Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents

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million eventual cancer deaths from Chernobyl. Estimates of eventual deaths from cancer are highly contested. Industry, UN and DOE agencies claim low numbers of legally provable cancer deaths will be traceable to the disaster. The UN, DOE and industry agencies all use the limits of the epidemiological resolvable deaths as the cutoff below which they cannot be legally proven to come from the disaster. Independent studies statistically calculate fatal cancers from dose and population, even though the number of additional cancers will be below the epidemiological threshold of measurement of around 1%. These are two very different concepts and lead to the huge variations in estimates. Both are reasonable projections with different meanings. Approximately 350,000 people were forcibly resettled away from these areas soon after the accident. 6,000 people were involved in cleaning Chernobyl and 10,800 square miles (28,000 km) were contaminated.

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a report stating that radionuclides, traced from the Fukushima facility, were present in the United States food supply, but not to levels deemed to be a threat to public health – as well as any food and agricultural products imported from Japanese sources. It is commonly believed that, with the rate of the current radionuclide leakage, the dispersal into the water would prove beneficial, as most of the isotopes would be diluted by the water as well as become less radioactive over time, due to radioactive decay. Cesium (Cs-137) is the primary isotope released from the Fukushima Daiichi facility. Cs-137 has a long half-life, meaning it could potentially have long-term harmful effects, but as of now, its levels from 200 km outside of Fukushima show close to pre-accident levels, with little spread to North American coasts.

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Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), the entity that manages and operates the facility, further investigated the contamination in areas that would be deemed safe to conduct operations. They found that a significant amount of the contamination originated from underground cable trenches that connected to circulation pumps within the facility. Both the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and TEPCO confirmed that this contamination was a result of the 2011 earthquake. Due to damage like this, the Fukushima plant released nuclear material into the Pacific Ocean and has continued to do so. After 5 years of leaking, the contaminates reached all corners of the Pacific Ocean, from North America and Australia to Patagonia. Along the same coastline,

3270: 2493:(WIPP) site approximately 26 miles (42 km) east of Carlsbad, New Mexico, United States, had its first leak of airborne radioactive materials. 140 employees working underground at the time were sheltered indoors. Thirteen of these tested positive for internal radioactive contamination increasing their risk for future cancers or health issues. A second leak at the plant occurred shortly after the first, releasing plutonium and other radiotoxins causing concern to nearby communities. The source of the drum rupture has been traced to the use of organic kitty litter at the WCRRF packaging facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory, where the drum was packaged and prepared for shipment. 1482: 3032: 3522:

Their acclimatization is discernible, evident in the mitigation of sickness upon returning to Koyan, challenging prevailing notions of victimhood associated with radioactive exposure. Despite relying on toxic food sources, the residents have adapted to their environment successfully. Koyan frequently faces the threat of fires, exemplified by a 2010 incident when Steppe grasses ignited, endangering the village. However, the government's response could benefit from more consistent measures, such as mobilizing a fire brigade comprising local villagers to the Polygon for fire extinguishing.

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scientific research during the Soviet Union era, the residents and neighboring villages represent a lasting legacy. This situation underscores the human capacity for survival and adaptation, emphasizing the need for accountability for past actions. The secrecy enveloping the Soviet nuclear project restricted researchers' access to data on released radioisotopes, unlike their United States counterparts, who could trace them in the environment. Soviet researchers faced limitations, compelled to trace even minor changes in body composition due to their prescribed obligations.

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eastern Europe. Lake Kojanovskoe in Russia, 250 km from the Chernobyl accident site, was found to be one of the most impacted lakes. Fish collected from the lake were found to be 60 times more radioactive than the European Union Standard. Further investigation found that the water source feeding the lake provided drinking water for about 9 million Ukrainians, as well as providing agricultural irrigation and food for 23 million more. The disaster has been described by lawyers, academics and journalists as an example of

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the experiment had been diagnosed with a terminal disease. They lived from 6 days up to 44 years past the time of their injection. Eight of the 18 died within two years of the injection. Although one cause of death was unknown, a report by William Moss and Roger Eckhardt concluded that there was "no evidence that any of the patients died for reasons that could be attributed to the plutonium injections. Patients from Rochester, Chicago, and Oak Ridge were also injected with plutonium in the Manhattan Project human experiments.

63: 31: 2549: 1531: 3144: 1519: 2609: 2629: 9671: 1571: 3158:. At Chernobyl, operators deviated from test procedure and allowed certain reactor parameters to exceed design limits. At TMI-2, operators permitted thousands of gallons of water to escape from the reactor plant before observing that the coolant pumps were behaving abnormally. The coolant pumps were thus turned off to protect the pumps, which in turn led to the destruction of the reactor itself as cooling was completely lost within the core. 1555: 1820:, former Soviet Union. Criticality accident in SCR plant. Conducted experiments to determine the critical mass of enriched uranium in a cylindrical container with different concentrations of uranium in solution. Staff broke the rules and instructions for working with YADM (nuclear fissile material). When SCR personnel received doses from 7,600 to 13,000 rem. Three people died, one man got radiation sickness and went blind. 9661: 4088: 3513:

30 years ago. Partially due to the already abandoned urban areas, as well as international relations currently affecting the country, remediation efforts have minimized compared to the initial clean up actions and more recent accidents such as the Fukushima incident. On-site laboratories, monitoring wells, and meteorological stations can be found in a monitoring role at key locations affected by the accident.

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usually achieved through several redundant and diverse systems, and the heat is often dissipated to an 'ultimate heat sink' which has a large capacity and requires no active power, though this method is typically used after decay heat has reduced to a very small value. The main cause of the release of radioactivity in the Three Mile Island accident was a

1566:. The Soviet Union conducted 456 nuclear tests at Semipalatinsk from 1949 until 1989 with little regard for their effect on the local people or environment. The full impact of radiation exposure was hidden for many years by Soviet authorities and has only come to light since the test site closed in 1991. 3500:

by consuming agricultural products contaminated with groundwater. Thanks to the environmental and soil conditions outside the exclusion zone, the recorded levels are below those that require remediation, based on a survey in 1996. During this event, radioactive material was transported by groundwater

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In 2013, contaminated groundwater was found in between some of the affected turbine buildings in the Fukushima Daiichi facility, including locations at bordering seaports on the Pacific Ocean. In both locations, the facility typically releases clean water to feed into further groundwater systems. The

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After the Fukushima Daiichi accident in 2011, surrounding agricultural areas were contaminated with more than 100,000 MBq km in cesium concentrations. As a result, eastern Fukushima food production was severely limited. Due to Japan's topography and the local weather patterns, cesium deposits as well

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When nuclear reactors begin to age, they require more exhaustive monitoring and preventive maintenance and tests to operate safely and prevent accidents. However, these measures can be costly, and some reactor owners have not followed these recommendations. Most of the existing nuclear infrastructure

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caused a loss of electric power at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan (via severing the connection to the external grid and destroying the backup diesel generators). The decay heat could not be removed, and the reactor cores of units 1, 2 and 3 overheated, the nuclear fuel melted, and

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Over 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted, in over a dozen different sites around the world. Red Russia/Soviet Union, blue France, light blue United States, violet Britain, black Israel, yellow China, orange India, brown Pakistan, green North Korea and light green Australia (territories exposed to

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Multiple private agencies as well as various North American governments monitor the spread of radiation throughout the Pacific to track the potential hazards it can introduce to food systems, groundwater supplies, and ecosystems. In 2014, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released

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In 2019, the Japanese government announced that it was considering the possibility of dumping contaminated water from the Fukushima reactor into the Pacific Ocean. Japanese Environmental Minister Yoshiaki Harada reported that TEPCO had collected over a million tons of contaminated water, and by 2022

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Isotopes released during a meltdown or related event are typically dispersed into the atmosphere and then settle on the surface through natural occurrences and deposition. Isotopes settling on the top soil layer can remain there for many years, due to their slow decay (long half-life). The long-term

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says that unexpected failures are built into society's complex and tightly coupled nuclear reactor systems. Nuclear power plants cannot be operated without some major accidents. Such accidents are unavoidable and cannot be designed around. An interdisciplinary team from MIT have estimated that given

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filling the room with harmful radiation and a flash of blue light (caused by excited, ionized air particles returning to their unexcited states). Slotin reflexively separated the hemispheres in reaction to the heat flash and blue light, preventing further irradiation of several co-workers present in

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damage from overheating. It has been defined as the accidental melting of the core of a nuclear reactor, and refers to the core's either complete or partial collapse. A core melt accident occurs when the heat generated by a nuclear reactor exceeds the heat removed by the cooling systems to the point

