554: 15553: 15547: 15545: 15538: 15531: 15528: 15527: 15525: 15524: 15519: 15508: 15506: 15499: 15496: 15495: 15488: 15486: 15484: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15211: 15209: 15203: 15202: 15191: 15190: 15183: 15176: 15168: 15162: 15159: 15158: 15146: 15145: 15143: 15142: 15137: 15130: 15129: 15122: 15114: 15113: 15110: 15109: 15106: 15105: 15103: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15066: 15064: 15058: 15057: 15055: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14997:Child marriage 14993: 14987: 14981: 14980: 14977: 14976: 14974: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14927: 14921: 14915: 14914: 14911: 14910: 14908: 14907: 14906: 14905: 14898:Prime Minister 14895: 14894: 14893: 14883: 14878: 14877: 14876: 14871: 14861: 14860: 14859: 14857:Chief of Staff 14849: 14844: 14843: 14842: 14832: 14827: 14826: 14825: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14794: 14788: 14782: 14781: 14778: 14777: 14775: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14728: 14722: 14716: 14715: 14713: 14712: 14711: 14710: 14705: 14695: 14694: 14693: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14652: 14651: 14641: 14640: 14639: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14613: 14611: 14605: 14604: 14602: articles 14596: 14595: 14588: 14581: 14573: 14567: 14566: 14553: 14548: 14533: 14523: 14514: 14505: 14489: 14480: 14455: 14448: 14447: 14446: 14444: 14443:External links 14441: 14439: 14438: 14431: 14421: 14414: 14407: 14398: 14383: 14376: 14369: 14354: 14343: 14336: 14329: 14322: 14319:978-9987160488 14308:978-1448665709 14273: 14262: 14261:. Verso, 2004. 14255:Melvern, Linda 14252: 14241: 14234: 14227: 14215: 14196: 14189: 14186: 14177: 14161: 14154: 14147: 14141: 14125: 14118: 14105:Callaghy, T., 14103: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14089: 14088: 14070: 14047: 14046: 14014: 13980: 13961: 13934: 13913:"Le Congolais" 13903: 13872: 13853: 13833: 13814: 13794: 13763: 13732: 13713: 13693: 13674: 13654: 13627: 13597: 13581: 13574: 13554: 13523: 13492: 13462: 13428: 13398: 13356: 13327: 13310:Dac-presse.com 13296: 13269: 13238: 13220: 13214:978-0595282944 13213: 13195: 13175: 13144: 13111: 13081: 13062: 13036: 13006: 12976: 12973:on 3 May 2019. 12952: 12941:on 5 June 2015 12926: 12894: 12868: 12842: 12811: 12772: 12745: 12725: 12703: 12664: 12633: 12603: 12573: 12543: 12513: 12506: 12488: 12468: 12452: 12424: 12392: 12372:Dhsprogram.com 12356: 12326: 12300: 12268: 12257:on 2 July 2015 12249: 12223: 12194: 12183:on 2 July 2015 12175: 12152: 12126: 12100: 12080: 12061: 12037: 12007: 11971: 11941: 11911: 11882: 11856: 11826: 11800: 11770: 11739: 11712: 11679: 11667: 11647: 11630:Mining Journal 11617: 11587: 11556: 11530: 11512: 11481: 11456: 11430: 11404: 11382: 11356: 11315: 11278: 11254: 11227: 11200: 11174: 11148: 11122: 11092: 11062: 11032: 11010: 10984: 10953: 10927: 10897: 10867: 10848: 10829: 10809:peacewomen.org 10792: 10766: 10735: 10705: 10681: 10649: 10629: 10611: 10581: 10563: 10533: 10527:978-0199592654 10526: 10505: 10475: 10445: 10415: 10385: 10370: 10351: 10320: 10300: 10280: 10273: 10255: 10248: 10222: 10203: 10184: 10158: 10128: 10098: 10066: 10034: 10007: 9976: 9904: 9874: 9844: 9814: 9784: 9773: 9743: 9712: 9663: 9652:on 18 May 2016 9633: 9601: 9575: 9545: 9515: 9482: 9456: 9430: 9404: 9366: 9334: 9304: 9273: 9243: 9202: 9161: 9131: 9101: 9060: 9019: 8994: 8968: 8938: 8919: 8900: 8880: 8854: 8824: 8793: 8766: 8733: 8703: 8683: 8653: 8623: 8593: 8576:NobelPrize.org 8563: 8537: 8535:, 12 May 2011. 8514: 8495: 8464: 8444: 8421: 8391: 8360: 8330: 8300: 8274: 8244: 8214: 8184: 8154: 8127: 8101: 8082: 8051: 8025: 7995: 7964: 7934: 7904: 7887: 7857: 7821: 7808: 7796: 7770: 7758: 7746: 7734: 7703: 7686:britannica.com 7672: 7665: 7644: 7625: 7605: 7575: 7558:Democracy Now! 7545: 7520: 7513: 7488: 7462: 7432: 7408: 7399: 7368: 7349: 7329: 7322: 7296: 7283: 7266:britannica.com 7253: 7222: 7197: 7163: 7137: 7118: 7105: 7083: 7040: 7014: 7012: 7011: 6990: 6965: 6944: 6938:. p. 78. 6925: 6880:Applied Energy 6870: 6841: 6823: 6787: 6762: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6704: 6646: 6613: 6594: 6574: 6555: 6532: 6510:James Barbot, 6503: 6490: 6477: 6475:(1977), p. 19. 6464: 6445: 6420: 6411: 6392: 6372: 6365: 6345: 6338: 6318: 6287: 6260: 6242: 6213: 6190: 6157: 6128: 6092: 6061: 6030: 5997: 5990: 5972: 5942: 5916: 5879: 5853: 5809: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5759: 5750: 5735: 5731:Kongo language 5717: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5676: 5673: 5584: 5581: 5576:Main article: 5573: 5570: 5558:LeCongolais.CD 5498:Main article: 5495: 5492: 5464:Awilo Longomba 5413:Abeti Masikini 5373:ekonda saccadé 5343:Vicky Longomba 5339:Le Grand Kallé 5236:Main article: 5233: 5230: 5209: 5206: 5181:Main article: 5178: 5175: 5118:Ebola outbreak 5064:Main article: 5061: 5058: 5002:Main article: 4999: 4996: 4905:and Kinshasa. 4897:in the world. 