2261:
878:
735:
673:
parallel the administrative division of the state into regions, subregions, zones, and collectivities. The
Kimbanguist Church deliberately rotates its officials outside their areas of origin in order to depoliticize ethnicity and centralize power, a policy taken directly from the state. An insistence on absolute obedience to the leader and a ban on doctrinal disputes also are shared by both institutions. In many ways, the Kimbanguist Church and the Catholic Church have exchanged places in their relationship with the state; the former outlaw has become a close ally and the former ally an outspoken critic.
511:
203:, and sorcery and vary widely among ethnic groups. The syncretic sects often merge Christianity with traditional beliefs and rituals, and may not be accepted by mainstream churches as part of Christianity. A clear delineation of religious affiliation into these membership categories can give a misleading picture of Congolese reality. The number of persons who can be categorized as belonging exclusively to one group or another is limited. Overlapping affiliations are more common. As with class identity or with ethnic identity, an individual's religious identity may be situational.
541:
exceptions) reserved exclusively for
Catholic institutions until after World War II. The colonial state divided up the colony into spiritual franchises, giving each approved mission group its own territory. At independence in 1960, some forty-six Protestant missionary groups were at work, the majority of them North American, British, or Scandinavian in origin. The missions established a committee to maintain contact and minimize competition among them. This body evolved into a union called the Church of Christ in the Congo, now simply the
1044:
illness to crops, animals, and people, and their actions can be voluntary or involuntary. A witch might dream an angry dream about a friend or relative, for example, and awake to find that person struck ill or dead by the agency of his or her dream. Sorcerers are the possessors of nonhereditary powers that can be bought or acquired. A sorcerer might be consulted and paid to provide a medicine or object that strengthens the client in the hunt (or, in contemporary life, in taking an exam) or that brings misfortune on an enemy.
650:
and was sentenced to death for hostility against the state; the sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment, and
Kimbangu died in prison in 1950. His movement, however, did not die with him. It flourished and spread "in exile" in the form of clandestine meetings, often held in remote areas by widely scattered groups of congregants. In 1959, on the eve of independence, the state despaired of stamping Kimbanguism out and afforded it legal recognition.
477:
573:
the Church of Christ served the state in areas where state-church interests coincided. Both church and state looked askance at the formation of new uncontrolled religious movements and splinter groups. The government's requirement that religious groups register with the state and post a Z100,000 deposit in a bank in order to be legally recognized helped limit their development; so too did the lingering effects of the colonial franchise system.
619:
207:
against their opponents. Sophisticated urbanites, faced with disease in a family member, may patronize indigenous healers and diviners. And
Congolese practicing traditional African religions may also go to both established Christian clergy and breakaway Christian sects in search of spiritual assistance. In the search for spiritual resources, the Congolese have frequently displayed a marked openness and pragmatism. 5138008
1052:
afflicted person's life and social situation, the diviner will diagnose the misfortune by citing the agency of angry ancestors, nature spirits, sorcerers, or witches. Different ethnic groups add or subtract from the set of agents of affliction, but these are the most common. Once a diagnosis has been made, the diviner will then prescribe the appropriate cure. Diviners' powers are beneficent and their role highly valued.
70:
682:
Some have been founded by figures known as prophets, individuals who respond to situations of popular dissatisfaction with existing spiritual agents and organizations by creating new religious movements. New movements often recombine familiar elements with new ones, a synthesis effected sometimes with exclusively indigenous elements and sometimes with a mixture of
Christian and indigenous elements.
665:. The Kimbanguist Church has been a member of the World Council of Churches since 1969. Estimates of its membership vary depending on the source. The church claims 5 million members, yet its own internal figures indicate no more than 300,000 practicing members. Individual congregations are scattered throughout much of the country, but the greatest concentrations have always been in
704:. Although accepted by the Catholic Church (members continue to participate in parish activities and do not withdraw from the institutional church), the church hierarchy has periodically questioned the degree to which Jamaa deviates from Catholic belief and practice. The church has never denounced the Jamaa movement, but the hierarchy has grown steadily more wary of it.
953:, and the millennial doctrine that all government but Christ's would cease, which was considered to be seditious and anticolonial in ideology. Kamwana's movement had no concrete strategy of revolution, although the colonial authorities arrested him after six months of preaching in April 1909. and at first imprisoned him, then deported him to South Africa in 1910.
1059:; accidents are virtually unheard of, and there is always a cause behind any misfortune. In many indigenous societies, for example, a death is always followed by an inquest at which the cause of death and the identity of the killer are determined. Measures are then taken against the alleged miscreant, even when someone dies of disease in bed at an advanced age.
