3228:
2184:
1696:
3352:
1410:
3314:
3063:
2265:
3471:
3433:
1358:
3011:
2976:
1992:
1423:
2160:
2208:
1848:
2625:
1932:
2460:
3050:
3399:
1397:
3128:
2612:
2664:
1436:
2220:
3115:
2408:
2846:
1787:
1540:
20:
2172:
2016:
1872:
2512:
1735:
1722:
1319:
7831:
3089:
2395:
1748:
1384:
2434:
2112:
2244:
2040:
1860:
3535:
3275:
3215:
3176:
2525:
2486:
2473:
2330:
2317:
2820:
1631:
1592:
1501:
1884:
2124:
2076:
1980:
2196:
1956:
2807:
2421:
2291:
7843:
2088:
2028:
2004:
1908:
3560:
2937:
2638:
2369:
2232:
1826:
1475:
1306:
3370:
3037:
2924:
2885:
2499:
1774:
1462:
1345:
2690:
3163:
2989:
2833:
2755:
2742:
2651:
2599:
2573:
2052:
1896:
1800:
1670:
1579:
1449:
1332:
3202:
3141:
2898:
2677:
2586:
2560:
2538:
2356:
2136:
2100:
1709:
1644:
1566:
3254:
3189:
2911:
2794:
2859:
2781:
2729:
2064:
1813:
1683:
1605:
1527:
1280:
1944:
3505:
1761:
1488:
3102:
3076:
2447:
2382:
1657:
1553:
1514:
1293:
1968:
2716:
2148:
1920:
3024:
2343:
1618:
1371:
2963:
2872:
3241:
2703:
2768:
2950:
2304:
2278:
3586:, which was responsible for drafting the Malayan constitution. The memorandum quoted: "The religion of Malaya shall be Islam. The observance of this principle shall not impose any disability on non-Muslim nationals professing and practicing their own religion and shall not imply that the state is not a
3711:
provides, "the
Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth. However,
1118:
in the United States have defined modern concepts of secularism, the United States of
America being the first explicitly secular government in history. Historically, the process of secularisation typically involves granting religious freedom, disestablishing state religions, stopping public funds
3545:
There is constitutional ambiguity whether
Bangladesh is a secular country or an Islamic country. In 2010, the high court of Bangladesh reinstated secularism as a part of the Bangladesh constitution after terming the 1977 constitutional amendment done by then Bangladesh President
5907:
1119:
being used for religion, freeing the legal system from religious control, freeing up the education system, tolerating citizens who change religion or abstain from religion, and allowing political leaders to come to power regardless of their religious beliefs.
1185:
to exercise its own functions and may choose to devote part of their time to the separate charities. To that effect, some of those charities establish secular organizations that manage part of or all of the donations from the main religious bodies.
3602:
also made another similar quote in 1962: "....we are agreed that Islam should be the national religion for the
Federation. We are satisfied that the proposal in no way jeopardises freedom of religion in the Federation, which in effect would be
1065:. A secular state claims to treat all its citizens equally regardless of religion, and claims to avoid preferential treatment for a citizen based on their religious beliefs, affiliation or lack of either over those with other profiles.
3594:), specifically quoted in paragraph 57: "There has been included in the proposed Federal Constitution a declaration that Islam is the religion of the Federation. This will in no way affect the present position of the Federation as a
5904:
4445:
7200:
provides, "no law may be passed respecting an establishment of religion or impairing the free exercise of religion, except that assistance may be provided to parochial schools for non-religious purposes."
4462:
7776:
The birth of
Malaysia: A reprint of the Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962 (Cobbold report) and the Report of the Inter-governmental Committee, (1962–I.G.C. report), p.
7130:
3590:
state." The full text of the
Memorandum was inserted into paragraph 169 of the Commission Report. This suggestion was later carried forward in the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Proposals 1957 (
1142:
are in this situation and, because of history, they are the majority; however, any other religious or non-religious schools also contract this way. In some
European states where secularism confronts
7730:
3578:
is stated as the official religion of the country: "Islam is the religion of the
Federation; but other religions may be practiced in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation." In 1956, the
6324:: "After 1975, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Vietnam declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution."
6012:: "After 2005, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Nepal declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution."
7678:
6428:
In
Belgium, Article 20 of the Constitution provides: No one can be obliged to contribute in any way whatsoever to the acts and ceremonies of religion, nor to observe the days of rest.
4217:, article 1er: "République Démocratique du Congo est, dans ses frontières du 30 juin 1960, un État de droit, indépendant, souverain, uni et indivisible, social, démocratique et laïc."
7704:
6503:
1243:'s decision in 1989), but still recognizes a special status for the Catholic Church. The reverse progression can also occur, however; a state can go from being secular to being a
4442:
7787:
4070:
1193:. Secularism also has various guises that may coincide with some degree of official religiosity. In the United Kingdom, the head of state is still required to take the
3847:
6224:, "The elaboration and adoption of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor is the culmination of the secular resistance of the Timorese People ..."
4154:
3898:
4469:
1216:
854:
7127:
5820:, "We, The People of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its..."
4426:
4091:
7760:
7660:
219:
1215:
affords secular freedoms of conscience and religion, thought, belief, opinion and expression, including communication, assembly and association yet the
7634:
6022:
3445:
234:
6926:
6047:
5914:, Article 1: "The Kyrghyz Republic (Kyrghyzstan) shall be a sovereign unitary democratic republic created on the basis of a legal secular state."
5636:
3959:
740:
277:
273:
7682:
6959:
6985:
720:
4239:, Article 1: "The Republic of the Congo is a sovereign and independent State, decentralized, indivisible, secular, democratic, and social."
824:
1032:
7708:
7122:
explicitly provides that Fiji is a secular state. It guarantees religious liberty, while stating, "religious belief is personal", and, "
7197:
6451:
4719:, constituteproject.org, "The following may not be the subject of a revision to the Constitution: b. The secular status of the State;"
4054:
3985:
1154:
986:
883:
5586:
789:
754:
666:
657:
5686:
4936:
5236:
4144:, constituteproject.org: "The Central African Republic is a State of law, unitary, sovereign, indivisible, secular and democratic."
4108:
3490:
587:
518:
389:
321:
170:
6706:
4845:, constituteproject.org, "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy"
4249:
7292:
7172:
7066:, article 35: "The Church and religious organisations in Ukraine are separated from the State, and the school - from the Church."
4074:
3486:
1267:
This is the list of countries that are explicitly described as secular in their constitutions or other official state documents.