4821:Main article: 4818: 4815: 4802:Force Publique 4739:Main article: 4736: 4733: 4718:asylum-seekers 4681: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4524:Kasai-Oriental 4521: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4490: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4474: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4410: 4409:Largest cities 4407: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4309: 4306: 4289: 4286: 4271:Main article: 4268: 4265: 4236:Main article: 4233: 4230: 4201: 4200: 4186: 4180: 4112:Main article: 4109: 4108:Transportation 4106: 4048:occurs in the 3994:Kasaï Province 3966:Main article: 3963: 3960: 3902:Main article: 3899: 3896: 3845:LGBT community 3816:Child soldiers 3786:Main article: 3780:child soldiers 3771: 3768: 3749:Enough Project 3717:Main article: 3714: 3711: 3699:Main article: 3696: 3693: 3678:United Nations 3670:Ituri conflict 3614:Main article: 3611: 3608: 3530:in August 2014 3512:Main article: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3488: 3482: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3447: 3446: 3440: 3433: 3432: 3426: 3424:Kasaï-Oriental 3419: 3418: 3412: 3405: 3404: 3398: 3396:Kasaï Province 3391: 3390: 3384: 3377: 3376: 3370: 3368:Kwilu Province 3363: 3362: 3356: 3349: 3348: 3342: 3335: 3334: 3332:Ituri Province 3328: 3322: 3278: 3275: 3201:Main article: 3198: 3195: 3093:forest buffalo 3008: 3005: 2852:Albertine Rift 2659: 2658: 2617: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2587:attempted coup 2565:Uhuru Kenyatta 2557:Luca Attanasio 2523:new government 2473: 2470: 2418:major protests 2361:Ituri conflict 2318:Bosco Ntaganda 2308:, a member of 2306:Laurent Nkunda 2265:Ituri conflict 2256: 2253: 2146: 2143: 2076:le mal Zairois 2022:Main article: 2019: 2016: 1985:Cyrille Adoula 1927:Force Publique 1876:Prime Minister 1848:Prime Minister 1820:The leader of 1803: 1800: 1780:Force Publique 1760:Force Publique 1745:Force Publique 1733:Force Publique 1722:Force Publique 1702:Force Publique 1687:United Kingdom 1667:Main article: 1664: 1661: 1653:Roger Casement 1649:British consul 1630:Force Publique 1533:Congo Arab war 1514: 1511: 1486:(its leader), 1415:Central Africa 1370: 1367: 1347:Main article: 1344: 1341: 1313:Congo-Kinshasa 1198:Kongo language 1144: 1141: 1109:United Nations 998:Belgian colony 988:and committed 871:Central Africa 867:Congo-Kinshasa 849: 848: 843: 837: 836: 831: 825: 824: 819: 813: 812: 809: 803: 802: 799: 795: 794: 775: 771: 770: 760: 756: 755: 736: 726: 725: 711: 701: 700: 692: 689: 686: 685: 677: 674: 671: 670: 667: 657: 656: 648: 645: 642: 641: 633: 630: 627: 626: 623: 609: 608: 605: 603:• Density 602: 599: 598: 586: 583: 580: 579: 573: 572: 569: 566: 563: 562: 555: 552: 549: 548: 542: 541: 538: 537: 534: 528: 525: 524: 521: 515: 512: 511: 508: 502: 499: 498: 495: 492: 489: 488: 485: 479: 476: 475: 472: 462: 459: 458: 455: 449: 446: 445: 442: 436: 433: 432: 429: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 409: 408: 403: 397: 394: 393: 388: 382: 379: 378: 373: 369: 368: 365: 364: 362:Judith Suminwa 359: 356:Prime Minister 353: 350: 349: 344: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 324: 320: 319: 311: 305: 304: 302: 301: 291: 285: 279: 272: 270: 267: 263: 262: 260: 259: 254: 249: 244: 238: 236: 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 212:-4.317; 15.317 183: 180: 176: 175: 164: 154: 153: 150: 149: 135: 117: 116: 103: 102: 95: 88: 87: 81: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 48: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17368: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17303: 17301: 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16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16793:Guinea-Bissau 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16663: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16650: 16646: 16639: 16634: 16632: 16627: 16625: 16620: 16619: 16616: 16604: 16596: 16595: 16592: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16567: 16565: 16561: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16546: 16544: 16540: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16508: 16507:Gold standard 16504: 16501: 16500: 16498: 16496: 16492: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16463: 16461: 16459: 16455: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16438: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16405: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16393: 16383: 16380: 16379: 16377: 16373: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16328: 16326: 16324: 16320: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16300: 16298: 16294: 16288: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16241: 16239: 16237: 16233: 16227: 16224: 16223: 16221: 16219: 16215: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16195: 16193: 16191: 16187: 16181: 16180:2025 election 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16162: 16160: 16158: 16154: 16148: 16145: 16144: 16142: 16140: 16136: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16116: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16104: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16092:Member states 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16075: 16071: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16054: 16053: 16052: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16007: 16005: 16003: 15999: 15995: 15994:African Union 15988: 15983: 15981: 15976: 15974: 15969: 15968: 15965: 15953: 15947: 15945: 15939: 15937: 15931: 15929: 15923: 15922: 15920: 15916: 15906: 15905:Tomaz Salomão 15903: 15901: 15900:Prega Ramsamy 15898: 15896: 15895:Kaire Mbuende 15893: 15892: 15890: 15886: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15871: 15869: 15865: 15862: 15858: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15778: 15776: 15774:Member states 15772: 15767: 15760: 15755: 15753: 15748: 15746: 15741: 15740: 15737: 15725: 15724: 15723:Africa portal 15719: 15715: 15713: 15712: 15703: 15702: 15699: 15689: 15686: 15685: 15683: 15679: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15654: 15652: 