926:
groups acquired, studied, and circulated publications of
Jehovah’s Witnesses. For decades people assumed that the Kitawala adherents were Jehovah's Witnesses. But they were not. The movement converted miners who then spread elements of the movement northward from their South African base into the Katangan copper belt.
154:
According to the 2020 Report on
International Religious Freedom, an estimated 48.1% of the population are Protestant, including evangelical Christians and the Church of Jesus Christ on Earth through the Prophet Simon Kimbangu (Kimbanguist), and 47.3% Catholic. Other Christian groups include Jehovah’s
1003:
Colonial bannings failed to eradicate the movement, however. And the independent state that succeeded colonial authority, black
African though it be, has been no more successful in converting the Kitawalists from their apolitical, antiauthoritarian stance. Kitawalists continue to resist saluting the
672:
Since being legalized, the
Kimbanguists have bent over backward to curry favor with the state. The church's head, Simon Kimbangu's son, regularly exchanges public praise with Mobutu and has become one of the state's main ideological supports. Structurally, the church organization has been changed to
649:
In June 1921, the government judged the movement out of control, banned the sect, exiled members to remote rural areas, and arrested
Kimbangu, only to have the prophet "miraculously" escape; the escape further amplified his popular mystique. In September he voluntarily surrendered to the authorities
999:
Theological messages varied from place to place, but a common core of beliefs included the struggle against sorcery, the purification of society, and the existence of a black God. Kitawala denounced all forms of authority as the work of Satan, including taxes, forced labour, and most other coercive
548:
Since independence, church leadership and control have been widely and successfully Africanized, though not without conflict. Most mission property has been transferred to autonomous Congolese churches, and many foreign missionaries now work directly under the supervision of a Congolese-run church.
645:
The extent of his success caused increasing alarm among both church and state authorities. Numerous preachers and sages appeared, many of them professing to be his followers. Some of these preachers and possibly some of Kimbangu's own disciples introduced anti-European elements in their teachings.
572:
State solicitation of Protestant action was logical. The state sought a counterweight to its critics in the powerful Catholic church. Protestant churches, and particularly the Church of Christ leadership, have been consistently supportive of Mobutu, making them an attractive potential partner. And
1043:
Nature spirits play a minor role in negotiating everyday life compared with that played by witches and sorcerers. Witches are individuals who possess an internal organ giving them extraordinary power, generally malevolent power. The organ and its powers are hereditary. Witches can bring death and
995:
Over time the movement became more Africanized and more radical. The term combines the prefix "ki" with "tawala", a corruption of a local word for "tower" and is by far the most common term for the movement; the invented term "Waticitawala" has sometimes been used intentionally to evoke the early
681:
Africanized variants of traditional Christianity can be found throughout the continent. In spite of state prohibitions, new churches outside the three officially recognized in the DRC have sprung up and, so long as they remain small and nonthreatening, have usually been left alone by authorities.
637:
when he reportedly first received his visions and divine call to preach the word and heal the sick. Touring the lower Congo, he gained a large following drawn both from members of Protestant churches and adherents of indigenous religious practice. He preached a doctrine that was in many ways more
491:
in the country, representing about half of the total population. There are six archdioceses and 41 dioceses. The impact of the Catholic Church in the DRC is enormous. Besides involving over 40% of the population in its religious services, its schools have educated over 60% of the nation's primary
206:
Different spiritual traditions, agents, and communities may be sought out for assistance, depending on the situation at hand. For example, Christian students may employ sorcery with the objective of improving their individual exam scores or of helping their school's soccer team win in competition
1051:
in order to identify the agent responsible for his or her affliction. The diviner is a specialist skilled in identifying the social tensions present in the community of the afflicted, and, for a fee, will identify the agent responsible for the individual's misfortune. By obtaining details of the
1024:
The wide variety of African indigenous beliefs and practices makes generalizations difficult, but some commonalities may nonetheless be noted. In general, Zairians believe themselves to be subject to a number of unseen agents and forces. Most indigenous communities recognize a high god, and many
925:
during the 1920s. "Kitawala" is derived from a Swahili term that means "to dominate, direct, or govern". Accordingly, the goal of this movement was essentially political—to establish independence from Belgium. That goal, some reasoned, could best be achieved under the cloak of religion. Kitawala
601:
arrived in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1986 and has been growing rapidly, though it remains minor. The group first received recognition in 1986 under petition from members who had joined the Church while studying abroad in Switzerland and Belgium. The Church is thought to have 42,689
991:
After Kamwana's death, these churches split on regional lines, those in the Belgian Congo later adopted the name "Kitawala". The greatest difference between Kitawala and the authentic Jehovah's Witnesses is that the latter do not engage in politics. As was the case with Kimbanguism, the state
540:
Situated outside of the governing colonial trinity of state, Catholic church, and companies, Protestant missions did not enjoy the same degree of official confidence as that accorded their Catholic counterparts. State subsidies for hospitals and schools, for example, were (with two individual
1011:
At times they have resisted state pressure violently, as in Shaba in 1979 when the appearance of army units in their midst provoked an attack by Kitawalists on the state's administrative offices and the killing of two soldiers. The state retaliated with a vicious repression. More frequently,
1039:
live in particular places, such as rivers, rocks, trees, or pools, or in natural forces such as wind and lightning. A typical practice involving a nature spirit in much of northern Zaire is the commonplace tossing of a red item (palm nut, cloth, matches, etc.) in a river before crossing it,
1028:
Far more significant are ancestors, who are believed to continue to play a part in community life long after their death. In general, the living are required to speak respectfully of ancestors and to observe certain rites of respect so that the dead will look favorably on their descendants'
569:(nationalized in 1971), but churches were asked if they would be willing to station representatives within the major government ministries in order to discourage and/or report acts of corruption by state officials. Sensing the threat of co-optation, the Protestants respectfully declined.