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The International Atomic Energy Agency says there is "a persistent problem with the illicit trafficking in nuclear and other radioactive materials, thefts, losses and other unauthorized activities". The IAEA Illicit Nuclear Trafficking Database notes 1,266 incidents reported by 99 countries over the

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The U.S. program of atmospheric nuclear testing exposed a number of the population to the hazards of fallout. Estimating exact numbers, and the exact consequences, of people exposed has been medically very difficult, with the exception of the high exposures of Marshall Islanders and Japanese fishers

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gained notoriety when it was learned that the plant was releasing millions of pounds of uranium dust into the atmosphere, causing major radioactive contamination of the surrounding areas. That same year, employee Dave Bocks, a 39-year-old pipefitter, disappeared during the facility's graveyard shift

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without his knowledge or informed consent. Although Stevens was the person who received the highest dose of radiation during the plutonium experiments, he was neither the first nor the last subject to be studied. Eighteen people aged 4 to 69 were injected with plutonium. Subjects who were chosen for

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remains, and "there have been many accidents with varying impacts as well near misses and incidents". As of 2014, there have been more than 100 serious nuclear accidents and incidents from the use of nuclear power. Fifty-seven accidents or severe incidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster,

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In Kazakhstan, a Soviet Union nuclear testing site bore witness to the detonation of at least 450 atomic bombs. Notably, residents of Koyan showcased physical adaptation to the pervasive radiation, exhibiting resilience in their home environment, coupled with experiences of illness when outside it.

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A cover was constructed around the damage reactor of the Chernobyl nuclear plant. This helps in the remediation of radioactive material leaking from the site of the accident, but does little to protect the local area from radioactive isotopes that were dispersed in its soils and waterways more than

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The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 exposed to radiation about 125,000 mi (320,000 km) of land across Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. The amount of focused radiation caused severe damage to plant reproduction: most plants could not reproduce for at least three years. Many of these occurrences on

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For the most part, nuclear facilities receive their power from offsite electrical systems. They also have a grid of emergency backup generators to provide power in the event of an outage. An event that could prevent both offsite power, as well as emergency power is known as a "station blackout". In

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was damaged, and the core partially melted. The removal of the decay heat is a significant reactor safety concern, especially shortly after shutdown. Failure to remove decay heat may cause the reactor core temperature to rise to dangerous levels and has caused nuclear accidents. The heat removal is

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was irradiated while preparing an experiment involving a sphere of fissile material. The Sarov accident is interesting because the system remained critical for many days before it could be stopped, though safely located in a shielded experimental hall. This is an example of a limited scope accident

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located at the Santa Susanna Field Lab, 30 miles north of Los Angeles, California operated ten experimental nuclear reactors. Numerous accidents occurred including a core meltdown. Experimental reactors of that era were not required to have the same type of containment structures that shield modern

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has reported that worldwide there have been 99 accidents at nuclear power plants from 1952 to 2009 (defined as incidents that either resulted in the loss of human life or more than US$ 50,000 of property damage, the amount the US federal government uses to define major energy accidents that must be

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Stawkowski's primary assertion revolves around the concept of "slow violence," portraying the subjects as resilient human beings who, despite the inevitability of illness in many families, have managed to lead long lives. While the historical context may lead Westerners to scrutinize political and

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carried by groundwater systems have resulted in the uptake of radioactive material in plants and then up the food chains into animals, and eventually humans. One of the most important mechanisms of exposure to radiation was through agriculture contaminated by radioactive groundwater. Again, one of

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To combat accidents associated with aging nuclear power plants, it may be advantageous to build new nuclear power reactors and retire the old nuclear plants. In the United States alone, more than 50 start-up companies are working to create innovative designs for nuclear power plants while ensuring

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incident in 1954. A number of groups of U.S. citizens — especially farmers and inhabitants of cities downwind of the Nevada Test Site and U.S. military workers at various tests — have sued for compensation and recognition of their exposure, many successfully. The passage of the Radiation

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K-140 was in the naval yard at Severodvinsk for repairs. On August 27, an uncontrolled increase of the reactor's power occurred following work to upgrade the vessel. One of the reactors started up automatically when the control rods were raised to a higher position. Power increased to 18 times its

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is not universally regarded an example of a criticality accident, because it occurred in an operating reactor at a power plant. The reactor was supposed to be in a controlled critical state, but control of the chain reaction was lost. The accident destroyed the reactor and left a large geographic

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normal amount, while pressure and temperature levels in the reactor increased to four times the normal amount. The automatic start-up of the reactor was caused by the incorrect installation of the control rod electrical cables and by operator error. Radiation levels aboard the vessel deteriorated.

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Off-site radiological risk may be found in the form of flooding. Many citizens in the surrounding areas have been deemed at risk of exposure to radiation due to the Chernobyl reactor's proximity to floodplains. A study was conducted in 1996 to see how far the radioactive effects were felt across

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An assessment conducted by the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) in France concluded that no amount of technical innovation can eliminate the risk of human-induced errors associated with the operation of nuclear power plants. Two types of mistakes were deemed most serious: errors committed

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danger symbol. The red background is intended to convey urgent danger, and the sign is intended to be used in places or on equipment where exceptionally intense radiation fields could be encountered or created through misuse or tampering. The intention is that a normal user will never see such a

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was the primary researcher for the human plutonium experiments done at U.C. San Francisco from 1944 to 1947. Hamilton wrote a memo in 1950 discouraging further human experiments because the AEC would be left open "to considerable criticism" since the experiments as proposed had "a little of the

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estimates that there may eventually be up to 4,000 additional cancer deaths related to the accident among those exposed to significant radiation levels. Radioactive fallout from the accident was concentrated in areas of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. Other studies have estimated as many as over a

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Evidence can be seen from the 1986 Chernobyl event. Due to the violent nature of the accident there, a sizable portion of the resulting radioactive contamination of the atmosphere consisted of particles that were dispersed during the explosion. Many of these contaminates settled in groundwater

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A flawed reactor design and inadequate safety procedures led to a power surge that damaged the fuel rods of reactor no. 4 of the Chernobyl power plant. This caused an explosion and meltdown, necessitating the evacuation of 300,000 people and dispersing radioactive material across Europe (see

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The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new safer (but generally untested) reactor designs but there is no guarantee that the reactors will be designed, built and operated correctly. Mistakes do occur and the designers of reactors at

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Exposure Compensation Act of 1990 allowed for a systematic filing of compensation claims in relation to testing as well as those employed at nuclear weapons facilities. As of June 2009 over $ 1.4 billion total has been given in compensation, with over $ 660 million going to "

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at the British atomic bomb project (in a plutonium-production reactor) damaged the core and released an estimated 740 terabecquerels of iodine-131 into the environment. A rudimentary smoke filter constructed over the main outlet chimney successfully prevented a far worse radiation

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reported), totaling US$ 20.5 billion in property damages. There have been comparatively few fatalities associated with nuclear power plant accidents. An academic review of many reactor accident and the phenomena of these events was published by Mark Foreman.

3281:, and the Paul Scherrer Institute found in separate studies that during the period from 1970 to 1992, there were just 39 on-the-job deaths of nuclear power plant workers worldwide, while during the same time period, there were 6,400 on-the-job deaths of 2965:

in 1999 during the production of enriched uranium fuel. Two workers died, a third was permanently injured, and 350 citizens were exposed to radiation. In 2016, a criticality accident was reported at the Afrikantov OKBM Critical Test Facility in Russia.

2592:). Until November 1962, the vast majority of the U.S. tests were atmospheric (that is, above-ground); after the acceptance of the Partial Test Ban Treaty all testing was regulated underground, in order to prevent the dispersion of nuclear fallout. 1775:, former Soviet Union. Criticality accident in the factory number 20 in the collection oxalate decantate after filtering sediment oxalate enriched uranium. Six people received doses of 300 to 1,000 rem (four women and two men), one woman died. 3161:

A detailed investigation into SL-1 determined that one operator (perhaps inadvertently) manually pulled the 84-pound (38 kg) central control rod out about 26 inches rather than the maintenance procedure's intention of about 4 inches.

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systems in immediate surrounding areas, but also in Russia and Belarus. The ecological effects of the resulting radiation in groundwater can be seen in various aspects in the area affected by the sequence of environmental consequences.

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plant accidents rank first in terms of their economic cost, accounting for 41 percent of all property damage. Oil and hydroelectric follow at around 25 percent each, followed by natural gas at 9 percent and coal at 2 percent. Excluding

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In 2020, the WHO stated that "Lessons learned from past radiological and nuclear accidents have demonstrated that the mental health and psychosocial consequences can outweigh the direct physical health impacts of radiation exposure.""