15648: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15633: 15631: 15627: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15612: 15610: 15606: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15591: 15589: 15585: 15582: 15578:fully part of 15574: 15566: 15562: 15558: 15552: 15549: 15548: 15546: 15542: 15539: 15536: 15529: 15523: 15520: 15517: 15513: 15510: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15497: 15492: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15331:Guinea-Bissau 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15212: 15210: 15208: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15189: 15184: 15182: 15177: 15175: 15170: 15169: 15166: 15160: 15153: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15132: 15127: 15123: 15120: 15116: 15115: 15111: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15067: 15065: 15063: 15059: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15047:Social issues 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14994: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14982: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14928: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14916: 14904: 14901: 14900: 14899: 14896: 14892: 14889: 14888: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14866: 14865: 14862: 14858: 14855: 14854: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14841: 14838: 14837: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14824: 14821: 14820: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14795: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14783: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14742:Deforestation 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14729: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14717: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14700: 14699: 14698:Kivu conflict 14696: 14692: 14689: 14688: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14645: 14642: 14638: 14635: 14634: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14617:Early history 14615: 14614: 14612: 14610: 14606: 14601: 14594: 14589: 14587: 14582: 14580: 14575: 14574: 14571: 14563: 14559: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14546:OpenStreetMap 14543: 14534: 14532: 14524: 14522: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14509: 14506: 14503: 14499: 14498: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14475: 14470: 14469: 14468: 14462: 14458: 14436: 14432: 14429: 14425: 14424:Van Reybrouck 14422: 14419: 14415: 14412: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14399: 14396: 14392: 14388: 14384: 14381: 14377: 14374: 14370: 14367: 14363: 14359: 14355: 14352: 14348: 14344: 14341: 14337: 14334: 14333:Congo Journey 14330: 14327: 14323: 14320: 14316: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14302: 14298: 14294: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14278: 14274: 14271: 14267: 14263: 14260: 14256: 14253: 14250: 14249:1-59691-345-2 14246: 14242: 14239: 14235: 14232: 14228: 14225: 14224: 14219: 14216: 14213: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14197: 14194: 14190: 14187: 14184: 14183: 14178: 14175: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14162: 14159: 14155: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14138: 14134: 14130: 14129:Devlin, Larry 14126: 14123: 14119: 14116: 14115:0-231-05720-2 14112: 14108: 14104: 14101: 14097: 14096: 14077: 14073: 14067: 14063: 14062: 14056: 14055: 14054: 14053: 14034: 14030: 14029: 14024: 14018: 14002: 13998: 13996: 13990: 13984: 13977: 13973: 13970: 13965: 13958: 13954: 13953: 13948: 13944: 13938: 13922: 13918: 13914: 13907: 13891: 13888:(in French). 13887: 13883: 13876: 13860: 13856: 13850: 13846: 13845: 13837: 13821: 13817: 13811: 13807: 13806: 13798: 13782: 13778: 13774: 13767: 13751: 13747: 13743: 13736: 13720: 13716: 13710: 13706: 13705: 13697: 13681: 13677: 13671: 13667: 13666: 13658: 13642: 13638: 13631: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13606:"Le Ndombolo" 13601: 13593: 13592: 13585: 13577: 13571: 13567: 13566: 13558: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13527: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13496: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13466: 13451: 13447: 13443: 13439: 13432: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13402: 13386: 13382: 13378: 13371: 13369: 13367: 13365: 13363: 13361: 13344: 13341:(in French). 13340: 13339: 13331: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13300: 13284: 13280: 13273: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13242: 13234: 13230: 13224: 13216: 13210: 13207:. iUniverse. 13206: 13199: 13191: 13190: 13185: 13179: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13148: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13118: 13116: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13085: 13078: 13074: 13071: 13066: 13050: 13046: 13040: 13024: 13020: 13016: 13010: 12994: 12990: 12986: 12980: 12972: 12968: 12967: 12962: 12956: 12940: 12936: 12930: 12911: 12904: 12898: 12882: 12878: 12872: 12856: 12852: 12846: 12830: 12826: 12822: 12815: 12796: 12789: 12788: 12783: 12776: 12760: 12756: 12749: 12743: 12741: 12740:public domain 12735: 12729: 12722: 12718: 12715: 12707: 12688: 12681: 12680: 12675: 12668: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12637: 12621: 12617: 12613: 12607: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12577: 12561: 12557: 12553: 12547: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12517: 12509: 12503: 12499: 