556:
Protestant churches are valued, as are their Catholic counterparts, not only for the medical and educational services they provide, but also for serving as islands of integrity in a sea of corruption. Explicit recognition of this role came in 1983 when
580:(Église du Christ de L'Oubangi) broke away in 1988 to ally his own congregation with a charismatic but officially recognized church community in distant Kivu, the Church of Christ in Zaire stepped in to adjudicate. The governing body prevented the
492:
school students and more than 40% of its secondary students. The church owns and manages an extensive network of hospitals, schools, and clinics, as well as many diocesan economic enterprises, including farms, ranches, stores, and artisans' shops.
638:
strict than that of the Protestantism from which it evolved. Healing by the laying on of hands; strict observance of the law of Moses; the destruction of fetishes; the repudiation of sorcery, magic, charms, and witches; and the prohibition of
1033:; rather, the living address and relate to their deceased elders in much the same way that they relate to their living ones. Often the terms of address and the gifts given to placate a dead elder are identical to those accorded a living one.
545:. The Church of Christ developed rules that permitted members of one evangelical congregation to move to and be accepted by another. It also established institutions that served common needs, such as bookstores and missionary guest houses.
700:), like other Christian sects in Africa, has taken root under the umbrella of an existing church, in this case the Catholic one. Jamaa is actually a European-African hybrid in that it was initially founded by a Flemish Franciscan priest,
495:
The church's penetration of the country at large is a product of the colonial era. The Belgian colonial state authorized and subsidized the predominantly Belgian Catholic missions to establish schools and hospitals throughout the colony.
533:(1885–1908), some Protestant missionaries witnessed and publicized state and charter company abuses against the population during rubber- and ivory-gathering operations. That evidence helped lead to the international outcry that forced
598:
593:
992:
attempted to repress Kitawala by relegating its members to isolated rural regions. Ironically, this strategy once again simply served to speed the spread of the movement as exiled adherents converted their rural neighbours.
2797:
1919:
908:
972:, with its own rituals and scriptural interpretations, although many of its members still read the Watch Tower Society's magazines. Kamwana remained its leader and promoted daughter churches in
657:(Église de Jésus-Christ sur Terre par le Prophète Simon Kimbangu—EJCSK), has since succeeded in becoming one of the only three Christian groups recognized by the state, the other two being the
529:
Protestant missionaries have been active since 1878 when the first Protestant mission was founded among the Congo. Early relations with the state were not warm. During the existence of the
1799:
1689:
1000:
elements of colonial rule. The movement's anticolonial message was so strong that the Jehovah's Witnesses had to make it very clear that they never had anything to do with that religion.
832:
565:
with local and international Protestant officials followed. Not only was a renewed church involvement sought with struggling institutions, such as the formerly Protestant university in
964:
until 1925, the American organisation then disowned them. When Kamwana was eventually allowed to return to Nyasaland in 1937, he initiated the Mlondo or Watchman Healing Mission, an
1943:
1653:
1814:
1533:"The Baháʼí Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Baháʼí Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963"
634:
577:
1965:
1753:
2188:
901:
2456:
1679:
1169:
2023:
1953:
1834:
1809:
2853:
2089:
2003:
1880:
1824:
584:
church from accepting the rebellious preacher and his congregation, leaving him with no outside allies or resources and effectively localizing his potential impact.
