655:
617:
432:. Functioning as a "sorting station" for a variety of other medical facilities in northern Madagascar, it could house 500 patients at any one time. A total of 1,883 patients were treated at the facility over the course of 1895, with a mortality rate of 5.3%. The high mortality led to resident physician Jean DarricarrĂšre labeling it a "sanatorium in name only". However, the mortality rate of colonial troops on the main island was significantly higher. The island remained in limited use as a sanatorium, with ill colonists using it as a refuge from Nosy Be as late as 1928.
578:
527:
45:
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604:, previously inhabited the island. However, no confirmed sightings have been made since the late 1990s. A 2013 survey could not find any direct evidence of nocturnal lemurs on Nosy Komba. Some inhabitants of rural areas of the island testified to the continued existence of a nocturnal lemur colony near the summit of the island, and attribute the population decline to wildfires, deforestation, and the locally taboo practice of hunting the animals for
1567:
29:
52:
593:; these are protected by local residents, however, unlike some other areas within the lemurs' range, they are not regarded as sacred animals by locals. The Nosy Komba population of black lemurs was found to have a lower genetic diversity than the population on Nosy Be, and likely came from a population on the Ambato peninsula of the main island.
559:
forest-dependent species may have only survived in small pockets of surviving forests along steep hills and valleys. Additionally, due to the island's small size, human activity alongside natural disasters such as severe storms may have had an intensified impact on local species. However, some species of reptiles (notably the chameleon
1392:
Mittermeier, Russel A.; Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; Konstant, William R.; Glander, Kenneth; Tattersall, Ian; Groves, Colin P.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Hapke, Andreas; Ratsimbazafy, Jonah; Mayor, Mireya I.; Louis, Edward E. Jr.; Rumpler, Yves; Schwitzer, Christoph; Rasoloarison, Rodin M. (2008). "Lemur
Diversity
558:
on the island. Although highly diverse for an island of its size, the level of diversity on Nosy Komba is significantly lower than the adjacent Nosy Be, which hosts twice as many frog species. Widespread deforestation over the 19th and 20th centuries likely contributed to this disparity. Some
400:
Both Nosy Be and Nosy Komba became centers of the growing French colonial labor force. Many of these were privately-owned slaves leased by the colonial government. A large "hangar" housing over 800 workers was constructed on the island by the late 1850s, and was used to screen newly-recruited
420:
retreat was built on the adjacent Nosy Komba in 1841, immediately following the French annexation of the region, with an upgraded facility constructed in 1876. The location of the retreat on Nosy Komba's highlands was motivated by 19th century beliefs in the healing effects of high-altitude
1161:
Cucciniello, C.; Melluso, L.; Morra, V.; Storey, M.; Rocco, I.; Franciosi, L.; Grifa, C.; Petrone, C. M.; Vincent, M. (2011). "New 40Ar-39Ar Ages and
Petrogenesis of the Massif d'Ambre Volcano, Northern Madagascar". In Beccaluva, Luigi; Bianchini, Gianluca; Wilson, Marjorie (eds.).
670:. The hotels are supplemented by around 13 guest houses, which are privately rented out to tourists. Many of these facilities are designed to accommodate one-day stays for excursions from Nosy Be. Tourist infrastructure is limited to the coastal lowlands.
293:"island of lemurs"), also known as Nosy Ambariovato, is a small circular volcanic island 27.9 km (10.8 sq mi) in area. It is located 3 km (2 mi) south of the larger island of Nosy Be and 4 km (2.5 mi) north of
238:. Heavily deforested over the 19th and 20th centuries, only small pockets of old-growth forest remain in rural gullies and hills. The island experiences a heavy dry season typical of northwestern Madagascar, and is dotted by bamboo and
386:
Expanding French influence over the region forced
Tsiomeko and the Merina to cede a section of coast to France in July 1840, including both islands. Three years later, these were placed under a local colonial administration named
1305:
McClanahan, Tim R.; Cinner, Joshua E.; Abunge, Caroline; Rabearisoa, Ando; Mahatante, Paubert; Ramahatratra, Frederick; Andrianarivelo, Norbert (2014). "Perceived
Benefits of Fisheries Management Restrictions in Madagascar".