1211:
7748:, Richard Y.W. Yeoh, Director, Institute of Research for Social Advancement, 20 July 2006, The Sun, Letters (Used by permission)
7317:
4589:
612:
577:
454:
384:
330:
5811:
4706:, constituteproject.org, Article 4: "The Rwandan State is an independent, sovereign, democratic, social and secular Republic."
3935:
7611:
7577:
6477:
6319:
6007:
4767:
4742:
3743:
878:
7242:
7025:
6803:
6087:
5611:
5286:
4792:
3855:
7467:
7392:
6529:
6286:
5880:
4606:
3787:
7745:
6753:
5830:
5761:
5486:
5336:
4961:
4158:
3550:
as illegal. Political leaders and experts have expressed uncertainty if
Bangladesh is a secular state or an Islamic state.
7147:
6234:
5974:
5661:
5511:
5411:
5211:
5161:
5011:
4911:
4324:
4299:
3608:
3494:
730:
499:
424:
254:
199:
7442:
7367:
7342:
6899:
6778:
6662:
6612:
6566:
6355:
5949:
5736:
5436:
5311:
5261:
5061:
4986:
4678:
4519:
4494:
7541:
7516:
7417:
6853:
6828:
6716:
6637:
6137:
5536:
5461:
5361:
5111:
5086:
5036:
4886:
4562:
4552:, Article 1: "The Malagasy People constitute a nation organized as a sovereign, unitary, republican and secular State."
4374:
4274:
4205:
4141:
3318:
1158:
469:
444:
339:
229:
7267:
7217:
6112:
5855:
5786:
5386:
5136:
4817:
4653:
4643:, Article 1: "The Republic of Namibia is hereby established as a sovereign, secular, democratic and unitary State ..."
4399:
4349:
7603:
What Went Wrong in Afghanistan?: Understanding Counter-insurgency Efforts in Tribalized Rural and Muslim Environments
7545:
7520:
7471:
7446:
7421:
7396:
7371:
7346:
7321:
7296:
7271:
7246:
7221:
7176:
7151:
7029:
6903:
6857:
6832:
6807:
6782:
6757:
6666:
6641:
6616:
6570:
6413:
6290:
6238:
6182:
6141:
6116:
6091:
6026:
5978:
5953:
5928:
5924:
5884:
5859:
5834:
5790:
5765:
5740:
5690:
5665:
5640:
5615:
5590:
5565:
5561:
5540:
5515:
5490:
5465:
5440:
5415:
5390:
5365:
5340:
5315:
5290:
5265:
5240:
5215:
5190:
5186:
5165:
5140:
5115:
5090:
5065:
5040:
5015:
4990:
4965:
4940:
4915:
4890:
4821:
4796:
4771:
4746:
4682:
4657:
4610:
4566:
4523:
4498:
4403:
4378:
4353:
4328:
4303:
4278:
4253:
3356:
888:
794:
607:
547:
504:
484:
409:
354:
349:
244:
214:
112:
4716:
7878:
7868:
6259:
6074:
2188:
2183:
1415:
866:
763:
474:
464:
399:
1025:
829:
642:
637:
562:
489:
449:
429:
419:
369:
316:
296:
264:
209:
194:
7873:
7814:
7123:
6212:, Article 1: "The Republic of Tajikistan is a sovereign, democratic, law-governed, secular, and unitary State."
4423:
4187:
4088:
3658:
3068:
1115:
979:
710:
675:
652:
622:
597:
592:
567:
557:
552:
542:
537:
532:
527:
509:
434:
344:
301:
249:
204:
179:
161:
97:
7757:
7664:
3877:
3414:
3290:
a secular state from 1972 to 1977, when secularism was removed from the constitution by a Martial Law and the
834:
6204:
4544:
1240:
935:
705:
700:
695:
647:
632:
627:
617:
582:
572:
494:
479:
459:
379:
364:
359:
311:
306:
291:
286:
184:
4868:
1701:
7638:
1077:
779:
745:
735:
725:
680:
602:
439:
404:
394:
374:
259:
239:
189:
7863:
6221:
996:
799:
715:
690:
685:
414:
224:
7821:
6923:
4842:
2851:
1018:
117:
7050:
6051:
4729:
3963:
7883:
7492:
7119:
7009:
4703:
4596:, Article 25: "Mali is an independent, sovereign, indivisible, democratic, secular, social Republic."
4195:, Article 30: "The Republic of Côte d’Ivoire is one and indivisible, secular, democratic and social."
3708:
3579:
900:
844:
7807:
State Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance
6963:
4858:, constituteproject.org, "The Togolese Republic is a State of law, secular, democratic and social."
4855:
3571:
3303:
3291:
1363:
1194:
1072:, the absence of an established state religion does not mean that a state is completely secular or
991:
849:
839:
72:
7758:
Federation of Malaya Constitutional Proposals Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer 1957–Articles 53-61
7099:"The Wall of Separation: Section 116, the First Amendment and Constitutional Religious Guarantees"
6708:
Legislating for Equality: A Multinational Collection of Non-Discrimination Norms. Volume I: Europe
3949:
Articles 3, 7, 8, 19, 20 of the Constitution of Italy; Constitutional Court's Decision n. 203/1989
3940:, "The supremacy of God" does not belong in the Constitution": The Globe & Mail, June 11, 1999
1219:
maintains the concept of "the supremacy of God" which would appear to disadvantage those who hold
5711:
4098:: "Le Burundi est une République unitaire, indépendante et souveraine, laïque et démocratique."
3403:
2630:
1150:
967:
930:
915:
7567:
6314:
6002:
7767:(PDF document) hosted by Centre for Public Policy Studies Malaysia, retrieved 8 February 2013
7601:
3516:
In 2017, the Samoan legislative assembly approved a constitutional amendment that instituted
2164:
2159:
1428:
1236:
905:
816:
7098:
6504:"The consolidated text of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia as of 15 January 2014"
4051:
3993:
1190:
1178:
940:
909:
77:
7203:
4173:
8:
7791:
7013:
3633:
3337:
2760:
2212:
2207:
1852:
1847:
952:
87:
52:
4433:: "La Guinée est une République unitaire, indivisible, laïque, démocratique et sociale."
4115:
3759:
1197:, swearing to maintain the Protestant Reformed religion and to preserve the established
1189:
Many states that are nowadays secular in practice may have legal vestiges of an earlier
7569:
Ghosts From the Past?: Assessing Recent Developments in Religious Freedom in South Asia
6402:
Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (19 September 2013).