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15 October 1958: Vinča, Yugoslavia. There was a criticality incident in a newly installed reactor. Six young researchers received high doses of radiation, and were subsequently treated at "Kiri" institute in Paris where one of them

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have said that if nuclear power use is to expand significantly, nuclear facilities will have to be made extremely safe from attacks that could release radioactivity into the environment. New reactor designs have features of

1798:, UK. Fire ignites a "plutonium pile" (an air cooled, graphite moderated, uranium fuelled reactor that was used for plutonium and isotope production) and contaminates surrounding dairy farms. An estimated 33 cancer deaths. 2568:, with the exception of a moratorium between November 1958 and September 1961. By official count, a total of 1,054 nuclear tests and two nuclear attacks were conducted, with over 100 of them taking place at sites in the 5988: 6429: 5937: 7682: 2189:

happened in Kramatorsk, Ukrainian SSR. In 1989, a small capsule containing highly radioactive caesium-137 was found inside the concrete wall of an apartment building. 6 residents of the building died from

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addressed the UN Security Council, calling for a nuclear safety and security protection zone around the plant and reiterating his findings that "the Seven Pillars have all been compromised at the site."

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plant, Russia. No immediate fatalities, though up to 200+ additional cancer deaths might have ensued from the radioactive contamination of the surrounding area; 270,000 people were exposed to dangerous

7241: 8327: 2486:, reported elevated levels of radioactive materials in the area surrounding the mine. Workers were not informed of the dangers of working with radioactive materials and the health effects thereof. 5377: 7526: 1550:

On Feb. 14, 2014, at the WIPP, radioactive materials leaked from a damaged storage drum (see photo). Analysis of several accidents, by DOE, have shown lack of a "safety culture" at the facility.

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AECL Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada. Partial meltdown, about 10,000 Curies released. Approximately 1202 people were involved in the two-year cleanup. Future president

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in November 2014. Despite the relatively dramatic increases in radiation, the contamination levels still satisfy the World Health Organization's (WHO's) standard for clean drinking water.

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in Japan did not anticipate that a tsunami generated by an earthquake would disable the backup systems that were supposed to stabilize the reactor after the earthquake. According to

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across borders into neighboring countries. In Belarus, just north of Chernobyl, about 250,000 hectares of previously usable farmland were held by state officials until deemed safe.

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on the primary loop which stuck in the open position. This caused the overflow tank into which it drained to rupture and release large amounts of radioactive cooling water into the

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in a new design model exposed a previously undetected bug in the control software, which could have led to patients receiving massive overdoses under a specific set of conditions.

2023:. The KC-135 was completely destroyed when its fuel load ignited, killing all four crew members. The B-52G broke apart, killing three of the seven crew members aboard. Of the four 2368:

research facility in South Africa results in the exposure of workers to radiation. Harold Daniels and several others die from cancers and radiation burns related to the exposure.

2273:. Four fatalities, and following radiological screening of more than 100,000 people, it was ascertained that 249 people received serious radiation contamination from exposure to 3219:, are incidents in which a radioactive source is lost, stolen or abandoned. The source then might cause harm to humans. The best known example of this type of event is the 1987 2661:

Security specialist Shaun Gregory argued in an article that terrorists have attacked Pakistani nuclear facilities three times in the recent past; twice in 2007 and once in 2008.

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as well as all other nuclear facilities, the transportation of nuclear materials, and the use and storage of nuclear materials for medical, power, industry, and military uses.

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where only a few people can be harmed, while no release of radioactivity into the environment occurred. A criticality accident with limited off site release of both radiation (

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policy experts have questioned "the use of private contractors to provide security at facilities that manufacture and store the government's most dangerous military material".

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Radionuclide Contamination of soils and groundwater at lake Karachai waste disposal site (Russia) and the Chernobyl accident site (Ukraine): field analysis and modeling study

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ruptured and released 14.5 tons of uranium hexafluoride gas (UF6), causing the death of a worker, the hospitalization of 37 other workers, and approximately 100 downwinders.

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the expected growth of nuclear power from 2005 to 2055, at least four serious nuclear accidents would be expected in that period. There have been five serious accidents (

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On January 21, 1969, it suffered a loss-of-coolant accident, leading to meltdown of one fuel element and radioactive contamination of the cavern, which was then sealed.

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when the radiation source of an expired teletherapy unit was sold unregistered, and stored in an unguarded car park from which it was stolen. Other cases occurred at

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the room. However, Slotin absorbed a lethal dose of the radiation and died nine days later. The infamous plutonium mass used in the experiment was referred to as the

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to bring it to criticality. Against operating procedures, the hemispheres were separated only by a screwdriver. The screwdriver slipped and set off a chain reaction

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during field operations, such as maintenance and testing, that can cause an accident; and human errors made during small accidents that cascade to complete failure.

1366:, which may help. In the United States, the NRC carries out "Force on Force" (FOF) exercises at all Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) sites at least once every three years. 39: 9304: 8415: 3388:

have cast doubt on whether even an advanced economy like Japan can master nuclear safety. Catastrophic scenarios involving terrorist attacks are also conceivable.

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nuclear reactors. During the Cold War time in which the accidents that occurred at Rocketdyne, these events were not publicly reported by the Department of Energy.

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in Brazil, when a radiotherapy source was forgotten and abandoned in a hospital, to be later stolen and opened by scavengers. A similar case occurred in 2000 in

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accidents. A radiation therapy machine was involved in six accidents, in which patients were exposed to massive overdoses of radiation. 4 fatalities, 2 injuries.

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Hypothetical number of global deaths which would have resulted from energy production if the world's energy production was met through a single source, in 2014.

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Stawkowski, Magdalena E.. (February 2016). ""I am a radioactive mutant": Emergent biological subjectivities at Kazakhstan's Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site".

7635:"Providing all Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials" 6540: 6411: 2739:

in which the reactor is operated at a power level that exceeds its design limits. Alternately, an external fire may endanger the core, leading to a meltdown.

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Nuclear safety covers the actions taken to prevent nuclear and radiation accidents or to limit their consequences and damage to the environment. This covers

288:, now Ukraine. The accident killed approximately 30 people directly and damaged approximately $ 7 billion of property. A study published in 2005 by the 8563: 7233: 2690:

in November 2006 with radioactive polonium "represents an ominous landmark: the beginning of an era of nuclear terrorism," according to Andrew J. Patterson.

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Groundwater contamination following the Chernobyl accident: overview of monitoring data, assessment of radiological risks and analysis of remedial measures

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was a radiation contamination accident (after a chemical explosion that occurred within a storage tank) at Mayak, a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in the

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are estimated to kill 24,000 Americans per year due to lung disease as well as causing 40,000 heart attacks per year in the United States. According to

125:. Technical measures to reduce the risk of accidents or to minimize the amount of radioactivity released to the environment have been adopted; however, 6274: 4620: 3116:

suffered a malfunction. This then led to the overexposure of at least one patient. While the initial failure was the simple failure of a semiconductor

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with defective shielding. The shielding had a gap on the underside. It is thought that no human has been seriously harmed by the escaping radiation.

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in the background. Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s. From 1951 to 1962 the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearby

70:, a Japanese nuclear plant with seven units, the largest single nuclear power station in the world, was completely shut down for 21 months following 5629: 2232:. These were distributed and used in multiple cities across Mexico and the United States and exposed an estimated four thousand people to radiation. 2228:

happened after a private medical company that had illegally purchased a radiation therapy unit sold it to a junkyard to be later smelted to produce

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Ialenti, Vincent (12 March 2019). "Waste Makes Haste: How a Campaign to Speed Up Nuclear Waste Shipments Shut Down the WIPP Long-Term Repository".

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Transport accidents can cause a release of radioactivity resulting in contamination or shielding to be damaged resulting in direct irradiation. In

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and have been repeatedly attacked during military air strikes, occupations, invasions and campaigns over the period 1980–2007. Various acts of

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Loss of coolant and partial core meltdown due to operator errors and technical flaws. There was a small release of radioactive gases. See also

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as other isotopes reside in top layer of soils all over eastern and northeastern Japan. Luckily, mountain ranges have shielded western Japan.

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had to be removed from several sites, and several houses were demolished. All the objects from within those houses were removed and examined.

