Northern Ireland Protocol

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territory. This would necessitate product checks between Great Britain and Northern Ireland, but no customs checks for goods expected to stay within the UK. For the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic, his proposal would entail customs checks between Northern Ireland and the Republic, which would be potentially assisted by unspecified technology implemented distantly from the border, but no product and safety standard checks within the island of Ireland. This was rejected by the EU.

2363: 1701: 3604:, which operates ferries between Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland, expressed concern at the lack of implementation of checks on goods arriving into Northern Ireland from Great Britain, as required under the protocol. The company said that the continued absence of these checks (on goods destined for the Republic of Ireland) is causing a distortion in the level playing field, since goods that arrive directly into Republic of Ireland ports from Great Britain are checked on arrival. 3812:". The other party can then take "strictly necessary" proportionate rebalancing measures. Article 16 says that priority should be given to measures and rebalancing measures that 'least disturb the functioning' of the Protocol. There is further elaboration of this article 16 in Annex 7 of the Northern Ireland Protocol. This annex says that these unilateral measures may (except for exceptional circumstances) only be applied one month or more after notifying the other party about them. 9001: 8520: 8568: 1772: 2351: 1689: 3323:" – in other words, between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. She stated that in order to prevent a 'hard border' on the island of Ireland, customs and other controls have instead been imposed on goods travelling from Great Britain to Northern Ireland; and that Northern Ireland remains for many purposes in the EU Single Market and Customs Union, subject to a regulatory regime into which it has no input. 22: 3209:

2024. If members vote against continuing with these arrangements, then there will be a two-year period for the UK and EU to agree to new arrangements, with recommendations made by a joint UK-EU committee. If the Assembly supports the continuance of Articles 5–10 with a majority vote, the provisions will continue for a further four years before another vote is taken; if the Assembly supports their operation on a

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intention to instead unilaterally extend the grace period post-Brexit checks for a shorter six-month period. Following this announcement, the EU threatened legal action claiming the action was outside the Protocol process and was the second time the UK had sought to breach international law in relation to the Northern Ireland Protocol, an action backed by

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Queen's University repeated their March poll between 11 and 14 June 2021. 48% (+4%) of those polled thought that the Protocol was on balance bad for Northern Ireland and 43% (=) thought it was on balance good. When asked if the Protocol was an 'appropriate means for managing the effects of Brexit on

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has the power (after 31 December 2024) to decide whether to terminate or continue the protocol arrangements. "The Withdrawal Agreement doesn't state how Northern Ireland should give consent – it is for the UK to determine how that decision is made" but the UK Government has already declared that the

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stated that the EU must come back with 'ambitious' proposals to renegotiate the protocol. On 7 October, the EU responded, urging the UK to drop the "political rhetoric", saying that they would make "far-reaching proposals" to break the impasse. The main point of contention for the UK is the European

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In September 2020, the British government drew up legislation that would give ministers the power to define what state aid needs to be reported to the EU and what products that are at risk of being brought into Ireland from Northern Ireland, which it defended as clarifying ambiguity in the protocol.

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provision (which is covered more generally in Article 93 of the overall Withdrawal Agreement). The provisions of various EU laws apply to the United Kingdom as a whole, including state support for the production of and trade in agricultural products in Northern Ireland, "in respect of measures which

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in December 2017 and finalised in November 2018. This proposal provided for the UK as a whole to have a common customs territory with the EU until a solution was delivered that would avoid the need for evident customs controls at the UK/EU border in Ireland and also avoid any customs controls within

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In the Brexit referendum of 2016, nearly 56% of Northern Irish voters opted to remain in the EU, though the overall UK-wide vote was 52% to leave. A subsequent study suggests that leave was supported by a majority of unionists (66%), while remain was supported by a majority of nationalists (88%) and

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Northern Ireland's Agriculture Minister Edwin Poots announced 1 June 2021 a unilateral delay to the introduction of checks on pets moving from Great Britain to Northern Ireland. Checks were to be introduced on 1 July 2021 under the terms of the Protocol but are now delayed until 'at least' October.

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that aspect of the Acts of Union. The court also rejected arguments based on the Northern Ireland Act, the European Convention on Human Rights and European Union law. Likewise, the court rejected a challenge to the Regulations, which provided that the consent mechanism in the Protocol was not to be

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Article 1 of the protocol establishes that it is without prejudice to the provisions in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement (or Belfast Agreement) relating to the constitutional status of Northern Ireland and the consent principle. The 1998 Agreement specifies that Northern Ireland is part of the United

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Rather than being a fallback position as the backstop was intended to be, the protocol specifies the arrangements for Northern Ireland for at least the first four years beginning January 2021. Its status thereafter is subject to continued democratic consent in Northern Ireland to the continuance of

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analysis explained some of the implications of the protocol. The undated paper said Northern Ireland would be cut off from whole swathes of the UK Internal Market, would face shortages and prices rises in shops and would effectively be severed from the UK's economic union. Asked about the report at

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Under the terms of the Protocol, chilled meat products from Great Britain such as sausages were due to be banned from entering Northern Ireland after 1 July 2021. On 17 June 2021 the British Government requested an extension of the grace period on chilled meats until 30 September. The EU agreed to

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The UK government asked through the Joint Committee structures for an extension of two years on these checks, claiming to anticipate severe difficulties with food supply in Northern Ireland. On 3 March 2021, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland informed the UK Parliament of the Government's

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In a report published 28 January 2022, EU inspectors declared that the system of checks on goods moving from Great Britain to Northern Ireland did not comply with EU rules and was "not fit for purpose". They said that the UK government has "failed to ensure that sufficient resources have been made

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In October 2021 Queen's University published a third edition of their Testing the Temperature report. In the third report the percentage of respondents who believe the Protocol provides an appropriate means of managing the effects of Brexit has increased to 53% (42% disagreeing), while 52% believe

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Article 18 of the Protocol defines a mechanism by which members of the Northern Ireland Assembly can declare their consent to the continued operation of the Protocol or bring to an end Articles 5–10, as determined by simple majority of those voting. The first consent vote is scheduled for December

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Article 16 states that "if the application of this Protocol leads to serious economic, societal or environmental difficulties that are liable to persist, or to diversion of trade, the Union or the United Kingdom may unilaterally take appropriate safeguard measures. Such safeguard measures shall be

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Article 12 affirms that the UK is "responsible for implementing and applying the provisions of Union law made applicable by this Protocol to and in the United Kingdom in respect of Northern Ireland" and that EU representatives have the right to be present when it does so. The Article requires both

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Article 2 of the protocol provides that the UK's exit from the EU shall not cause any diminution in the rights, safeguards and equality of opportunity in the 1998 Belfast Agreement (Good Friday Agreement). The provision also protects specific EU anti-discrimination measures found in Annex 1 to the

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In September 2021, the four Unionist parties (DUP, PUP, TUV and UUP) released a joint declaration affirming their "opposition to the Northern Ireland Protocol, its mechanisms and structures" and reaffirmed their "unalterable position that the protocol must be rejected and replaced by arrangements

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and the European Single Market. This meant that a customs and regulatory border would arise between the UK and the EU. Whilst the sea border between Great Britain and continental Europe was expected to present manageable challenges, the UK/EU border in Ireland was recognised as having rather more

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Annexes 1 to 7 form an integral part of this Protocol. Annexes 1 to 5 list the EU laws referenced in the earlier Articles. Annex 6 and 7 give the procedures referenced in Articles 10 and 16. Among other matters, this article requires that goods placed on the market in Northern Ireland must carry

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Northern Ireland receives a large proportion of its food and other imports from Great Britain and there have been complaints that strict application of the restrictions under the Northern Ireland Protocol either already have created artificial shortages in Northern Ireland or that they have the

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On the E.U. side, the deal has to be green lighted by the super majority of member nations, E.U. officials said, with the decision expected in the next couple of weeks. Some parts of the agreement have to be approved both by member nations and the European Parliament, a process that could take

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The documents include amendments to the original agreement (No 3/2020); determination of "goods not at risk" of entering the EU (includes temporary easements) (No 4/2020); maximum state support and "level playing field" (No 5/2020); practical working arrangements for EU inspectors at ports and

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of the adverse effects of Brexit (which Northern Ireland had voted against), won 52 of the 90 seats in the Assembly. Parties opposed to the principle of a distinct arrangement for Northern Ireland (the DUP, TUV and two Independent Unionists) secured 28 seats. The UUP, which secured nine seats,

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sought to remove the backstop; this was refused by the EU, who wanted a legally operational solution. On 2 October, Johnson presented a potential replacement for the 2018 Irish backstop, proposing that Northern Ireland stay aligned with the EU on product standards but remain in the UK customs

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Talks were suspended on 18 December 2021, to resume in January 2022. The UK side had let it be known (but subsequently denied) that it was willing to defer indefinitely its desire to remove the CJEU clauses. The EU side announced that it had decided to change EU law such to waive a range of

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In September 2020, the two main nationalist parties (Sinn Féin and the SDLP) and the two main cross-community parties (the Alliance Party and the Green Party) expressed support for the Protocol and called for its 'rigorous implementation'. Alliance Party leader and Stormont Justice Minister

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A Border Control Post is an inspection post designated and approved in line with EU legislation for carrying out checks on animals and animal products arriving from third countries at a European Union border. These checks are carried out to protect animal and public health, and animal

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which fully respect Northern Ireland's position as a constituent and integral part of the United Kingdom." However the parties declined to form an electoral pact that might maximise the number of anti-protocol MLAs to vote on continuance of the protocol as provided for in Article 18.

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The Protocol's arrangements, under which Northern Ireland but not the rest of the UK remains in the EU single market for goods, allow the maintenance of the open border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The establishment of the open border was a key aspect of the

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and whether it was providing its "best efforts" to supply the EU with its product. On 29 January, the Commission published an export transparency mechanism to gain oversight of the movement of vaccines. This included reference to the possible use of Article 16 in introducing

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and concluded immediately after it, in December of that year. The withdrawal agreement as a whole, including the protocol, was ratified in January 2020. In February 2023, the European Commission and the Government of the United Kingdom announced agreement in principle (the

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decision will be made by a simple majority of Assembly members. In the event that consent is not given, the arrangements would cease to apply two years thereafter. The Joint Committee would make alternative proposals to the UK and EU to avoid a hard border on the island of

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The UK government unilaterally announced an indefinite extension of all grace periods 6 September 2021 to allow time for further discussions. The European Commission issued a statement that it 'took note' of the UK announcement, but did not threaten any legal action.

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checks or controls between Northern Ireland and the rest of the island. Goods from Northern Ireland may be moved without restriction to Great Britain but not conversely. Thus, in place of a Republic of Ireland/Northern Ireland land border, the protocol has created a

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on 12 October, in advance of publication of the commission's latest proposals, Frost declared his view that the Protocol was "not working", was "shredding the Good Friday Agreement", and was becoming "the biggest source of mistrust between us". On the same day, the

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formalities on medicines and ensure "that everyone in Northern Ireland has access to the same medicines, at the same time, as in the rest of the United Kingdom". On 18 December, Lord Frost announced his resignation as the UK's Brexit minister, citing a number of

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as "the most significant change that has taken place since partition" and that "Northern Ireland's centre of gravity could gradually move in a Dublin/Brussels direction. This cannot be without constitutional consequences." In February 2021, then DUP leader

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This agreement was reached in accordance with Articles 16 and 17 of the protocol and did not need UK parliamentary approval, however the Prime Minister said that MPs would have an opportunity to vote on it. On the EU side, the agreement had to pass with a

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Clause 1 Article 16: "If the application of this Protocol leads to serious economic, societal or environmental difficulties that are liable to persist, or to diversion of trade, the Union or the United Kingdom may unilaterally take appropriate safeguard

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to reduce checks and paperwork on goods that are destined for Northern Ireland only, and separate them from goods at risk of moving into the EU Common Market. It also includes a number of agreements on medicine control, VAT and alcohol duty.