5715:
3828:
3820:
3599:
3422:
1996:
1991:
1170:
974:
893:
142:
4732:, constituteproject.org, "The Republic of Senegal is secular, democratic, and social."
3362:
Kampuchea was a secular state from 1979 until the restoration of its monarchy in 1993.
7810:
7734:
7607:
7573:
7076:
6732:
6712:
6695:
Articles 3, 7, 8, 19, 20 of Constitution; Constitutional Court's Decision n. 203/1989
6591:
6545:
6409:
6334:
6178:
4227:
4015:
3832:
3739:
3638:
3575:
3448:
3207:
1441:
1198:
82:
4586:
1181:; the religious body itself must provide the religious content, educated clergy and
1130:, for example, official holidays for the public administration tend to be Christian
6170:
5815:
3812:
3653:
3120:
3055:
1256:
1174:
861:
102:
6942:
6481:
5637:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"
7847:
7835:
7764:
7134:
6930:
6533:
6403:
5911:
4843:
Tanzania (United Republic of)'s Constitution of 1977 with Amendments through 2005
4593:
4449:
4430:
4095:
4058:
3791:
3733:
3583:
3418:
3333:
3325:
3233:
3133:
1252:
1206:
1143:
1139:
1008:
925:
6526:
6162:
3784:
6430:
6381:
6174:
4631:
3668:
3628:
3456:
3452:
3299:
2669:
1244:
1202:
1097:
1073:
1069:
1054:
873:
132:
34:
4042:: "The Republic of Benin shall be one - indivisible, secular, and democratic."
7857:
3663:
3482:
3460:
2224:
2219:
1545:
1162:
1093:
784:
147:
107:
4037:
4452:: "Guinea-Bissau is a sovereign, democratic, secular and unitary republic."
3803:
Teese, Richard (1986). "Private Schools in France: Evolution of a System".
3547:
3517:
2517:
1740:
1727:
1324:
1182:
1146:
1110:
1089:
962:
957:
945:
920:
4163:: "Chad is a sovereign, independent, secular, social, and indivisible ..."
4717:
Sao Tome and Principe's Constitution of 1975 with Amendments through 2003
3612:
3591:
3444:
Iraq became a secular state in 1932 after its independence. However, the
3341:
3329:
3094:
2981:
2439:
2413:
2400:
2176:
2171:
2020:
2015:
1871:
1753:
1402:
1166:
7830:
6263:
19:
7705:"Bangladesh's Ambiguity on Religion Has Been Expensive for the Country"
5587:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saint Kitts and Nevis"
3824:
3648:
3643:
3540:
3280:
3220:
3181:
2825:
2530:
2491:
2478:
2335:
2322:
1636:
1597:
1506:
1259:. Nonetheless, the last 250 years has seen a trend towards secularism.
1224:
1062:
1050:
92:
5687:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Trinidad and Tobago"
4937:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Antigua and Barbuda"
3673:
3332:
was briefly reinstated as the state religion under General Secretary
3016:
2812:
2426:
2296:
2248:
2243:
2116:
2111:
2044:
2039:
1864:
1859:
1220:
1131:
122:
5237:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Dominican Republic"
3712:
the states retain the power to pass religiously discriminatory laws.
1076:. For example, some states that describe themselves as secular have
7842:
4250:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Equatorial Guinea"
3816:
3565:
3375:
3042:
2942:
2929:
2890:
2643:
2504:
2374:
2200:
2195:
2128:
2123:
2080:
2075:
1984:
1979:
1960:
1955:
1888:
1883:
1831:
1779:
1480:
1467:
1350:
1311:
1232:
1173:
from using those funds to organize religious worship in a separate
1058:
7293:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Papua New Guinea"
7173:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Marshall Islands"
3735:
Church and State in Contemporary Europe: The Chimera of Neutrality
3615:
described Malaysia as governed by "secular law" in a court ruling.
1157:
depend on the state for some of the financial resources for their
7559:
7318:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Solomon Islands"
6527:
Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms
4027:, Article 8: "The Republic of Angola shall be a secular State..."
3475:
3168:
3146:
2994:
2903:
2838:
2747:
2721:
2695:
2682:
2656:
2617:
2604:
2591:
2578:
2565:
2543:
2361:
2236:
2231:
2092:
2087:
2032:
2027:
2008:
2003:
1912:
1907:
1876:
1805:
1714:
1675:
1649:
1584:
1571:
1454:
1389:
1337:
1228:
67:
6205:"Tajikistan's Constitution of 1994 with Amendments through 2003"
3381:
Djibouti became a secular state after gaining independence from
3382:
3259:
3246:
3194:
2968:
2916:
2877:
2864:
2799:
2786:
2734:
2708:
2465:
2140:
2135:
2104:
2099:
2056:
2051:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1900:
1895:
1818:
1688:
1610:
1532:
1285:
1205:
for 26 senior clergymen of the Church of England, known as the
1101:
1088:
Secularity can be established at a state's creation (e.g., the
7606:. Wolverhampton Military Studies. Helion Limited. p. 76.
6478:"National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria - Constitution"
4768:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: South Africa"
4743:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sierra Leone"
7243:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: New Zealand"
7026:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Switzerland"
6804:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Netherlands"
6276:, Article 1: "Turkmenistan is a democratic secular state ..."
6088:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: South Korea"
6048:"Article II Section 6 of the Constitution of the Philippines"
6023:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: North Korea"
5612:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saint Lucia"
5287:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: El Salvador"
4793:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: South Sudan"
3510:
3386:
3295:
3107:
3081:
2955:
2773:
2452:
2387:
2309:
2283:
2270:
2068:
2063:
1948:
1943:
1766:
1662:
1558:
1519:
1493:
1298:
1127:
1123:
1105:
7468:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kazakhstan"
7393:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Azerbaijan"
6401:
6287:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uzbekistan"
6064:, "The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable."
5881:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kazakhstan"
4607:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mozambique"
4079:: "Burkina Faso is a democratic, unitary and secular state."
