392:
627:
comparison of sequences at ITS tracts is not appropriate. Conserved sequences at coding regions of rDNA allow comparisons of remote species, even between yeast and human. Human 5.8S rRNA has 75% identity with yeast 5.8S rRNA. In cases for sibling species, comparison of the rDNA segment including ITS tracts among species and phylogenetic analysis are made satisfactorily. The different coding regions of the rDNA repeats usually show distinct evolutionary rates. As a result, this DNA can provide phylogenetic information of species belonging to wide systematic levels.
675:, or lost due to deletion mutations. The same is true for mutations that occur in rDNA repeats; it has been found that if the genes that are associated with the synthesis of ribosomes are disrupted or mutated, it can result in various diseases associated with the skeleton or bone marrow. Also, any damage or disruption to the enzymes that protect the tandem repeats of the rDNA, can result in lower synthesis of ribosomes, which also lead to other defects in the cell. Neurological diseases can also arise from mutations in the rDNA tandem repeats, such as
33:
364:
679:, which occurs when the number of tandem repeats increases close to a hundred-fold; compared with that of the normal number of tandem repeats. Various types of cancers can also be born from mutations of the tandem repeats in the ribosomal DNA. Cell lines can become malignant from either a rearrangement of the tandem repeats, or an expansion of the repeats in the rDNA.
626:
among species, which allows interspecific comparison to elucidate phylogenetic relationship using only a few specimens. Coding regions of rDNA are highly conserved among species but ITS regions are variable due to insertions, deletions, and point mutations. Between remote species as human and frog
554:
formation, the regions containing the rDNA gene clusters are amplified, dramatically increasing the amount of available templates for transcription up to several thousand copies. In some ciliate genera, such as
472:. In rDNA, the tandem repeats are mostly found in the nucleolus; but heterochromatic rDNA is found outside of the nucleolus. However, transcriptionally active rDNA resides inside of the nucleolus itself.
44:
about bacteria/organelle, archaea (rDNA operons — the euk ones are technically polycistronic too); canonical inclusion of 5S in these groups; plastid 4.5S; occurrence of nonclassical "unlinked" variants
457:. As repetitive DNA regions often undergo recombination events, the rDNA repeats have many regulatory mechanisms that keep the DNA from undergoing mutations, thus keeping the rDNA conserved.
659:
gene transcription. In a PolI defective mutant, the HOT1 hotspot recombination-stimulating activity is abolished. The level of PolI transcription in HOT1 appears to determine the level of
343:
A notable amount of bacteria and archaea diverge from the canonical structure of the operon containing the rDNA genes, carrying the "unlinked" genes in different places of their genome.
614:
occurred frequently between species and often flanked by conserved sequences. They could occur by slippage of the newly synthesized strand during DNA replication or by gene conversion.
1261:"Sequencing and analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) and coding regions in the EcoR I fragment of the ribosomal DNA of the Japanese pond frog Rana nigromaculata"
1796:
595:. However, the mechanism of concerted evolution is imperfect, such that polymorphisms between repeats within an individual can occur at significant levels and may confound
571:, extensive fragmentation of the amplified DNA leads to the formation of microchromosomes, centered on the rDNA transcriptional unit. Similar processes are reported from
1399:
1853:
1878:
1828:
1888:
573:
2010:
1928:
1918:
1833:
292:
The rDNA-genes are commonly present with multiple copies in the genome, where they are organized in linked groups in most species, separated by an
532:
allows for the reduction of rDNA genes in the germline. The exact number of copies in the micronucleus core genome ranging from several copies in
367:
The gene segment of eukaryotic rDNA contains 18S, 5.8S, and 28S tracts and forms a tandem repetitive cluster; the 5S rDNA is coded separately.
1838:
1564:
1933:
591:
In the large rDNA array, polymorphisms between rDNA repeat units are very low, indicating that rDNA tandem arrays are evolving through
1898:
1848:
1843:
1873:
1823:
1868:
1773:
1893:
643:, referred to as HOT1. HOT1 expresses recombination-stimulating activity when it is inserted into novel locations in the yeast
635:
A fragment of yeast rDNA containing the 5S gene, non-transcribed spacer DNA, and part of the 35S gene has localized cis-acting
1039:
887:
1336:
1156:"Intragenomic polymorphisms among high-copy loci: a genus-wide study of nuclear ribosomal DNA in Asclepias (Apocynaceae)"
1750:
1737:
1208:
Päques F, Samson ML, Jordan P, Wegnez M (November 1995). "Structural evolution of the
Drosophila 5S ribosomal genes".