2047:
894:
1101:
2162:
2018:
1909:
1154:
862:
471:
921:
A much more radical product of the synthesis of African and Christendom elements is the Kitawala movement or so-called "Watchtower movement", which appeared in
646:
And European interests were affected when African personnel abandoned their posts for long periods in order to follow Kimbangu and participate in his services.
2784:
1960:
1819:
1794:
561:
sent emissaries to Europe and the United States to encourage increased involvement by foreign mission boards in Zairian institution-building; a conference in
2777:
2765:
1885:
1870:
1804:
1646:
749:
2099:
2074:
1936:
1914:
1897:
1865:
1860:
1149:
857:
460:
1040:
particularly in places where the water is rough or turbulent. Thus placated, the spirit will refrain from stirring up the waters or overturning the boat.
1993:
1902:
969:
1260:
1208:
2152:
2064:
2059:
1926:
1892:
800:
1280:
2109:
2094:
2079:
2033:
1948:
1875:
1782:
1342:
1125:
Even though the religion was temporarily banned, and the country torn by wars, the religion grew so that in 2003 there were some 541 assemblies. The
756:
2147:
1848:
1829:
1639:
2181:
2124:
2028:
1981:
1671:
1347:
1321:
1229:
1194:
742:
725:
123:
2132:
2084:
2008:
805:
2157:
2114:
2069:
1748:
1164:
1088:-trading purposes. Today, Muslims constitute approximately 1% of the Congolese population according to Pew research center. The majority are
1068:
816:
795:
787:
777:
2142:
1234:
949:
message of exclusively. Besides preaching the imminent arrival of God's kingdom, Kamwana also preached Booth's message of racial equality,
852:
1140:
In the same year, it was ranked as the 37th worst country to be a Christian. This was mainly due to ADF and other terrorist activity.
2235:
2197:
1931:
716:
481:
2663:
2503:
2202:
882:
1718:
1505:
168:
or ECC). It is often simply referred to as 'The Protestant Church', since it covers most of the 20% of the population who are
2653:
1591:
1174:
1126:
1114:
wrote letters encouraging taking the religion to Africa in 1916. The first Baháʼí to settle in the country came in 1953 from
1047:
In the event of illness, or of crop failure, or of misfortune in some other sphere of life, the stricken party may consult a
405:
1012:
Kitawalists withdraw when state pressure becomes excessive. Entire communities have moved into deep forest in areas such as
2266:
1303:
961:
2742:
1699:
1486:
1239:
398:
111:
1025:
attribute to him the role of creator; otherwise, he has few specific characteristics beyond that of ultimate cause.
1770:
1662:
1077:
514:
103:
1119:
1684:
73:
1612:
1316:
2753:
298:
2289:
2533:
2426:
2374:
2228:
1711:
1159:
38:
2260:
1343:"New Temples Announced for France, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa, Colombia, Utah and Wyoming"
941:
in 1906 and 1907 respectively. Kamwana returned to his native Nyasaland in 1908 and preached a mixture of
2299:
1129:
estimated that the DRC had the fifth highest population of Baháʼís in 2010, with some 283,000 adherents.
349:
2834:
2816:
1532:
522:
2573:
2284:
1998:
930:
662:
542:
505:
159:
2803:
2688:
2678:
2483:
2221:
965:
950:
1055:
From an outsider's perspective, the most striking aspect of indigenous belief and practice is its
2693:
2578:
2513:
1546:
1623:
1013:
446:
2810:
2673:
2633:
2618:
2603:
2558:
2498:
2319:
973:
946:
734:
629:
The Kimbanguist Church, a growing Congolese religion, emerged from the charismatic ministry of
119:
115:
2790:
2446:
1554:
1472:
1261:"US STATE DEPT 2020 REPORT: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM"
510:
347:
2623:
1281:
Religiously Remapped - Mapping Religious Trends In Africa - Dataset of Religious Affiliations
658:
534:
127:
1631:
2821:
2728:
2703:
2548:
2543:
2523:
2493:
2478:
2354:
934:
155:
Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the Greek Orthodox Church.
1107:
576:
When, for example, a charismatic preacher of the officially recognized but noncharismatic
549:
The new indigenous leadership has succeeded in expanding its churches in Africa's largest
158:
62 of the Protestant denominations in the country are federated under the umbrella of the
139:
8:
2771:
2737:
2713:
2683:
2668:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2593:
2588:
2538:
2488:
2463:
2419:
945:
beliefs and Watch Tower doctrines, using Watch Tower publications but did not preach the
607:
306:
256:
1468:
1441:'A Very Antagonistic Spirit': Elliot Kamwana: Christianity and the World in Nyasaland".