12492: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12472: 12466: 12465:0-8419-0438-3 12462: 12456: 12440: 12439: 12434: 12428: 12409: 12402: 12396: 12377: 12373: 12366: 12360: 12344: 12340: 12336: 12330: 12314: 12310: 12304: 12285: 12278: 12272: 12256: 12252: 12246: 12242: 12241: 12236: 12230: 12228: 12219: 12213: 12205: 12198: 12182: 12178: 12172: 12168: 12167: 12162: 12156: 12140: 12136: 12130: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12109: 12104: 12097: 12093: 12090: 12084: 12068: 12064: 12058: 12054: 12053: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12011: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11986: 11981: 11975: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11945: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11915: 11899: 11892: 11886: 11870: 11866: 11860: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11830: 11814: 11810: 11804: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11774: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11743: 11727: 11723: 11716: 11697: 11689: 11683: 11676: 11671: 11663: 11662: 11657: 11651: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11621: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11591: 11576: 11572: 11571: 11570:Mining Weekly 11566: 11560: 11544: 11540: 11534: 11526: 11522: 11516: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11485: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11468: 11465: 11460: 11444: 11440: 11434: 11418: 11414: 11408: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11386: 11370: 11366: 11360: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11331:The Economist 11328: 11322: 11320: 11300: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11258: 11251: 11247: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11231: 11215: 11211: 11204: 11188: 11184: 11178: 11162: 11158: 11152: 11136: 11132: 11126: 11110: 11106: 11102: 11096: 11080: 11076: 11075:Africa Agenda 11072: 11066: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11036: 11029: 11025: 11022: 11017: 11015: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10957: 10941: 10937: 10931: 10924: 10911: 10907: 10901: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10871: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10852: 10845: 10841: 10838: 10833: 10814: 10810: 10803: 10796: 10780: 10776: 10770: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10739: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10709: 10698: 10691: 10685: 10666: 10659: 10653: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10633: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10599: 10595: 10591: 10585: 10577: 10573: 10567: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10537: 10529: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10509: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10479: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10449: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10419: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10389: 10382:. p. 57. 10381: 10374: 10367: 10363: 10360: 10355: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10324: 10317: 10313: 10310: 10304: 10297: 10293: 10290: 10284: 10276: 10270: 10266: 10259: 10251: 10245: 10241: 10236: 10235: 10226: 10210: 10206: 10200: 10196: 10195: 10188: 10172: 10168: 10162: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10132: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10086: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10070: 10054: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10038: 10022: 10018: 10011: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9980: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9920: 9913: 9911: 9909: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9878: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9848: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9818: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9788: 9782: 9777: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9716: 9708: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9673:"Chimpanzees" 9667: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9637: 9621: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9605: 9589: 9585: 9579: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9549: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9519: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9486: 9471:. 19 May 2024 9470: 9466: 9460: 9444: 9440: 9434: 9419:. 19 May 2024 9418: 9414: 9408: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9370: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9344: 9338: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9277: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9247: 9230: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9206: 9189: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9165: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9135: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9105: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9072: 9064: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9031: 9023: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9006: 9003: 8998: 8982: 8978: 8972: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8942: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8923: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8904: 8898:. Al Jazeera. 