655:
secularism." Despite the predictions of the "secularization theorists" like Marx and Weber, "modern" or secular processes have not meant the demise of religion and have actually proved to be quite compatible with religion—have even led, at least in the short term, to a surprising revival of religion. The problem with earlier secularization theories is that they presumed that secularization was a single, all-encompassing, and unidirectional phenomenon. However, as Peter
Glasner has more recently shown, "secular" and "secularization" embrace a variety of diverse processes and responses, not all of which—indeed, few of which—are inherently antithetical to religion, Glasner identifies ten different versions of secularization, organized in terms of whether their thrust is primarily institutional, nonnative, or cognitive... The upshot of this analysis is that secularism most assuredly does not translate simply and directly into atheism. Many good theists support the secularization of the American government in the form of the "separation of church and state," and all of them go about at least part of their day without doing religion.
417:
different type of experience when all particular beliefs are optional. A plethora of competing religious and irreligious worldviews open up, each rendering the other more "fragile". This condition in turn entails for Taylor that even clearly religious beliefs and practices are experienced in a qualitatively different way when they occur in a secular social context. In Taylor's sense of the term, a society could in theory be highly "secular" even if nearly all of its members believed in a deity or even subscribed to a particular religious creed; secularity here has to do with the conditions, not the prevalence, of belief, and these conditions are understood to be shared across a given society, irrespective of belief or lack thereof.
1252:
150:. Scholars recognize that secularity is structured by Protestant models of Christianity, shares a parallel language to religion, and intensifies Protestant features such as iconoclasm, skepticism towards rituals, and emphasizes beliefs. In doing so, secularism perpetuates Christian traits under a different name.
477:
In the first part of this book we will chart the slow, unsteady development of political secularism (Set 2) across time and space. You might be surprised to see that we'll trace its origins to the Bible. From there we will watch how secularism's core principles emerged, in dribs and drabs, during the
654:
The point is that the sacred/secular dichotomy is, like most dichotomies, false. "Secular" certainly does not mean "atheistic" or without religion, definitely not anti-religion; in fact, as I illustrate in a chapter in the second volume of this collection, there is a proud tradition of "Islamic
416:
are no longer underpinned by communally-accepted religious facts. All religious beliefs or irreligious philosophical positions are, in a secular society, held with an awareness that there are a wide range of other contradictory positions available to any individual; belief in general becomes a
365:
In many cultures, there is little dichotomy between "natural" and "supernatural", "religious" and "not-religious", especially since people have beliefs in other supernatural or spiritual things irrespective of belief in God or gods. Other cultures stress practice of ritual rather than belief.
318:
such as Jack David Eller, secularity is best understood not as being "anti-religious", but as being "religiously neutral" since many activities in religious bodies are secular themselves, and most versions of secularity do not lead to irreligiosity.
132:. Many activities in religious bodies are secular, and though there are multiple types of secularity or secularization, most do not lead to irreligiosity. Linguistically, a process by which anything becomes secular is named
370:. Attempts to define either the "secular" or the "religious" in non-Western societies, accompanying local modernization and Westernization processes, were often and still are fraught with tension. Due to all these factors,
337:
One can regard eating and bathing as examples of secular activities, because there may not be anything inherently religious about them. Nevertheless, some religious traditions see both eating and bathing as
334:
are both
Western concepts that were formed under the influence of Christian theology, other cultures do not necessarily have words or concepts that resemble or are equivalent to them.
161:
are both
Western concepts that were formed under the influence of Christian theology, other cultures do not necessarily have words or concepts that resemble or are equivalent to them.
366:
Conceptions of both "secular" and "religious", while sometimes having some parallels in local cultures, were generally imported along with
Western worldviews, often in the context of
404:). For Taylor, this third sense of secularity is the unique historical condition in which virtually all individuals – religious or not – have to contend with the fact that their
420:
Taylor's thorough account of secularity as a socio-historical condition, rather than the absence or diminished importance of religion, has been highly influential in subsequent
543:
310:, priests who were defined as the Church's geographically-delimited diocesan clergy and not a part of the diasporal monastic orders. This arrangement continues today. The
101:, there were even secular clergy. Furthermore, secular and religious entities were not separated in the medieval period, but coexisted and interacted naturally. The word
112:
Today, anything that is not directly connected with religion may be considered secular, in other words, neutral to religion. Secularity does not mean
478:
Christian Middle Ages, the
Protestant Reformation, and the Enlightenment. Secularism, some might be surprised to learn, has a religious genealogy.