1398:'A Very Antagonistic Spirit': Elliot Kamwana: Christianity and the World in Nyasaland",
1111:
956:
The Watch Tower churches initiated by Kamwana in northern Nyasaland and which spread to
118:(of which nearly half are Catholic, another half are Protestant, and a small number are
2723:
2718:
2658:
2608:
2568:
2468:
2404:
2379:
2344:
2314:
2309:
2244:
1559:
1528:
1478:
594:
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
356:
1122:
of the country was elected in 1957. By 1963 there were 143 local assemblies in Congo.
2759:
2698:
2643:
2598:
2583:
2563:
2553:
2528:
2473:
2431:
2394:
2369:
2324:
2137:
1572:
1482:
1426:
The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1944
1413:
The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1944
1370:
The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964
985:
957:
763:
603:
1526:
2708:
2613:
2508:
2399:
2384:
2274:
1743:
1728:
1694:
1568:
1030:
922:
697:
558:
530:
196:
1586:
2441:
2409:
2364:
2359:
2294:
2013:
1738:
701:
488:
110:
nation and freedom of religion is enshrined in its constitution. As of 2021, the
92:
1230:
2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Democratic Republic of the Congo
2414:
2389:
2339:
2334:
2329:
1456:
Oral Literature and Moral Education among the Lakeside Tonga of Northern Malawi
1036:
630:
192:
1209:"DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 2020 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT"
2847:
2279:
1765:
1760:
1706:
977:
96:
1723:
1550:
938:
84:
28:
2436:
1428:. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press pp. 139–140, 150–151
1081:
1056:
942:
654:
550:
169:
1048:
476:
200:
176:
was introduced and mainly spread by Arab merchants and slave traders.
2213:
981:
666:
566:
180:
2304:
1555:"The Baháʼí Faith 1957-1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments"
639:
618:
606:. In 2011, it announced its intention to build its first Congolese
562:
518:
188:
131:
1509:
587:
2349:
1005:
184:
143:
114:
reported that more than 95% of the population is affiliated with
107:
1016:
Province in order to escape any contact with civil authorities.
1115:
622:
69:
1504:
537:
to cede control of the Congo Free State to the Belgian state.
1733:
1661:
1137:
In 2023, DRC was scored as 3 out of 4 for religious freedom.
1089:
1085:
1073:
691:
655:
Church of Jesus Christ on Earth by the Prophet Simon Kimbangu
215:
Estimates concerning religion in the DRC Congo vary greatly.
173:
135:
77:
48:
1415:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 68
1170:
History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
581:
669:; some villages there have long been totally Kimbanguist.
633:
in the early 1920s. Kimbangu was already a member of the
1274:
1155:
Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
472:
Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1160:
Protestantism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2256:
1150:
Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1004:
flag, participating in party-mandated public works (
960:
received funding and publications from the American
676:
461:
Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1317:"Country Profile: Democratic Republic of the Congo"
2854:Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2845:
1467:
1383:Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa
1110:in Democratic Republic of the Congo began after
1102:Baháʼí Faith in Democratic Republic of the Congo
1019:
89:religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1348:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1322:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1080:since the 18th century, when Arab traders from
726:Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
599:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
588:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
130:). The remaining 5% follow other non-Christian
1587:"QuickLists: Most Baha'i (sic) Nations (2010)"
1481:: US Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 47–59.
1458:. Oxford: African Books Collective, pp. 119–20
1293:The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa
179:Traditional religions embody such concepts as
2229:
1647:
1385:. Princeton University Press. pp. 99, 115–116
1165:Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1069:Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
937:became members of the Watch Tower Society in
902:
1235:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
163:
1613:Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-01
883:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal
625:, the holiest Kimbanguist site in the Congo
517:at the Église Francophone CBCO Kintambo in
2236:
2222:
1654:
1640:
1545:
909:
895:
482:Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi
1624:Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-01
1579:
1222:
996:twentieth century thread from Kitawala.
617:
509:
475:
68:
1500:
1498:
1314:
642:were all part of his original message.
2846:
2243:
1539:
1132:
1029:activities. Africans do not engage in
2217:
1635:
1592:Association of Religion Data Archives
1520:
1461:
1175:Religion in the Republic of the Congo
1127:Association of Religion Data Archives
613:
406:Association of Religion Data Archives
2267:Traditional African religions portal
1495:
21:Religion in the DRC (2021 estimate)
962:Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society
653:The legalized church, known as the
13:
1575:– via Baháʼí Library Online.