8897: 8893: 8890: 8884: 8868: 8864: 8858: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8828: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8797: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8737: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8677: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8663: 8660:Interview on 8657: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8627: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8551: 8547: 8541: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8518: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8499: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8468: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8431: 8425: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8395: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8364: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8304: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8248: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8142: 8138: 8131: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8089: 8085: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8058: 8056: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8013: 8009: 8005: 7999: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7968: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7938: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7908: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7842: 7838: 7837:Icla.up.ac.za 7831: 7825: 7818: 7812: 7806:, p. 74. 7805: 7800: 7784: 7781:. cycad.com. 7780: 7774: 7768:, p. 64. 7767: 7762: 7755: 7750: 7744:, p. 58. 7743: 7738: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7668: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7609: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7516: 7510: 7505: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7466: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7412: 7403: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7333: 7325: 7323:9781586482466 7319: 7315: 7310: 7309: 7300: 7293: 7287: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7241: 7237: 7236:History Today 7233: 7226: 7220: 7219:0-547-52573-7 7216: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7195: 7194:0-521-22803-4 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7170: 7168: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7144: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7122: 7108: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7056:(3): 173–98. 7055: 7051: 7044: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7009: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6926: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6830: 6826: 6824:9780787649333 6820: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6805: 6794: 6790: 6788:9780230337831 6784: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6719: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6705: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6650: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6617: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6578: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6536: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6500: 6494: 6487: 6481: 6474: 6468: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6438: 6437: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6415: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6376: 6368: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6349: 6341: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6322: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6291: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6096: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5993: 5991:9780062200129 5987: 5983: 5976: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5763: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5679: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5642:Romelu Lukaku 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5590: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5533: 5532:L'Observateur 5528: 5525: 5520: 5519:La Conscience 5515: 5510: 5509: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5476:Aurlus Mabélé 5473: 5472:Général Defao 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5456:Koffi Olomide 5453: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5385:pelvic thrust 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5335:Franco Luambo 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5300:Franco Luambo 5297: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5264:, denoting a 5263: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5205: 5203: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5163:Air pollution 5160: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5057: 5053: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5016:In 2014, the 5010: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4903:Kongo Central 4898: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4814: 4810: 4808: 4807:lingua franca 4803: 4799: 4798:Congo Swahili 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4763:lingua franca 4759: 4755: 4747: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4696: 4686: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4579: 4578:Kasaï-Central 4576: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4415: 4406: 4404: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308:Ethnic groups 4305: 4303: 4294: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4215:Congo Airways 4211: 4209: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4102:deforestation 