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Comparing the historical safety record of civilian nuclear energy with other forms of electrical generation, Ball, Roberts, and Simpson, the

2927:(also sometimes referred to as an "excursion" or "power excursion") occurs when a nuclear chain reaction is accidentally allowed to occur in 1511: 6075: 4830: 4218: 955: 9324: 9314: 9294: 5166: – Based on the source's front page for 2018-03-24, the exchange rate was 105¥/USD, resulting in a range of USD1,255–2,078. 2986: 1338:. The attack threat is of several general types: commando-like ground-based attacks on equipment which if disabled could lead to a reactor 1946: 1579:

sign, however after partly dismantling the equipment the sign will be exposed warning that the person should stop work and leave the scene

42:, with some 30,000 evacuees still living in temporary housing, although nobody has died or is expected to die from radiation effects. The 9386: 9331: 8962: 7765: 4123: 3377: 1538:

represents two-thirds of USA's high-level radioactive waste by volume. Nuclear reactors line the riverbank at the Hanford Site along the

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detrimental effects on agriculture, farming, and livestock, can potentially affect human health and safety long after the actual event.

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collectors on what a sealed source might look like. The scrap metal industry is the one where lost sources are most likely to be found.

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and a fire at its training complex as Russian forces took control, heightening concerns of nuclear contamination. On September 6, 2022,

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nuclear research facility near Pretoria, South Africa. The burglars escaped without acquiring any of the uranium held at the facility.

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of Panama, 17 fatalities. Patients receiving treatment for prostate cancer and cancer of the cervix receive lethal doses of radiation.

9554: 9531: 9451: 3314:, the average coal power plant emits 100 times more radiation per year than a comparatively sized nuclear power plant in the form of 3228: 2651: 1384:

have shown how nuclear weapons facilities can be penetrated, and the group's actions represent extraordinary breaches of security at

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set was transported in a passenger bus as cargo. The gamma source was outside the shielding, and it irradiated some bus passengers.

9693: 9392: 7083:"REPORT ON THE PRELIMINARY FACT FINDING MISSION FOLLOWING THE ACCIDENT AT THE NUCLEAR FUEL PROCESSING FACILITY IN TOKAIMURA, JAPAN" 4061: 4056: 2217: 1624:, a plutonium implosion-design bomb was used against the city of Nagasaki. The two weapons killed approximately 120,000 to 140,000 1389: 775:

28 direct, 19 not entirely related and 15 children due to thyroid cancer, as of 2008. Estimated up to 4,000 possible cancer deaths.

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Nuclear plant accidents and incidents with multiple fatalities and/or more than US$ 100 million in property damage, 1952–2011

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to attack Iran's nuclear facilities. It switched off safety devices, causing centrifuges to spin out of control. The computers of

9591: 9284: 9239: 8138: 5351: 865: 492: 6190:"The Sequoyah Corporation Fuels Release and the Church Rock Spill: Unpublicized Nuclear Releases in American Indian Communities" 6107: 9703: 9289: 9279: 8931: 8351: 8335: 6059: 5714: 5218: 2221:

and was later reported missing. Eventually, his remains were discovered inside a uranium processing furnace located in Plant 6.

1342:

or widespread dispersal of radioactivity, external attacks such as an aircraft crash into a reactor complex, or cyber attacks.

67: 2194:

and 18 more received varying radiation doses. The accident was detected only after the residents called in a health physicist.

1345:

The United States 9/11 Commission found that nuclear power plants were potential targets originally considered as part of the

9186: 8220: 8113: 7992: 7603: 7303: 5971: 5676: 5499: 5378:"UN Security Council: IAEA Grossi Calls for Establishment of Nuclear Safety and Security Protection Zone at Zaporizhzhya NPP" 4737:"Predicting the global health consequences of the Chernobyl accident Methodology of the European Committee on Radiation Risk" 4538: 4315: 1334:

plants, fuel fabrication plants, and potentially even uranium mines are vulnerable to attacks which could lead to widespread

1256: 7664: 5113: 2773: 9698: 9586: 9381: 8957: 8926: 8871: 8367: 5448: 5252: 4118: 4051: 3467: 1472: 86:(IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility." Examples include 6980: 9139: 8590: 6786: 4569: 2358: 1065: 758: 690:

Instrumentation systems malfunction during startup, which led to suspension of operations at all three Browns Ferry Units

285: 207: 2075:

when a cabin fire forced the crew to abandon the aircraft. Six crew members ejected safely, but one who did not have an

71: 9564: 9559: 9414: 9319: 9254: 8906: 6943: 4071: 3415: 3247: 3023:

the containments were breached. Radioactive materials were released from the plant to the atmosphere and to the ocean.

2769: 2288: 934: 83: 5600: 5288:

Averting Catastrophe: Why the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty is Losing its Deterrence Capacity and How to Restore It

9580: 9549: 9409: 9338: 9063: 8495: 8471: 7466: 5790: 5307: 5234: 4243: 4108: 2877: 2857: 2840: 2482:, Namibia, a catastrophic structural failure of a leach tank resulted in a major spill. The France-based laboratory, 2316: 1939: 1828: 1810: 1358: 769: 350: 223: 211: 1000:

An accident at the Sosnovy Bor nuclear plant leaked radioactive iodine into the air through a ruptured fuel channel.

9441: 8972: 7550: 6551: 6415: 2501: 2443: 2186: 1669: 1451: 659: 456: 17: 6514: 4988:"Sources and effects of ionizing radiation—UNSCEAR 2008 Report. Volume II: EFFECTS. Scientific Annexes C, D and E" 2167:, USA, when United Nuclear Corporation's uranium mill tailings disposal pond breached its dam. Over 1,000 tons of 965: 9343: 6541:"CRIIRAD Preliminary Report No. 12-32b Preliminary results of radiation monitoring near uranium mines in Namibia" 6062: 3224: 3210: 2411: 1507: 1126: 227: 150:

accident (1961). Nuclear power accidents can involve loss of life and large monetary costs for remediation work.

7634: 6604: 4198: 2266:

died after he manually lowered the control rods, and stopped the explosion. The submarine sank three days later.

9641: 7165: 4690: 4570:"NRC: Information Notice No. 85-57: Lost Iridium-192 Source Resulting in the Death of Eight Persons in Morocco" 4358: 4066: 3147:

A sketch used by doctors to determine the amount of radiation to which each person had been exposed during the

2687: 2461: 2160: 2131: 2060: 1644: 555: 231: 9479: 7110: 6801: 5076: 9274: 9175: 9144: 9038: 6981:"All Stocks of Weapons-Usable Nuclear Materials Worldwide Must be Protected Against Global Terrorist Threats" 4304:

Yablokov, Alexey V.; Nesterenko, Vassily B.; Nesterenko, Alexey (2009). Sherman-Nevinger, Jannette D. (ed.).

3385: 3269: 2824: 2762: 2472: 2429: 2204: 2101:

In August 1968: Soviet nuclear ballistic missile submarine development program Project 667A. Nuclear-powered

1971: 1953: 1850: 1835: 1404:

are a global concern, and there is concern about the possible detonation of a small, crude nuclear weapon or

1160:

unit 2 during its corrosion cleaning led to leakage of radioactive gases. It remained inactive for 18 months.

1030: 987: 215: 6292: 5555: 4987: 4628: 4150: 2632:

This handbill was distributed 16 days before the first nuclear device was detonated at the Nevada Test Site.

9435: 9249: 9056: 7372: 7343: 6779:"Radiation Exposure Compensation System Claims to Date Summary of Claims Received by 08/15/2013 All Claims" 6658: 6538: 6501: 5132: 2644:

Crimes involving radioactive substances § Intentional theft or attempted theft of radioactive material

1899: 1891: 1220: 791: 8407: 8058:

Filyushkin, I. V. (July 1996). "The Chernobyl Accident and the Resultant Long-Term Relocation of People".

7019: 4391:

Sovacool, Benjamin K. (2010). "A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia".

2439:

accident, 4 fatalities. Hot water and steam leaked from a broken pipe (not actually a radiation accident).

1262:

1 and 3+ labour accidents; plus a broader number of primarily ill or elderly people from evacuation stress

9369: 9108: 8794: 8487: 8463: 7506:

Hirschberg et al, Paul Scherrer Institut, 1996; in: IAEA, Sustainable Development and Nuclear Power, 1997

6635: 6577: 6327:"Radiation Accidents: Occurrence, Types, Consequences, Medical Management, and the Lessons to be Learned" 5633: 5058: 3003: 2497: 2490: 1990: 1791:

levels. Over thirty small communities were removed from Soviet maps between 1958 and 1991. (INES level 6)

1597: 1481: 1323: 722: 478: 6846: 6462:"TEPCO: Press Release - Plant Status of Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Station (as of 2:00am March 13th)" 6018: 2120:

in Switzerland undergoes partial core meltdown leading to massive radioactive contamination of a cavern.