819:
From God to
Climate Change: The journey of Albert Garnier's 30-year mission in China to scientist son Ben's fight with the riddle of the world
173:
was not related or linked to religion, but was a freestanding term in Latin that would relate to any mundane endeavour. However, the term,
232:, to denote the coming and going of the ages, the grant of eternal life, and the long duration of created things from their beginning to
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392:
understands and discusses the secularity of
Western societies less in terms of how much of a role religion plays in public life (
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1051:
1027:
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949:
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1146:
Iversen, Hans Raun (2013). "Secularization, Secularity, Secularism". In
Runehov, Anne L. C.; Oviedo, Lluis (eds.).
405:
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as a general term of reference was much deprecated in social sciences, and is used carefully and with qualifications.
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775:
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This article is about secularity in the sense of being unrelated to religion. For clergy who are not monks, see
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does not necessarily imply hostility or rejection of God or religion, though some use the term this way (see "
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1195:
1037:
383:
153:
Most cultures around the world do not have tension or dichotomous views of religion and secularity. Since
577:. Toronto: Published by University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America.
300:", below); Martin Luther used to speak of "secular work" as a vocation from God for most Christians.
708:
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1281:
400:), than as a "backdrop" or social context in which religious belief is no longer taken as a given (
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703:
17:
421:
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has been a part of the
Christian church's history, which even developed in the medieval period
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to indicate separation from specifically religious affairs and involvement in temporal ones.
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1041:
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194:
35:
1076:; Galen, Luke W.; Pasquale, Frank L. (2016). "Secularity Around the World".
322:
The idea of a dichotomy between religion and the secular originated in the
267:
228:, was used in the early Christian church (and is still used today), in the
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advocated for secularity by separation of church and state. According to
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The Crisis of Church and State, 1050-1300 : With
Selected Documents
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693:
691:
343:
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297:
147:
142:
94:
1106:; Shook, John R. (2017). "Introduction: The Study of Secularism". In
905:
Calhoun, Craig; Jeurgensmeyer, Mark; Van Antwerpen, Jonathan (2011).
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through the context of a religion, performing corporal and spiritual
688:
793:
Introducing Anthropology of Religion : Culture to the Ultimate
517:
Introducing Anthropology of Religion : Culture to the Ultimate
409:
359:
288:
271:
82:
672:
The Secular Paradox : On the Religiosity of the Not Religious
638:
Eller, Jack (2010). "What is Atheism?". In Zuckerman, Phil (ed.).
140:; and any concept or ideology promoting the secular may be termed
904:
351:
198:
34:. For the legal status of countries in relation to religion, see
727:
725:
1006:(2017). "The Imagined War Between Secularism and Religion". In
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Atheism and Secularity. Volume 1: Issues, Concepts, Definitions
347:
842:
722:
245:
219:
213:
86:
53:
1078:
The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies
81:), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to
745:"CHURCH FATHERS: Against Heresies, II.34.3 (St. Irenaeus)"
342:, therefore making them religious activities within those
1180:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
929:
Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity
1150:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 2116–2121.
396:), or how religious a society's individual members are (
1072:
996:
Recognizing the Non-religious: Reimagining the Secular
877:
716:
697:
428:, particularly as older sociological narratives about
1014:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 71–84.
971:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 499ff.
963: (2017). "Varieties of Secular Experience". In
944:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. 1–18.
146:, a term generally applied to the ideology dictating
1114:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–17.
362:
are examples of religious (non-secular) activities.
266:
or denoted a period of about one hundred years. The
616:
809:
674:. New York: New York University Press. p. 8.
642:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. pp. 12–13.
936:Eller, Jack David (2010). "What Is Atheism?". In
85:. The origins of secularity can be traced to the
1268:
538:
536:
289:Modern and historical understandings of the term
1178:How (Not) to Be Secular: Reading Charles Tayor
1102:
894:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. pp. 1–24.
731:
1002:
848:
712:
533:
136:, though the term is mainly reserved for the
460:
89:itself. The concept was fleshed out through
1046:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press.
600:On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State
250:
188:
174:
148:no religious influence on the public sphere
56:
795:(Third ed.). Routledge. p. 282.
665:
663:
519:(Third ed.). Routledge. p. 282.
1086:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.001.0001
669:
602:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
350:derived from religious text or doctrine,
768:The Secular Clergy in England, 1066–1216
759:
492:The Secular Clergy in England, 1066-1216
1198:(2009). "The Polysemy of the Secular".
1145:
815:
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633:
631:
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572:
377:
14:
1269:
1194:
1148:Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions
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1036:
889:
865:
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360:religious seminary school or monastery
1172:
1080:. New York: Oxford University Press.
977:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.31
958:
935:
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637:
514:
440:have come under increased criticism.
27:State of being separate from religion
1120:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.1
1020:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.5
923:
878:Zuckerman, Galen & Pasquale 2016
861:
717:Zuckerman, Galen & Pasquale 2016
698:Zuckerman, Galen & Pasquale 2016
628:
261:of a generation, belonging to an age
993:
622:
24:
1138:
822:. Paragon Publishing. p. 51.