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The European Parliament, which had yet to ratify the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, postponed making a decision pending a resolution to the proposed infringement. It was announced 28 April 2021 that the agreement had been ratified.

1033: 3083:. "The Joint Committee shall keep the application of this paragraph under constant review and shall adopt appropriate recommendations with a view to avoiding controls at the ports and airports of Northern Ireland to the extent possible." 3807:

within the Northern Ireland Protocol that allows either party to take unilateral "strictly necessary" measures if applying the protocol "leads to serious economic, societal or environmental difficulties that are liable to persist, or to

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although opposed to the protocol as it stands, it would accept it given significant changes. Even with the UUP opposed, this suggests a 53–37 vote in favour of continuance, but this still means that neither Brexit nor the protocol has

5780: 3857:, to prevent supplies of vaccine intended for the Republic of Ireland moving to Britain via Northern Ireland. This move was criticised in Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and the UK, with Northern Ireland's first minister 3608:

available to the responsible competent authorities in Northern Ireland". In April 2022 it was reported that EU member states were concerned that "a grey zone of unregulated goods entering the EU via Northern Ireland is developing".

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found the protocol to be the fourth most significant issue for respondents with about 10% putting it as their first or second concern; 55% (v 24%) found the EU's compromise proposals acceptable (as did a majority of DUP voters).

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The agreement provided for a delay of three months (ending 31 March 2021) to allow retailers, wholesales and logistics operations time to adjust to the new arrangements for goods movements from Great Britain to Northern Ireland.

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on 2 April 2021. Up to 300 people were involved in disorder, 15 police officers were injured and there were 8 arrests. Eight prominent unionists who negotiated the 1998 Belfast Agreement (or Good Friday Agreement), including

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calling it "an absolutely incredible act of hostility". The Commission reversed its proposal a few hours later. The Spanish foreign minister said the use of Article 16 was an "accident" and "mishap" that had been resolved.

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On 4 October 2021, the UK government issued a veiled threat to disavow the Northern Ireland protocol, warning that it "cannot wait for ever" for the EU to respond to its demands to rewrite the Protocol. The Brexit minister,

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On 27 February 2023, following conclusion of negotiations on the Windsor Framework, the UK government announced its intent to halt Parliamentary progress on the Bill and allow it to lapse at the end of the current session.

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Article 5 deals with customs duties. No such duties apply to movement of goods (in either direction) between Northern Ireland and Great Britain unless the goods are intended (or at risk of) onward transfer to the Union. EU

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According to the UK's implementation plan (July 2020), a system for checks on goods crossing from Great Britain to Northern Ireland will need three types of electronic paperwork, as detailed in an eleven-page document.

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restricted with regard to their scope and duration to what is strictly necessary in order to remedy the situation. Priority shall be given to such measures as will least disturb the functioning of this Protocol."

2100: 2086: 2072: 2058: 2044: 2030: 2016: 2002: 1988: 1978: 5338: 2819:). The "backstop" element was that the arrangement would have continued to apply potentially indefinitely unless the UK and the EU were jointly to agree on a different arrangement for the border in Ireland. 8330: 4180: 3404:

that on balance the Protocol is a good thing for Northern Ireland (41% disagreeing). Respondents see negative features of the Protocol with 59% believing it has impacted negatively on political stability.

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Reaffirming their commitment to the principles of partnership, equality and mutual respect and to the protection of civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights in their respective jurisdictions;

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Court of Justice's (ECJ) responsibility to adjudicate on disputes that arise from interpretation of EU law (where the protocol applies them to Northern Ireland). In a speech at the British Embassy in

2519:, the border has been largely invisible, without any physical barrier or custom checks on its 270 crossing points; this arrangement was made possible by both countries' common membership of both the 8085: 6965:(Shortcut to "Protocols" section of overall "Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community") 1522: 7777: 464: 3589:

of the DAERA told a Committee of the Northern Ireland Assembly on 15 April 2021 that the permanent border control posts were not expected to be built before 2023, subject to the agreement of the

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No technology solution to address these issues has been designed yet or implemented anywhere in the world, let alone in such a unique and highly sensitive context as the Northern Ireland border.

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provisions require certain customs checks and trade controls at their external borders. The Northern Ireland Protocol is intended to protect the EU single market, while avoiding imposition of a '

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to direct the construction and staffing of permanent control posts in Northern Ireland, "irrespective of whether any matter has been brought to the attention of, or discussed and agreed by, the

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Article 7 states that it is UK law that applies to goods offered for sale in Northern Ireland, except in respect of veterinary certificates or official labels for plant reproductive material.

8309: 7634: 2933:" on the island of Ireland. The Protocol includes some protections for human rights and equality measures in its Article 2 and specific EU anti-discrimination measures are listed in Annex 1. 2637:

Wishing to develop still further the unique relationship between their peoples and the close co-operation between their countries as friendly neighbours and as partners in the European Union;

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The Protocol replaced the Irish backstop, the rejected first attempt to resolve the trilemma. The "backstop" (also formally called the Northern Ireland Protocol) was an appendix to a draft

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and carried out 24–28 March 2021, asked if the Protocol is on balance ‘a good thing’ for Northern Ireland. 44% of those questioned disagreed, 43% agreed and 9% had a neutral opinion.

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specifies that it is a matter for the British government to determine how this consent is determined: it has declared that it is to be decided by a simple majority of members of the

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Before publication Ursula von der Leyen said that this could break international law and in answer to a question in the House of Commons the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland

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Some will need the agreement of the 27 EU member states, which would take a few weeks, while others would need to go to the European Parliament, something that could take months.

6489: 4494: 3636:. The EU announced 27 July 2021 that it was pausing its legal action against the United Kingdom to "buy time and space to consider the changes to the protocol sought by the UK". 8822: 6396: 6045: 4890:"The Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland Contents. Chapter 11: Implementation, application, supervision and enforcement, and other provisions (Articles 12, 13, 16, 17 and 19)" 4044: 3136:

Article 11 states that the "Protocol shall be implemented and applied so as to maintain the necessary conditions for continued North-South cooperation" in a variety of areas.

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to Northern Ireland that are "at risk" of then being transported into and sold in the Republic of Ireland; if they ultimately aren't, then firms in Northern Ireland can claim

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announced that they had reached agreement (subject to ratification) on a new Withdrawal Agreement which replaced the backstop with a new protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland.

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signed a strongly-worded letter informing the Prime Minister that the proposed Bill would be contrary to the wishes of the majority of people in Northern Ireland. The

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unless and until the Bill is enacted and brought into force. (As of February 2023, the Assembly is in abeyance because the DUP has declined to permit election of a

8717: 7809: 7320: 7225: 6019: 4595: 4022: 3563: 2260: 1969: 1272: 270: 248: 4188: 2929:, but that Northern Ireland would adopt EU Single Market regulations on goods and thus remain an entry point into the EU Customs Union. Doing so would prevent a " 8922: 8669: 7897: 7483: 3961: 2106: 2092: 2078: 2064: 2050: 2036: 2022: 2008: 1994: 1484: 1222: 598: 197: 6906: 3353:

would "break international law" in a "specific and limited way", by introducing new powers to circumvent certain treaty obligations to the EU as set out in the

8664: 8649: 7839: 2329: 1098: 5718: 5485: 4966: 3428:) brought by several Unionist and pro-Brexit politicians to have the Protocol declared unlawful on several grounds, including that it is in conflict with the 6280: 3890: 3495: 6107: 5972: 2426:

relationship with both the EU and Great Britain. The Withdrawal Agreement, including the Protocol, came into effect on 1 January 2021. Citing the island of

2161: 8608: 8598: 8259: 3994: 3685: 3593:. He added that the 'business case' would not be ready before October 2021, despite the fact that contractors had already been engaged. Northern Ireland's 3160:

This article is primarily concerned with interpretation of terms. As the protocol provides for application of EU-law in many areas there is a role for the

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Article 4 affirms that Northern Ireland is and remains part of the customs territory of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland is thus part of any future UK

2700: 2431: 2151: 1331: 534: 6724:"Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community" 6326: 4023:"AGREEMENT on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community" 2921:

In the formally negotiated Withdrawal Agreement, the 'Irish backstop' was removed, and replaced by this new protocol. The whole of the UK would leave the

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told the committee meeting that only a quarter of the checks required on goods entering the single market were being carried out at the temporary posts.

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subject to the cross-community voting rules in the Assembly. In November 2021, not content with the decision of the High Court, the applicants appealed.

5798: 4650: 8549: 8191: 7597: 4417: 3873: 2386: 795: 501: 6514: 6437: 4875: 4721: 3396:

and carried out between 14 and 17 May 2021, 59% of those polled were worried about the prospect of violence related to the protocol over Summer 2021.

5736: 4696: 4353: 3494:(that seeks to unilaterally override parts of the Protocol), giving the dissatisfaction of the DUP as its reason to do so. In response, 52 of the 90 6855: 6070: 5440: 8419: 8268: 7308: 6693: 5539: 5521: 5467: 1554: 1089: 679: 572: 259: 6463: 6367: 5755: 5302: 5250: 5198: 4396: 7851: 7540: 1944: 1756: 1075: 7017: 6744: 3432:

and thus unconstitutional. The Court ruled that the Protocol indeed runs counter to the free trade provisions of the Acts (Article VI), but the

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Article 8 says that some provisions of the EU law on VAT and excise duties apply in Northern Ireland but are collected and retained by the UK.

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declined to accept the Framework as meeting their concerns until further adjustments to its operation were agreed on 31 January 2024 and the

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said there was a need for "pragmatic solutions" to protocol matters rather than for "people to escalate this into a constitutional crisis".

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and nothing in the Protocol inhibits any agreement that allows exports from Northern Ireland on the same basis as those from Great Britain.

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The deal was reached under provisions set out by the protocol for the amendment of its rules, and does not technically require ratification

6347: 6088: 2156: 1799: 1532: 1211: 846: 748: 695: 191: 3368:

reached an agreement on practical aspects which allowed the UK Government to remove the controversial clauses before the bill became law.

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MP, and promised to invoke Article 16 in answer to another DUP MP on 3 February to "ensure that there is no barrier down the Irish Sea".

3788: 3632:. On 9 April 2021 Bloomberg claimed that the EU is set to postpone the threatened legal action against the United Kingdom as a result of 3539:

On 17 December 2020, the Joint Committee (led by Gove and Šefčovič) agreed a set of documents to give practical effect to the agreement.

2771:; and no British participation in the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union. It is not possible to have all three. 2703:. The "province" (as Northern Ireland is often known) had suffered sectarian tensions and at times outbreaks of serious violence between 2676: 2216: 1508: 1300: 891: 830: 825: 469: 147: 4338: 7816: 7115: 5568: 3721:

had ended "in deadlock" and that the European Commission had warned of "serious consequences" for the UK should it trigger Article 16.

