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chicks after they hatch, but does not usually watch them for a greater period of time than around 5 minutes. The male usually passes off food to the female, which she then feeds to the young, although later the female will capture food and simply drop into the nest for her nestlings to eat. The chicks fledge at around 36 days old, though breeding maturity is not reached until 2 years in females and 3 years in males.
542:
are laid. The eggs measure approximately 47 mm Ă— 36 mm (1.9 in Ă— 1.4 in). The eggs are incubated mostly by the female for 31 to 32 days. When incubating eggs, the female sits on the nest while the male hunts and brings food to her and the chicks. The male will help feed
632:
are taken sometimes and harriers have been known to subdue these by drowning them in water. Harriers hunt by surprising prey while flying low to the ground in open areas, as they drift low over fields and moors. The harriers circle an area several times listening and looking for prey. Harriers use
441:
in having distinct male and female plumages. The sexes also differ in weight, with males weighing 290 to 400 g (10 to 14 oz), with an average of 350 g (12 oz), and females weighing 390 to 750 g (14 to 26 oz), with an average of 530 g (19 oz). Among standard
707:
Some Native
American tribes believe that seeing a hawk on your wedding day is a sign of a long, happy marriage. Unlike many raptors, hen or northern harriers have historically been favorably regarded by farmers because they eat mice that damage crops and predators of quail eggs. Harriers are
538:– one male mates with several females. Up to five females have been known to mate with one male in a season. The nest is built on the ground or on a mound of dirt or vegetation. Nests are made of sticks and are lined inside with grass and leaves. Four to eight (exceptionally 2 to 10) whitish
682:
are natural competitors of this species that favor the same prey and habitat, as well as having a similarly broad distribution. Occasionally, both harriers and short-eared owls will harass each other until the victim drops its prey and it can be stolen, a practice known as
1424:
645:
Little information is available on longevity in northern harriers. The longest lived known bird is 16 years and 5 months. However, adults rarely live more than 8 years. Early mortality mainly results from predation. Predators of eggs and nestlings include
465:) of South America. The male's plumage is darker grey than that of the hen harrier, and the female is also darker and more rufous. The adult male is sometimes nicknamed the "Grey Ghost", because of his striking plumage and spectral aura.
551:
This is a typical harrier, which hunts on long wings held in a shallow V in its low flight during which the bird closely hugs the contours of the land below it. Northern or hen harriers hunt primarily small
519:
and other assorted open areas. A male will maintain a territory averaging 2.6 km (1.0 sq mi), though male territories have ranged from 1.7 to 150 km (0.66 to 57.92 sq mi).
941:
Chesser, R. Terry; Burns, Kevin J.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, John L.; Kratter, Andrew W; Lovette, Irby J; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F.; Winker, Kevin (2017).
454:
is 7.1 to 8.9 cm (2.8 to 3.5 in). It is relatively long-winged and long-tailed, having the longest wing and tail relative to its body size of any raptor occurring in North
America.
695:
This species has a large range, and there is evidence of a population decline, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the
708:
sometimes called "good hawks" because they pose no threat to poultry as some hawks do. Heavy pesticide use in the 1970s and 1980s caused a decline in harrier populations.
299:. In the midwestern, mountain west, and north Atlantic states of the U.S., they may be present all year. This bird inhabits prairies, open areas, and marshes.
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910:"Molecular phylogeny, morphology and life-history comparisons within Circus cyaneus reveal the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages"
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notes but at a higher pitch. During the mating season, the female emits a loud scream, which causes the male to either mate or provide food.
1737:
799:
Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
430:
418:
1334:
Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; LuÄŤan, R. K.; Jones, D. N.; Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective".
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south in winter, with breeding birds in Canada and northern Great Plains of the U.S. moving to the
American south, Mexico, and
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hearing regularly to find prey, as they have exceptionally good hearing for diurnal raptors, this being the function of their
437:
The northern harrier is 41–52 cm (16–20 in) long with a 97–122 cm (38–48 in) wingspan. It resembles other
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315:. He used the English name "The Ring-tail'd Hawk". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a bird collected near the
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699:(i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). It is therefore classified as "least concern".
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notes that will last 1-2 seconds. When faced with predators or surrounded by smaller birds, they still emit
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637:-like facial disc. This harrier tends to be a very vocal bird while it glides over its hunting ground.