4099: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3974: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3941: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3916: 3911: 3905: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3781: 3776: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3760:Vital Kamerhe 3756: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3727: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3662:Kivu conflict 3659: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3622: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3600:Joseph Kabila 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3541: 3538:require that 3537: 3529: 3525: 3524:Joseph Kabila 3520: 3515: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3410:Kasaï-Central 3407: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3340:Kongo Central 3337: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3213: 3212:Joseph Kabila 3209: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179:deforestation 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3051:Found in the 3049: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2858:, as well as 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773:merging into 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2682: 2673: 2665: 2655: 2652: 2644: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2618:This section 2616: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2432:According to 2430: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2403:Denis Mukwege 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329:M23 rebellion 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2299:M23 rebellion 2296: 2291: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:Kivu conflict 2248: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225:Joseph Kabila 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2123:Ronald Reagan 2120: 2119:Richard Nixon 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049:head of state 2046: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1954:Joseph Mobutu 1950: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1935:Moïse Tshombe 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1790:, Bortaï and 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768:Ruanda-Urundi 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1669:Belgian Congo 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1566:slave traders 1563: 1562:slave raiding 1559: 1555: 1551: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1520: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1411:Bantu peoples 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1369:Early history 1366: 1364: 1360: 1359:Mbuti peoples 1356: 1350: 1340: 1339:(in French). 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277:nzadi o nzere 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:Belgian Congo 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1200:(also called 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:African Union 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045:Joseph Kabila 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 847: 844: 842: 838: 835: 832: 830: 829:ISO 3166 code 826: 823: 820: 818: 814: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 761: 757: 753: 737: 731: 727: 712: 706: 702: 693: 687: 678: 672: 668: 662: 658: 649: 643: 634: 628: 624: 620: 614: 610: 606: 600: 596: 587: 581: 578: 574: 570: 564: 560: 556: 550: 547: 543: 539: 535: 532: 526: 522: 519: 513: 509: 506: 500: 497:1 August 1964 496: 490: 486: 483: 477: 473: 470: 466: 460: 456: 453: 452:Belgian Congo 447: 443: 440: 434: 430: 427: 421: 417: 414: 410: 407: 404: 401: 395: 392: 389: 386: 380: 377: 374: 370: 366: 363: 360: 357: 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Retrieved 5791: 5782: 5762: 5753: 5738: 5726: 5721: 5658: 5615: 5596: 5568:and French. 5557: 5553: 5549:Le Potentiel 5547: 5543: 5530: 5517: 5513: 5503: 5480:Wenge Musica 5445: 5421:Sierra Leone 5418: 5403:Wenge Musica 5392: 5383:, emulating 5380: 5372: 5359: 5347:Nico Kasanda 5327:Henri Bowane 5318: 5312: 5278:Léopoldville 5261: 5255: 5211: 5204:influences. 5198: 5161: 5150: 5132: 5125: 5122: 5114:yellow fever 5083: 5054: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5015: 4987: 4983: 4945: 4936:Baháʼí Faith 4933: 4907: 4899: 4890: 4884: 4876:archdioceses 4873: 4854: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4761: 4752: 4726: 4710: 4699: 4691: 4542:Haut-Katanga 4399: 4311: 4299: 4267:Demographics 4258: 4247: 4223: 4212: 4202: 4162: 4151: 4139: 4132:arriving in 4087: 4078: 4067: 4043: 4007: 4003: 3979: 3944: 3936: 3921: 3878:The Guardian 3876: 3868: 3862: 3838: 3831: 3827: 3820:forced labor 3809: 3770:Human rights 3765: 3757: 3746: 3730: 3722: 3704: 3686: 3668:region, the 3653: 3646: 3627: 3581: 3577: 3545: 3533: 3528:Barack Obama 3296: 3267:UN subregion 3264: 3256: 3252: 3240: 3221:presidential 3217: 3176: 3163: 3155: 3148:Pan paniscus 3147: 3143: 3133: 3113:Kahuzi-Biega 3065:biodiversity 3062: 2981: 2934: 2907: 2868:Boyoma Falls 2841: 2797: 2755: 2688: 2647: 2638: 2627:Please help 2622:verification 2619: 2595:US passports 2580: 2573: 2555:to the DRC, 2550: 2527: 2519: 2502: 2454: 2450: 2446:Kasai region 2431: 2415: 2392: 2326: 2304: 2222: 2203: 2192: 2169: 2140: 2116: 2111: 2096: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2055:violations, 2053:human rights 2038: 2004: 1993: 1958: 1951: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1908:Middle Congo 1904: 1861: 1808:Congo Crisis 1779: 1772:World War II 1759: 1757: 1744: 1732: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1708: 1700: 1684: 1646: 1635: 1628: 1617: 1586: 1579: 1574: 1548: 1543:Leopoldville 1507:Lunda Empire 1496: 1433: 1409: 1394: 1391:, circa 1870 1352: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1264: 1262: 1260:initiative. 