25:
1293:
1244:
1112:The Oxford Handbook of Secularism
1012:The Oxford Handbook of Secularism
969:The Oxford Handbook of Secularism
755:from the original on Apr 3, 2024.
749:New Advent, Fathers of the Church
1250:
909:. Oxford: Oxford UP. p. 21.
556:10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_SIM_124156
548:Religion Past and Present Online
109:as used in a religious context.
916:
898:
883:
868:, esp. pp. ix–xiv, 65, 76.
854:
784:
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1156:10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1024
591:
566:
508:
483:
461:Berlinerblau, Jacques (2022).
454:
164:
105:has a meaning very similar to
13:
1:
1255:The dictionary definition of
443:
202:
187:being the genitive plural of
931:. Stanford University Press.
448:
220:
7:
770:. Oxford University Press.
598:Strayer, Joseph R. (2016).
494:. Oxford University Press.
10:
1298:
998:. Oxford University Press.
791:Eller, Jack David (2022).
732:Zuckerman & Shook 2017
670:Blankholm, Joseph (2022).
515:Eller, Jack David (2022).
221:eis toĂąs aionas ton aiáą“nĹŤn
215:εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων
214:
29:
1110:; Shook, John R. (eds.).
1066:The Paradox of Liberation
1010:; Shook, John R. (eds.).
967:; Shook, John R. (eds.).
864:, esp. pp. 205–210;
270:doctrine that God exists
138:secularization of society
1068:. Yale University Press.
890:Taylor, Charles (2007).
766:Thomas, Hugh M. (2014).
490:Thomas, Hugh M. (2014).
316:cultural anthropologists
1174:Smith, James K. A.
573:Tierney, Brian (1988).
414:sense of life's meaning
169:Historically, the word
640:Atheism and Secularity
463:Secularism: The Basics
422:philosophy of religion
324:European Enlightenment
251:
189:
175:
57:
1212:10.1353/sor.2009.0046
907:Rethinking Secularism
562:on December 28, 2019.
550:. Brill. April 2011.
426:sociology of religion
326:. Furthermore, since
127:unrelated to religion
1277:Religion and society
816:Garnier, T. (2022).
378:Taylorian secularity
210:original Koine Greek
1004:Juergensmeyer, Mark
994:Lee, Lois (2015).
880:, pp. 19, 51.
849:Juergensmeyer 2017
713:Juergensmeyer 2017
358:, and attending a
193:) as found in the
177:saecula saeculorum
1187:978-0-8028-6761-2
1165:978-1-4020-8265-8
1129:978-0-19-998845-7
1095:978-0-19-992494-3
1053:978-0-674-02676-6
1029:978-0-19-998845-7
986:978-0-19-998845-7
951:978-0-313-35183-9
851:, pp. 74–79.
829:978-1-78222-969-8
625:, pp. 31–37.
386:in his 2007 book
91:Christian history
16:(Redirected from
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1206:(4): 1143–1166.
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1104:Zuckerman, Phil
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866:Walzer 2015
368:colonialism
352:worshipping
346:. Saying a
344:world views
312:Waldensians
224:), e.g. at
165:Definitions
99:Middle Ages
50:secularness
46:the secular
1271:Categories
835:2023-04-27
444:References
340:sacraments
298:secularism
242:secularity
230:doxologies
206: 410
184:saeculĹŤrum
143:secularism
95:modern era
42:Secularity
1236:140869368
1220:1944-768X
862:Asad 2003
449:Footnotes
268:Christian
208:) of the
97:. In the
93:into the
1228:40972206
1176:(2014).
1064:(2015).
1040:(2007).
927:(2003).
753:Archived
751:. 1885.
623:Lee 2015
410:morality
328:religion
276:medieval
252:saeculum
190:saeculum
155:religion
83:religion
58:saeculum
1258:secular
940:(ed.).
372:secular
332:secular
302:Secular
294:Secular
283:secular
281:to use
238:Secular
212:phrase
199:Vulgate
197:in the
171:secular
159:secular
107:profane
103:secular
66:worldly
44:, also
18:Secular
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436:, and
406:values
348:prayer
122:, but
52:(from
1232:S2CID
1224:JSTOR
412:, or
248:word
246:Latin
87:Bible
54:Latin
1216:ISSN
1182:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1090:ISBN
1048:ISBN
1024:ISBN
981:ISBN
946:ISBN
860:See
824:ISBN
797:ISBN
772:ISBN
676:ISBN
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604:ISBN
579:ISBN
521:ISBN
496:ISBN
467:ISBN
424:and
330:and
274:led
240:and
157:and
1208:doi
1152:doi
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1016:doi
973:doi
961:———
552:doi
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71:or
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