504:
225:
and the northwestern coast of the main island of
Madagascar. Roughly circular, it rises sharply towards a plateau and the summit of Antaninaombi at the center of the island. The lowlands of the island are divided between
277:, supplemented by a wide range of agricultural products such as coffee, vanilla, cacao, and sugar cane. A number of hotels and guest houses support tourists to the island, mainly on short excursions from Nosy Be.
631:
are the main economic activities on the island. A wide variety of crops are grown on the island. Shade-grown coffee and cacao are grown in designated plantations, while other plantations grow crops such as
308:
The island has high precipitation for much of the year, but experiences a dry season from June to
September. Weather data from nearby Nosy Be gives a mean annual temperature of 26 °C (79 °F).
1353:
Melluso, Leone; Morra, Vincenzo (2000). "Petrogenesis of Late
Cenozoic Mafic Alkaline Rocks of the Nosy Be Archipelago (Northern Madagascar): Relationships with the Comorean Magmatism".
305:
predominates in the highlands. All sides of the island steeply rise towards the central plateau. Antaninaombi, the summit of the island, reaches a height of 622 m (2,041 ft).
1208:"Sites à Lémuriens Sacrés en Pays Sakalava, au Nord-Ouest de Madagascar : Réactualisation des Données et Implications dans les Programmes de Développement et de Conservation"
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environments, alongside the existence of ample colonial labor to support the
European settlers. Laborers were used to carry European patients up to the summit from the lowlands.
472:
250:. The island hosts a diverse range of reptiles and amphibians, although this has been slightly reduced by past deforestation. The island is known for its namesake
1036:
Blumgart, Dan; Dolhem, Julia; Raxworthy, Christopher J. (2017). "Herpetological
Diversity across Intact and Modified Habitats of Nosy Komba Island, Madagascar".
1210:[Areas with Sacred Lemurs in the Sakalava Country of Northwest Madagascar: Updating Data and Implications in Development Programs and Conservation].
662:
Like Nosy Be and many other small islands off the coast of
Madagascar, Nosy Komba hosts a large number of hotels and tourist facilities, mainly catering to
495:. No official environmental protections exist on the island itself, although it hosts a traditionally-protected area of around 45 ha (110 acres) of
269:
retreat and as a center for their colonial labor force. The population of Nosy Komba, mainly restricted to the northern half of the island, relies on
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367:-inhabited northwestern coast of Madagascar, including Nosy Komba. Merina persecution motivated several revolts and the migration of 15,000
507:, there is essentially no enforcement of environmental protection measures in the area; as such, it has been heavily damaged by continued
1488:
1489:"A Rapid Herpetofaunal Assessment of Nosy Komba Island, Northwestern Madagascar, with New Locality Records for Seventeen Species"
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93:
491:. Larger indigenous trees are only prevalent in small areas of the island. The central highland scrub is dominated chiefly by
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Most of the island's population is located along the northern half of the island, with the south very sparsely populated.
44:
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297:, the nearest point of the main island of Madagascar. Nosy Komba's lowlands are largely divided between farmland and
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554:, and eleven species of snakes. The island is also home to eleven species of frogs; these are the only known
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1428:(Primates: Lemuridae) on the Islands of Nosy-Be and Nosy-Komba and the Peninsula of Ambato (Madagascar)".
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plantations and adjacent forests has functioned as a refuge for many species of reptiles on the island.
1038:
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French settler-colonial efforts on Nosy Be were persistently hampered by outbreaks of diseases such as
1424:
Rabarivola, C.; Meier, B.; Langer, C.; Scheffrahn, W.; Rumpler, Y. (1996). "Population Genetics of
383:, fled to Nosy Komba. That year, Merina forces attempted to seize the island, but were repulsed.
516:
640:, and vanilla. Fishing is also an important industry, especially in the village of Ampangorina.
347:. One or more periods of volcanic activity emerged within the Nosy Be volcanic area during the
254:, an additional nocturnal species of lemur has not been sighted on the island since the 1990s.
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565:) have experienced a considerable population rebound over recent decades. The patchwork of
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plants. Like the rest of Sambriano, Nosy Komba hosts a population of the flowering plant
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SzabĂł, AndrĂĄs; PĂłcs, TamĂĄs (2016). "New or Little Known Epiphyllous Liverworts, XX
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Campbell, Gwyn (2023). "Ranavalona I of Madagascar: African Jezebel or Patriot?".