9447: 9375: 9098: 9026: 8881: 8854: 8564:

Annotated bibliography for civilian nuclear accidents from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

8543:

most comprehensive online list of incidents involving U.S. nuclear facilities and vessels, 1950–present

6238: 5768: 5514: 5434: 4736: 3407: 3351: 2977:

accidents are where the heat generated by radioactive decay causes harm. In a large nuclear reactor, a

2747: 2436: 2397: 2252: 1869: 1720:

on many Pacific islands, including several which were inhabited, and some that had not been evacuated.

1252: 1188: 1094: 609: 586:

Malfunction during fuel replacement. Fuel rod ejected from reactor into the reactor hall by coolant (CO

143: 135: 111: 43: 35: 7527:"It Sounds Crazy, But Fukushima, Chernobyl, And Three Mile Island Show Why Nuclear Is Inherently Safe" 5695: 804:

reactor released small amounts of fission products (0.1 GBq Co-60, Cs-137, Pa-233) to surrounding area

9665: 9601: 9510: 9244: 8911: 8764: 7858:

Yasunari, T. J.; Stohl, A.; Hayano, R. S.; Burkhart, J. F.; Eckhardt, S.; Yasunari, T. (2011-11-14).

7311: 6140: 5466: 4473: 4093: 3093: 2994: 2820: 2379: 2088: 2000: 1910: 1906: 1765: 1335: 832: 289: 55: 5287: 4510: 4431: 9134: 9093: 8849: 8759: 8623: 7445: 6778: 6461: 5914: 5651: 4958: 4826:

M.R.StJ. Foreman, Reactor accident chemistry an update, Cogent Chemistry, 2018, volume 4, 1450944,

4076: 3112:, Poland, in 2001 the electronics associated with a particle accelerator used for the treatment of 2732: 1157: 270: 7993:"IAEA supports discharge of Fukushima Daiichi water: Regulation & Safety - World Nuclear News" 7140: 5323: 4280: 130:

and about 60% of all nuclear-related accidents/severe incidents have occurred in the USA. Serious

9626: 9616: 8789: 8583: 8300:"Radiation Exposure and Contamination - Injuries; Poisoning - Merck Manuals Professional Edition" 7860:"Cesium-137 deposition and contamination of Japanese soils due to the Fukushima nuclear accident" 7295:

Atomic America: How a Deadly Explosion and a Feared Admiral Changed the Course of Nuclear History

6085: 5879: 4827: 4813: 3936: 2949: 2565: 2064: 2008: 1559: 708: 8559:

Plutopia: Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters

8163: 7417: 7396: 7263: 7053: 6383: 5094: 4940: 4848:"Of Disasters and Dragon Kings: A Statistical Analysis of Nuclear Power Incidents and Accidents" 4650:"A framework for mental health and psychosocial support in radiological and nuclear emergencies" 3178: 2479: 9621: 9422: 9030: 8941: 8615: 4589: 4454: 4343:. Nuclear Power: Economic, Safety, Health, and Environmental Issues of Near-Term Technologies, 3795: 3496:

the greatest concerns for the population within the 30 km exclusion zone is the intake of

3343: 3097: 3031: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2564:

Between 16 July 1945 and 23 September 1992, the United States maintained a program of vigorous

2553: 2259: 2245: 2102: 2028: 1768:

of Building 71 and the release of plutonium into the atmosphere, causing US$ 818,600 in damage.

1613: 1363: 1051: 1016: 193: 187: 181: 175: 9216: 6746: 6060:

Second Five-Year Review Report for the. United Nuclear Corporation. Ground Water Operable Unit

5491: 5485: 5193: 4715: 3470:(WHOI) found trace amounts of Fukushima contaminates 100 miles (150 km) off the coast of 3088:

On 17 January 1966, a fatal collision occurred between a B-52G and a KC-135 Stratotanker over

9034: 8769: 7082: 6687: 5850: 3957: 3419: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2736: 2287:

magazine has identified the accident as one of the world's "worst nuclear disasters" and the

2095: 1925: 1877: 1289: 169: 163: 157: 122: 7805:"Aging nuclear plants, industry cost-cutting, and reduced safety oversight: a dangerous mix" 7783: 6164:"Accidental Release of UF6 at Sequoyah Fuels Corporation Facility at Gore, Oklahoma, U.S.A." 3089: 2867: 1725: 9611: 9473: 9170: 8891: 8779: 8736: 8686: 8511: 7837: 6718: 6578:"Namibian workers in times of uncertainty: The Labour Movement 20 years after independence" 6334: 5799: 5213: 4808: 4113: 3193: 3007: 2982: 2924: 2728: 2719: 2538: 2393:

reprocessing plant. When melted, the caesium-137 caused the release of a radioactive cloud.

2149: 1932: 1918: 1737: 1706: 1346: 1242: 297: 99: 5401: 5114:"In a First, Japan Says Fukushima Radiation Caused Worker's Cancer Death (Published 2018)" 5016: 4757: 3290: 3286: 1978:

attack aircraft with a nuclear weapon fell into the sea. The pilot, the aircraft, and the

8: 9596: 9079: 9008: 8886: 8799: 8359: 7830:"Which Technology Will Most Impact The Future Of Energy? 18 Experts Share Their Insights" 7608: 7194: 5894: 3961: 3369: 3310: 3294: 2200:

5 October 1982: Lost radiation source, Baku, Azerbaijan, USSR. 5 fatalities, 13 injuries.

2068: 2012: 2004: 1975: 1914: 1677: 1447: 1327: 852: 558:

caused a fire in the main trough that destroyed control lines and five main coolant pumps

131: 87: 38:, authorities shut down the nation's 54 nuclear power plants. The Fukushima site remains 9398: 8967: 6722: 5803: 4920: 4649: 4477: 3452:

land can be a result of the distribution of radioactive isotopes through water systems.

3220: 3039:

was displayed by U.S. Navy officials on the fantail of the submarine rescue ship U.S.S.

1502:

One of four example estimates of the plutonium (Pu-239) plume from the 1957 fire at the

772:). Around 5% (5200 PBq) of the core was released into the atmosphere and downwind. 9504: 9467: 9404: 9160: 9003: 8824: 8804: 8784: 8668: 8576: 8375: 8093: 7894: 7859: 6760: 6734: 6214: 6189: 5745:"A true measure of plutonium exposure: the human tissue analysis program at Los Alamos" 5155: 4408: 4363: 4310:. Boston, MA: Blackwell Publishing for the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 4203: 3471: 3422:. This leads to on average one serious accident happening every eight years worldwide. 3411: 3347: 3335: 3100:", meaning an accident involving a nuclear weapon that does not present a risk of war. 3036: 2940: 2887: 2758: 2709: 2525: 2450:

in the UK suffered a leak of a highly radioactive solution, into secondary containment.

2142: 1633: 1629: 1486: 1377: 1331: 1085: 886: 281: 258: 249: 139: 107: 91: 5268: 4606:

Pallava Bagla. "Radiation Accident a 'Wake-Up Call' For India's Scientific Community"

1935:

accidentally released 33 PBq of radioactive iodine-131 and other radioactive material.

1322:

The vulnerability of nuclear plants to deliberate attack is of concern in the area of

1097:

killed two workers, and exposed one more to radiation levels above permissible limits.

9606: 9569: 8896: 8774: 8711: 8676: 8281: 8216: 8075: 8071: 7899: 7881: 7299: 7293: 7035: 6742: 6738: 6355: 6243: 6219: 6115: 5967: 5672: 5495: 4879: 4534: 4412: 4311: 3872: 3182: 3170: 2958: 2680: 2375: 2168: 2043: 2036: 1788: 1761: 1563: 1546: 1523: 1503: 1393: 1373: 1317: 153: 5744: 5722: 2683:, along with three Georgian accomplices, with 79.5 grams of 89 percent enriched HEU. 2087:, causing the nuclear payload to rupture and disperse, which resulted in widespread 50: 9492: 8901: 8455: 8447: 8399: 8273: 8243: 8067: 7889: 7871: 6726: 6504:"Preliminary results of CRIIRAD radiation monitoring near uranium mines in Namibia" 6209: 6201: 5811: 5807: 4869: 4859: 4400: 4102: 3393: 3326: 3305: 3282: 2932: 2928: 2705: 2621: 2573: 2557: 2270: 2138: 2024: 2016: 1994: 1979: 1965: 1862: 1779: 1673: 1178: 1116: 991: 890: 378: 254: 219: 199: 95: 7968: 7939: 6821: 6730: 6163: 4279:. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 183. Archived from 2608: 2294:

1989: San Salvador, El Salvador; one fatality due to violation of safety rules at

1928:

accident. Eight fatalities and more than 30 people were over-exposed to radiation.