1257:Authenticité 1255: 1233: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1190:Kongo people 1179: 1166: 1163:by discharge 1156: 1153:Kongo people 1073: 1005:independence 1002: 939: 866: 862: 858: 854: 852: 841:Internet TLD 817:Calling code 675:• Total 631:• Total 553:• Total 474:30 June 1960 465:Independence 277:Christianity 120: 107:Motto: 106: 45:of the Congo 18: 17285: / 17208:LGBT rights 17101:South Korea 16903:Switzerland 16883:Saint Lucia 16803:Ivory Coast 16428:Enlargement 16203:Secretariat 16165:Chairperson 16147:Chairperson 16057:Chairperson 16045:Lome Summit 15615:Pantelleria 15535:territories 15503:recognition 15446:South Sudan 15336:Ivory Coast 14931:Agriculture 13927:26 November 13896:12 November 13777:Czech Radio 13643:(in French) 13620:12 November 13547:15 December 13537:TRUE Africa 13516:15 December 13485:15 December 13455:15 December 13421:15 December 13349:15 December 13289:15 December 13262:15 December 13205:Full Circle 13168:1 September 13137:1 September 12989:www.who.int 12835:21 February 12765:29 November 12734:www.dol.gov 12711:(in French) 12145:7 September 11964:27 February 11934:27 February 11783:Reegle.info 11763:4 September 11732:22 November 11705:27 February 11640:21 November 11610:21 November 11449:22 November 11115:25 December 11003:22 November 10890:12 November 10822:12 November 10785:23 November 10468:11 November 10027:22 November 9897:27 February 9568:29 November 9359:29 December 9297:13 February 8873:11 February 8847:11 February 8786:13 February 8671:. See also 8646:27 November 8293:8 September 8267:21 November 8237:21 November 8207:18 November 8177:10 December 8147:18 November 8120:18 November 7538:1 September 7455:16 November 7246:30 November 6121:2 September 5535: [ 5522: [ 5488:Fally Ipupa 5437:West Africa 5381:mokonyonyon 5369:dance music 5195:male statue 4910:East Africa 4861:Kimbanguism 4784:(Kikongo), 4489:15,628,000 4128:Train from 4059:cassiterite 4024:DR Congo's 3753:kleptocracy 3680:, known as 3634:Land Forces 3552:superalloys 3472:Haut-Lomami 3388:Nord-Ubangi 3303:territories 2937:rift valley 2926:Lake Edward 2918:Lake Albert 2880:Brazzaville 2876:Pool Malebo 2804:Congo Basin 2703:South Sudan 2434:Jan Egeland 2381:Joseph Kony 2301:in May 2013 2297:during the 2188:Interahamwe 2080:kleptocracy 1981:Joseph Ileo 1939:South Kasai 1729:World War I 1503:Luba Empire 1480:Congo River 1472:Mpemba Kasi 1468:Congo River 1419:pastoralism 1159:Congo River 1149:Congo River 954:Congo River 942:Congo Basin 899:South Sudan 798:Date format 743: 0.481 523:17 May 1997 444:1 July 1885 400:Lower house 385:Upper house 372:Legislature 210: / 17300:Categories 17076:Mozambique 17071:Montenegro 16898:Seychelles 16838:Mauritania 16828:Madagascar 16818:Luxembourg 16723:Cape Verde 16549:Africa Day 16503:Currencies 16157:Commission 15831:Seychelles 15821:Mozambique 15806:Madagascar 15522:Somaliland 15426:Seychelles 15391:Mozambique 15376:Mauritania 15361:Madagascar 15316:The Gambia 15250:Cape Verde 15002:Corruption 14864:Parliament 14830:Government 14747:Ecoregions 14637:Atrocities 14082:7 February 14007:18 October 13865:28 January 13826:28 January 13787:9 November 13756:8 November 13725:28 January 13686:28 January 13647:8 November 13320:28 October 12647:world news 12500:. Ludion. 12445:21 January 11819:25 January 11793:21 January 11423:3 December 10969:. London. 10498:7 December 10488:Africanews 10438:7 December 10408:6 November 10215:14 October 10151:7 December 10121:7 December 10091:7 December 9827:Constitute 9807:2 February 9626:23 October 9538:29 October 9348:Africanews 9317:Africanews 9287:Africanews 8817:11 January 8586:30 October 8323:5 November 8094:4 November 8018:25 January 7988:25 January 7957:25 January 7927:25 January 7880:25 January 7789:4 February 7188:. p. 748; 7002:14 October 6956:14 October 6887:: 113844. 6815:Gale Group 6606:14 October 6567:14 October 6254:16 January 5774:References 5399:Papa Wemba 5208:Literature 5070:See also: 4980:Lubumbashi 4968:witchcraft 4948:monotheism 4836:Lubumbashi 4668:North Kivu 4636:1,024,000 4618:1,190,000 4614:South Kivu 4600:1,188,000 4582:1,593,000 4564:1,640,000 4546:2,695,000 4537:Lubumbashi 4528:2,765,000 4519:Mbuji-Mayi 4499:Lubumbashi 4472:Mbuji-Mayi 4345:Luba-Kasaï 4288:Population 4197:Lubumbashi 4130:Lubumbashi 4061:, ores of 4014:World Bank 3908:See also: 3853:DHS survey 3713:Corruption 3666:North Kivu 3640:, and the 3556:jet engine 3522:President 3494:North Kivu 3480:South Kivu 3416:Sud-Ubangi 3168:endangered 3123:, and the 3073:chimpanzee 2943:, copper, 2902:North Kivu 2864:Lake Mweru 2779:grasslands 2493:face masks 2480:President 2442:North Kivu 2357:Lubumbashi 2283:North Kivu 2104:Lubumbashi 2065:corruption 1870:, won the 1527:See also: 1269:Portuguese 1267:is from a 1085:Mbuji-Mayi 1081:Lubumbashi 933:, and the 801:dd/mm/yyyy 718: 42.1 577:Population 376:Parliament 323:Government 309:Demonym(s) 161:Show globe 17331:Republics 17061:Louisiana 17056:Lithuania 17001:Argentina 16994:Observers 16843:Mauritius 16074:Geography 15816:Mauritius 15533:Dependent 15381:Mauritius 15032:Languages 15017:Education 14971:Transport 14941:Companies 14886:President 14813:Elections 14762:Volcanoes 14752:Mountains 14720:Geography 14485:from the 14426:, David, 14200:Stuttgart 13995:AllAfrica 13746:AfroConex 13506:The FADER 13450:0261-3077 13391:25 August 13104:14 August 12073:17 August 11349:3 January 11339:0013-0613 10718:Ohchr.org 10177:14 August 10141:Bloomberg 10111:Bloomberg 9956:2214-6296 9932:: 36–40. 