1235:. Italy has been a secular state since the enactment of the
7661:"Samoa Officially Becomes a Christian State - The Diplomat"
6754:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lithuania"
5831:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Indonesia"
5762:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Venezuela"
5487:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nicaragua"
5337:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Guatemala"
4962:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Argentina"
4730:
Senegal's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2016
3438:
3029:
2348:
2152:
2147:
1972:
1967:
1792:
1623:
1376:
1248:
7679:"Bangladesh's court restores 'secularism' in Constitution"
7148:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kiribati"
6235:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Thailand"
5975:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mongolia"
5662:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Suriname"
5512:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Paraguay"
5412:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Honduras"
5212:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Dominica"
5162:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Colombia"
5012:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Barbados"
4912:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Zimbabwe"
4704:
Rwanda's Constitution of 2003 with Amendments through 2015
4325:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Ethiopia"
4300:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eswatini"
7443:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Georgia"
7368:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Armenia"
7343:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vanuatu"
6900:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Romania"
6779:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Moldova"
6663:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Hungary"
6613:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Germany"
6567:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Finland"
5950:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lebanon"
5737:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uruguay"
5437:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Jamaica"
5312:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Grenada"
5262:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Ecuador"
5062:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bolivia"
4987:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bahamas"
4679:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nigeria"
4520:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Liberia"
4495:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lesotho"
4275:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eritrea"
1138:
means its teachers are salaried by the state—most of the
7542:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Turkey"
7517:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Russia"
7418:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cyprus"
6878:
6854:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Poland"
6829:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Norway"
6638:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Greece"
6356:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom:Andorra"
6138:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Taiwan"
5537:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Panama"
5462:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mexico"
5362:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Guyana"
5112:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Canada"
5087:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brazil"
5037:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Belize"
4887:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uganda"
4856:
Togo's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2007
4563:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Malawi"
4375:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Gambia"
3926:. Toronto, Canada: The Carswell Company Limited, 1982.
3854:. Third Sector – a UK Charity Periodical. Archived from
1078:
religious references in their national anthems and flags
7268:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Palau"
7218:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nauru"
6705:
Naamat, Talia; Porat, Dina; Osin, Nina (19 July 2012).
6113:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Syria"
6077:, which explicitly states the secular nature of society
5856:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Japan"
5787:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: China"
5712:"Religion and the US Constitution: The First Amendment"
5387:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Haiti"
5137:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Chile"
4818:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sudan"
4654:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Niger"
4400:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Ghana"
4350:"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Gabon"
5925:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Laos"
5562:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Peru"
5187:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cuba"
3421:
as the ruling house of the country in 1925, until the
1262:
1057:
is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of
7819:
4206:"Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo"
7204:"Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia"
3336:
until his assassination in December 1979. President
4869:"Why Tunisia abandoning Islam as a state religion?"
3848:"Religious charities: Faith, funding and the state"
1134:. Any private school in France that contracts with
7593:
7565:
6444:
6155:
3916:
3324:Afghanistan became a secular state following the
7855:
7008:The Swedish head of state must according to the
3990:Pew Research Center for the People and the Press
3725:
1080:, or laws that benefit one religion or another.
6704:
6163:"Introduction: Secular State and Pious Muslims"
4142:Central African Republic's Constitution of 2016
3302:in 1988. Its current status is ambiguous. See
6686:Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1972
3731:
3153:
1026:
3463:within all sectors of state and public life.
3389:was installed as the state religion in 2010.
7566:Nair, N.; Kugelman, M.; Omrani, B. (2021).
3929:
3732:Madeley, John T. S.; Enyedi, Zsolt (2003).
3459:in 1993 and placed significant emphasis on
6935:
6318:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDodd2003 (
6006:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDodd2003 (
4455:
3266:
1033:
1019:
790:Female genital mutilation laws by country
16:State or country without a state religion
4228:"ICL - Congo-Brazzaville - Constitution"
4174:"Comoros 2018 Constitution - Constitute"
3960:"Harris Interactive: Resource Not Found"
3478:(formerly Burma) (1885–1961; 1962–2008)
18:
4052:Leaders say Botswana is a secular state
3694:
3692:
3690:
3481:Myanmar was a secular state during the
1212:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
7856:
7599:
4188:"Côte d'Ivoire's Constitution of 2000"
3526:
3489:period until 1961 and again under the
1083:
7746:Islam's status in our secular charter
7572:. Taylor & Francis. p. 100.
3802:
1201:. The UK also maintains seats in the
7128:Constitution of the Republic of Fiji
7096:
6310:
5998:
4861:
3687:
7124:religion and the State are separate
6452:"United States Department of State"
6167:Secular State and Religious Society
4545:"Madagascar's Constitution of 2010"
4131:: "... the State shall be secular."
3609:Lord President of the Supreme Court
1263:List of secular states by continent
27: States with no state religion
13:
7731:Our Constitution and Islamic Faith
3845:
3319:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
1061:, supporting neither religion nor
14:
7895:
7546:United States Department of State
7521:United States Department of State
7472:United States Department of State
7447:United States Department of State
7422:United States Department of State
7397:United States Department of State
7372:United States Department of State
7347:United States Department of State
7322:United States Department of State
7297:United States Department of State
7272:United States Department of State
7247:United States Department of State
7222:United States Department of State
7177:United States Department of State
7152:United States Department of State
7030:United States Department of State
6904:United States Department of State
6858:United States Department of State
6833:United States Department of State
6808:United States Department of State
6783:United States Department of State
6758:United States Department of State
6667:United States Department of State
6642:United States Department of State
6617:United States Department of State
6571:United States Department of State
6456:United States Department of State
6360:United States Department of State
6291:United States Department of State
6239:United States Department of State
6142:United States Department of State
6117:United States Department of State
6092:United States Department of State
6027:United States Department of State
5979:United States Department of State
5954:United States Department of State
5929:United States Department of State
5885:United States Department of State
5860:United States Department of State
5835:United States Department of State
5791:United States Department of State
5766:United States Department of State
5741:United States Department of State
5691:United States Department of State
5666:United States Department of State
5641:United States Department of State
5616:United States Department of State
5591:United States Department of State
5566:United States Department of State
5541:United States Department of State
5516:United States Department of State
5491:United States Department of State
5466:United States Department of State
5441:United States Department of State
5416:United States Department of State
5391:United States Department of State
5366:United States Department of State
5341:United States Department of State
5316:United States Department of State
5291:United States Department of State
5266:United States Department of State
5241:United States Department of State
5216:United States Department of State
5191:United States Department of State
5166:United States Department of State
5141:United States Department of State
5116:United States Department of State
5091:United States Department of State
5066:United States Department of State
5041:United States Department of State
5016:United States Department of State
4991:United States Department of State
4966:United States Department of State
4941:United States Department of State
4916:United States Department of State
4891:United States Department of State
4822:United States Department of State
4797:United States Department of State
4772:United States Department of State
4747:United States Department of State
4683:United States Department of State
4658:United States Department of State
4611:United States Department of State
4567:United States Department of State
4524:United States Department of State
4499:United States Department of State
4404:United States Department of State
4379:United States Department of State
4354:United States Department of State
4329:United States Department of State
4304:United States Department of State
4279:United States Department of State
4254:United States Department of State
3986:"A Portrait of "Generation Next""
795:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter
113:Catholic priests in public office
42: Ambiguous states or no data
7841:
7829:
7780:
7770:
7751:
7739:
7723:
7707:. 7 October 2023. Archived from
7697:
7671:
7653:
7627:
7534:
7509:
7485:
7460:
7435:
7410:
7385:
7360:
7335:
7310:
7285:
7260:
7235:
7210:
7190:
7165:
7140:
7112:
7090:
7069:
7043:
7018:
7002:
6978:
6952:
6917:
6892:
6871:
6846:
6821:
6796:
6771:
6746:
6725:
6698:
6689:
6680:
6655:
6630:
6605:
6584:
6559:
6538:
6520:
6496:
6470:
6422:
6395:
6374:
6348:
6327:
6304:
6279:
6252:
6227:
6215:
6197:
6130:
6105:
6080:
6075:Declaration of Religious Harmony
6067:
6040:
6015:
3992:. 9 January 2007. Archived from
3738:. Psychology Press. p. 14.