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802:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 128.
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782:. Vol. 3. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 107, Plate 107.
79:
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included an illustration and a description of the northern harrier in the third volume of his
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are hunted with some regularity as well, especially by males. Preferred avian prey include
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The northern harrier is mostly silent, although males and females will both give fast
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678:. Both parents attack potential predators with alarm calls and striking with talons.
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818:"Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux"
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The northern harrier breeds in North
America, and its closest relative is the
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59:
1058:"If you've seen a Northern Harrier in flight, you know they are beautiful".
1073:
Zimmer, David M. (October 20, 2014). "Historic Farm Holds
Growing Appeal".
485:
342:
273:
141:
687:. Most commonly, the harriers are the aggressors pirating prey from owls.
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and cited
Edwards' work. The northern harrier is now placed in the genus
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337:, he placed the northern harrier with the falcons and eagles in the
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111:
943:"Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's
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1233:
A Guide to the Nests, Eggs, and
Nestlings of North American Birds
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609:
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Discours d'ouverture et de clĂ´ture du cours d'histoire naturelle
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374:, referring to a bird of prey named for its circling flight (
338:
993:. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona:
826:
Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.
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These are one of the few raptorial birds known to practice
501:
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568:. Up to 95% of the diet comprises small mammals. However,
556:, as do most harriers. Preferred prey species can include
671:
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674:. Fledglings are also predated regularly, especially by
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del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1994).
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is 19.3 to 25.8 cm (7.6 to 10.2 in) and the
1028:
850:"Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors"
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840:
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is 32.8 to 40.6 cm (12.9 to 16.0 in), the
346:. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the
1186:
397:The northern harrier was formerly considered to be
908:Etherington, Graham J.; Mobley, Jason A. (2016).
907:
752:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727740A94959659.en
276:. It breeds throughout the northern parts of the
1729:
1313:. Reno, Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press.
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429:Female in flight at the Llano Seco Unit of the
1363:A Photographic Guide to North American Raptors
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1189:Northern Harrier. The Birds of North America
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877:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
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624:if these are available. Larger prey such as
1354:
1310:Birds of the Great Basin: A Natural History
1224:
702:
431:Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex
1255:
1177:
1029:Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D.A. (2001).
600:. Supplementing the diet occasionally are
527:Northern harrier male perched on shrub at
419:Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge
200:
53:
29:
1300:
1077:. Bergen County, New Jersey. p. L.6.
962:
925:
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620:). The species has been observed to hunt
1379:
1284:"Northern Harrier | Audubon Field Guide"
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824:(in French). Paris: Plassan. p. 4.
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1730:
1187:Macwhirter, R.; Bildstein, K. (1996).
1072:
359:, introduced by the French naturalist
323:. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist
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1165:. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
1091:Field Guide to Birds of North America
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980:
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856:. International Ornithologists' Union
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879:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
1738:IUCN Red List least concern species
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1159:"Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus)"
1087:
779:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
738:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
546:
319:in Canada and brought to London by
313:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
13:
1231:Baicich, P.; Harrison, C. (1997).
1062:. Lindsay, Ontario. June 11, 2018.
990:Handbook of the Birds of the World
971:
945:Check-list of North American Birds
829:
378:, "circle"). The specific epithet
14:
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1365:. San Diego: Academic Press Inc.
1419:Northern Harrier Species Account
1235:. New York, NY: Academic Press.
854:IOC World Bird List Version 12.1
78:
1753:Birds of the Dominican Republic
1361:Wheeler, B.; Clark, W. (1995).
1327:
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727:BirdLife International (2016).
307:In 1750 the English naturalist
1748:Birds of prey of North America
1425:Northern Harrier photo gallery
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529:Point Reyes National Seashore
1427:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1421:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology
814:Lacépède, Bernard Germain de
479:
7:
1763:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
361:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
302:
10:
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1259:Raptors: the birds of prey
1256:Weidensaul, Scott (1996).
1211:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
875:Jobling, James A. (2010).
382:is from "Hudson Bay", the
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1123:"Northern Harrier Sounds"
927:10.1186/s40657-016-0052-3
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641:Mortality and competition
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75:Scientific classification
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1094:. Mariner. p. 120.