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for an EU/UK customs union, which would have avoided the need for any NI border. The Government defeated the proposal with DUP support

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The appeal was rejected by the Court of Appeal, but the case reached the Supreme Court in late autumn 2022 under the lead name of the

8138: 8107: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7263: 5081: 4443: 4052: 3594: 2914:

held "very positive and very promising" talks that led to a resumption in negotiations, and a week later, on 17 October, Johnson and

2488: 2166: 1902: 1887: 1872: 1857: 1601: 835: 700: 484: 6956: 5586: 3566:(DAERA). Temporary buildings were put in place for 1 January 2021, but in February 2021, the responsible Northern Ireland minister, 8942: 4915: 4307: 4269: 3901: 3511: 3005: 3001: 1731: 963: 9061: 8299: 7955: 7945: 7200: 3849: 3681: 3464: 3080: 2593: 2539: 738: 8186: 7509: 4549: 3676:(DUP) to stop construction of permanent border control posts in Northern Ireland. On 13 January 2023, the UK government passed 3629: 3149: 2731:/ Good Friday Agreement brought the conflict to an end and the border was demilitarised. Since both states were members of the 953: 780: 454: 213: 6168: 1172: 9051: 8892: 8603: 7514: 7064: 4375: 4202: 4110: 2991:

Kingdom and that this position will not change without the consent of a majority in Northern Ireland voting in a referendum.

983: 973: 869: 220: 4992: 9046: 8875: 8724: 8572: 8279: 8264: 8080: 7909: 7882: 7612: 7488: 6989: 6762: 6587: 6204: 4411:"The EU referendum Vote in Northern Ireland: Implications for our understanding of citizens' political views and behaviour" 3387:

and carried out 5–7 April 2021, 48% of those polled wanted the Protocol to be scrapped and 46% said it should be retained.

3086: 2952: 2880: 2615: 2334: 2282: 2250: 2211: 1564: 1544: 1518: 1495: 1463: 1384: 1364: 1287: 1232: 978: 926: 921: 911: 901: 896: 874: 864: 859: 690: 675: 603: 549: 228: 152: 8885: 7892: 7887: 7877: 7741: 7429: 3364:

said "trust has been eroded". In October, the European Commission started an infringement procedure, and in December the

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with regards to procedures in case of non-compliance as well as the possibility and requirement for UK courts to ask for

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press conference, Prime Minister Johnson said "there will be no checks on goods going from GB to NI, and from NI to GB".

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On the UK's withdrawal from the European Union, the border in Ireland became the only land border between the UK and EU.

1917: 1005: 968: 916: 906: 879: 379: 137: 6818: 5391:"Press statement by President von der Leyen on the implementation of the Withdrawal Agreement between the EU and the UK" 4030: 9066: 8880: 7403: 7303: 4821: 4553: 3048:

on goods where the UK had lower tariffs than the EU. The joint committee will decide which goods are deemed "at risk".

2842: 1794: 1250: 988: 958: 948: 521: 489: 255: 102: 73: 3828:

first suggested the possibility of invoking Article 16 of the Protocol when answering a question in Parliament from a

3680: – The Official Controls (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2023 – which empowered the UK 8927: 8865: 7457: 5997: 5540:"Testing The Temperature 3. What do voters in Northern Ireland think about the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland?" 5522:"Testing The Temperature 2. What do voters in Northern Ireland think about the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland?" 5468:"Testing The Temperature 1. What do voters in Northern Ireland think about the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland?" 5339:"A step forward or using Northern Ireland as a pawn: Parties divided over Boris Johnson's proposals to break EU deal" 2764: 2543: 1949: 4073: 8860: 8817: 8381: 8243: 2862: 1407: 3514:, citing the Protocol as its reason for this decision. Neither the Assembly nor the Executive may operate without 3357:. The draft provision led to the resignation of a senior Government lawyer and the Advocate General for Scotland. 2865:

had voted three times against ratifying this version of Withdrawal Agreement and thus also rejected the backstop.

8952: 8684: 8449: 7996: 7560: 7441: 7088: 2479:

about the Protocol, in 2022-23 the EU and UK agreed revised arrangements for its operation – the

941: 122: 4005: 8153: 7930: 7337: 3491: 2546:' that might incite a recurrence of conflict and destabilise the relative peace that has held since the end of 2516: 2451: 1840: 648: 5064:

Halliday, Gillian (28 September 2021). "Unionist leaders sign declaration in fresh bid opposing NI protocol".

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at Northern Ireland's ports: actual provision of these facilities is the responsibility of Northern Ireland's

8967: 8181: 8061: 7950: 7763: 7602: 7586: 3941: 3377: 3279:

objected to its implicit "red line down the Irish Sea", contrary to the Prime Minister Johnson's assurances.

2324: 2226: 1443: 841: 790: 668: 374: 185: 5909: 4889: 3585:(DUP) (who had taken over the portfolio from Gordon Lyons) continued to resist doing so. In April 2021, the 8897: 8870: 5686:'In the matter of an Application by Clifford Peeples for a Judicial Review (Appellant) (Northern Ireland)'. 2922: 2846: 2755: 2754:

decided that not only should the United Kingdom leave the European Union but also that it should leave the

2524: 1724: 6997: 5417: 5390: 5020:"Potatoes and tractors banned from Northern Ireland if they have British soil on them, says Arlene Foster" 8812: 8794: 8274: 8143: 8056: 8049: 8044: 8039: 7244: 7193: 4361: 3896: 3756: 3633: 3570:(DUP), ordered officials to stop work on new permanent facilities and to stop recruiting staff for them. 3474: 3354: 3283: 3087:

Article 7: Technical regulations, assessments, registrations, certificates, approvals and authorisations

2874: 2803: 2666: 2596:, parties favouring continuance of the protocol won 53 of the 90 seats. Nevertheless, Northern Ireland's 2419: 2312: 2302: 2189: 2141: 1420: 768: 685: 616: 593: 589: 585: 5823: 3453:

In the matter of an Application by Clifford Peeples for a Judicial Review (Appellant) (Northern Ireland)

3020:, their bilateral agreement on free movement of British and Irish citizens between their jurisdictions. 2553:

Under the Protocol as originally agreed, Northern Ireland is formally outside the EU single market, but

8977: 8702: 8644: 8593: 8196: 7986: 7693: 7131: 5973:"Post-Brexit checks on British goods at Northern Ireland ports 'not fit for purpose', EU officials say" 4840: 3590: 3507: 3267: 2858: 2270: 998: 785: 399: 3040:

from third countries collected by the UK on behalf of the EU, would be levied on the goods going from

2723:', occurred during the period from the late 1960s to the late 1990s. One of its features was that the 8932: 8707: 8464: 7940: 7250: 5945: 5927: 5563:. Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences (Report). The University of Liverpool. 5 November 2021. 3829: 3503: 3499: 3470: 3161: 2974: 2850: 2605: 2601: 2584: 2484: 2459: 936: 323: 6548:"Rishi Sunak promises 'beginning of a new chapter' as he unveils 'Windsor Framework' deal on Brexit" 6169:"Sausage war: EU to 'assess' UK request for chilled meats to be traded with the North until October" 5699: 5320: 8674: 8489: 8454: 8434: 7504: 7350: 7166: 7121: 5833:

airports (No 6/2020); and establishment of an arbitration panel for dispute resolution (No 7/2020).

4919: 3881: 3841: 3718: 3698: 3666: 3079:

Article 6 affirms that goods from Northern Ireland shall have unfettered access to the rest of the

2136: 1789: 1122: 800: 431: 207: 86: 6610: 6411: 5152: 4153: 8761: 8756: 8729: 8497: 8481: 8375: 7925: 7746: 7434: 6799: 5445: 3601: 3515: 3408: 3171: 2206: 1934: 1717: 1083: 426: 347: 172: 142: 6977: 6266: 5038: 3547: 3152:(CJEU) has jurisdiction over interpretation of applicable EU laws (those listed in Article 19). 8370: 8073: 7570: 7186: 6781:"Watch: We will have 'no hesitation' in triggering Article 16 if necessary, says Boris Johnson" 3914: 3760: 2554: 2535: 2520: 7100: 7082: 7046: 3023: 8789: 8771: 8751: 8654: 8639: 8402: 7699: 5641: 3677: 3365: 3128:

affect that trade between Northern Ireland and the Union which is subject to this Protocol".

2854: 2662: 2592:. If consent is given, then the question may be put again after a further four years. At the 2508: 2455: 2367: 2355: 1705: 1693: 1142: 884: 773: 406: 7289:

Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?

3231: 8659: 7831: 5781:"Political Declaration by the European Commission and the Government of the United Kingdom" 5371: 5107: 4510: 3282:

Anger over the protocol has contributed to rising tensions in the Unionist community which

3266:, the Ulster Unionist Party's chief negotiator during the Good Friday Agreement and former 3210: 2708: 2654: 2504: 2430:"unique circumstances," the Protocol governs unique arrangements on the island between the 1117: 1026: 411: 318: 7138: 7033: 6186: 6150: 5891: 5873: 5854: 5668: 5616: 5133: 4447: 4237: 3473:

in May 2022, parties (Alliance, SDLP, Sinn Féin) that accepted the protocol as mitigating

3420:

In June 2021, the High Court of Northern Ireland in Belfast ruled against an application (

8: 9024:"Brexit draft agreement: What has been agreed on Northern Ireland to avoid a hard border" 8766: 8567: 8034: 8029: 7365: 7355: 7239: 7084:"This is not an exit": The Article 16 Safeguards in the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol 4876:"What do leaked Treasury documents tell us about checks on goods crossing the Irish Sea?" 3792: 3626: 3586: 3255: 3124: 2915: 2811: 2807: 2704: 2692: 2597: 2415: 2287: 1880: 1850: 1821: 1374: 1127: 993: 805: 623: 562: 6248: 6222: 5685: 4624: 4568: 4469: 3779: 8848: 8629: 7861: 7273: 6856:"Sticking plasters will not fix the fundamental flaws in the Northern Ireland Protocol" 6666: 4495:

Brexit draft agreement: What has been agreed on Northern Ireland to avoid a hard border

3429: 3176:

These articles cover bodies established to ensure effective operation of the protocol.

3165: 3139: 3108: 3017: 2941: 2937: 2751: 2736: 2528: 1395: 1192: 1162: 1112: 577: 167: 8987: 8962: 8387: 8165: 7660: 7575: 7360: 7268: 7096: 6522: 5346: 4940: 3738: 3479: 3392: 2747: 2712: 2620: 2480: 2221: 1865: 1659: 1147: 655: 421: 416: 385: 127: 6046:"EU forced to take legal action as UK 'cannot be trusted' on protocol, says Coveney" 5504:"Poll: 59% in Northern Ireland fear summer of violence over Brexit Irish Sea border" 4967:"Lord Empey: Irish Sea border biggest constitutional change since partition in 1921" 3361: 8843: 8408: 8233: 8160: 8117: 8100: 7844: 7592: 7380: 6835:"The EU's vaccine blunder has exposed major flaws in the Northern Ireland protocol" 6611:"Rishi Sunak threatens to push through Brexit deal on Northern Ireland without DUP" 6327:"Lord Frost: EU at risk of making 'historic misjudgment' over protocol concessions" 6132: 5910:"Permanent facilities for Brexit checks at NI ports will not be ready 'until 2023'" 3957: 3804: 3775: 3767: 3448: 3271: 3068: 2926: 2925:

as a single customs territory with Northern Ireland included in any future British

2830: 2823: 2768: 2696: 2680: 2573: 2558: 2469: 2439: 2292: 1910: 1353: 1201: 1157: 1106: 1057: 761: 628: 544: 179: 5275: 4795: 4747: 4383: 4210: 4203:"BBC News: Brexit Countdown: Why is the Northern Ireland border question so hard?" 4118: 3876:. A Swiss deal would solve it overnight – but this is not good enough for the UK. 8982: 8613: 8523: 8355: 7981: 7758: 7565: 6698: 6049: 4601: 4596:"Ulster Unionist Party leader says NI will not be EU 'dowry' for Brexit delivery" 4523: 4181:"Northern Ireland to get new Brexit trade rules in deal to restore power sharing" 3854: 3809: 3714: 3551: 3445: 3242: 3029: 3016:

Article 3 recognises the right of the United Kingdom and Ireland to continue the

2577: 2476: 2194: 1063: 369: 132: 48: 7034:"Brexit: What has the European Court of Justice got to do with the NI Protocol?" 6577: 6388:"EU warns of 'serious consequences' for UK in Northern Ireland Brexit trade row" 6366:

Leahy, Pat; Staunton, Denis; O’Leary, Naomi; Carswell, Simon (12 October 2021).