1760:
1375:
hyrcanus group and molecular identification of related species from the
Republic of South Korea (Diptera: Culicidae)"
1557:
1791:
1637:
1624:
468:, where the rDNA regions of the chromosome forms expanded chromosomal loops, accessible for transcription of
415:
spacers. The active genome of eukaryotes contains several hundred copies of the rDNA transcriptional unit as
105:
1542:
312:. They are transcribed together to a precursor RNA which is then processed to equal amounts of each rRNA.
412:
384:
376:
297:
293:
1454:
Serizawa N, Horiuchi T, Kobayashi T (April 2004). "Transcription-mediated hyper-recombination in HOT1".
1908:
1550:
485:
461:
420:
763:
Hillis DM, Dixon MT (December 1991). "Ribosomal DNA: Molecular
Evolution and Phylogenetic Inference".
484:
contains a total of 560 copies of the rDNA transcriptional unit, spread across five chromosomes with
1415:"Cis-acting, recombination-stimulating activity in a fragment of the ribosomal DNA of S. cerevisiae"
1300:
Nazar RN, Sitz TO, Busch H (February 1976). "Sequence homologies in mammalian 5.8S ribosomal RNA".
440:
1111:
Alvarez I, Wendel JF (December 2003). "Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference".
1026:]. Kompaktwissen Biologie (in German). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
88:
encoding genes and related regulatory elements, and is widespread in similar configuration in all
1602:
1577:
672:
540:
2032:
1960:
416:
660:
640:
636:
17:
391:
2005:
1719:
1581:
1217:
1120:
916:
607:
135:. The number of copies can vary considerably per species. Ribosomal DNA is widely used for
128:
8:
1783:
1654:
874:] (in German) (6th ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
652:
611:
592:
109:
1221:
1124:
920:
55:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
1955:
1863:
1682:
1523:
1498:
1479:
1241:
1182:
1155:
995:
970:
937:
904:
788:
737:
704:
404:
286:
186:
56:
1132:
1088:
1063:
903:
Brewer TE, Albertsen M, Edwards A, Kirkegaard RH, Rocha EP, Fierer N (February 2020).
832:
807:
1528:
1471:
1467:
1436:
1431:
1414:
1369:
Li, C; Lee, JS; Groebner, JL; Kim, HC; Klein, TA; O'Guinn, ML; Wilkerson, RC (2005).
1317:
1282:
1233:
1187:
1136:
1093:
1035:
1000:
942:
883:
837:
780:
742:
724:
623:
408:
400:
333:
329:
278:
274:
266:
262:
207:
202:
182:
177:
46:
1483:
792:
2017:
1947:
1585:
1518:
1510:
1463:
1426:
1389:
1309:
1272:
1245:
1225:
1177:
1167:
1128:
1083:
1075:
1027:
990:
982:
932:
924:
875:
827:
819:
772:
732:
716:
648:
489:
445:
431:
424:
337:
301:
282:
254:
211:
191:
113:
89:
823:
1728:
1700:
1669:
1664:
1079:
671:
Diseases can be associated with DNA mutations where DNA can be expanded, such as
435:
2000:
1858:
1815:
1643:
1633:
1370:
676:
1514:
1031:
928:
879:
720:
100:, its importance making it the most abundant section of RNA found in cells of
2047:
1705:
1628:
1619:
1611:
1572:
1394:
728:
656:
596:
250:
136:
93:
85:
2053:
1977:
1532:
1475:
1286:
1191:
1140:
1004:
946:
746:
551:
529:
525:
481:
352:
50:
1440:
1321:
1237:
1097:
986:
971:"Comparative genomics and molecular dynamics of DNA repeats in eukaryotes"
841:
784:
249:
The ribosomal DNA includes all genes coding for the non-coding structural
1972:
1883:
1745:
557:
546:
1313:
1984:
1801:
1337:"Sequence differences of rDNA-ITS2 and species-diagnostic PCR assay of
1277:
1260:
1229:
579:
534:
453:
117:
1172:
1903:
1594:
567:
562:
465:
132:
101:
2027:
1913:
1677:
1573:
776:
321:
270:
258:
166:
159:
124:
97:
399:
The rDNA gene cluster of eukaryotes consists of the genes for the
1923:
521:
340:
also present in prokaryotes, is of a similar size to eukaryotes.