658:

Safety violations, operator error and design problems forced a six-year outage at

9165: 9013: 8998: 8814: 8726: 8716: 8568: 8391: 7492:

Ball, D. J.; Roberts, L. E. J.; Simpson, A. C. D. (1994). "Research Report #20".

6808: 5785: 5666: 5521: 5294: 4904: 4834: 4528: 2978: 2715: 2283: 2263: 1717: 1609: 1409: 1385: 1369: 1255:

was triggered by a tsunami that flooded and damaged the 3 active reactors at the

920: 822: 750: 746: 645: 118: 6871: 1729:, Japanese fishing vessel contaminated by fallout from Castle Bravo, 1 fatality. 1064:

Balance-of-plant equipment malfunction forced shutdown and extensive repairs at

62: 9631: 9498: 9457: 9129: 8861: 8819: 8809: 8731: 8721: 8691: 8456:

Nuclear or Not? Does Nuclear Power Have a Place in a Sustainable Energy Future?

6044:"REAC/TS Radiation Accident Registry: Update of Accidents in the United States" 5563:

Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation – 2008 Report to the General Assembly

4874: 4273:

International Nuclear and Radiological Events Scale Users' Manual, 2008 Edition

3928: 3833: 3398: 3363: 3189: 3070: 2871: 2851: 2814: 2672: 2617: 2361:. Thirteen fatalities and 114 other patients received an overdose of radiation. 2117: 1993:-led expedition abandons a nuclear-powered telemetry relay listening device on 1880:. One of the nuclear bombs was damaged by fire but both weapons were recovered. 1873: 1795: 1744: 1648: 1593: 1539: 1397: 581: 514: 416: 411: 203: 30: 8247: 5576: 4404: 4219:"Regulator OKs safety report on Kashiwazaki-Kariwa units - World Nuclear News" 2997:

reactor was left for a length of time without cooling water. As a result, the

2657:

last 12 years, including 18 incidents involving HEU or plutonium trafficking:

2548: 1357:

pools, such an attack could lead to widespread radioactive contamination. The

9687: 8936: 8696: 8681: 8285: 8242:. IAEA TM on Groundwater contamination following Fukushima accident. Vienna. 8237: 7885: 7491: 7004:"Ushering in the era of nuclear terrorism," by Patterson, Andrew J. MD, PhD, 6539:

Commission de Recherche et d'Information Indépendantes sur la Radioactivité.

6502:

Commission de Recherche et d'Information Indépendantes sur la Radioactivité.

6205: 6119: 6043: 4511:"Deadliest radiation accidents and other events causing radiation casualties" 3544: 3339: 3330: 3216: 3143: 2724: 2569: 2475:, Japan and the radioactive discharge at the Fukushima Daiichi Power Station. 2076: 2072: 1895: 1575: 1530: 1459: 1424: 1420: 1350: 1339: 1120: 1059: 1024: 928: 894: 860: 826: 716: 712: 685: 653: 617: 486: 446: 7876: 6430:"Assessment of issues associated with THORP non-restart and restart options" 6384:"Investigation of an accidental Exposure of radiotherapy patients in Panama" 4180:"Two years on, America hasn't learned lessons of Fukushima nuclear disaster" 1518: 9574: 9520: 9515: 8916: 8876: 8741: 8408:

Killing Our Own: The Disaster of America's Experience with Atomic Radiation

8383: 7903: 7736: 6480: 6270: 6223: 5608: 5283: 4883: 4244:"IAEA Team to Report on Kashiwazaki Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant Examination" 3492: 3174: 3148: 3074: 2998: 2751: 2735:, loss of coolant pressure, or low coolant flow rate or be the result of a 2597: 2509: 2415: 2172: 2146: 1983: 1748: 1713: 1695: 1655: 1535: 1401: 856: 795: 762: 613: 549: 382: 372: 117:

The impact of nuclear accidents has been a topic of debate since the first

103: 9218:

Nuclear and radioactive disasters, former facilities, tests and test sites

8188:"Ecocide – the genocide of the 21st century? Eastern European perspective" 8079: 7470: 4758:"Chernobyl Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment" 4664: 3109: 2731:, which is not caused by high temperatures. A meltdown may be caused by a 1522:

Corroded and leaking 55-gallon drum, for storing radioactive waste at the

1349:. If terrorist groups could sufficiently damage safety systems to cause a 721:

Recurring equipment problems forced emergency shutdown of Boston Edison's

9646: 8658: 8328:

Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment

7575: 7036:"Meltdown - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" 6986:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University 6967: 4898:

The Accidental Century - Prominent Energy Accidents in the Last 100 Years

4340: 4307:

Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment

3932: 3902: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3548: 3497: 3403: 3315: 3298: 3251: 3232: 3155: 3063: 2884: 2628: 2602: 2585: 2390: 2383: 2351: 2344: 2322:

1991: Neswizh, Belarus; one fatality due to violation of safety rules at

2274: 2248:

accident. Ten fatalities and 49 other people suffered radiation injuries.

2208: 2153: 1957: 1854: 1839: 1680: 1432: 1288:

One person was killed and four injured, one seriously, in a blast at the

1020: 937:

revealed cracks at pressurized heater sleeves, forcing extended shutdowns

754: 522: 438: 126: 8384:

Fukushima: Japan's Tsunami and the Inside Story of the Nuclear Meltdowns

8017:"FDA Response to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Facility Incident" 7554: 5411:. Radiation Protection and the Human Radiation Experiments (23): 177–223 2742:

Large-scale nuclear meltdowns at civilian nuclear power plants include:

2425:

May 2000: Meet Halfa, Egypt; two fatalities due to radiography accident.

2371:

June 1997: Sarov, Russia; one fatality due to violation of safety rules.

1439:) were hacked in December 2014. The cyber attacks involved thousands of 9636: 8706: 8653: 8277: 4864: 4847: 4669: 4151:"SOURCES, EFFECTS AND RISKS OF IONIZING RADIATION: UNSCEAR 2013 Report" 3908: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3868: 3198: 3120:, it set in motion a series of events which led to a radiation injury. 3082: 3056: 3015: 2974: 2810: 2589: 2447: 2164: 1961: 1858: 1843: 1802: 1617: 1491: 1405: 1381: 1354: 1223:

caused multiple failures in safety systems critical for reactor cooling

868:

shutdown due to cooling malfunctions and unexplained equipment problems

545: 407: 403: 74:. Safety-critical systems were found to be undamaged by the earthquake. 9048: 7683:"Fukushima: Consequences of Systemic Problems in Nuclear Plant Design" 7017: 6847:"Securing the Bomb 2010: Securing All Nuclear Materials in Four Years" 4778: 3154:

Some major nuclear accidents were attributable in part to operator or

2308:

1990: Soreq, Israel; one fatality due to violation of safety rules at

2032: 1811:

Fuel rupture and fire at the National Research Universal reactor (NRU)

9428: 8993: 8866: 8701: 8648: 8638: 8599: 7781: 6636:"Uranium mining in Namibia: The mystery behind 'low level radiation'" 6612: 6239:"Oklahoma Town Ponders Impact of Nuclear Fuel Plant's Fatal Accident" 5989:"Decades Later, Sickness Among Airmen After a Hydrogen Bomb Accident" 3924: 3898: 3329:, hydroelectric plants were responsible for the most fatalities, but 3185: 3132: 3131:

medical radiotherapy equipment: the elimination of a hardware safety

3128: 3060: 2962: 2954: 2936: 2806: 2665: 2613: 2544:, a 23-kiloton air-deployed nuclear weapon detonated on July 1, 1946. 2465: 2419: 2365: 2330: 2323: 2309: 2295: 2238: 2084: 2039: 1757: 1625: 1601: 1570: 1423:

discovered in June 2010 that is believed to have been created by the

742: 459:. All 3 operators were killed when a control rod was removed too far. 7515:

Severe Accidents in the Energy Sector, Paul Scherrer Institut, 2001.

7213:"US to clean up Spanish radioactive site 49 years after plane crash" 5565:. Vol. II Scientific Annexes C, D, and E. United Nations. 2011. 5133:"Estimated cost of Fukushima disaster might balloon to ¥218 billion" 2468:

research irradiator was sold to a scrap metal dealer and dismantled.

2347:. The explosion released a cloud of radioactive gas. (INES level 4). 2343:

Reprocessing Complex, when a tank exploded while being cleaned with

1292:. The explosion took place in a furnace used to melt metallic waste. 198:(1985) accidents. Serious radiation incidents/accidents include the 98:. The prime example of a "major nuclear accident" is one in which a 9299: 8643: 8628: 8540: 8519: 7580: 7331:

Ortiz, Pedro; Friedrich, Vilmos; Wheatley, John; Oresegun, Modupe.