1195:"Democratic Republic of the Congo"
14:
2865:
1754:Transitional Government (2003–06)
1514:Baháʼí International News Service
1304:October 2019 talk by Dale Renlund
1268:United States Department of State
1240:United States Department of State
1216:United States Department of State
677:Other African Christian movements
2798:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2519:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2259:
1663:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1078:Democratic Republic of the Congo
876:
733:
499:
104:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1617:
1606:
1510:"Double cause for celebrations"
1448:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1402:, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 16–17, 20
1388:
1375:
1362:
1095:
454:
99:being its main denominations.
1690:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
1506:Baháʼí International Community
1335:
1308:
1297:
1285:
1253:
1201:
1187:
635:English Baptist Mission Church
578:Church of Christ of the Ubangi
465:
1:
2427:Traditional African religions
1443:The Society of Malawi Journal
1400:The Society of Malawi Journal
1180:
1084:pushed into the interior for
1020:Traditional African religions
395:(Including other Christians)
295:(Including other Christians)
210:
146:, and indigenous religions).
1771:M23 offensive (2022–present)
1744:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
1719:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
1695:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
1573:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8
1315:Mokgare, Mpho (2020-10-21).
968:entirely independent of the
487:There are around 35 million
7:
2579:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
2300:Traditional Berber religion
1886:Foreign policy under Mobutu
1531:Residing in the Holy Land.
1351:(Press release). 2011-10-01
1143:
707:
149:
10:
2870:
2835:African diaspora religions
1729:State of Katanga (1960–63)
1474:Tablets of the Divine Plan
1099:
1066:
988:before his death in 1956.
933:and his African associate
591:
523:Baptist Community of Congo
503:
469:
458:
403:
354:
304:
254:
2831:
2736:
2455:
2285:Ancient Egyptian religion
2251:
2175:
2123:
2055:
2046:
1989:
1980:
1856:
1847:
1790:
1781:
1739:First Congo War (1996–98)
1670:
663:Church of Christ in Congo
543:Church of Christ in Congo
506:Church of Christ in Congo
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
165:Église du Christ au Congo
160:Church of Christ in Congo
2504:Central African Republic
1861:Administrative divisions
1120:Local Spiritual Assembly
1076:has been present in the
1062:
980:in addition to those in
966:African initiated church
951:equal pay for equal work
685:
1766:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
1707:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
1445:, Vol. 64, No. 1, p. 27
1411:Rotberg, R. I. (1965).
929:The British missionary
116:Christian denominations
1724:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
1685:Colonization (1867–85)
1477:(Paperback ed.).
1454:D. K. Mphande (2014).
1424:R. I. Rotberg (1965).
1368:R. I. Rotberg (1965).
692:
626:
553:Protestant community.
526:
484:
164:
81:
2664:São Tomé and Príncipe
2654:Republic of the Congo
1535:. pp. 25, 59–60.
1381:K. E. Fields (1985).
1008:), and paying taxes.
621:
513:
479:
72:
833:World Heritage Sites
690:The Jamaa movement (
521:, affiliated to the
74:Holy Ghost Cathedral
2420:Serer creation myth
1133:Freedom of religion
1118:. The first Baháʼí
970:Watch Tower Society
307:Pew Research Center
257:US State Department
219:
162:or CCC (in French,
120:Jehovah's Witnesses
112:US State Department
87:is the predominant
63: Others (0.1%)
2405:Malagasy mythology
2315:Bushongo mythology
2245:Religion in Africa
2024:Telecommunications
1871:Court of Cassation
1835:Former place names
1529:Hands of the Cause
1479:Wilmette, Illinois
1437:H. Donati (2011).
1394:H. Donati (2011).
627:
614:Kimbanguist Church
527:
485:
357:CIA World Factbook
218:
82:
39:Traditional faiths
2841:
2840:
2747:other territories
2534:Equatorial Guinea
2432:Tumbuka mythology
2395:Lugbara mythology
2380:Khoe/San religion
2325:Dahomean religion
2211:
2210:
2171:
2170:
2090:Human trafficking
2042:
2041:
1976:
1975:
1944:Political parties
1937:National Assembly
1881:Foreign relations
1843:
1842:
986:Northern Rhodesia
958:Northern Rhodesia
919:
918:
452:
451:
57: None (0.4%)
2861:
2457:Sovereign states
2400:Maasai mythology
2385:Lotuko mythology
2275:Akamba mythology
2269:
2264:
2263:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2191:
2184:
2053:
2052:
2014:Franc (currency)
1987:
1986:
1854:
1853:
1788:
1787:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1312:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1291:Timothy Insoll.