325:
226:
221:
902:
363:
32:
2022:
905:"Unlinked rRNA genes are widespread among bacteria and archaea"
644:
328:
are smaller than their counterparts in eukaryotes, grouped as
1768:
1153:
806:
Weisburg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DA, Lane DJ (January 1991).
639:
stimulating activity. This DNA fragment contains a mitotic
451:
5S rDNA is also present in independent tandem repeats as in
395:
Nucleolus with pre-rRNA components called
Introns and Exons.
308:, while it is located in separate repeating regions in most
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
469:
805:
448:
in separate gene repeats at different loci in the genome.
1453:
1207:
808:"16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study"
703:
Warmerdam, Daniël O.; Wolthuis, Rob M. F. (2019-03-01).
606:
were compared with each other; the result revealed that
1499:"Keeping ribosomal DNA intact: a repeating challenge"
1334:
1258:
1154:
Weitemier K, Straub SC, Fishbein M, Liston A (2015).
705:"Keeping ribosomal DNA intact: a repeating challenge"
630:
355:
follows the structure of prokaryotic ribosomal DNA.
968:
257:of life, these are the structural sequences of the
131:, the rDNA genes are generally highly conserved in
1011:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
444:. Most eukaryotes however, carry the gene for the
116:, as well as both transcribed and non-transcribed
96:, integral structural elements in the assembly of
92:of life. The ribosomal DNA encodes the non-coding
1496:
702:
2045:
1368:
969:Richard GF, Kerrest A, Dujon B (December 2008).
123:Due to their high importance in the assembly of
848:
698:
696:
694:
692:
622:The rDNA transcription tracts have low rate of
281:). The assembly of the latter also include the
1299:
1259:Sumida M, Kato Y, Kurabayashi A (April 2004).
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1558:
1110:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
430:Similar to the structure of prokaryotes, the
1447:
1018:Schmidt, Olaf (2017). Fritsche, Olaf (ed.).
689:
1406:
1048:
762:
423:, which in turn can be present at multiple
1565:
1551:
1412:
975:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
953:
1522:
1430:
1393:
1335:Fengyi MY, Jiannong X, Zheming Z (1998).
1276:
1203:
1201:
1181:
1171:
1147:
1087:
994:
936:
896:
831:
736:
488:. The repeat clusters are located on the
320:The primary structural rRNA molecules in
1497:Warmerdam DO, Wolthuis RM (March 2019).
1061:
758:
756:
666:
599:analyses for closely related organisms.
390:
362:
104:. Additionally, these segments includes
1017:
799:
586:
434:is appended to the rDNA cluster in the
304:is also linked to these rDNA region in
14:
2046:
1252:
1198:
1104:
617:
602:5S tandem repeat sequences in several
1546:
1402:from the original on October 1, 2012.
1293:
1113:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
753:
1413:Keil RL, Roeder GS (December 1984).
865:
26:
1371:"A newly recognized species in the
24:
1634:Short tandem repeat/Microsatellite
1362:
1328:
631:Recombination-stimulating activity
421:nucleolus organizer regions (NORs)
25:
2065:
436:Saccharomycetes (Hemiascomycetes)
298:External transcribed spacer (ETS)
294:internal transcribed spacer (ITS)
1468:10.1111/j.1356-9597.2004.00729.x
1062:Prescott, David M. (June 1994).
305:
31:
1490:
765:The Quarterly Review of Biology
524:, the presence of a generative
309:
1638:Trinucleotide repeat disorders
1210:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1064:"The DNA of Ciliated Protozoa"
1024:Genetics and molecular biology
387:1 and 2, numbered from 5' end.