3701:
3558:
3533:
3503:
3469:
3431:
3397:
3368:
3350:
3312:
3273:
3252:
3239:
3226:
3213:
3200:
3187:
3174:
3161:
3139:
3126:
3113:
3100:
3087:
3074:
3061:
3048:
3035:
3022:
3009:
2987:
2974:
2961:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2896:
2883:
2870:
2857:
2844:
2831:
2818:
2805:
2792:
2779:
2766:
2753:
2740:
2727:
2714:
2701:
2688:
2675:
2662:
2649:
2636:
2623:
2610:
2597:
2584:
2571:
2558:
2536:
2523:
2510:
2497:
2484:
2471:
2458:
2445:
2432:
2419:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2367:
2354:
2341:
2328:
2315:
2302:
2289:
2276:
2263:
2242:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2189:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2182:
2170:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1759:
1746:
1733:
1720:
1707:
1694:
1681:
1668:
1655:
1642:
1629:
1616:
1603:
1590:
1577:
1564:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1473:
1460:
1447:
1434:
1421:
1408:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1343:
1330:
1317:
1304:
1291:
1278:
1068:Although secular states have no
7799:
7196:Section 2 of Article IV of the
6711:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
5992:
5967:
5942:
5917:
5898:
5873:
5848:
5823:
5804:
5779:
5754:
5729:
5704:
5679:
5654:
5629:
5604:
5579:
5554:
5529:
5504:
5479:
5454:
5429:
5404:
5379:
5354:
5329:
5304:
5279:
5254:
5229:
5204:
5179:
5154:
5129:
5104:
5079:
5054:
5029:
5004:
4979:
4954:
4929:
4904:
4879:
4848:
4835:
4810:
4785:
4760:
4735:
4722:
4709:
4696:
4671:
4646:
4624:
4599:
4580:
4555:
4537:
4512:
4487:
4436:
4417:
4392:
4367:
4342:
4317:
4292:
4267:
4242:
4220:
4198:
4180:
4166:
4147:
4134:
4101:
4082:
4063:
4045:
4030:
4008:
3978:
3952:
3943:
3698:State with limited recognition.
1195:Coronation Oath enacted in 1688
7681:. 29 July 2010. Archived from
7663:. 16 June 2017. Archived from
7493:"Northern Cyprus Constitution"
7077:"ICL - Australia Constitution"
6924:Article 11 of the Constitution
6546:"ICL - Estonia - Constitution"
6431:"ICL - Belgium - Constitution"
6335:"ICL - Albania - Constitution"
6260:"Constitution of Turkmenistan"
5812:"The Constitution (Amendment)"
4632:"ICL - Namibia - Constitution"
3891:
3870:
3839:
3796:
3777:
3752:
3659:Separation of church and state
3582:submitted a memorandum to the
3417:with the establishment of the
3357:People's Republic of Kampuchea
3344:as the state religion in 1987.
1116:separation of church and state
980:Christian countercult movement
889:Oriental Orthodox Christianity
98:Separation of church and state
1:
7729:Tan Sri Datuk Ahmad Ibrahim,
6733:"ICL - Latvia - Constitution"
6405:Yearbook of Muslims in Europe
3719:
884:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
825:Traditional African religions
7788:Historical legal perspective
6986:"Article 16 of Constitution"
6382:"ICL - Austria Constitution"
6222:Preamble to the Constitution
6169:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011,
4071:"Article 31 of Constitution"
3805:Comparative Education Review
3413:secular state following the
780:Apostasy in Islam by country
7:
6943:"Article 1 of Constitution"
6592:"ICL - France Constitution"
4463:"The Constitution of Kenya"
4155:"Article 1 of Constitution"
4038:"Article 2 of Constitution"
4016:"ICL - Angola Constitution"
3899:"How members are appointed"
3621:
1838:
800:Religious male circumcision
10:
7900:
6315:The rough guide to Vietnam
6175:10.1057/9781137010643.0003
4109:"Preamble of Constitution"
3852:Article dated 22 June 2009
3154:Transcontinental countries
3001:
7120:2013 Constitution of Fiji
7010:Swedish Act of Succession
6721:– via Google Books.
6418:– via Google Books.
5905:Article 1 of Constitution
4592:12 September 2012 at the
4443:Article 1 of Constitution
4429:13 September 2004 at the
4424:Article 1 of Constitution
4089:Article 4 of Constitution
3924:Canada Act 1982 Annotated
3709:Constitution of Australia
3607:." In December 1987, the
2550:
1270:
1049:is an idea pertaining to
785:Blasphemy laws by country
7733:, p. 8, 25 August 1987,
7198:Micronesian constitution
6003:The rough guide to Nepal
4057:10 February 2005 at the
3790:22 February 2008 at the
3680:
3572:Constitution of Malaysia
3457:Return to Faith campaign
3415:1921 Persian coup d'état
3304:Secularism in Bangladesh
3292:Parliament of Bangladesh
1364:Central African Republic
1155:sects of other religions
220:Central African Republic
73:Religious discrimination
7879:Religion and government
7869:Politics and secularism
7635:"Americanchronicle.com"
7133:6 February 2016 at the
7056:. constituteproject.org
5910:4 February 2007 at the
4448:5 November 2013 at the
3267:Formerly secular states
2255:
1239:in 1948 (stressed by a
1151:Christian denominations
975:New religious movements
721:Palestinian territories
4094:7 October 2006 at the
3520:as the state religion.