6205:"The NI Protocol: London's latest unilateral move, and Brussels' muted response" 5441:"Brexit: Tories remove law-breaking clauses from Internal Market Bill in U-turn" 3407:

A survey of 1000 participants in October 2021 by Social Market Research for the

3172:

Articles 14 and 15: Specialised Committee and joint consultative working group

8577: 8444: 8392: 8360: 8068: 7976: 7856: 7751: 7731: 7666: 7370: 7345: 3965: 3953: 3752: 3748: 3578: 3559: 3437: 2785: 2732: 2716: 2684: 2576:, separating Northern Ireland from Great Britain, to the disquiet of prominent 2435: 2307: 1895: 1761: 1070: 1041: 638: 633: 359: 352: 290: 81: 77: 25: 7130:

McCormick was a senior civil servant in Northern Ireland and specifically the

7018:"Is the Court of Justice of the EU the supreme court for all Protocol issues?" 6348:"Northern Ireland Protocol is not working and has to change, Lord Frost warns" 5946:"Checks on goods to NI from Britain 'not fit for purpose' under protocol - EU" 3506:

MP, a leading member of the party, said that the DUP would not participate in

3311:

In January 2021, Northern Ireland-born former Labour MP and Brexit campaigner

9040: 8712: 8439: 8429: 8331:

UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018

8238: 7555: 6526: 5350: 3937: 3858: 3825: 3771: 3622: 3400:

Northern Ireland', the response split with 47% agreeing and 47% disagreeing.

3346: 3316: 3296: 3276: 3041: 3024:

Articles 4 and 5: Customs territory, customs controls and movement of goods

2884: 2816: 2443: 1505: 1283: 1177: 117: 33: 5251:"Von der Leyen warns UK against breaking international law over Brexit deal" 3660: 3455:. On 8 February 2023, the Supreme Court ruled that the protocol was lawful. 3000:

protocol. In this Article, the UK also agrees to facilitate the work of the

8746: 8414: 7991: 7902: 7736: 7649: 6020:"Brussels says plan to extend Brexit grace period breaks international law" 5276:"Northern Ireland Secretary admits new bill will 'break international law'" 3945: 3567: 3423: 3227: 2911: 2720: 2658: 2547: 2515:, the thirty-year internecine conflict in Northern Ireland. As part of the 2512: 1137: 1051: 436: 364: 37: 4511:

European Commission – Fact Sheet: Protocol on Ireland and Northern Ireland

3299:, called in May 2021 for the suspension of the Northern Ireland Protocol. 2834: 8504: 8397: 8228: 7048:

From oven-ready to indigestible: the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland

6879: 6819:"AstraZeneca contract includes UK as 'best effort' base for output to EU" 6490:"Fairmont Windsor Park hotel delighted to be part of 'historic occasion'" 5719:"Majority of Northern Ireland MLAs condemn plan to alter Brexit protocol" 4081: 3917:(part of Bilateral II), enables free trade in animals and animal products 3845: 3726: 3709: 3670: 3582: 2956: 2948:, which had previously been rejected by the EU and denounced by Johnson. 2945: 2930: 1320: 1297: 1046: 539: 7081:

Howse, Robert L. (New York University School of Law) (8 November 2021),

6990:"Guidance: Placing manufactured goods on the market in Northern Ireland" 5874:"Brexit: DUP agriculture minister orders Brexit check construction halt" 3968:, who argued that the protocol breached the guarantees of the agreement. 8907: 8473: 7715: 6926:"Britain to delay some post-Brexit border controls due to Covid crisis" 6223:"NI Protocol: Poots' suspension of Brexit checks unlawful, court rules" 5799:"First details emerge of system for checks on goods crossing Irish Sea" 4675: 4399: – Department of Foreign Affairs, Government of Ireland 3755:

which was announced on 27 February 2023. It is designed to address the

3333: 3223: 3045: 2970: 2604:

obstructed its operation and, until early February 2024, prevented the

2265: 311: 29: 8310:

UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020

5171:

Elgot, Jessica; O'Carroll, Lisa; Rankin, Jennifer (7 September 2020).

4722:"Boris Johnson and Leo Varadkar say they 'see pathway' to Brexit deal" 4697:"Revealed: the EU's point-by-point rejection of Johnson's Brexit plan" 3558:

To operate the terms of the protocol, the United Kingdom must provide

3326: 3262:

border between Great Britain and Northern Ireland bore criticism from

3258:

reaction to the Protocol was uniformly negative. In October 2020, the

3008:

and the joint committee of the island's two human rights commissions.

2759:

intractable issues. These were summarised in what became known as the

8912: 8424: 8365: 7550: 6800:"Tensions rise in North after Johnson threatens to invoke Article 16" 6281:"David Frost issues veiled threat to ditch Northern Ireland protocol" 5197:

Boffey, Daniel; Elgot, Jessica; Stewart, Heather (7 September 2020).

3949: 3320: 3312: 3287: 3263: 3203: 3140:

Article 12: Implementation, application, supervision and enforcement

3131: 3120: 2905: 2727:

was heavily fortified and militarised. In 1998, the Belfast Agreement

2199: 1167: 112: 7316:

European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016

6694:"Windsor Framework: What are the main points of the new UK-EU deal?" 5737:"DUP rebuffs UK appeal to restore power sharing in Northern Ireland" 4858:"This could be the most significant leaked document of the campaign" 4748:"Brexit: Boris Johnson and Leo Varadkar 'can see pathway to a deal'" 4676:"Brexit: What is Boris Johnson's plan to avoid a hard Irish border?" 1771: 8972: 7721: 7092: 6998:"EU Withdrawal Agreement and the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol" 6582: 6552: 5855:"NI sea border: Border control posts must progress 'without delay'" 5394: 4680: 4628: 4572: 4527: 4473: 4302: 4238:"Good Friday Agreement negotiators call for NI Protocol suspension" 3063: 2898:

Brexit and the Irish border § 2019 renegotiation: New protocol

2568: 2464: 340: 335: 6907:"'Welcome news': relief as EU backtracks on NI Covid vaccine move" 6729:. Government of the United Kingdom. 19 October 2019. p. 326. 6635:"Rishi Sunak promises MPs vote on 'Windsor Framework' Brexit deal" 6464:"Brexit minister's shock resignation leaves Boris Johnson reeling" 6438:"Detente as UK and EU pause Northern Ireland talks until new year" 6089:"EU pauses legal action against UK over Northern Ireland Protocol" 5303:"Government admits new Brexit bill 'will break international law'" 5153:"UK plan to undermine withdrawal treaty puts Brexit talks at risk" 5082:"The Tories have betrayed Northern Ireland with their Brexit deal" 4778:"How is Boris Johnson's Brexit deal different from Theresa May's?" 4298:"Belfast results show unionists can't win vote on Brexit protocol" 3074: 2707:, who wish to remain part of the UK and trace their origin to the 21: 8739: 7726: 6515:"How No 10 sweetened up the EU president with a royal cup of tea" 6249:"NI Protocol: UK legislation published for border posts at ports" 4569:"Brexit: DUP's Nigel Dodds says Brexit deal 'worse than no deal'" 4357: 3763:

and the United Kingdom in the current Northern Ireland Protocol.

3291: 3058: 3053: 2672: 2623:") to modifications of aspects of the operation of the protocol. 2589: 2562: 2427: 1132: 328: 8635:

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Irish Free State

7139:"Brexit: UK government 'squarely responsible' for protocol deal" 6071:"EU to Delay Brexit Legal Action Amid Northern Ireland Violence" 5199:"Leaked EU cables reveal growing mistrust of UK in Brexit talks" 4550:"Joint statement from the pro-Remain parties in the NI Assembly" 3195: 3168:

on the application of EU law and related parts of the protocol.

2743:

by those who did not identify as unionist or nationalist (70%).

8902: 8823:

European Union (Croatian Accession and Irish Protocol) Act 2013

8734: 7209: 6745:"EU's article 16 blunder has focused minds on Northern Ireland" 6609:

Webber, Jude; Wright, Robert; Pickard, Jim (28 February 2023).

5418:"Joint statement by the co-chairs of the EU-UK Joint Committee" 4029:. Document 12020W/TXT (L 29/7). 31 January 2020. Archived from 3791:. Some parts of the agreement had to obtain the consent of the 3703: 3071: – between Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 3037: 2648:

British-Irish Agreement (appended to the Good Friday Agreement)

2423: 2242: 56: 8336:

European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19

6368:"London and Brussels at loggerheads over ECJ role in protocol" 6105: 6017: 5756:"UK Brexit Law Won't Break Northern Ireland Impasse, DUP Says" 4331:"DUP agrees to drop boycott of Northern Ireland power-sharing" 3200:

This article states that the parties will work against fraud.

2940:

for Northern Ireland", due to its similarity with the UK-wide

2600:

objected strongly to the protocol: protesting against it, the

6763:"UK demands waiver on Northern Ireland Brexit checks to 2023" 6307:"EU urges UK to drop rhetoric in Northern Ireland Brexit row" 5558:

The Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol: Consensus or Conflict?

3713:

described the sides as "at loggerheads". On 6 November 2021,

8202:

Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union

6365: 5824:"ACTS ADOPTED BY BODIES CREATED BY INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS" 3647: 3376:

An opinion poll ('Testing the Temperature') commissioned by

3061:

between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, but a

2868: 8918:

Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains

6880:"EU vaccine export row: Bloc backtracks on controls for NI" 6324:

Yorke, Harry; Barnes, Joe; Crisp, James (11 October 2021).

6267:"The Official Controls (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2023" 6108:"EU postpones setting date for ratifying Brexit trade deal" 5321:"Lord Keen: Senior law officer quits over Brexit bill row'" 5173:"Brexit: Boris Johnson to override EU withdrawal agreement" 5108:"Brexit: No 10 must honour NI protocol, say Remain parties" 4354:"Tears and cheers as EU lawmakers give final nod to Brexit" 2838: 2483: – which took effect on 24 March 2023. The 5225:"Downing Street defends Brexit plans for Northern Ireland" 5134:"NI Protocol: DUP could quit from Stormont 'within weeks'" 4625:"Jim Allister: Northern Ireland not the 'plaything' of EU" 4074:"Brexit: What is in Boris Johnson's new deal with the EU?" 3458: 3360:

These clauses were criticised by Sinn Féin and Taoiseach

7178: 7172:(sets out the main areas of disagreement as of June 2021) 6151:"Brexit: Checks on pets travelling from GB to NI delayed" 5569:"EU protocol proposals backed by Northern Ireland voters" 4513: – European Commission, 14 November 2018. 3661:

The Official Controls (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2023

3246:

Graffiti in Belfast opposing the protocol (February 2021)

7321:

The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016

7162:"Northern Ireland protocol: ongoing UK–EU disagreements" 5669:"Brexit: Court of Appeal hears challenge to NI Protocol" 5372:"'Trust has been eroded' over UK's Brexit plan – Martin" 5170: 3821:

potential for creating greater shortages in the future.