315:
13:
1:
1625:Variable number tandem repeat
1133:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00208-2
1020:Genetik und Molekularbiologie
824:10.1128/jb.173.2.697-703.1991
682:
358:
1432:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90016-3
1080:10.1128/mr.58.2.233-267.1994
385:internal transcribed spacers
142:
7:
1265:Genes & Genetic Systems
538:as low as a single copy in
515:
486:nucleolus organizer regions
462:nucleolus organizer regions
377:external transcribed spacer
346:
148:Genes of the ribosomal DNA
10:
2070:
577:and to lesser extent from
285:as well as the additional
1993:
1946:
1814:
1782:
1759:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1693:
1653:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1515:10.1007/s10577-018-9594-z
1032:10.1007/978-3-662-50274-7
929:10.1038/s41396-019-0552-3
880:10.1007/978-3-662-44817-5
721:10.1007/s10577-018-9594-z
475:
371:, nontranscribed spacer,
84:) consists of a group of
1395:10.11646/zootaxa.939.1.1
1343:Anopheles anthropophagus
441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
419:, they are organized in
1068:Microbiological Reviews
812:Journal of Bacteriology
541:Tetrahymena thermophila
528:next to the vegetative
411:, separated by the two
2033:Protein tandem repeats
1961:Tandemly arrayed genes
396:
388:
253:molecules. Across all
42:is missing information
987:10.1128/MMBR.00011-08
866:Graw, Jochen (2015).
667:Clinical significance
651:(PolI) transcription
641:recombination hotspot
637:mitotic recombination
394:
366:
108:sections, such as an
2006:Pathogenicity island
673:Huntington's disease
587:Sequence homogeneity
460:In the nucleus, the
296:and preceded by the
129:protein biosynthesis
1503:Chromosome Research
1314:10.1021/bi00648a008
1222:1995JMolE..41..615P
1125:2003MolPE..29..417A
921:2020ISMEJ..14..597B
709:Chromosome Research
655:that catalyzes 35S
647:. HOT1 includes an
618:Sequence divergence
593:concerted evolution
149:
133:molecular evolution
1956:Gene amplification
1425:(2 Pt 1): 377–86.
1339:Anopheles sinensis
1278:10.1266/ggs.79.105
1230:10.1007/bf00175820
397:
389:
227:MT-RNR2 (16S rRNA)
222:MT-RNR1 (12S rRNA)
147:
2041:
2040:
1942:
1941:
1810:
1809:
1714:
1713:
1603:Repeated sequence
1578:repeated sequence
1173:10.7717/peerj.718
1041:978-3-662-50273-0
889:978-3-662-44816-8
574:Glaucoma chattoni
464:give rise to the
351:Ribosomal DNA in
336:. Meanwhile, the
247:
246:
74:
73:
16:(Redirected from
2061:
2018:Low copy repeats
2011:Symbiosis island
1948:Gene duplication
1734:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1608:
1607:
1586:gene duplication
1567:
1560:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1379:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1059:
1046:
1045:
1015:
1009:
1008:
998:
966:
951:
950:
940:
909:The ISME Journal
900:
894:
893:
863:
846:
845:
835:
803:
797:
796:
760:
751:
750:
740:
700:
649:RNA polymerase I
550:species. During
492:chromosomes 13 (
150:
146:
114:RNA polymerase I
112:specific to the
69:
66:
60:
35:
27:
21:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
1989:
1938:
1806:
1778:
1755:
1729:Retrotransposon
1710:
1701:Inverted repeat
1689:
1674:DNA transposon
1670:Retrotransposon
1665:Gene conversion
1656:
1649:
1646:
1597:
1588:
1571:
1541:
1540:
1495:
1491:
1452:
1448:
1411:
1407:
1377:
1367:
1363:
1347:
1333:
1329:
1298:
1294:
1257:
1253:
1206:
1199:
1152:
1148:
1109:
1105:
1060:
1049:
1042:
1016:
1012:
967:
954:
901:
897:
890:
864:
849:
804:
800:
761:
754:
701:
690:
685:
669:
633:
620:
589:
518:
478:
427:in the genome.
413:ITS-1 and ITS-2
361:
349:
318:
289:in eukaryotes.
242:
240:
210:
189:
185:
145:
70:
64:
61:
54:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2001:Genomic island
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1816:DNA transposon
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1644:Macrosatellite
1641:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1612:Tandem repeats
1605:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1509:(1–2): 57–72.
1489:
1456:Genes to Cells
1446:
1405:
1361:
1352:J Med Coll PLA
1327:
1292:
1251:
1197:
1146:
1103:
1074:(2): 233–267.
1047:
1040:
1010:
981:(4): 686–727.
952:
915:(2): 597–608.
895:
888:
847:
818:(2): 697–703.