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following widespread malaria outbreaks among French colonial troops during the
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1461:"A Search for the Missing Sportive Lemurs of Nosy Komba, Northwest Madagascar"
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1241:"Nosy Be (Madagascar) and the Neighbouring Islands Versus Tourism Development"
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Nosy Komba hosts 41 known species of reptiles. These include six species of
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Alongside much of northwestern Madagascar, Nosy Komba is located within the
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393:, 'Nosy Be and Dependencies'. This was governed from the colony of
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period 66 million years ago, as Madagascar separated from the continent of
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The secondary forests covering much of the island are composed largely of
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Harpet, Claire; Jeannoda, Vololoniaina; Hladik, Claude Marcel (2000).
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Campbell, Gwyn (2019). Campbell, Gwyn; Stanziani, Alessandro (eds.).
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265:. France gained control of the island in 1840, and soon used it as a
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The Palgrave Handbook of Bondage and Human Rights in Africa and Asia
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666:. The largest on the island, Tsara Komba Lodge, consists of eight
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During the early 19th century, the region was heavily settled by
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and a patchwork of farmland and plantations (notably including
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in Africa. In 1998, a research team discovered an species of
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1201:] (in French). Paris: Editions Maritimes et d'Outre-Mer.
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Miscellanea Geographica â Regional Studies on Development
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characteristic of the region has led to the emergence of
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The island formed during or shortly after the end of the
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LâĂźle Nosy BĂ© de Madagascar: Histoire dâune Colonisation
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Nosy Be Island of Madagascar: History of a Colonization
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was established in the highlands. Officially under the
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In 1895, this retreat was further upgraded into a full
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in addition to natural damage incurred over time from
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refugees and their slaves fleeing the hegemony of the
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laborers; many died soon after reaching the island.
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is the main village on the island. Cruise ships and
748:
1164:Volcanism and Evolution of the African Lithosphere
1590:
1356:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
636:, chili, banana, pineapple, rice, sugar cane,
1487:Roberts, Sam Hyde; Daly, Charlotte (2014b).
1486:
1459:Roberts, Sam Hyde; Daly, Charlotte (2014a).
1458:
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470:endemic to the summit of the island, dubbed
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1276:Perspectives on French Colonial Madagascar
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515:. The island is adjacent to the offshore
483:trees and non-native fruit trees such as
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505:Ministry of the Environment and Forests
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596:At least one species of the nocturnal
375:, to Nosy Be and Nosy Komba. In 1837,
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958:Blumgart, Dolhem & Raxworthy 2017
934:Blumgart, Dolhem & Raxworthy 2017
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699:Blumgart, Dolhem & Raxworthy 2017
189:
1396:International Journal of Primatology
1082:(7th ed.). Chalfont St Peter:
128:27.9 km (10.8 sq mi)
13:
970:Harpet, Jeannoda & Hladik 2000
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234:), while the highlands are mainly
51:
14:
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589:The island hosts a population of
462:, the only species of the family
320:connect Nosy Komba with Nosy Be.
290:
221:, situated between the island of
1577:
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1239:Jedrusik, Maciej Henryk (2019).
242:trees, alongside the non-native
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43:
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623:is an important local industry.
359:In the early 19th century, the
658:Beachside houses on Nosy Komba
627:Tourism and the production of
499:. During the colonial era, an
331:. The landmass consists of an
1:
1542:10.1080/03736687.2016.1156357
1377:10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00139-0
1168:Geological Society of America
1060:10.1080/00222933.2017.1287312
673:
1585:travel guide from Wikivoyage
936:, pp. 625â630, 639â640.
678:
497:old-growth indigenous forest
430:Second Madagascar expedition
371:, mainly Sakalava and their
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7:
10:
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1274:Jennings, Eric T. (2017).
1039:Journal of Natural History
647:
643:
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602:gray-backed sportive lemur
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1409:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y
1288:10.1057/978-1-137-55967-8
1146:10.1215/2834698X-10739225
1115:10.1057/978-1-349-95957-0
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363:gained hegemony over the
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136:622 m (2041 ft)
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26:
1193:Decary, Raymond (1960).