3564:

Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs

2699:, remained part of the United Kingdom, which became the 2494: 8923:

Independent International Commission on Decommissioning

8670:

State visit by Michael D. Higgins to the United Kingdom

6662:"Britain and E.U. Agree on Northern Ireland Trade Deal" 6412:"UK to drop key ECJ demand on Northern Ireland trading" 5998:"Why Boris Johnson may legislate to breach NI Protocol" 5928:"ICG continues to see Covid impact on ferries business" 5892:"Brexit: Irish Sea border posts 'delayed by two years'" 5486:"Opinion poll finds 49% in NI would vote to stay in UK" 4470:"Theresa May says EU must 'evolve' its Brexit position" 3789:

qualified majority in the Council of the European Union

3665:

In December 2022, the High Court declared unlawful the

3237: 3102: 8665:

State visit by Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland

8650:

1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum

6187:"Brexit: EU postpones ban on British meat sales in NI" 4796:"Brexit: EU and UK reach deal but DUP refuses support" 4524:"Varadkar: Removing backstop 'is effectively no deal'" 4154:"How Boris Johnson moved to break the Brexit deadlock" 4111:"Brexit: EU and UK reach deal but DUP refuses support" 2739:

since 1921, there was no other border infrastructure.

2438:; it regulates some aspects of trade in goods between 8718:

R v Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p O'Brien

7087:, Brexit Institute Working Paper Series, No 14/2021, 6992:. Government of the United Kingdom. 31 December 2020. 6924:

O'Carroll, Lisa; Boffey, Daniel (14 September 2021).

5249:

Boffey, Daniel; Rankin, Jennifer (7 September 2020).

4822:"Three key changes that underpin the new Brexit deal" 4651:"EU rejects Boris Johnson request to remove backstop" 5223:

Elgot, Jessica; O'Carroll, Lisa (7 September 2020).

4352:

Gabriela, Baczynska; Jakub, Riha (30 January 2020).

3872:

If we do have creativity in the UK we can solve the

3835: 3686:

Executive Committee of the Northern Ireland Assembly

3600:

In its half yearly financial report 26 August 2021,

2701:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

8856:

British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland

6923: 6608: 4695:Boffey, Daniel; Rankin, Jennifer (7 October 2019). 4649:Rankin, Jennifer; Elgot, Jessica (20 August 2019). 3327:

Reaction of nationalist and cross-community parties

3204:Article 18: Democratic consent in Northern Ireland 3132:Article 11: Other areas of North-South cooperation 2994: 2489:

formation of a new Northern Ireland Executive began

266:

EU Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations

7066:Bordering Two Unions - Northern Ireland and Brexit 6904: 6854: 6833: 6539: 6386: 6346: 6325: 5796: 5700:"UK Supreme Court dismisses NI Protocol challenge" 5222: 5196: 5151: 5080: 5018: 4594: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4152: 3995:"Northern Ireland Protocol: The Windsor Framework" 3729:concerns over the Government's domestic policies. 3145:sides to exchange information on a monthly basis. 6133:"Brexit: European Parliament backs UK trade deal" 5617:"Brexit: NI Protocol is lawful, High Court rules" 5416:Šefčovič, Maroš; Gove, Michael (1 October 2020). 4993:"Alex Kane: Irish Sea 'border' looks set to stay" 4151:Parker, George; Brunsden, Jim (11 October 2019). 3485: 3315:criticised the British government for erecting a 2985: 2671:In 1921, the western and southern four-fifths of 9038: 8420:Proposed second Scottish independence referendum 7159: 6976:. Animal and Plant Health Agency. Archived from 6963:. Document 12020W/TXT (L 29/7). 31 January 2020. 6462:Savage, Michael; Helm, Toby (18 December 2021). 6323: 5688:Supreme Court, undated, accessed 1 December 2022 4179:Carroll, Rory; Courea, Eleni (31 January 2024). 3155: 3075:Article 6: Protection of the UK internal market 3051:The effect of these articles is that there is a 3011: 1090:Proposed second Scottish independence referendum 6874: 6872: 6870: 6572: 6570: 6106:Daniel Boffey and Rory Carroll (4 March 2021). 6018:Daniel Boffey and Rory Carroll (3 March 2021). 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5039:"Appeal for calm after Belfast street violence" 4771: 4769: 4284: 3490:On 13 June 2022, the Government introduced the 3371: 2826:in some aspects of the European Single Market. 8958:Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission 8326:Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills 7160:Marshall, Joe; Sargeant, Jess (24 June 2021). 5420:(Press release). Brussels: European Commission 4916:"Northern Ireland protocol: consent mechanism" 4262:"Northern Ireland protocol: consent mechanism" 4150: 3434:European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 3213:, the articles will continue for eight years. 3196:Article 17: Protection of financial interests 3067:customs border – the so-called 2936:This new protocol has been dubbed by some as " 8550: 7194: 6832:Bannerman, David Campbell (31 January 2021). 6791: 5871: 5388: 5378:. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 10 September 2020. 5300: 4775: 4351: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4178: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 3911:" enables free trade in agriculture and food, 3815: 2849:supported the backstop proposal, whereas the 2561:rules still apply; this ensures there are no 2387: 1725: 32:, where secretive breakthrough talks between 8609:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Ireland 8599:Ambassadors of Ireland to the United Kingdom 7463:European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills 7117:The Belfast/Good Friday Agreement and Brexit 6898: 6867: 6627: 6567: 6013: 6011: 5838: 5415: 5248: 5126: 4841:"NI Protocol: Unfettered access to the UKIM" 4766: 4694: 4446:. Centre for European Reform. Archived from 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 3094: 2891: 2763:, because of three competing objectives: no 2472:between Northern Ireland and Great Britain. 749:Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill 8948:North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association 8108:EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) 8096:Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU 7386:United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation 6846: 6691: 6653: 6578:"Northern Ireland Brexit deal: At-a-glance" 6435: 5438: 5190: 5164: 4838: 4788: 4648: 4376:"Northern Ireland Brexit deal: At-a-glance" 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 2903: 2677:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 2217:United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation 8938:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference 8557: 8543: 7201: 7187: 6816: 6685: 6602: 6545: 6461: 4441: 4328: 4295: 4225: 4096: 3824:On 13 January 2021 British Prime Minister 3691: 3508:Northern Ireland's power-sharing executive 3339: 2902:On 10 October 2019, Johnson and the Irish 2394: 2380: 1732: 1718: 9005:Category:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 8839:Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border 8139:2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation 7113: 6831: 6429: 6099: 6008: 5830:. European Commission. 17 December 2020. 5644:Allister (James Hugh) et al's Application 4622: 4566: 4059: 3648:Unilateral extensions of the grace period 3179: 2869:Attempted changes to the backstop concept 2822:The backstop would have required keeping 2725:Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border 2501:Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border 2167:Department for Exiting the European Union 1945:Proposed European Constitution referendum 701:2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs 7468:European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14 6810: 6659: 6384: 5970: 5697: 5666: 5614: 5389:von der Leyen, Ursula (1 October 2020). 5063: 5010: 4913: 4592: 4322: 4259: 4133: 3653:the three-month extension 30 June 2021. 3546: 3496:Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly 3241: 3114: 3111:that operates on the island of Ireland. 3006:Equality Commission for Northern Ireland 3002:Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission 2633:The British and Irish Governments: (...) 535:EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 20: 7062: 7003:. Ulster Unionist Party. September 2021 5773: 5589:In re Jim Allister and others (EU Exit) 4964: 4390: 3682:Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 3542: 3465:2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election 3459:2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election 3436:also has constitutional effect and had 3184:This Article is covered in more detail 2594:2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election 1935:2011 UK Act on new EU Treaty amendments 16:Part of the Brexit withdrawal agreement 9039: 7044: 6961:Official Journal of the European Union 6957:"PROTOCOL ON IRELAND/NORTHERN IRELAND" 6852: 6825: 6817:Blenkinsop, Philip (29 January 2021). 6409: 6344: 6043: 5828:Official Journal of the European Union 5716: 5566: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4027:Official Journal of the European Union 3989: 3987: 3985: 3717:reported that talks between Frost and 3530: 3216: 3150:Court of Justice of the European Union 3119:Article 10 of the Protocol deals with 2735:at the time and have been operating a 2719:. The most recent of these, known as ' 2422:that sets out Northern Ireland’s post- 2152:Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels 8893:Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949 8604:Embassy of the United Kingdom, Dublin 8538: 7182: 7080: 6797: 6660:Pronczuk, Monika (27 February 2023). 6590:from the original on 27 February 2023 6546:Culbertson, Alix (27 February 2023). 6512: 6345:Neilan, Catherine (12 October 2021). 5971:McFadden, Brendan (29 January 2022). 5753: 5017:Hope, Christopher (3 February 2021). 4567:McCormack, Jayne (25 November 2018). 4329:POGATCHNIK, SHAWN (31 January 2024). 3502:(25 MLAs) welcomed the Bill. However 3103:Article 9: Single electricity market 2815:the UK (between Northern Ireland and 2626: 2495:Summary of key aspects and provisions 836:EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement 8943:British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly 8725:Irish neutrality during World War II 6385:Woodcock, Andrew (6 November 2021). 5301:O'Carroll, Lisa (8 September 2020). 5078: 5016: 4990: 4714: 3902:Switzerland–European Union relations 3732: 3250: 3238:Political reaction to implementation 2963: 2695:). The north-eastern fifth, renamed 2612:The Protocol's terms were negotiated 2408:Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland 8886:Shinty-Hurling International Series 8260:Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017 7742:Campaign for an Independent Britain 7114:McCormick, Andrew (27 April 2022). 6692:O'Leary, Naomi (27 February 2023). 6513:Elgot, Jessica (27 February 2023), 6436:O'Leary, Naomi (18 December 2021). 5698:Macauley, Conor (8 February 2023). 5667:Campbell, John (29 November 2021). 4776:O'Carroll, Lisa (17 October 2019). 4260:SARGEANT, JESS (19 December 2019). 4248: 4015: 3982: 3349:said that the government's planned 2583:Under the terms of Article 18, the 2475:Principally to address concerns of 2147:Permanent EU Representatives for UK 497:Allegations of unlawful campaigning 380:Campaign for an Independent Britain 271:EU Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 235:2015–16 EU membership renegotiation 158:UK opinion polling on EU membership 138:European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 13: 9026:. 26 February 2023. Archived from 7304:European Union Referendum Act 2015 7063:de Mars, Sylvia (23 August 2018), 6905:Lisa O'Carroll (29 January 2021). 6853:Foster, Arlene (3 February 2021). 6487: 6399:from the original on 21 June 2022. 5872:John Campbell (27 February 2021). 4623:McCormack, Jayne (16 March 2019). 4382:. 27 February 2023. Archived from 4209:. 30 November 2017. Archived from 4037: 3415: 3383:In a second poll, commissioned by 3148:This article also states that the 2256:2015–2016 membership renegotiation 490:Department for International Trade 14: 9078: 8928:Independent Monitoring Commission 7484:2014 European Parliament election 7045:Murray, Colin (1 December 2022), 6949: 6410:Bounds, Andy (18 December 2021). 6044:Clarke, Vivienne (4 March 2021). 5439:O'Toole, Emer (8 December 2020). 4593:Ferguson, Amanda (9 March 2019). 4442:Springford, John (7 March 2018). 4408: 4117:. 17 October 2019. Archived from 4080:. 21 October 2019. Archived from 3836:COVID-19 vaccinations from the EU 3669:by the then agriculture minister 3573:Despite an instruction by the UK 3525: 2995:Article 2: Rights of individuals 2942:Chequers future relationship plan 2861:were opposed. By early 2019, the 2779: 2691:) and "described" in 1948 as the 2462:. The Protocol instead creates a 599:2019 European Parliament election 198:2014 European Parliament election 9057:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 9016: 9000: 8999: 8876:England–Ireland football rivalry 8861:Irish migration to Great Britain 8818:The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 8576: 8573:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 8566: 8519: 8518: 8244:Brexit withdrawal agreement plan 7655:Unlawful campaigning allegations 6917: 6798:Moore, Aoife (3 February 2021). 6773: 6755: 6737: 6716: 6506: 6481: 6455: 6403: 6378: 6359: 6338: 6317: 6299: 6273: 6259: 5567:Mooney, John (5 November 2021). 4965:McBride, Sam (14 October 2020). 4296:Pogatchnik, Shawn (7 May 2022). 3803:Article 16 of the protocol is a 3757:problem of the movement of goods 3306: 3107:Article 9 governs the wholesale 2361: 2349: 1770: 1699: 1687: 470:2016 Conservative Party election 63: 8953:North/South Ministerial Council 8685:2020 Northern Ireland Agreement 8450:Voting pencil conspiracy theory 7997:Independent Alliance for Reform 7936:2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham 7442:European Economic Area Act 1993 7264:Trade and Cooperation Agreement 7013:(UUP's "proposed alternatives") 6241: 6215: 6197: 6179: 6161: 6143: 6125: 6081: 6063: 6037: 5990: 5964: 5938: 5920: 5902: 5884: 5865: 5816: 5790: 5747: 5729: 5710: 5691: 5679: 5660: 5634: 5615:Campbell, John (30 June 2021). 5608: 5579: 5550: 5532: 5514: 5496: 5478: 5460: 5432: 5409: 5382: 5364: 5331: 5313: 5294: 5268: 5242: 5216: 5144: 5100: 5072: 5057: 5031: 4984: 4958: 4933: 4914:Sargeant, Jess (1 March 2021). 4907: 4882: 4868: 4850: 4832: 4814: 4740: 4688: 4668: 4642: 4616: 4586: 4560: 4542: 4516: 4504: 4488: 4462: 4435: 4402: 4368: 4345: 3930: 3611: 3185: 2986:Article 1: Protocol objectives 2683:(renamed in 1937 as "Ireland" ( 2503:has had a special status as an 1555:Brexit delayed until 31 January 1475:Brexit delayed until 31 October 1034:Post-referendum opinion polling 942:North/South Ministerial Council 854:Relations with EU member states 203:2014 UK Parliament by-elections 148:UK opt-outs from EU legislation 9062:Northern Ireland peace process 8881:Composite rules shinty–hurling 7020:. FactCheckNI. 22 October 2021 6488:Ng, Ellie (27 February 2023), 5797:Lisa O'Carroll (2 July 2020). 5717:Walker, Peter (13 June 2022). 5079:Hoey, Kate (13 January 2021). 4444:"Theresa May's Irish trilemma" 4195: 4172: 4045:"Brexit Questions and Answers" 3848:on the contractual details of 3492:Northern Ireland Protocol Bill 3486:Northern Ireland Protocol Bill 3390:In a poll commissioned by the 3156:Article 13: Common provisions 3012:Article 3: Common Travel Area 2774: 2517:Northern Ireland Peace Process 2452:Northern Ireland Peace Process 2410:, commonly abbreviated to the 826:Relations pre- and post-Brexit 649:Northern Ireland Protocol Bill 1: 8968:The North/South Language Body 8866:Ireland–Isle of Man relations 8290:Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020 7852:Petition to revoke Article 50 7603:Balance of Competences Review 7587:The European Union: In or Out 7546:1975 EC membership referendum 7404:European Communities Act 1972 5648:In the matter of the Protocol 3975: 3850:the latter's COVID-19 vaccine 3798: 3743:The "Windsor Framework" is a 3554:temporary border control post 2980: 2261:2016 EU membership referendum 2227:Balance of Competences Review 2142:House of Commons EU Committee 1950:European Union Bill 2004–2005 1642:New EU–UK relationship begins 1454:Brexit delayed until 12 April 485:Department for Exiting the EU 108:1975 EC membership referendum 9052:Politics of Northern Ireland 8871:British Isles naming dispute 8305:Future Relationship Act 2020 4004:. March 2023. Archived from 3768:goods crossing the Irish Sea 3747:legal agreement between the 3634:tensions in Northern Ireland 3630:Minister for Foreign Affairs 3372:Public views on the Protocol 2756:European Union Customs Union 1593:Implementation period begins 1585:UK leaves the European Union 1485:European Parliament election 1223:European Parliament election 744:EU (Future Relationship) Act 502:Alleged Russian interference 291:UK Government pro-EU leaflet 192:2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill 7: 9047:Brexit withdrawal agreement 8813:Statute of Westminster 1931 8795:Anglo-Irish Trade Agreement 8275:Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018 8144:Brexit and the Irish border 7956:2019 Brecon and Radnorshire 7946:2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central 7458:European Union Bill 2004–05 7245:Brexit withdrawal agreement 6227:BBC News (Northern Ireland) 5754:Mayes, Joe (13 June 2022). 3897:2021 Northern Ireland riots 3865: 2875:Brexit negotiations in 2019 2804:Brexit withdrawal agreement 2667:Brexit and the Irish border 2420:Brexit withdrawal agreement 2157:EU Representative in London 2137:House of Lords EU Committee 718:Scottish EU Continuity Bill 686:Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018 164:Campaigns for a referendum 10: 9083: 8978:Special EU Programmes Body 8703:Irish revolutionary period 8645:Downing Street Declaration 8594:Embassy of Ireland, London 7987:Blue Collar Conservativism 7840:Proposed second referendum 7694:Britain Stronger in Europe 7510:2014 Heywood and Middleton 7208: 7132:Northern Ireland Executive 7069:, Bristol University Press 5544:Queen's University Belfast 5526:Queen's University Belfast 5472:Queen's University Belfast 4991:Kane, Alex (1 June 2020). 3816:Imports from Great Britain 3736: 3591:Northern Ireland Executive 3462: 3378:Queen's University Belfast 3183: 3095:Article 8: VAT and excise 2895: 2872: 2783: 2652: 2444:rest of the United Kingdom 2330:Proposed second referendum 2278:Notification of withdrawal 2271:Britain Stronger in Europe 1800:1973 enlargement of the EC 1633:Implementation period ends 1076:Revoke Article 50 petition 1014:Conjectured EEA membership 769:Impact on the Irish border 734:Scottish EU Continuity Act 475:2016 Labour Party election 400:Britain Stronger in Europe 40:took place in October 2019 9067:Brexit-related agreements 8996: 8831: 8805: 8782: 8708:Irish War of Independence 8695: 8680:Northern Ireland Protocol 8622: 8586: 8514: 8463: 8348: 8318: 8252: 8221: 8214: 8174: 8149:Northern Ireland Protocol 8129: 8116: 8081:Prorogation of Parliament 8009: 7964: 7918: 7870: 7830: 7787: 7776: 7708: 7684: 7675: 7625: 7523: 7515:2014 Rochester and Strood 7497: 7476: 7450: 7394: 7336: 7329: 7296: 7282: 7216: 4728:. London. 