798:
777:10.1086/417338
752:
687:
686:
684:
681:
677:Bloom syndrome
668:
665:
657:ribosomal rRNA
632:
629:
619:
616:
588:
585:
517:
514:
477:
474:
417:tandem repeats
360:
357:
348:
345:
317:
314:
245:
244:
237:
234:
230:
229:
224:
219:
218:Mitochondrial
215:
214:
205:
200:
196:
195:
180:
175:
171:
170:
163:
156:
144:
141:
72:
71:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2066:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:Ribosomal DNA
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1706:Direct repeat
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:Minisatellite
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:Satellite DNA
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:(4): 305–15.
1461:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1271:(2): 105–18.
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:(5): 615–21.
1215:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:(3): 417–34.
1118:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
948:
944:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
891:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
843:
839:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
802:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:(4): 411–53.
770:
766:
759:
757:
748:
744:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
699:
697:
695:
693:
688:
680:
678:
674:
664:
662:
661:recombination
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
628:
625:
615:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
584:
582:
581:
576:
575:
570:
569:
564:
560:
559:
553:
549:
548:
543:
542:
537:
536:
531:
527:
523:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
473:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
455:
449:
447:
443:
442:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
393:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
356:
354:
344:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:large subunit
268:
264:
260:
259:small subunit
256:
252:
251:ribosomal RNA
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
209:
206:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
188:
184:
181:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
162:
161:
157:
155:
152:
151:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:ribosomal RNA
91:
87:
86:ribosomal RNA
83:
80:(abbreviated
79:
78:ribosomal DNA
68:
58:
52:
48:
43:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
1978:Gene cluster
1965:
1746:Alu sequence
1655:Interspersed
1506:
1502:
1492:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1308:(3): 505–8.
1305:
1302:Biochemistry
1301:
1295:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1213:
1209:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1071:
1067:
1023:
1019:
1013:
978:
974:
912:
908:
898:
871:
867:
815:
811:
801:
768:
764:
715:(1): 57–72.
712:
708:
670:
634:
624:polymorphism
621:
603:
601:
597:phylogenetic
590:
578:
572:
566:
556:
552:macronucleus
545:
539:
533:
530:macronucleus
526:micronucleus
519:
482:human genome
479:
459:
452:
450:
439:
429:
398:
380:
372:
368:
353:chloroplasts
350:
342:
319:
291:
248:
190:
165:
158:
153:
137:phylogenetic
122:
81:
77:
75:
65:October 2021
62:
41:
1973:Gene family
1884:Tc1/mariner
1839:EnSpm/CACTA
1345:from China"
558:Tetrahymena
547:Tetrahymena
490:acrocentric
316:Prokaryotes
306:prokaryotes
174:Eukaryotes
1985:Pseudogene
1802:retroposon
1720:Transposon
1582:transposon
1358:: 123–128.
683:References
608:insertions
604:Drosophila
580:Paramecium
544:and other
535:Paramecium
508:) and 22 (
454:Drosophila
359:Eukaryotes
310:eukaryotes
269:) and the
120:segments.
106:regulatory
102:eukaryotes
1904:P element
1854:Harbinger
1595:Repeatome
1373:Anopheles
729:1573-6849
612:deletions
568:Oxytricha
563:Hypotrich
466:nucleolus
287:5.8S rRNA
241:4.5S rRNA
236:16S rRNA
199:Bacteria
187:5.8S rRNA
143:Structure
139:studies.
125:ribosomes
98:ribosomes
57:talk page
2048:Category
2028:Telomere
1994:See also
1934:Zisupton
1914:Polinton
1909:PiggyBac
1864:Helitron
1683:Helitron
1678:Polinton
1574:Genetics
1533:30556094
1484:23978914
1476:15066122
1400:Archived
1287:15215676
1192:25653903
1166:: e718.
1141:14615184
1005:19052325
947:31712737
872:Genetics
793:32027097
747:30556094
653:promoter
522:ciliates
516:Ciliates
438:such as
409:28S rRNA
347:Plastids
334:23S rRNA
330:16S rRNA
322:Bacteria
279:28S rRNA
267:18S rRNA
243:5S rRNA
239:23S rRNA
233:Plastid
208:23S rRNA
203:16S rRNA
183:28S rRNA
178:18S rRNA
167:LSU rRNA
160:SSU rRNA
110:promotor
51:31712737
1924:Transib
1899:Novosib
1879:Kolobok
1849:Ginger2
1844:Ginger1
1829:Crypton
1524:6394564
1441:6094015
1388:: 1–8.