3404:Imperial State of Iran
2631:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1253:Imperial State of Iran
1251:where the secularized
968:Religious antisemitism
44:
7874:Religion and politics
7786:Wan Azhar Wan Ahmad,
7097:Puls, Joshua (1998).
6532:30 April 2008 at the
3785:The secular principle
3764:www.secularism.org.uk
3760:"What is Secularism?"
2165:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1702:Sao Tome and Principe
817:Religious persecution
22:
7763:3 March 2016 at the
6929:16 June 2013 at the
3570:In Article 3 of the
1247:, as in the case of
1241:Constitutional court
1191:established religion
78:Religious censorship
7805:Temperman, Jeroen,
7792:The Star (Malaysia)
7600:Gurcan, M. (2016).
7014:Augsburg Confession
6966:on 21 February 2015
6484:on 10 November 2010
4715:Article 154 of the
4475:on 21 December 2013
4121:on 15 December 2017
3707:Section 116 of the
3634:Freedom of religion
3527:Ambiguous countries
3338:Mohammad Najibullah
2213:Trinidad and Tobago
1853:Antigua and Barbuda
1255:was replaced by an
1227:beliefs, including
1159:religious charities
1149:, some of the main
1136:Éducation nationale
1084:Origin and practice
88:Religious pluralism
53:Freedom of religion
7864:Constitutional law
7685:on 16 October 2023
7106:Federal Law Review
5716:Cornell Law School
4161:on 9 October 2006.
4140:Article 24 of the
4077:on 9 October 2006.
3600:Cobbold Commission
3423:Islamic Revolution
2385:
1997:Dominican Republic
1217:Charter's preamble
1171:organized religion
1161:. It is common in
143:Confessional state
45:
33: States with
7790:, 17 March 2009,
7735:New Straits Times
7613:978-1-911096-84-9
7579:978-1-000-42873-5
7118:Article 4 of the
6054:on 5 January 2019
5818:on 28 March 2015.
4854:Article 1 of the
4841:Article 3 of the
4728:Article 1 of the
4702:Article 4 of the
3878:"Coronation Oath"
3745:978-0-7146-5394-5
3639:Secular education
3487:post-independence
1442:Equatorial Guinea
1199:Church of England
1108:). Movements for
1096:) or by it later
1043:
1042:
879:Jehovah's Witness
855:post–Cold War era
807:
806:
162:Status by country
83:Religious liberty
7891:
7884:Religious policy
7846:
7845:
7834:
7833:
7825:
7794:
7784:
7778:
7774:
7768:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7727:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7667:on 16 June 2017.
7657:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7637:. Archived from
7631:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7538:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7497:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7389:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7364:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7339:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7239:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7144:
7138:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7103:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7073:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7061:
7055:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7022:
7016:
7006:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6990:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6962:. Archived from
6956:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6939:
6933:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6702:
6696:
6693:
6687:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6542:
6536:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6508:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6480:. Archived from
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6331:
6325:
6323:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6283:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6266:on 14 April 2015
6262:. Archived from
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6084:
6078:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6050:. Archived from
6044:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6019:
6013:
6011:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5921:
5915:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5814:. Archived from
5808:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4865:
4859:
4852:
4846:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4739:
4733:
4726:
4720:
4713:
4707:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4603:
4597:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4468:. Archived from
4467:
4459:
4453:
4440:
4434:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4157:. Archived from
4151:
4145:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4114:. Archived from
4113:
4105:
4099:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4073:. Archived from
4067:
4061:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3962:. Archived from
3956:
3950:
3947:
3941:
3933:
3927:
3922:Hogg, Peter W.
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3800:
3794:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3729:
3713:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3654:Secular religion
3564:
3562:
3561:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3491:socialist regime
3474:
3473:
3472:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3340:would reinstate
3317:
3316:
3315:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3121:Papua New Guinea
3119:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3056:Marshall Islands
3054:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2234:
2223:
2222:
2211:
2210:
2199:
2198:
2187:
2186:
2175:
2174:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2150:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2114:
2103:
2102:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2055:
2054:
2043:
2042:
2031:
2030:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1982:
1971:
1970:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1874:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1850:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1257:Islamic Republic
1209:. In Canada the
1175:place of worship
1140:Catholic schools
1035:
1028:
1021:
167:
166:
103:Anti-clericalism
49:
48:
41:
32:
26:
7899:
7898:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7889:
7888:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7840:
7828:
7820:
7809:, BRILL, 2010,
7802:
7797:
7785:
7781:
7775:
7771:
7765:Wayback Machine
7756:
7752:
7744:
7740:
7728:
7724:
7714:
7712:
7711:on 9 March 2023
7703:
7702:
7698:
7688:
7686:
7677:
7676:
7672:
7659:
7658:
7654:
7644:
7642:
7641:on 12 June 2018
7633:
7632:
7628:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7598:
7594:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7564:
7560:
7550:
7548:
7540:
7539:
7535:
7525:
7523:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7476:
7474:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7451:
7449:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7426:
7424:
7416:
7415:
7411:
7401:
7399:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7376:
7374:
7366:
7365:
7361:
7351:
7349:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7326:
7324:
7316:
7315:
7311:
7301:
7299:
7291:
7290:
7286:
7276:
7274:
7266:
7265:
7261:
7251:
7249:
7241:
7240:
7236:
7226:
7224:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7202:
7195:
7191:
7181:
7179:
7171:
7170:
7166:
7156:
7154:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7135:Wayback Machine
7117:
7113:
7101:
7095:
7091:
7081:
7079:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7034:
7032:
7024:
7023:
7019:
7007:
7003:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6984:
6983:
6979:
6969:
6967:
6958:
6957:
6953:
6945:
6941:
6940:
6936:
6931:Wayback Machine
6922:
6918:
6908:
6906:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6862:
6860:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6837:
6835:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6812:
6810:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6787:
6785:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6762:
6760:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6719:
6703:
6699:
6694:
6690:
6685:
6681:
6671:
6669:
6661:
6660:
6656:
6646:
6644:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6621:
6619:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6575:
6573:
6565:
6564:
6560:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6534:Wayback Machine
6525:
6521:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6487:
6485:
6476:
6475:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6400:
6396:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6363:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6317:
6313:, p. 571,
6309:
6305:
6295:
6293:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6269:
6267:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6243:
6241:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6220:
6216:
6207:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6146:
6144:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6121:
6119:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6094:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6072:
6068:
6057:
6055:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6031:
6029:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6005:
6001:, p. 571,
5997:
5993:
5983:
5981:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5958:
5956:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5933:
5931:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5912:Wayback Machine
5903:
5899:
5889:
5887:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5864:
5862:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5839:
5837:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5795:
5793:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5770:
5768:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5720:
5718:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5695:
5693:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5670:
5668:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5645:
5643:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5620:
5618:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5593:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5545:
5543:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5520:
5518:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5495:
5493:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5470:
5468:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5445:
5443:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5420:
5418:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5393:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5345:
5343:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5295:
5293:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5268:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5245:
5243:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5193:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5145:
5143:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5120:
5118:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5095:
5093:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5070:
5068:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5043:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5020:
5018:
5010:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4853:
4849:
4840:
4836:
4826:
4824:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4774:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4727:
4723:
4714:
4710:
4701:
4697:
4687:
4685:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4613:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4594:Wayback Machine
4585:
4581:
4571:
4569:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4528:
4526:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4450:Wayback Machine
4441:
4437:
4431:Wayback Machine
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
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4318:
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4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4210:
4208:
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4172:
4171:
4167:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4139:
4135:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4096:Wayback Machine
4087:
4083:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4059:Wayback Machine
4050:
4046:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3966:on 23 July 2013
3958:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3934:
3930:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3846:Twinch, Emily.