10 October 2019 4397:The Good Friday Agreement 4049:Northern Ireland Assembly 3766:The agreement relates to 3500:Democratic Unionist Party 3471:Northern Ireland Assembly 3272:a border on the Irish Sea 3162:European Court of Justice 3123:, popularly known as the 2975:Northern Ireland Assembly 2892:Protocol principle agreed 2797:Theresa May, 20 July 2018 2765:hard border on the island 2606:Northern Ireland Assembly 2602:Democratic Unionist Party 2585:Northern Ireland Assembly 2555:EU free movement of goods 2485:Democratic Unionist Party 2460:Northern Ireland Conflict 2412:Northern Ireland Protocol 2318:Northern Ireland Protocol 2162:UK European Commissioners 1670:Windsor framework adopted 1651:UK–EU trade deal ratified 1408:Withdrawal agreement plan 1375:Brexit negotiations begin 712:Terms of Withdrawal Bills 644:Northern Ireland Protocol 324:Conservatives for Britain 8898:East–West Interconnector 8675:Stormont House Agreement 8300:Internal Market Act 2020 8025:Invocation of Article 50 7898:2019 European Parliament 7613:Euroscepticism in the UK 7167:Institute for Government 7122:The Constitution Society 4941:"Using the UKNI marking" 4920:Institute for Government 4846:– via politico.eu. 4266:Institute For Government 4002:House of Commons Library 3923: 3842:Von der Leyen Commission 3595:Chief Veterinary Officer 2841:and the cross-community 2643:Have agreed as follows: 2335:2019 UK general election 2283:2017 UK general election 2251:2015 UK general election 2212:Euroscepticism in the UK 1790:Treaty of Accession 1972 1433:Scottish Continuity Bill 724:Withdrawal Agreement Act 604:2019 UK general election 550:2017 UK general election 229:2015 UK general election 153:Euroscepticism in the UK 103:European Communities Act 8762:Christopher Ewart-Biggs 8757:Flagstaff Hill incident 8498:Brexit: The Uncivil War 8376:European Research Group 8132:the Republic of Ireland 8130:on Northern Ireland and 7972:International reactions 7747:The Freedom Association 5650:[2021] NIQB 64" 5587:"Summary of Judgment – 3891:Kenneth Clarke proposal 3692:Attempts to renegotiate 3602:Irish Continental Group 3516:cross-community support 3512:Speaker of the Assembly 3480:cross-community support 3469:At the election to the 3409:University of Liverpool 3340:Notwithstanding clauses 3270:minister. He described 2769:border in the Irish Sea 2574:border in the Irish Sea 2470:border in the Irish Sea 1983:(elected by parliament) 1940:EU-related British Acts 1623:Scottish Continuity Act 1612:Future Relationship Act 1602:UK–EU trade deal agreed 1494:Theresa May resigns as 831:EU–UK trade negotiation 460:International reactions 427:Business for New Europe 348:The Freedom Association 173:Labour for a Referendum 143:European Union Act 2011 8482:Postcards from the 48% 8435:Terminology (Glossary) 8371:Chaos with Ed Miliband 8192:Science and technology 8074:Operation Yellowhammer 7297:Referendum legislation 6970:"Border Control Posts" 4416:. KESS. Archived from 4051:. 2023. Archived from 3915:Common Veterinary Area 3878: 3844:was in a dispute with 3761:European Single Market 3555: 3284:led to street violence 3247: 3226:; they may also carry 3180:Article 16: Safeguards 3115:Article 10: State aid 3057:customs border on the 2953:2019 election campaign 2904: 2863:Westminster Parliament 2794: 2688: 2645: 2313:Impact on Irish border 1084:Postcards from the 48% 999:Gibraltar–Spain border 796:Scientific cooperation 573:EU negotiation mandate 569:Negotiation positions 41: 8933:British–Irish Council 8790:Anglo-Irish trade war 8772:1992 Coalisland riots 8752:Sunningdale Agreement 8655:Good Friday Agreement 8640:Anglo-Irish Agreement 8403:Northern Future Forum 8382:Enemies of the People 7700:Labour In for Britain 7608:2015–16 renegotiation 7489:2015 general election 7376:European Constitution 7351:1972 Accession Treaty 5397:: European Commission 3958:Cllr Billy Hutchinson 3870: 3840:In January 2021, the 3678:secondary legislation 3575:Environment Secretary 3550: 3366:EU-UK Joint Committee 3245: 3211:cross-community basis 2873:Further information: 2790: 2673:the island of Ireland 2663:Good Friday Agreement 2653:Further information: 2631: 2616:2019 general election 2509:Good Friday Agreement 2456:Good Friday Agreement 1565:2019 general election 1543:Withdrawal agreement 1365:2017 general election 1233:2015 general election 1143:Our Future Our Choice 1123:For our Future's Sake 937:British–Irish Council 885:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 774:Good Friday Agreement 407:Labour In for Britain 214:Heywood and Middleton 24: 9030:on 26 February 2023. 8660:St Andrews Agreement 8057:Withdrawal agreement 7832:Opposition to Brexit 7790:leadership elections 7598:Russian interference 7134:'s lead on Brexit.) 7038:BBC Northern Ireland 6586:. 27 February 2023. 5673:BBC Northern Ireland 5327:. 16 September 2020. 4971:www.newsletter.co.uk 4839:HM Treasury (n.d.). 4191:on 20 February 2024. 3560:border control posts 3543:Border control posts 3426:and others (EU Exit) 3355:withdrawal agreement 3351:Internal Market Bill 3217:Article 19: Annexes 2752:first May government 2709:Plantation of Ulster 2655:Partition of Ireland 2505:international border 2303:Withdrawal agreement 2130:Officials and bodies 1421:Withdrawal agreement 1311:Article 50 judgement 1242:Renegotiation begins 1154:Other organisations 1118:European Movement UK 847:Partnership Assembly 791:Effects on Gibraltar 617:Withdrawal agreement 515:Notice of withdrawal 412:European Movement UK 319:Business for Britain 221:Rochester and Strood 8767:Clontibret invasion 8265:Withdrawal Act 2018 8062:Parliamentary votes 8035:Brexit divorce bill 7718:(official campaign) 7696:(official campaign) 7536:1973 EC enlargement 7356:Single European Act 7283:Referendum question 7240:Brexit negotiations 6416:The Financial Times 6211:. 6 September 2021. 5786:. 27 February 2023. 5160:. 6 September 2020. 5140:. 9 September 2021. 4501:, 14 November 2018. 4497: – 4364:on 30 January 2020. 4310:on 10 December 2023 4272:on 24 February 2024 4055:on 2 February 2024. 3884:, 13 September 2021 3793:European Parliament 3780:green and red lanes 3587:permanent secretary 3531:Plans before Brexit 3438:implicitly repealed 3166:preliminary rulings 3125:level playing field 2916:Jean-Claude Juncker 2812:European Commission 2693:Republic of Ireland 2614:shortly before the 2325:Parliamentary votes 2298:Future relationship 2288:Brexit negotiations 1881:Treaty of Amsterdam 1851:Single European Act 1128:Healthier IN the EU 994:Status of Gibraltar 842:Partnership Council 806:2021 Jersey dispute 739:Internal Market Act 676:Withdrawal Act 2018 624:Brexit divorce bill 465:Immediate aftermath 8849:Common Travel Area 8630:Anglo-Irish Treaty 8215:Brexit legislation 8087:Miller II / Cherry 7931:2016 Richmond Park 7862:Bollocks to Brexit 7810:Scottish, Feb 2020 7040:. 12 October 2021. 6980:on 19 April 2021. 6769:. 3 February 2021. 6751:. 4 February 2021. 6667:The New York Times 6641:. 27 February 2023 6269:. 13 January 2023. 6255:. 13 January 2023. 6229:. 15 December 2022 5282:. 8 September 2020 4894:British Parliament 4878:. 6 December 2019. 4828:. 17 October 2019. 4450:on 14 January 2024 4423:on 17 January 2024 3810:diversion of trade 3581:), DAERA Minister 3556: 3430:Acts of Union 1800 3248: 3109:electricity market 3081:UK internal market 3018:Common Travel Area 2969:Articles 5 to 10. 2737:Common Travel Area 2627:Historical context 2608:from assembling. 2540:UK internal market 2529:Common Travel Area 2521:EU's Single Market 1163:Bollocks to Brexit 1113:Britain for Europe 578:Chequers agreement 522:Article 50 process 480:2016 UKIP election 249:2016 EU referendum 42: 9012: 9011: 8988:Waterways Ireland 8963:InterTradeIreland 8532: 8531: 8388:Leave Means Leave 8344: 8343: 8280:Cooper–Letwin Act 8210: 8209: 8166:Windsor Framework 8122:potential effects 8005: 8004: 7951:2019 Peterborough 7772: 7771: 7661:Brexit: The Movie 7621: 7620: 7576:Maastricht Rebels 7269:Windsor Framework 7259:Trade negotiation 7253: 7234: 6974:apha.defra.gov.uk 6886:. 30 January 2021 6785:Belfast Telegraph 6313:. 7 October 2021. 5952:. 28 January 2022 5934:. 26 August 2021. 5490:Belfast Telegraph 5393:(Press release). 5114:. 13 January 2021 5066:Belfast Telegraph 4802:. 17 October 2019 4754:. 10 October 2019 4684:. 2 October 2019. 4499:Belfast Telegraph 4033:on 28 March 2024. 3739:Windsor Framework 3733:Windsor Framework 3393:Belfast Telegraph 3251:Unionist reaction 3059:island of Ireland 2964:Starting position 2910:(Prime Minister) 2883:on 24 July 2019, 2806:developed by the 2748:Brexit referendum 2675:seceded from the 2621:Windsor Framework 2481:Windsor Framework 2404: 2403: 2222:Maastricht Rebels 2180:Issues and events 2113: 2112: 2101:Members 2019–2020 2087:Members 2014–2019 2073:Members 2009–2014 2059:Members 2004–2009 2045:Members 1999–2004 2031:Members 1994–1999 2017:Members 1989–1994 2003:Members 1984–1989 1989:Members 1979–1984 1979:Members 1973–1979 1970:UK constituencies 1924: 1923: 1866:Maastricht Treaty 1742: 1741: 1677: 1676: 1660:Windsor Framework 1464:Cooper–Letwin Act 1173:Liberal Democrats 1148:Scientists for EU 1099:second referendum 932:Ireland–UK border 691:Cooper–Letwin Act 656:Windsor Framework 530:case (Article 50) 455:Causes for result 422:British Influence 417:Britain in Europe 386:Brexit: The Movie 256:EU Referendum Act 128:Maastricht Rebels 87:Glossary of terms 9074: 9032: 9031: 9020: 9003: 9002: 8844:Irish Sea border 8587:Diplomatic posts 8581: 8580: 8571: 8570: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8536: 8535: 8522: 8521: 8465:Media depictions 8409:The New European 8234:Repeal Bill plan 8219: 8218: 8197:Economic effects 8161:Irish Sea border 8154:proposed changes 8127: 8126: 8118:Impact of Brexit 8101:Fish for finance 7785: 7784: 7682: 7681: 7593:Bloomberg speech 7334: 7333: 7249: 7230: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7180: 7179: 7171: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7129: 7125: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7041: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7002: 6993: 6985: 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6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6004:. 23 April 2022. 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5916:. 15 April 2021. 5906: 5900: 5899: 5898:. 15 April 2021. 5888: 5882: 5881: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5861:. 13 April 2021. 5851: 5836: 5835: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5564: 5562: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5492:. 21 April 2021. 5482: 5476: 5475: 5474:. 21 April 2021. 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5343:belfasttelegraph 5335: 5329: 5328: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 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2024. 4372: 4366: 4365: 4360:. Archived from 4349: 4343: 4342: 4341:on 5 April 2024. 4337:. Archived from 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4306:. Archived from 4293: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4268:. Archived from 4257: 4246: 4245: 4234: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4213:on 21 March 2023 4199: 4193: 4192: 4187:. Archived from 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4156: 4148: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4107: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4070: 4057: 4056: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 3999: 3991: 3969: 3934: 3885: 3805:safeguard clause 3778:. It introduced 3776:Northern Ireland 3675: 3449:Clifford Peeples 3286:in the loyalist 3069:Irish Sea border 2927:trade agreements 2923:EU Customs Union 2909: 2831:Irish government 2824:Northern Ireland 2798: 2730: 2697:Northern Ireland 2681:Irish Free State 2649: 2598:Unionist parties 2559:EU Customs Union 2536:EU single market 2477:Ulster Unionists 2458:which ended the 2440:Northern Ireland 2396: 2389: 2382: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2293:Impact of Brexit 2200:UK budget rebate 1975: 1974: 1911:Treaty of Lisbon 1847: 1846: 1774: 1744: 1743: 1734: 1727: 1720: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1643: 1444:Meaningful votes 1424: 1411: 1354:Repeal Bill plan 1332:Notification Act 1202:Bloomberg speech 1198: 1197: 1158:Best for Britain 1058:The New European 1038:New initiatives 786:Economic effects 781:Impact on the EU 706:Public Vote Bill 629:Fish for finance 545:Repeal Bill plan 393:Remain campaigns 237: 223: 216: 204: 180:Bloomberg speech 67: 66: 44: 43: 9082: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9037: 9036: 9035: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9008: 8992: 8983:Tourism Ireland 8827: 8801: 8778: 8691: 8618: 8614:Glencairn House 8582: 8575: 8565: 8563: 8533: 8528: 8510: 8459: 8455:Retained EU law 8356:Brexit 50p coin 8340: 8314: 8248: 8206: 8170: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8112: 8001: 7982:Brexit Alliance 7960: 7914: 7866: 7826: 7789: 7788:Political party 7779: 7768: 7759:Get Britain Out 7704: 7677: 7671: 7640:Opinion polling 7617: 7566:Black Wednesday 7519: 7493: 7472: 7446: 7390: 7325: 7292: 7278: 7212: 7207: 7176: 7148: 7146: 7145:. 27 April 2022 7137: 7127: 7105: 7103: 7072: 7070: 7054: 7052: 7032: 7023: 7021: 7016: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6988: 6968: 6955: 6952: 6945: 6944: 6934: 6932: 6922: 6918: 6903: 6899: 6889: 6887: 6878: 6877: 6868: 6851: 6847: 6830: 6826: 6815: 6811: 6796: 6792: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6704: 6702: 6699:The Irish Times 6690: 6686: 6680:several months. 6672: 6670: 6658: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6615: 6613: 6607: 6603: 6593: 6591: 6576: 6575: 6568: 6558: 6556: 6544: 6540: 6531: 6529: 6511: 6507: 6498: 6496: 6486: 6482: 6472: 6470: 6460: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6442:The Irish Times 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6408: 6404: 6393:The Independent 6383: 6379: 6372:The Irish Times 6364: 6360: 6343: 6339: 6322: 6318: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6232: 6230: 6221: 6220: 6216: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6193:. 30 June 2021. 6185: 6184: 6180: 6175:. 17 June 2021. 6167: 6166: 6162: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6104: 6100: 6095:. 27 July 2021. 6087: 6086: 6082: 6077:. 9 April 2021. 6069: 6068: 6064: 6054: 6052: 6050:The Irish Times 6042: 6038: 6028: 6026: 6016: 6009: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5870: 5866: 5853: 5852: 5839: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5805: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5752: 5748: 5743:. 14 June 2022. 5735: 5734: 5730: 5715: 5711: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5665: 5661: 5656:. 30 June 2021. 5640: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5613: 5609: 5600: 5598: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5546:. October 2021. 5538: 5537: 5533: 5528:. 30 June 2021. 