1382:Zootaxa
1322:1252408
1246:6911205
1238:7490776
1218:Bibcode
1183:4304868
1121:Bibcode
1098:8078435
996:2593564
938:6976660
917:Bibcode
868:Genetik
842:1987160
785:1784710
738:6394564
561:or the
504:), 21 (
500:), 15 (
496:), 14 (
446:5S rRNA
432:5S rRNA
338:5S rRNA
326:Archaea
302:5S rRNA
283:5S rRNA
255:domains
212:5S rRNA
192:5S rRNA
90:domains
2023:CRISPR
1889:Merlin
1874:ISL2EU
1824:Academ
1657:repeat
1531:
1521:
1482:
1474:
1439:
1320:
1285:
1244:
1236:
1190:
1180:
1139:
1096:
1089:372963
1086:
1038:
1003:
993:
945:
935:
886:
840:
833:207061
830:
791:
783:
745:
735:
727:
645:genome
565:genus
476:Humans
300:. The
118:spacer
49:
1929:Zator
1869:IS3EU
1774:LINE2
1769:LINE1
1761:LINEs
1738:SINEs
1694:Other
1480:S2CID
1378:(PDF)
1348:(PDF)
1242:S2CID
1160:PeerJ
1022:[
870:[
789:S2CID
18:NrDNA
1919:Sola
1894:MuDR
1834:Dada
1797:MER4
1792:HERV
1784:LTRs
1529:PMID
1472:PMID
1437:PMID
1419:Cell
1341:and
1318:PMID
1283:PMID
1234:PMID
1188:PMID
1137:PMID
1094:PMID
1036:ISBN
1001:PMID
943:PMID
884:ISBN
838:PMID
781:PMID
743:PMID
725:ISSN
610:and
510:RNR5
506:RNR4
502:RNR3
498:RNR2
494:RNR1
480:The
470:rRNA
425:loci
407:and
405:5.8S
332:and
324:and
154:Type
127:for
82:rDNA
76:The
47:PMID
2054:DNA
1859:hAT
1751:MIR
1519:PMC
1511:doi
1464:doi
1427:doi
1390:doi
1386:939
1310:doi
1273:doi
1226:doi
1178:PMC
1168:doi
1129:doi
1084:PMC
1076:doi
1028:doi
991:PMC
983:doi
933:PMC
925:doi
876:doi
828:PMC
820:doi
816:173
773:doi
733:PMC
717:doi
520:In
512:).
401:18S
381:ITS
373:ETS
369:NTS
277:or
275:23S
265:or
263:16S
2050::
1584:,
1580:,
1576::
1527:.
1517:.
1507:27
1505:.
1501:.
1478:.
1470:.
1458:.
1435:.
1423:39
1421:.
1417:.
1398:.
1384:.
1380:.
1356:13
1354:.
1350:.
1316:.
1306:15
1304:.
1281:.
1269:79
1267:.
1263:.
1240:.
1232:.
1224:.
1214:41
1212:.
1200:^
1186:.
1176:.
1162:.
1158:.
1135:.
1127:.
1117:29
1115:.
1092:.
1082:.
1072:58
1070:.
1066:.
1050:^
1034:.
999:.
989:.
979:72
977:.
973:.
955:^
941:.
931:.
923:.
913:14
911:.
907:.
882:.
850:^
836:.
826:.
814:.
810:.
787:.
779:.
769:66
767:.
755:^
741:.
731:.
723:.
713:27
711:.
707:.
691:^
663:.
583:.
403:,
383:,
379:,
375:,
53:).
1640:)
1636:(
1627:/
1566:e
1559:t
1552:v
1535:.
1513::
1486:.
1466::
1460:9
1443:.
1429::
1392::
1324:.
1312::
1289:.
1275::
1248:.
1228::
1220::
1194:.
1170::
1164:3
1143:.
1131::
1123::
1100:.
1078::
1044:.
1030::
1007:.
985::
949:.
927::
919::
892:.
878::
844:.
822::
795:.
775::
749:.
719::
273:(
261:(
67:)
63:(
59:.
45:(
20:)
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