3844:
3840:
3801:
3797:
3792:Wayback Machine
3782:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3758:
3757:
3753:
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3726:
3722:
3717:
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3706:
3702:
3697:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3624:
3598:State...." The
3584:Reid Commission
3559:
3557:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3504:
3502:
3495:military regime
3483:colonial period
3470:
3468:
3432:
3430:
3419:Pahlavi dynasty
3398:
3396:
3369:
3367:
3351:
3349:
3334:Hafizullah Amin
3326:Saur Revolution
3313:
3311:
3286:Bangladesh was
3274:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3253:
3251:
3240:
3238:
3234:Northern Cyprus
3227:
3225:
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3201:
3199:
3188:
3186:
3175:
3173:
3162:
3160:
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3140:
3138:
3134:Solomon Islands
3127:
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2145:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1905:
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1845:
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1318:
1316:
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1303:
1292:
1290:
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1277:
1273:
1265:
1245:religious state
1207:Lords Spiritual
1144:monoculturalist
1086:
1039:
1009:Religion portal
1003:
1002:
1001:
867:Catholic Church
819:
809:
808:
613:North Macedonia
578:Northern Cyprus
385:Northern Cyprus
164:
154:
153:
152:
128:
127:
118:Confessionalism
62:
43:
39:
37:
30:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7897:
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7508:
7484:
7459:
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7309:
7284:
7259:
7234:
7209:
7189:
7164:
7139:
7111:
7089:
7068:
7051:"Constitution"
7042:
7017:
7012:adhere to the
7001:
6977:
6960:"Constitution"
6951:
6934:
6916:
6891:
6879:"Constitution"
6870:
6845:
6820:
6795:
6770:
6745:
6724:
6718:978-9004226128
6717:
6697:
6688:
6679:
6654:
6629:
6604:
6583:
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5847:
5822:
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5528:
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5253:
5228:
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5153:
5128:
5103:
5078:
5053:
5028:
5003:
4978:
4953:
4928:
4903:
4878:
4860:
4847:
4834:
4809:
4784:
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4734:
4721:
4708:
4695:
4670:
4645:
4623:
4598:
4579:
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4511:
4486:
4454:
4435:
4416:
4391:
4366:
4341:
4316:
4291:
4266:
4241:
4219:
4197:
4179:
4165:
4146:
4133:
4100:
4081:
4062:
4044:
4029:
4007:
3996:on 24 May 2008
3977:
3951:
3942:
3928:
3915:
3890:
3869:
3858:on 10 May 2013
3838:
3817:10.1086/446591
3811:(2): 247–259.
3795:
3783:Jean Baubérot
3776:
3751:
3744:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3700:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3669:State religion
3666:
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3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Civil religion
3625:
3623:
3620:
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3617:
3616:
3580:Alliance party
3554:
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3551:
3528:
3525:
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3522:
3521:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3466:
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3464:
3453:Saddam Hussein
3428:
3427:
3426:
3409:Iran became a
3393:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3300:state religion
3268:
3265:
3263:
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3184:
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2083:
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2047:
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2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1903:
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1301:
1288:
1274:
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1261:
1203:House of Lords
1114:in France and
1085:
1082:
1070:state religion
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
997:Zoroastrianism
994:
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133:State religion
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6458:. 12 May 2021
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6415:9789004255869
6411:
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2225:United States
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2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
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1998:
1993:
1988:
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1981:
1976:
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1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
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1928:
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1549:
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1546:Guinea-Bissau
1536:
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1521:
1510:
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1497:
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1471:
1469:
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1403:Côte d'Ivoire
1393:
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1163:corporate law
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1094:United States
1091:
1081:
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1047:secular state
1036:
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1022:
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904:
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894:Protestantism
892:
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882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
868:
865:
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863:
860:
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850:Christophobia
848:
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322:United States
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148:Atheist state
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138:Secular state
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108:School prayer
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7639:the original
7629:
7619:15 September
7617:. Retrieved
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5944:
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5825:
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4626:
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4601:
4587:Constitution
4582:
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4489:
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4470:the original
4457:
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4200:
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4159:the original
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4116:the original
4103:
4084:
4075:the original
4065:
4047:
4032:
4019:. Retrieved
4010:
3998:. Retrieved
3994:the original
3989:
3980:
3968:. Retrieved
3964:the original
3954:
3945:
3937:Paul Russell
3936:
3931:
3923:
3918:
3906:. Retrieved
3902:
3893:
3881:. Retrieved
3872:
3860:. Retrieved
3856:the original
3851:
3841:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3779:
3767:. Retrieved
3763:
3754:
3734:
3727:
3703:
3604:
3595:
3587:
3548:Ziaur Rahman
3518:Christianity
3513:(1962–2017)
3441:(1932–1993)
3410:
3406:(1925–1979)
3378:(1977–2010)
3359:(1979–1993)
3321:(1978–1987)
3287:
3283:(1972–1977)
2979:
2518:Turkmenistan
1741:South Africa
1728:Sierra Leone
1325:Burkina Faso
1266:
1237:Constitution
1225:polytheistic
1210:
1188:
1169:to prohibit
1147:philanthropy
1135:
1121:
1109:
1098:secularizing
1090:Soviet Union
1087:
1067:
1053:, whereby a
1046:
1044:
963:Anti-Judaism
958:Antisemitism
946:Islamophobia
845:Christianity
835:Baháʼí Faith
731:Saudi Arabia
500:Turkmenistan
255:South Africa
200:Burkina Faso
137:
46:
7645:23 February
6884:30 November
6462:10 February
6366:29 December
5840:1 September
3613:Salleh Abas
3592:White Paper
3497:until 2008.