1006:Roberts & Daly 2014a
946:Roberts & Daly 2014b
794:Melluso & Morra 2000
743:Roberts & Daly 2014b
446:phytogeographical region
1514:Cololejeunea nosykombae
1320:10.5751/ES-06080-190105
1258:10.2478/mgrsd-2019-0001
1224:10.3406/revec.2000.2333
994:Mittermeier et al. 2008
782:Cucciniello et al. 2011
517:Tanikely Marine Reserve
473:Cololejeunea nosykombae
187:Malagasy pronunciation:
982:Rabarivola et al. 1996
919:McClanahan et al. 2014
659:
624:
586:
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390:Nosy-BĂ© et DĂ©pendances
389:
133:Highest elevation
64:Location in Madagascar
1599:Islands of Madagascar
1426:Eulemur macaco macaco
902:SzabĂł & PĂłcs 2016
724:SzabĂł & PĂłcs 2016
657:
650:Tourism in Madagascar
648:Further information:
619:
580:
550:, sixteen species of
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1574:at Wikimedia Commons
904:, pp. 303, 305.
459:Takhtajania perrieri
416:. To remedy this, a
191:[nusÊČËkuá”ba]
16:Island in Madagascar
1534:2016JBryo..38..302S
1522:Journal of Byrology
1516:A.SzabĂł & PĂłcs
1369:2000JVGR...96..129M
1308:Ecology and Society
1109:. pp. 83â104.
1084:Bradt Travel Guides
1052:2017JNatH..51..625B
796:, pp. 129â131.
772:, pp. 356â357.
701:, pp. 625â630.
105: /
33:Beach on Nosy Komba
23:
1520:from Madagascar".
1444:10.1007/BF02381409
1107:Palgrave MacMillan
1046:(11â12): 625â642.
660:
625:
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567:shade-grown coffee
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232:shade-grown coffee
141:Highest point
21:
1570:Media related to
948:, pp. 22â25.
892:, pp. 55â56.
880:, pp. 37â44.
865:, pp. 26â30.
826:, pp. 88â89.
811:, pp. 10â12.
745:, pp. 18â19.
562:Calumma boettgeri
542:, six species of
532:panther chameleon
333:igneous intrusion
299:secondary forests
285:Nosy Komba (from
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1403:(6): 1607â1656.
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436:Flora and fauna
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1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1214:(in French).
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1185:9780813724782
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
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1124:9781349959563
1120:
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1108:
1104:
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1093:9781784776657
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:Bradt, Hilary
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1020:, p. 28.
1019:
1018:Jedrusik 2019
1014:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
983:
978:
971:
966:
959:
954:
947:
942:
935:
930:
928:
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915:
913:
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903:
898:
891:
890:Jennings 2017
886:
879:
878:Jennings 2017
874:
872:
864:
863:Jennings 2017
859:
857:
850:, p. 17.
849:
844:
838:, p. 16.
837:
832:
825:
824:Campbell 2019
820:
818:
810:
809:Campbell 2023
805:
803:
795:
790:
783:
778:
771:
766:
764:
757:, p. 12.
756:
751:
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733:
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718:
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671:
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656:
651:
641:
639:
635:
630:
622:
621:Boat building
618:
609:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
585:on Nosy Komba
584:
579:
570:
568:
564:
563:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
534:on Nosy Komba
533:
528:
524:
522:
519:, the oldest
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
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477:
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469:
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461:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
433:
431:
427:
422:
419:
418:convalescence
415:
411:
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402:
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384:
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208:
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118:
114:-13.47; 48.35
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
71:
46:
37:
30:
25:
19:
1604:Diana Region
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1496:
1492:
1471:
1467:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1400:
1394:
1360:
1354:
1311:
1307:
1275:
1251:(1): 23â32.
1248:
1244:
1215:
1211:
1198:
1194:
1163:
1137:
1133:
1102:
1079:
1043:
1037:
1028:Bibliography
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
965:
953:
941:
921:, p. 2.
897:
885:
843:
831:
789:
777:
750:
661:
626:
595:
591:black lemurs
588:
560:
537:
478:
471:
457:
448:. The heavy
439:
423:
403:
399:
385:
358:
322:
311:
307:
284:
256:
252:black lemurs
182:
181:
167:Diana Region
155:
144:Antaninaombi
18:
1140:(2): 2â25.