1289:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1031:ancestor worship
923:Katanga Province
911:
904:
897:
881:
880:
879:
737:
728:
712:
711:
696:means family in
695:
531:Congo Free State
250:
245:
220:
217:
197:ancestor worship
167:
62:
56:
46:
36:
26:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2827:
2746:
2741:
2732:
2451:
2442:Yoruba religion
2410:Mbuti mythology
2365:Isoko mythology
2295:Bantu mythology
2265:
2258:
2247:
2242:
2212:
2207:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2167:
2163:Public holidays
2119:
2038:
1972:
1910:Law enforcement
1839:
1777:
1734:Zaire (1965–97)
1666:
1660:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1544:
1540:
1525:
1521:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1146:
1135:
1104:
1098:
1071:
1065:
1022:
935:Elliott Kamwana
915:
877:
875:
868:
867:
863:National anthem
848:
847:
838:
837:
828:
827:
811:
810:
791:
790:
724:
710:
702:Placide Tempels
688:
679:
659:Catholic Church
616:
602:members in 145
596:
590:
535:King Léopold II
515:Worship service
508:
502:
474:
468:
463:
457:
443:
442:
436:
435:
429:
428:
422:
421:
415:
414:
394:
393:
387:
386:
380:
379:
373:
372:
366:
365:
344:
343:
337:
336:
330:
329:
323:
322:
316:
315:
294:
293:
287:
286:
280:
279:
273:
272:
266:
265:
248:
243:
213:
152:
67:
66:
65:
64:
60:
58:
54:
52:
44:
42:
34:
32:
24:
12:
11:
5:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2817:Western Sahara
2814:
2807:
2801:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2754:Canary Islands
2750:
2748:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2415:Serer religion
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:Lozi mythology
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:Efik mythology
2337:
2335:Dogon religion
2332:
2330:Dinka religion
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2305:Bono mythology
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Child marriage
2056:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1961:Prime Minister
1958:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1920:Chief of Staff
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665: articles
1659:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1605:
1578:
1538:
1519:
1508:(2003-09-06).
1494:
1487:
1460:
1447:
1430:
1417:
1404:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1334:
1307:
1296:
1284:
1273:
1252:
1221:
1200:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1134:
1131:
1100:Main article:
1097:
1094:
1067:Main article:
1064:
1061:
1037:Nature spirits
1021:
1018:
947:Bible Students
917:
916:
914:
913:
906:
899:
891:
888:
887:
886:
885:
870:
869:
866:
865:
860:
855:
849:
845:
844:
843:
840:
839:
836:
835:
829:
825:
824:
823:
820:
819:
813:
812:
809:
808:
803:
798:
792:
786:
785:
784:
781:
780:
774:
773:
767:
766:
760:
759:
753:
752:
746:
745:
739:
738:
730:
729:
721:
720:
709:
706:
687:
684:
678:
675:
631:Simon Kimbangu
615:
612:
592:Main article:
589:
586:
501:
498:
470:Main article:
467:
464:
459:Main article:
456:
453:
450:
449:
444:
440:
439:
437:
433:
432:
430:
426:
425:
423:
419:
418:
416:
412:
411:
409:
401:
400:
396:
391:
390:
388:
384:
383:
381:
377:
376:
374:
370:
369:
367:
363:
362:
360:
352:
351:
345:
341:
340:
338:
334:
333:
331:
327:
326:
324:
320:
319:
317:
313:
312:
310:
302:
301:
296:
291:
290:
288:
284:
283:
281:
277:
276:
274:
270:
269:
267:
263:
262:
260:
252:
251:
246:
241:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
212:
209:
151:
148:
128:Greek Orthodox
59:
53:
43:
33:
23:
19:
18:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2866:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2836:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Guinea-Bissau
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2447:Zulu religion
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Igbo religion
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Akan religion
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:Social issues
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:Deforestation
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:Kivu conflict
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Early history
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1551:Momen, Moojan
1548:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1488:0-87743-233-3
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
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2738:Dependencies
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2679:Sierra Leone
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2484:Burkina Faso
2320:Christianity
2290:Baháʼí Faith
2104:
2100:Prostitution
2075:Demographics
1999:Central Bank
1898:Human rights
1866:Constitution
1800:Conservation
1712:World War II
1619:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1567:(1): 63–91.
1564:
1558:
1547:Smith, Peter
1541:
1527:Compiled by
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1469:`Abdu'l-Bahá
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1233:
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1112:`Abdu'l-Bahá
1108:Baháʼí Faith
1105:
1096:Baháʼí Faith
1072:
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1027:
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939:South Africa
931:Joseph Booth
928:
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858:Coat of arms
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205:
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101:
88:
85:Christianity
83:
29:Christianity
20:
15:
2694:South Sudan
2437:Waaqeffanna
1994:Agriculture
1092:Muslims.