1060:Kawartha Lakes This Week
745:: e.T22727740A94959659.
703:Relationship with humans
363:in 1799. The genus name
246:Circus cyaneus hudsonius
1758:Birds described in 1766
1262:. Lyons & Burford.
848:, eds. (January 2022).
576:of open country (i.e.
531:
434:
422:
1697:Paleobiology Database
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428:
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291:The northern harrier
284:and the northernmost
264:), also known as the
1163:Wildlife Fact Sheets
1031:Raptors of the World
367:is derived from the
1387:"Short-eared Owl –
964:10.1642/AUK-17-72.1
417:Juvenile flying at
278:northern hemisphere
45:Conservation status
1307:Ryser, F. (1985).
1203:"Northern Harrier"
844:; Donsker, David;
532:
484:This medium-sized
442:measurements, the
435:
423:
225: Non-breeding
1725:
1724:
1684:Open Tree of Life
1437:Taxon identifiers
1348:10.1111/mam.12060
1269:978-1-55821-275-6
1101:978-0-618-57423-0
1044:978-0-7136-8026-3
1004:978-84-87334-15-3
894:978-1-4081-2501-4
846:Rasmussen, Pamela
676:great horned owls
592:and the young of
459:cinereous harrier
386:. The species is
252:
251:
166:C. hudsonius
68:
24:Northern harrier
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1743:Harriers (birds)
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1715:Circus-hudsonius
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685:kleptoparasitism
680:Short-eared owls
664:crows and ravens
566:ground squirrels
547:Hunting behavior
505:coastal prairies
394:are recognised.
270:ring-tailed hawk
261:Circus hudsonius
256:northern harrier
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1397:. 24 July 2013
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616:(especially
604:(especially
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142:Accipitridae
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1658:Neotropical
1619:NatureServe
1593:iNaturalist
1469:Wikispecies
842:Gill, Frank
758:19 November
562:cotton rats
463:C. cinereus
409:Description
403:hen harrier
399:conspecific
321:James Isham
1732:Categories
1710:Xeno-canto
1401:1 December
1293:2024-04-25
1075:The Record
1033:. London:
712:References
628:and adult
602:amphibians
598:galliforms
590:shorebirds
574:passerines
513:grasslands
488:breeds on
444:wing chord
392:subspecies
317:Hudson Bay
266:marsh hawk
1562:hudsonius
1216:23 August
1132:27 August
1107:27 August
920:(1): 17.
594:waterfowl
588:), small
480:Behaviour
401:with the
388:monotypic
380:hudsonius
160:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
1624:2.104766
1611:22727740
1552:45511398
1513:22727740
1508:BirdLife
1460:Q2603050
1454:Wikidata
816:(1799).
796:(1766).
776:(1750).
648:raccoons
610:reptiles
578:sparrows
536:polygyny
502:farmland
498:prairies
490:moorland
439:harriers
333:for the
303:Taxonomy
293:migrates
238:Synonyms
192:Linnaeus
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
1689:3596190
1663:norhar2
1650:2709557
1575:6101217
1539:norhar2
1526:norhar2
1495:Avibase
1288:Audubon
1169:25 June
951:The Auk
656:badgers
626:rabbits
614:insects
554:mammals
509:marshes
272:, is a
194:, 1766)
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
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1598:558446
1582:GNAB:
1488:norhar
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691:Status
670:, and
652:skunks
586:pipits
517:swamps
486:raptor
452:tarsus
376:kirkos
372:kirkos
365:Circus
356:Circus
282:Canada
229:
223:
217:
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153:Circus
1534:eBird
660:foxes
630:ducks
606:frogs
582:larks
570:birds
558:voles
421:, USA
390:: no
343:Falco
339:genus
1671:ODNR
1645:NCBI
1606:IUCN
1570:GBIF
1403:2015
1367:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1218:2012
1171:2012
1134:2024
1109:2024
1096:ISBN
1039:ISBN
999:ISBN
889:ISBN
862:2022
760:2021
743:2016
672:owls
668:dogs
622:bats
612:and
596:and
564:and
540:eggs
494:bogs
448:tail
254:The
122:Aves
1632:NBN
1547:EoL
1521:BOW
1484:ABA
1344:doi
959:doi
955:134
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885:195
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635:owl
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286:USA
280:in
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