5520: 5519: 5515: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5387: 5383: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5169: 5165: 5158:Financial Times 5150: 5149: 5145: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5087:Daily Telegraph 5077: 5073: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4997:The Irish Times 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4774: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4693: 4689: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4602:The Irish Times 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4565: 4561: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4350: 4346: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4294: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4258: 4249: 4236: 4235: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4159:Financial Times 4149: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4121:on 18 July 2023 4109: 4108: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4084:on 9 April 2024 4072: 4071: 4060: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4008: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3972: 3942:Lord Kilclooney 3935: 3931: 3926: 3887: 3880: 3868: 3855:export controls 3838: 3818: 3801: 3741: 3735: 3715:The Independent 3694: 3673: 3663: 3650: 3614: 3552:Belfast Harbour 3545: 3533: 3528: 3488: 3467: 3461: 3418: 3416:Legal challenge 3374: 3342: 3329: 3309: 3253: 3240: 3219: 3206: 3198: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3158: 3142: 3134: 3117: 3105: 3097: 3089: 3077: 3026: 3014: 2997: 2988: 2983: 2966: 2900: 2894: 2879:After becoming 2877: 2871: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2782: 2777: 2761:Brexit Trilemma 2728: 2669: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2629: 2497: 2400: 2362: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2245: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2207:Nationality law 2195:Black Wednesday 2181: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2131: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2114: 1972: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1925: 1918:UK ratification 1903:UK ratification 1888:UK ratification 1873:UK ratification 1858:UK ratification 1844: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1816: 1814:1975 referendum 1806: 1805: 1804: 1784: 1764: 1759: 1738: 1700: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1679: 1678: 1641: 1419: 1406: 1212:Referendum Bill 1195: 1185: 1184: 1102: 1094: 1064:Unite to Remain 1029: 1019: 1018: 1010: 856: 851: 821: 819:EU–UK relations 811: 810: 801:Retained EU law 764: 754: 753: 671: 661: 660: 619: 609: 608: 565: 555: 554: 517: 507: 506: 446: 441: 395: 370:Get Britain Out 307: 305:Leave campaigns 302: 295: 286:Opinion polling 251: 241: 240: 233: 219: 212: 202: 168:People's Pledge 133:Black Wednesday 98: 85: 64: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9080: 9070: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9034: 9033: 9014: 9010: 9009: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8846: 8835: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8809: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8590: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8562: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8539: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8526: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8508: 8502: 8494: 8486: 8478: 8469: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8445:United Ireland 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8393:Led By Donkeys 8390: 8385: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8361:Change Britain 8358: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8225: 8223: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8146: 8141: 8135: 8133: 8124: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8069:No-deal Brexit 8066: 8065: 8064: 8054: 8053: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8027: 8022: 8013: 8011: 8010:Brexit process 8007: 8006: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7977:March to Leave 7974: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7864: 7859: 7857:Led By Donkeys 7854: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7836: 7834: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7793: 7791: 7782: 7774: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7752:Better Off Out 7744: 7739: 7734: 7732:Grassroots Out 7729: 7724: 7719: 7712: 7710: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7690: 7688: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7667:Pro-EU leaflet 7664: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7631: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7486: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7452: 7451:Proposed bills 7448: 7447: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7400: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7342: 7340: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7242: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7206: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7183: 7174: 7173: 7157: 7156: 7155: 7111: 7078: 7060: 7042: 7030: 7014: 6994: 6986: 6966: 6951: 6950:External links 6948: 6943: 6942: 6916: 6897: 6866: 6845: 6824: 6809: 6804:Irish Examiner 6790: 6772: 6754: 6736: 6715: 6684: 6652: 6626: 6601: 6566: 6538: 6505: 6480: 6454: 6428: 6402: 6377: 6358: 6337: 6316: 6298: 6272: 6258: 6240: 6214: 6196: 6178: 6173:The Journal.ie 6160: 6157:. 1 June 2021. 6142: 6124: 6098: 6080: 6062: 6036: 6007: 5989: 5963: 5937: 5919: 5901: 5883: 5864: 5837: 5815: 5789: 5772: 5746: 5728: 5709: 5690: 5678: 5659: 5633: 5607: 5597:, 30 June 2021 5578: 5549: 5531: 5513: 5510:. 14 May 2021. 5495: 5477: 5459: 5431: 5408: 5381: 5363: 5330: 5312: 5293: 5267: 5241: 5215: 5189: 5163: 5143: 5125: 5099: 5071: 5056: 5045:. 3 April 2021 5030: 5009: 4983: 4957: 4932: 4906: 4881: 4867: 4849: 4831: 4813: 4787: 4765: 4739: 4713: 4687: 4667: 4641: 4615: 4585: 4559: 4541: 4530:. 15 June 2019 4515: 4503: 4487: 4476:. 20 July 2018 4461: 4434: 4401: 4389: 4367: 4344: 4321: 4283: 4247: 4224: 4194: 4171: 4132: 4095: 4058: 4036: 4014: 4011:on 6 May 2024. 3980: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3966:Gary McMichael 3962:David Campbell 3954:Dermot Nesbitt 3928: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3912: 3899: 3894: 3882:Maroš Šefčovič 3869: 3867: 3864: 3837: 3834: 3817: 3814: 3800: 3797: 3753:United Kingdom 3749:European Union 3737:Main article: 3734: 3731: 3693: 3690: 3662: 3659: 3649: 3646: 3613: 3610: 3579:George Eustice 3544: 3541: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3526:Implementation 3524: 3487: 3484: 3463:Main article: 3460: 3457: 3417: 3414: 3373: 3370: 3362:Micheál Martin 3341: 3338: 3328: 3325: 3308: 3305: 3252: 3249: 3239: 3236: 3218: 3215: 3205: 3202: 3197: 3194: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3170: 3157: 3154: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3116: 3113: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3076: 3073: 3025: 3022: 3013: 3010: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2965: 2962: 2896:Main article: 2893: 2890: 2881:Prime Minister 2870: 2867: 2843:Alliance Party 2808:May government 2789: 2786:Irish backstop 2784:Main article: 2781: 2780:Irish backstop 2778: 2776: 2773: 2746:Following the 2733:European Union 2717:united Ireland 2630: 2628: 2625: 2511:of 1998 ended 2496: 2493: 2436:European Union 2432:United Kingdom 2402: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2391: 2384: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2358: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2308:No-deal Brexit 2305: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2258: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2209: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1973: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1942: 1937: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1896:Treaty of Nice 1892: 1891: 1884: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1822:Referendum Act 1818: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1762:European Union 1753: 1752: 1751:of articles on 1740: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1696: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385:Withdrawal Act 1381: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1350: 1349: 1346: 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652: 651: 641: 639:No-deal Brexit 636: 634:Irish backstop 631: 626: 620: 615: 614: 611: 610: 607: 606: 601: 596: 582: 581: 580: 575: 566: 561: 560: 557: 556: 553: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 524: 518: 513: 512: 509: 508: 505: 504: 499: 494: 493: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 462: 457: 452: 442: 440: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 391: 390: 389: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 360:Grassroots Out 357: 356: 355: 353:Better Off Out 345: 344: 343: 333: 332: 331: 326: 321: 303: 296: 294: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 252: 247: 246: 243: 242: 239: 238: 231: 226: 225: 224: 217: 210: 200: 195: 194:(unsuccessful) 189: 182: 177: 176: 175: 170: 162: 161: 160: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 99: 94: 93: 90: 89: 82:European Union 78:United Kingdom 69: 68: 60: 59: 53: 52: 51:of articles on 26:Thornton Manor 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9079: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9029: 9025: 9019: 9015: 9007: 9006: 8995: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8730:The Emergency 8728: 8727: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8713:Easter Rising 8711: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8560: 8555: 8553: 8548: 8546: 8541: 8540: 8537: 8525: 8517: 8516: 8513: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8440:Tufton Street 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8430:Rue du Brexit 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8347: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8239:Chequers plan 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8070: 8067: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8008: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7941:2017 Copeland 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7911: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7869: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7845:People's Vote 7843: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7796:Conservative 7795: 7794: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7775: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7678:organisations 7674: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7556:Bruges speech 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7541:UK membership 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7221:Renegotiation 7219: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7199: 7197: 7192: 7190: 7185: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7123: 7119: 7118: 7112: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7079: 7068: 7067: 7061: 7050: 7049: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7019: 7015: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6947: 6931: 6927: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6862: 6861:The Telegraph 6857: 6849: 6841: 6840:The Telegraph 6836: 6828: 6820: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6733: 6725: 6719: 6712: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6656: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6623: 6612: 6605: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6542: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6389: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6354: 6353:The Telegraph 6349: 6341: 6333: 6332:The Telegraph 6328: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6268: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6012: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5782: 5776: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5622: 5618: 5611: 5596: 5592: 5590: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5559: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5435: 5419: 5412: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5088: 5083: 5075: 5067: 5060: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5026: 5025:The Telegraph 5021: 5013: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4877: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4842: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4770: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4671: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4604: 4603: 4597: 4589: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4419: 4412: 4409:Garry, John. 4405: 4398: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4244:. 7 May 2021. 4243: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4160: 4155: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3946:Lord Maginnis 3943: 3939: 3933: 3929: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3863: 3860: 3859:Arlene Foster 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3826:Boris Johnson 3822: 3813: 3811: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3772:Great Britain 3769: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3700: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3623:Simon Coveney 3618: 3609: 3605: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3537: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3425: 3413: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3385:BBC Spotlight 3381: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347:Brandon Lewis 3337: 3335: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307:Other critics 3304: 3300: 3298: 3297:David Trimble 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3277:Arlene Foster 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3244: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3214: 3212: 3201: 3193: 3187: 3177: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3146: 3137: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3100: 3092: 3084: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3042:Great Britain 3039: 3033: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2992: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2899: 2889: 2886: 2885:Boris Johnson 2882: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2817:Great Britain 2813: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2772: 2770: 2767:; no customs 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2715:, who seek a 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2527:and of their 2526: 2525:Customs Union 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2108: 2107:2019 election 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2093:2014 election 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2079:2009 election 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2065:2004 election 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2051:1999 election 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2037:1994 election 2034: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2023:1989 election 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2009:1984 election 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1995:1979 election 1992: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1757:UK membership 1755: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1575:Agreement Act 1573: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1506:Boris Johnson 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1396:Chequers plan 1394: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1284:David Cameron 1282: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1262:Renegotiation 1260: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1179: 1178:Right to Vote 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1107:People's Vote 1104: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 886: 883: 882: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 857: 855: 848: 845: 843: 840: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 820: 815: 814: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 775: 772: 771: 770: 767: 766: 763: 758: 757: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 729: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 681: 677: 674: 673: 670: 665: 664: 657: 654: 650: 647: 646: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 618: 613: 612: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 568: 567: 564: 559: 558: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 529: 525: 523: 520: 519: 516: 511: 510: 503: 500: 498: 495: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 447: 445: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 402: 401: 397: 396: 394: 388: 387: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 354: 351: 350: 349: 346: 342: 339: 338: 337: 334: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 314: 313: 309: 308: 306: 301: 300: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 261: 257: 254: 253: 250: 245: 244: 236: 232: 230: 227: 222: 218: 215: 211: 209: 206: 205: 201: 199: 196: 193: 190: 188: 187: 183: 181: 178: 174: 171: 169: 166: 165: 163: 159: 156: 155: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 118:Bruges speech 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 100: 97: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 79: 75: 71: 70: 62: 61: 58: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 39: 35: 34:Boris Johnson 31: 27: 23: 19: 9028:the original 9018: 8998: 8747:The Troubles 8679: 8505:@BorderIrish 8496: 8488: 8480: 8472: 8415:Open Britain 8407: 8222:White papers 8182:on Gibraltar 8148: 8086: 8030:Negotiations 8017: 7992:Brexit Party 7919:By-elections 7910:2019 general 7903:Brexit Party 7883:2017 general 7778:Aftermath of 7764:Bruges Group 7737:Labour Leave 7659: 7650:Project Fear 7645:Endorsements 7585: 7531:UK accession 7505:2014 Clacton 7498:By-elections 7408:Amendments: 7175: 7165: 7147:. 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