3342:Sunni Islam
3330:Sunni Islam
3095:New Zealand
2982:Switzerland
2852:Netherlands
2492:Timor-Leste
2440:South Korea
2414:Philippines
2401:North Korea
2177:Saint Lucia
2021:El Salvador
1754:South Sudan
1221:nontheistic
1167:charity law
1122:In France,
1074:egalitarian
987:Neopaganism
910:Hinduphobia
862:Catholicism
667:Middle East
470:South Korea
455:Philippines
445:North Korea
340:Afghanistan
7858:Categories
7815:9004181482
7501:29 January
6032:24 October
5796:24 October
3720:References
3649:Secularity
3644:Secularism
3541:Bangladesh
3493:, and the
3281:Bangladesh
3221:Kazakhstan
3182:Azerbaijan
3069:Micronesia
2826:Luxembourg
2531:Uzbekistan
2479:Tajikistan
2336:Kyrgyzstan
2323:Kazakhstan
1637:Mozambique
1598:Madagascar
1183:laypersons
1179:conversion
1132:feast days
1063:irreligion
1051:secularity
901:Falun Gong
608:Montenegro
548:Azerbaijan
505:Uzbekistan
485:Tajikistan
410:Kazakhstan
355:Bangladesh
350:Azerbaijan
245:Mauritania
215:Cape Verde
93:Secularism
7715:7 October
7689:7 October
7060:4 October
6408:. BRILL.
6311:Dodd 2003
5999:Dodd 2003
3833:144698211
3674:Theocracy
3446:Ba'athist
3385:in 1977.
3294:declared
3017:Australia
2813:Lithuania
2427:Singapore
2297:Indonesia
2249:Venezuela
2117:Nicaragua
2045:Guatemala
1865:Argentina
992:Rastafari
931:Ahmadiyya
874:Mormonism
764:Australia
638:Slovakia
475:Sri Lanka
465:Singapore
400:Indonesia
123:Theocracy
7848:religion
7836:politics
7761:Archived
7131:Archived
7082:18 March
6994:18 March
6970:18 March
6927:Archived
6738:18 March
6597:18 March
6551:18 March
6530:Archived
6488:18 March
6436:18 March
6387:18 March
6340:18 March
6270:18 March
6190:11 April
6058:12 March
5908:Archived
4637:18 March
4590:Archived
4479:14 March
4446:Archived
4427:Archived
4233:18 March
4211:18 March
4092:Archived
4055:Archived
4021:18 March
4000:18 March
3970:18 March
3908:18 March
3883:18 March
3788:Archived
3622:See also
3566:Malaysia
3425:in 1979.
3411:de facto
3376:Djibouti
3328:however
3288:de facto
3043:Kiribati
2943:Slovenia
2930:Slovakia
2891:Portugal
2644:Bulgaria
2505:Thailand
2375:Mongolia
2201:Suriname
2129:Paraguay
2081:Honduras
1985:Dominica
1961:Colombia
1889:Barbados
1839:Americas
1832:Zimbabwe
1780:Tanzania
1481:Ethiopia
1468:Eswatini
1416:Congo DR
1351:Cameroon
1312:Botswana
1233:Buddhism
1059:religion
906:Hinduism
840:Buddhism
643:Slovenia
563:Bulgaria
490:Thailand
450:Pakistan
430:Mongolia
425:Maldives
420:Malaysia
370:Cambodia
317:Paraguay
297:Colombia
265:Tanzania
235:DR Congo
210:Cameroon
195:Botswana
61:Concepts
7822:Portals
7551:9 March
7526:9 March
7477:9 March
7452:9 March
7427:9 March
7402:9 March
7377:9 March
7352:4 March
7327:4 March
7302:4 March
7277:4 March
7252:4 March
7227:4 March
7182:4 March
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6909:4 March
6863:4 March
6838:4 March
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6576:4 March
6296:9 March
6244:9 March
6147:9 March
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5865:9 March
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4384:4 March
4359:4 March
4334:4 March
4309:4 March
4284:4 March
4259:4 March
4125:1 March
3825:1188531
3605:secular
3596:secular
3588:secular
3476:Myanmar
3451:led by
3298:as the
3208:Georgia
3169:Armenia
3147:Vanuatu
3002:Oceania
2995:Ukraine
2904:Romania
2839:Moldova
2761:Ireland
2748:Hungary
2722:Germany
2696:Finland
2683:Estonia
2670:Czechia
2657:Croatia
2618:Belgium
2605:Belarus
2592:Austria
2579:Andorra
2566:Albania
2544:Vietnam
2362:Lebanon
2237:Uruguay
2093:Jamaica
2033:Grenada
2009:Ecuador
1913:Bolivia
1877:Bahamas
1806:Tunisia
1715:Senegal
1676:Nigeria
1650:Namibia
1585:Liberia
1572:Lesotho
1455:Eritrea
1390:Comoros
1338:Burundi
1229:atheism
1177:or for
1111:laïcité
1100:(e.g.,
953:Judaism
936:Alevism
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830:Atheism
772:Topical
755:Oceania
711:Lebanon
676:Bahrain
653:Ukraine
623:Romania
598:Hungary
593:Germany
588:Georgia
568:Croatia
558:Belgium
553:Belarus
543:Austria
538:Armenia
533:Andorra
528:Albania
510:Vietnam
435:Myanmar
390:Georgia
345:Armenia
302:Ecuador
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633:Serbia
628:Russia
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495:Turkey
480:Taiwan
460:Russia
380:Cyprus
365:Brunei
360:Bhutan
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2774:Italy
2453:Syria
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2069:Haiti
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1663:Niger
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