9503:0261-3077 9397:2 January 9387:0261-3077 9224:0362-4331 9183:0362-4331 9114:ReliefWeb 9084:0362-4331 9043:0362-4331 8961:26 August 8556:15 August 7696:2 October 7392:26 August 7078:128432105 7070:0263-0338 6909:203130461 6404:26 August 5441:Caribbean 5394:le sapeur 5315:Cuban son 5290:accordion 5288:, and an 5282:bass drum 5266:Kongolese 4998:Education 4992:exorcisms 4920:Muslims. 4735:Languages 4680:Migration 4555:Kisangani 4509:Kisangani 4250:Inga dams 4208:waterways 4205:navigable 4038:Basankusu 3638:Air Force 3572:catalysts 3346:Haut-Uele 3299:provinces 3247:President 3228:bicameral 3140:great ape 2996:Lake Kivu 2965:germanium 2957:manganese 2922:Lake Kivu 2898:Lake Kivu 2844:watershed 2717:, and by 2641:June 2017 2601:Geography 2416:In 2015, 2100:Kisangani 1884:president 1830:President 1770:. During 1679:Christian 1610:with the 1570:Tippu Tip 1317:Big Congo 1263:The word 1143:Etymology 807:Drives on 774:Time zone 665:(nominal) 426:Colonised 413:Formation 341:President 315:Congolese 266:Religion 17282:3°S 24°E 17247:Category 17203:TV5Monde 17127:Thailand 17096:Slovenia 17091:Slovakia 16758:Dominica 16753:Djibouti 16713:Cameroon 16708:Cambodia 16693:Bulgaria 16603:Category 16481:Passport 16396:Politics 16139:Assembly 15951:(COMESA) 15918:See also 15851:Zimbabwe 15841:Tanzania 15796:Eswatini 15786:Botswana 15711:Category 15629:Portugal 15481:Zimbabwe 15456:Tanzania 15306:Ethiopia 15301:Eswatini 15280:Djibouti 15245:Cameroon 15230:Botswana 15135:Category 15085:Football 15042:Religion 14852:Military 14786:Politics 14767:Wildlife 14487:BBC News 14360:, 2007. 14310:, 2009; 14170:Archived 14131:(2007). 14076:Archived 14039:7 August 14033:Archived 14001:Archived 13972:Archived 13921:Archived 13890:Archived 13859:Archived 13820:Archived 13781:Archived 13750:Archived 13719:Archived 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7783:Archived 7721:Archived 7690:Archived 7655:(1994). 7631:Archived 7592:Archived 7568:10 March 7562:Archived 7499:(2007). 7475:Archived 7449:Archived 7420:Archived 7386:Archived 7355:Archived 7276:22 April 7270:Archived 7240:Archived 7178:Archived 7155:Archived 7129:Archived 7033:10 March 6996:Archived 6971:(2003). 6950:Archived 6913:Archived 6858:Archived 6829:Archived 6793:Archived 6749:Archived 6724:28 April 6718:Archived 6698:28 April 6692:Archived 6687:BBC News 6672:28 April 6666:Archived 6664:. 2023. 6639:8 August 6633:Archived 6600:Archived 6561:Archived 6543:(2004). 6457:29 April 6451:Archived 6398:Archived 6305:Archived 6274:Archived 6248:archived 6205:Archived 6177:Archived 6144:Archived 6112:Archived 6110:. 2007. 6079:Archived 6048:Archived 6023:21 March 6014:Archived 5965:19 March 5959:Archived 5929:Archived 5872:30 April 5866:Archived 5846:29 April 5840:Archived 5802:23 March 5796:Archived 5675:See also 5599:football 5544:Le Phare 5508:L'Avenir 5460:Werrason 5452:Americas 5448:Ndombolo 5308:Zaire 74 5302:and his 5286:triangle 5252:Ndombolo 5153:COVID-19 5106:HIV/AIDS 5032:and the 5018:literacy 4956:vitalism 4880:dioceses 4817:Religion 4790:Tshiluba 4714:refugees 4672:707,000 4654:768,000 4627:Tshikapa 4596:Équateur 4591:Mbandaka 4485:Kinshasa 4480:Kinshasa 4462:Kinshasa 4444:Province 4326:Ubangian 4261:Équateur 4063:tantalum 3986:diamonds 3610:Military 3564:carbides 3430:Équateur 3374:Bas-Uele 3326:Kinshasa 3273:(SADC). 3183:poaching 3136:primates 3075:and the 2949:diamonds 2910:volcanic 2904:province 2872:Mbandaka 2775:savannas 2771:plateaus 2719:Tanzania 2367:and the 2176:genocide 2135:Cold War 2108:Mbandaka 1933:(led by 1916:DR Congo 1858:in 1961. 1642:smallpox 1621:Brussels 1541:View of 1423:Iron Age 1413:reached 1333:the DROC 1325:DR Congo 1321:Congo DR 1184:and its 917:(across 915:Tanzania 887:Kinshasa 877:and the 859:DR Congo 782:+1 to +2 759:Currency 326:Unitary 257:Tshiluba 186:Kinshasa 54:du Congo 17217:Related 17166:Culture 17111:Uruguay 17106:Ukraine 17081:Ontario 17041:Ireland 17036:Hungary 17031:Georgia 17016:Croatia 17006:Austria 16923:Vietnam 16918:Vanuatu 16913:Tunisia 16893:Senegal 16873:Romania 16858:Morocco 16848:Moldova 16813:Lebanon 16738:Comoros 16703:Burundi 16683:Belgium 16678:Armenia 16673:Andorra 16668:Albania 16661:Members 16653:Members 16542:Culture 16495:Economy 16458:Symbols 16097:Regions 16082:Borders 16002:History 15860:Leaders 15826:Namibia 15801:Lesotho 15688:Socotra 15667:Melilla 15636:Madeira 15599:Réunion 15594:Mayotte 15466:Tunisia 15436:Somalia 15421:Senegal 15406:Nigeria 15396:Namibia 15386:Morocco 15351:Liberia 15346:Lesotho 15296:Eritrea 15265:Comoros 15240:Burundi 15215:Algeria 15119:Outline 15075:Cuisine 15062:Culture 14985:Society 14966:Tourism 14919:Economy 14609:History 14457:Scholia 14420:, 2007. 14413:, 2001. 14382:, 2008. 14375:, 2009. 14342:, 1998. 14335:, 1996. 14328:, 2002. 14321:, 2015. 14153:, 2005. 14102:, 2004. 14052:Sources 13947:Archive 13189:YouTube 13094:UN News 12385:23 June 12349:23 June 12339:Cia.gov 12030:19 July 11904:17 July 11875:17 July 11849:30 July 11375:30 June 11220:22 July 11193:22 July 11167:22 July 10674:28 June 10344:1 March 10059:16 July 9934:Bibcode 9766:30 July 9756:Reuters 9736:30 July 9685:Bibcode 9594:30 June 9417:AP News 9327:4 April 8837:Reuters 8726:23 June 8716:Hrw.org 8044:30 July 7850:23 June 7727:1 March 7637:26 June 6978:(ed.). 6919:22 July 6889:Bibcode 6864:22 July 6835:22 July 6799:22 July 6272:. 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