1082:East Africa
1057:determinism
943:sabbatarian
551:Francophone
466:Catholicism
170:Protestants
93:Catholicism
2833:See also:
2824:(Tanzania)
2811:Somaliland
2804:St. Helena
2768:(Portugal)
2743:autonomies
2674:Seychelles
2634:Mozambique
2619:Mauritania
2604:Madagascar
2559:The Gambia
2499:Cape Verde
2355:Irreligion
2065:Corruption
1927:Parliament
1893:Government
1810:Ecoregions
1700:Atrocities
1599:2020-10-21
1355:2020-10-21
1328:2020-10-21
1246:2020-10-21
1238:(Report).
1181:References
974:Tanganyika
801:Television
504:See also:
249:Protestant
211:Statistics
201:witchcraft
2624:Mauritius
2252:Religions
2095:Languages
2080:Education
2034:Transport
2004:Companies
1949:President
1876:Elections
1825:Volcanoes
1815:Mountains
1783:Geography
1471:(1991) .
982:Nyasaland
826:Monuments
757:Languages
667:Bas-Congo
567:Kisangani
489:Catholics
181:pantheism
132:religions
2848:Category
2822:Zanzibar
2793:(France)
2785:Puntland
2774:(France)
2729:Zimbabwe
2704:Tanzania
2549:Ethiopia
2544:Eswatini
2524:Djibouti
2494:Cameroon
2479:Botswana
2345:Hinduism
2310:Buddhism
2198:Category
2148:Football
2105:Religion
1915:Military
1849:Politics
1830:Wildlife
1560:Religion
1553:(1989).
1372:, p. 66.
1144:See also
1014:Équateur
976:and the
771:Religion
717:a series
715:Part of
708:Kitawala
661:and the
640:polygyny
563:Kinshasa
519:Kinshasa
244:Catholic
189:vitalism
150:Overview
2791:Réunion
2780:(Spain)
2778:Melilla
2772:Mayotte
2766:Madeira
2762:(Spain)
2756:(Spain)
2714:Tunisia
2684:Somalia
2669:Senegal
2649:Nigeria
2639:Namibia
2629:Morocco
2594:Liberia
2589:Lesotho
2539:Eritrea
2514:Comoros
2489:Burundi
2464:Algeria
2375:Judaism
2370:Jainism
2182:Outline
2138:Cuisine
2125:Culture
2048:Society
2029:Tourism
1982:Economy
1672:History
1049:diviner
1006:Salongo
846:Symbols
764:Cuisine
743:History
698:Swahili
235:Source
229:Muslim
223:Source
185:animism
140:Baháʼís
136:Muslims
124:Mormons
108:secular
91:, with
31:(95.4%)
2724:Zambia
2719:Uganda
2659:Rwanda
2609:Malawi
2569:Guinea
2469:Angola
2203:Portal
2133:Cinema
2085:Health
2019:Mining
2009:Energy
1932:Senate
1820:Rivers
1795:Cities
1595:. 2010
1485:
1242:. 2018
1116:Uganda
806:Cinema
750:People
719:on the
623:Nkamba
608:Temple
559:Mobutu
525:, 2019
427:42.25%
420:52.25%
240:total
232:Other
193:spirit
61:
55:
51:(1.5%)
47:
45:
41:(2.6%)
37:
35:
27:
25:
2760:Ceuta
2745:, and
2699:Sudan
2644:Niger
2599:Libya
2584:Kenya
2564:Ghana
2554:Gabon
2529:Egypt
2474:Benin
2360:Islam
2189:Index
2158:Music
2153:Media
2115:Women
2070:Crime
1749:2000s
1264:(PDF)
1212:(PDF)
1090:Sunni
1086:ivory
1074:Islam
1063:Islam
817:Sport
796:Radio
788:Media
778:Music
693:jamaa
686:Jamaa
448:2023
441:3.53%
434:1.47%
392:42.1%
378:26.7%
371:29.9%
364:95.9%
300:2017
174:Islam
106:is a
78:Kindu
49:Islam
2806:(UK)
2709:Togo
2614:Mali
2509:Chad
2143:Flag
1966:List
1954:List
1903:LGBT
1483:ISBN
1106:The
984:and
853:Flag
582:Kivu
480:The
385:1.3%
342:2.5%
335:1.5%
195:and
144:Jews
126:and
102:The
95:and
1569:doi
413:95%
328:48%
321:47%
314:96%
292:10%
278:40%
271:50%
264:90%
76:in
2850::
1589:.
1565:19
1563:.
1557:.
1549:;
1512:.
1497:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