848:Decary 1960
836:Decary 1960
755:Decary 1960
629:handicrafts
583:black lemur
464:Winteraceae
444:rainforest
314:Ampangorina
112: /
88:Coordinates
1593:Categories
1583:Nosy Komba
1572:Nosy Komba
1493:Salamandra
1468:Lemur News
1329:10535/9284
1278:. Berlin:
1105:. London:
1080:Madagascar
770:Bradt 2002
674:References
664:ecotourism
556:amphibians
450:dry season
426:sanatorium
325:Cretaceous
275:handicraft
271:ecotourism
267:sanatorium
219:Madagascar
205:island of
183:Nosy Komba
156:Madagascar
82:Madagascar
58:Nosy Komba
22:Nosy Komba
1550:0373-6687
1505:0036-3375
1480:1608-1439
1452:0032-8332
1417:0164-0291
1385:0377-0273
1338:1708-3087
1267:2084-6118
1232:0249-7395
1154:2834-6998
1068:0022-2933
679:Citations
668:bungalows
540:chameleon
501:arboretum
489:jackfruit
468:liverwort
442:Sambirano
341:nepheline
281:Geography
248:jackfruit
236:scrubland
73:Geography
1431:Primates
1346:26269474
1280:Springer
1078:(2002).
606:bushmeat
481:Fabaceae
414:smallpox
377:Tsiomeko
369:Malagasy
365:Sakalava
318:pirogues
301:, while
287:Malagasy
259:Sakalava
240:Fabaceae
173:District
78:Location
1530:Bibcode
1518:sp.nov.
1365:Bibcode
1134:Monsoon
1048:Bibcode
644:Tourism
634:cassava
612:Economy
509:logging
410:cholera
406:malaria
395:RĂ©union
355:History
349:Miocene
223:Nosy Be
199:
100:48°21âČE
97:13°28âČS
1548:
1503:
1478:
1450:
1415:
1383:
1344:
1336:
1294:
1265:
1230:
1182:
1152:
1121:
1090:
1066:
600:, the
573:Lemurs
546:, two
493:bamboo
412:, and
373:slaves
345:schist
337:gabbro
329:Africa
295:Ankify
207:lemurs
163:Region
1499:(1).
1464:(PDF)
1342:JSTOR
1314:(4).
1197:[
552:gecko
544:skink
485:mango
381:Boina
303:scrub
244:mango
1546:ISSN
1501:ISSN
1476:ISSN
1448:ISSN
1413:ISSN
1381:ISSN
1334:ISSN
1292:ISBN
1263:ISSN
1228:ISSN
1180:ISBN
1150:ISSN
1119:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1064:ISSN
638:teak
487:and
339:and
291:lit.
273:and
246:and
196:lit.
125:Area
1538:doi
1440:doi
1405:doi
1373:doi
1324:hdl
1316:doi
1284:doi
1253:doi
1220:doi
1172:doi
1142:doi
1111:doi
1056:doi
397:.
335:of
217:in
1595::
1544:.
1536:.
1526:38
1524:.
1497:50
1495:.
1491:.
1474:.
1472:18
1470:.
1466:.
1446:.
1436:37
1434:.
1411:.
1401:29
1399:.
1379:.
1371:.
1361:96
1359:.
1340:.
1332:.
1322:.
1312:19
1310:.
1290:.
1282:.
1261:.
1249:23
1247:.
1243:.
1226:.
1178:.
1170:.
1166:.
1148:.
1136:.
1117:.
1086:.
1062:.
1054:.
1044:51
1042:.
926:^
909:^
870:^
855:^
816:^
801:^
762:^
731:^
706:^
687:^
608:.
581:A
530:A
476:.
408:,
289:,
194:;
1552:.
1540::
1532::
1507:.
1482:.
1454:.
1442::
1419:.
1407::
1387:.
1375::
1367::
1348:.
1326::
1318::
1300:.
1286::
1269:.
1255::
1234:.
1222::
1216:5
1188:.
1174::
1156:.
1144::
1138:1
1127:.
1113::
1096:.
1070:.
1058::
1050::
211:'
202:'
185:(
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