7118: 5668:

Nuclear War I and Other Major Nuclear Disasters of the 20th Century

3949: 3945: 3920: 3916: 3876: 3825: 3813: 3707: 3663: 3597: 3258: 3257:

Experts believe that up to 50 nuclear weapons were lost during the

3124: 2844: 2834: 2664:

In November 2007, burglars with unknown intentions infiltrated the

2581: 2505: 2387: 2191: 1554: 1440: 1210: 924: 801: 482: 7718:"Fukushima Crisis Worse for Atomic Power Than Chernobyl, UBS Says" 7632: 5324:"Legal Experts: Stuxnet Attack on Iran Was Illegal 'Act of Force'" 5191: 3478:

they would be out of space to safely store the radioactive water.

2534: 1654:

May 1946: Criticality accident at Los Alamos National Laboratory.

1125:

Severe corrosion of reactor vessel head forced 24-month outage of

899:

Malfunctions forced Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation to shut down

8921: 8392:

Full Body Burden: Growing Up in the Nuclear Shadow of Rocky Flats

7018:

Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S; Rasmussen, Norman C. (1975).

6978: 6575: 6080: 5899: 4994: 4811:. A preliminary assessment of major energy accidents, 1907–2007, 3886: 3859: 3506: 3319: 3019: 2830: 2794: 2788: 2340: 2278: 2080: 1921:

broke up in mid-air, dropping its nuclear payload in the process.

1733: 1621: 1416: 1151: 1055: 681: 649: 368: 274: 237:

The IAEA maintains a website reporting recent nuclear accidents.

46:

will take 40 or more years, and cost tens of billions of dollars.

7940:"Fukushima Water Contamination - Impacts on the U.S. West Coast" 7166:"The Fukushima Daiichi Accident. Report by the Director-General" 4621:"IAEA Scientific and Technical Publications of Special Interest" 4452:"Nuclear accidents call for transdisciplinary energy research", 2642:

For intentional or attempted theft of radioactive material, see

1412:

in a major city, causing significant loss of life and property.

1392:

has acknowledged the seriousness of the 2012 Plowshares action.

304: 7264:"Accidental Overexposure of Radiotherapy Patients in Bialystok" 6015:"Jan. 17, 1966: H-Bombs Rain Down on a Spanish Fishing Village" 4527:

Gusev, Igor; Guskova, Angelina; Mettler, Fred A. (2001-03-28).

3941: 3821: 3817: 3593: 3240: 3113: 2863: 2676: 2577: 2552:

Radioactive materials were accidentally released from the 1970

2513: 1637: 1443:

emails containing malicious codes, and information was stolen.

1428: 1415:

The number and sophistication of cyber attacks is on the rise.

1283: 1214: 995: 577: 5854:(Navy.mil weblist of Aug 2003 compilation from cruise reports) 4828:

https://www.cogentoa.com/article/10.1080/23312009.2018.1450944

4779:"National Geographic: Stories of Animals, Nature, and Culture" 3293:, and 4,000 deaths of members of the general public caused by 2386:

source managed to pass through the monitoring equipment in an

2207:, eight fatalities from overexposure to radiation from a lost 1466: 27:

Severe disruptive events involving fissile or fusile materials

8746: 8633: 7764:. National University of Singapore. p. 8. Archived from 6927:

Terrorists 'have attacked Pakistan nuclear sites three times'

5352:"UN inspectors arrive at Ukraine nuclear plant amid fighting" 3953: 3912: 3751: 3418:

in 2011), corresponding to the beginning of the operation of

3236: 3117: 3078: 3044: 2990: 2945: 2800: 2229: 2110: 2098:

reactor near meltdown. 9 people died, 83 people were injured.

2079:

was killed while trying to bail out. The bomber crashed onto

2020: 1817: 1783: 1772: 1743:

contaminated by fallout from Castle Bravo while sailing from

1702: 1698:

was one of the many people that helped clean up the accident.

1583:

Serious radiation and other accidents and incidents include:

1330:, civilian research reactors, certain naval fuel facilities, 1246: 1182: 1089: 959: 491:

Meltdown of some fuel elements in the Fermi 1 Reactor at the

442: 364: 8440:

Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy

6049:. International Radiation Protection Association. p. 6. 5577:"The Canadian Nuclear FAQ - Section D: Safety and Liability" 4303: 2520: 2291:

called it "one of the world's worst radiological incidents".

9485: 7857: 3278: 1632:

instantly and thousands more have died over the years from

1455: 1436: 1147: 518: 452: 147: 7330: 5892:"U.S. Confirms '65 Loss of H-Bomb Near Japanese Islands". 5376:

Marais, Estelle; Madsen, Michael Amdi (7 September 2022).

4564: 4562: 4448:

Gralla, Fabienne, Abson, David J., and Muller, Anders, P.

2489:

1 February 2014: Designed to last ten thousand years, the

2396:

September 1999: two fatalities at criticality accident at

7321:

Jungk, Robert. Brighter than a Thousand Suns. 1956. p.194

5868:

deck logs for aircraft carriers for the Vietnam Conflict.

5447:

Cameron L. Tracy, Megan K. Dustin & Rodney C. Ewing,

5149:... balloon to between ¥131.8 billion and ¥218.2 billion. 5044: 4530:

Medical Management of Radiation Accidents, Second Edition

4472: 3381: 2784: 2171:

and millions of gallons of mine effluent flowed into the

1691: 1277: 1237: 1205: 1173: 1142: 1111: 1080: 1046: 1011: 982: 950: 915: 881: 847: 817: 786: 737: 703: 675: 640: 604: 572: 540: 509: 473: 433: 398: 359: 266: 261:. The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is in the background. 8416:

In Mortal Hands: A Cautionary History of the Nuclear Age

8360:

Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis

5336:

Penny Hitchin, "Cyber attacks on the nuclear industry",

4845: 4513:. Database of Radiological Incidents and Related Events. 4264: 3342:, the three other most expensive accidents involved the 2961:) and a very small release of radioactivity occurred at 2152:, when he accidentally exposed his head directly to the 8552: 8549:

with search function and electronic public reading room

8546: 8480:

Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe

8424:

Making a Real Killing: Rocky Flats and the Nuclear West

8095:

Chernobyl: Assessment of Radiological and Health Impact

7485: 4559: 4478:"Fukushima, Flawed Epistemology, and Black-Swan Events" 3301:

in 1975 resulting in 170,000-230,000 fatalities alone.

3108:

Equipment failure is one possible type of accident. In

3073:, it was revealed in a court case that in March 2002 a 2576:, and ten on miscellaneous sites in the United States ( 2319:. Eleven fatalities and 27 other patients were injured. 2156:. He survived, despite suffering some long-term damage. 8344:

Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon

6483:. World Information Service on Energy, Uranium Project 5449:

Policy: Reassess New Mexico's nuclear-waste repository

3529: 1982:

were never recovered. It was not until the 1980s that

1506:

near Denver, Colorado. Public protests and a combined

121:

were constructed in 1954 and has been a key factor in

7938:

Kratchman, Jessica; Bernando, Robert (January 2015).

5467:"The lasting toll of Semipalatinsk's nuclear testing" 5350:

Fisch, Yesica; Gatapoulos, Derek (1 September 2022).

423:

0 direct, estimated up to 240 possible cancer victims

8448:

Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies

7756: 4083: 3289:

workers and members of the general public caused by

2723:

where at least one nuclear fuel element exceeds its

4585: 4583: 4526: 3430:the plants are more affordable and cost-effective. 3123:A related cause of accidents is failure of control 2944:area uninhabitable. In a smaller scale accident at 2350:1994: Tammiku, Estonia; one fatality from disposed 2134:, 10 fatalities, 88 injuries from cobalt-60 source. 1782:: Nuclear waste storage tank explosion at the same 964:A fire damaged the cooling system in unit 1 of the 319:

List of nuclear and radiation fatalities by country

265:The world's first nuclear reactor meltdown was the 8598: 8213:Ecocide in the USSR: health and nature under siege 8053: 8051: 7676: 7674: 7633:Jacobson, Mark Z. & Delucchi, Mark A. (2010). 6898: 6659:"WIPP radiation leak was never supposed to happen" 6605:"Our Work: Labour Resource and Research Institute" 6265: 6263: 6261: 6188:Brugge, Doug; deLemos, Jamie L.; Bui, Cat (2007). 5194:"The Future of Nuclear Power in the United States" 5192:Charles D. Ferguson & Frank A. Settle (2012). 4934: 4932: 4199:"Report Finds Japan Underestimated Tsunami Danger" 2197:1980: Houston radiotherapy accident, 7 fatalities. 1477:List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States 8529:(1993, Princeton University Press) by Scott Sagan 7937: 7604:"Coal Ash Is More Radioactive than Nuclear Waste" 7551:"Senator Reid tells America coal makes them sick" 7467:"- the Society for Radiological Protection - SRP" 6979:Bunn, Matthew & Col-Gen. E.P. Maslin (2010). 6633: 5526:Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments 5464: 5232: 4846:Wheatley, S.; Sovacool, B.; Sornette, D. (2016). 4177: 3043:after it was located in the sea off the coast of 2031:the B-52G carried, three were found on land near 1898:nuclear missile and shelter and contaminated the 1620:, was used against the city of Hiroshima, Japan. 1353:at a nuclear power plant, or sufficiently damage 9685: 8504:Nukespeak: Nuclear Language, Visions and Mindset 8210: 7734: 7333:"Orphan Radiation Sources Raise Global Concerns" 6478: 6187: 6041: 5882:at www.atomicarchive.com. Accessed Aug 24, 2007. 5175:Julia Mareike Neles, Christoph Pistner (Hrsg.), 5160:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5077:"Worker dies at damaged Fukushima nuclear plant" 4980: 4580: 4508: 4132:Consequences of the Chernobyl disaster in France 1033:Units 1 and 2, multiple equipment failures found 495:. Little radiation leakage into the environment. 8048: 7864:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7671: 6890: 6795: 6638:. Labor Resource and Research Institute (LaRRI) 6258: 6108:"Nuclear Spill At Juarez Looms As One Of Worst" 5783: 5349: 5221:: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy 5017:"UNSCEAR assessments of the Chernobyl accident" 4929: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 9464:Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll 8547:US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) website 7782:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2003). 7654: 7494:Center for Environmental & Risk Management 7362:"Safety & Security of Radioactive Sources" 7111:"Afrikantov OKBM Critical Test Facility Fails" 6412:"Facts and Details on Nuclear energy in Japan" 5261: 4665:"Chalk River: The Forgotten Nuclear Accidents" 4547: 4485:Ethics, Policy and Environment, Vol. 14, No. 3 4196: 2827:(civilian), California, United States, in 1959 2226:Ciudad Juárez cobalt-60 contamination incident 1526:, tipped on its side so the bottom is showing. 311:Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States 9265:Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll 9260:Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents 9202: 9064: 8584: 8432:Maralinga: Australia's Nuclear Waste Cover-up 8136: 6966:Washington Post, December 20, 2007, Op-Ed by 6275:"Time to better secure radioactive materials" 5964:America's Lost H-Bomb: Palomares, Spain, 1966 5912: 5834:Strengthening the Safety of Radiation Sources 4554:Strengthening the Safety of Radiation Sources 3460: 2797:(experimental), Idaho, United States, in 1954 1876:collided in midair with a KC-135 tanker near 1514:raid in 1989 stopped production at the plant. 1512:United States Environmental Protection Agency 305:List of nuclear plant accidents and incidents 7397:"The Radiological Accident in Samut Prakarn" 6972: 6900:"Pakistan's nuclear bases targeted by al-Qa" 6838: 6269: 6037: 6035: 5839: 5399: 5375: 4976:cs:Havárie elektrárny Jaslovské Bohunice A-1 4491: 4356: 2987:Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station 2414:: three deaths and ten injuries resulted in 1709:. Contamination of plant personnel occurred. 1608:6–9 August 1945: On the orders of President 9387:1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident 9270:Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country 8211:Feshbach, Murray; Friendly, Alfred (1992). 7715: 7680: 7228: 7226: 6686:. U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from 6324: 5630:"Jimmy Carter's exposure to nuclear danger" 5556:"Annex C: Radiation exposures in accidents" 5402:"The Human Plutonium Injection Experiments" 4890: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4716:"Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident" 4662: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4124:Category:Deaths by acute radiation syndrome 3239:, Iran where a radiography source harmed a 3215:Lost source accidents, also referred to as 1467:Radiation and other accidents and incidents 296:Social scientist and energy policy expert, 9209: 9195: 9071: 9057: 8591: 8577: 8553:International Atomic Energy Agency website 8263: 8057: 7628: 7626: 6872:"Incident and Trafficking Database (ITDB)" 6852:. President and Fellows of Harvard College 5490:. New York, N.Y: Delacorte Press. p. 5177:Kernenergie. Eine Technik für die Zukunft? 5139:. Archived from the original on 2018-03-23 5041:List of nuclear power accidents by country 4916: 4914: 4912: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4345:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 1986:revealed the loss of the one-megaton bomb. 1305: 315:List of nuclear power accidents by country 280:The worst nuclear accident to date is the 244: 9555:Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack 9532:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 9452:Three Mile Island accident health effects 8162:Krogh, Peter F. (Peter Frederic) (1994). 7893: 7875: 7576:"Deadly power plants? Study fuels debate" 7524: 6634:Shinbdondola-Mote, Hilma (January 2009). 6481:"Issues at Rössing Uranium Mine, Namibia" 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6213: 6105: 6032: 5938:"H-bomb incident crippled pilot's career" 4873: 4863: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 2652:Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack 2636: 2521:Worldwide nuclear weapons testing summary 1562:(indicated in red), which covers an area 1312:Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack 624:Three Mile Island accident health effects 9550:International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) 9393:Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident 8259: 8257: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7223: 6802:IAEA Illicit Trafficking Database (ITDB) 6684:"What Happened at WIPP in February 2014" 5986: 5187: 5185: 5069: 4795: 4522: 4520: 4419: 4390: 4062:Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident 4057:1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident 4035: 3268: 3142: 3030: 2918: 2627: 2607: 2547: 2533: 2524: 2329:1992: Jilin, China; three fatalities at 2218:Fernald Feed Materials Production Center 1947:Wood River Junction criticality accident 1643:August 1945: Criticality accident at US 1569: 1553: 1545: 1529: 1517: 1497: 1480: 1390:National Nuclear Security Administration 388:Estimated 200 possible cancer fatalities 248: 61: 49: 29: 9592:International Day against Nuclear Tests 9240:Crimes involving radioactive substances 9078: 8114:"Chernobyl floods put millions at risk" 8111: 7681:Diaz Maurin, François (26 March 2011). 7623: 7285: 6864: 6708: 6576:Labor Resource and Research Institute. 6550:. CRIIRAD EJOLT Project. Archived from 6325:Turai, István; Veress, Katalin (2001). 6237:Kennedy, J. Michael (January 8, 1986). 6236: 5742: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5483: 5465:Togzhan Kassenova (28 September 2009). 5400:Moss, William; Eckhardt, Roger (1995). 5277: 5095:"Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log" 4909: 4718:. World Health Organization. 2005-09-05 4602: 4600: 4598: 4509:Johnston, Robert (September 23, 2007). 4461: 2780:Other core meltdowns have occurred at: 2175:, and contaminants traveled downstream. 1716:shot of 1954 which spread considerable 493:Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station 123:public concern about nuclear facilities 14: 9686: 9382:Instituto Oncológico Nacional#Accident 8932:Wireless electronic devices and health 8352:Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power 8336:Chernobyl. Vengeance of peaceful atom. 8107: 8105: 7601:Scientific American, December 13, 2007 7291: 6896: 6771: 6303: 6042:Ricks, Robert C.; et al. (2000). 5961: 5829: 5827: 5664: 5477: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5219:Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power 4371: 3177:performed a risky experiment known as 2694: 2442:9 May 2005: it was announced that the 2422:radiation-therapy unit was dismantled. 2251:4 January 1986: an overloaded tank at 102:is damaged and significant amounts of 68:Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant 9190: 9052: 8572: 8254: 8235: 8161: 8139:"Establishing the crime of 'ecocide'" 7924: 7759:"Second Thoughts About Nuclear Power" 7757:Benjamin K. Sovacool (January 2011). 7744:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7446:"IAEA Topical Booklets and Overviews" 6814: 6656: 6138: 5935: 5929: 5690: 5688: 5640: 5508: 5316: 5226: 5182: 5179:, Berlin – Heidelberg 2012, S. 114 f. 5057:Pons, Mercè Pérez (18 October 2014). 4938: 4517: 4336: 4334: 3485: 3433: 1846:. Fire in a fuel processing facility. 1257:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant 340: 9587:History of the anti-nuclear movement 8958:List of civilian radiation accidents 8927:Wireless device radiation and health 8922:Biological dose units and quantities 8872:Electromagnetic radiation and health 8368:Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy 7949:. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 7737:"Normal Accidents by Charles Perrow" 7728: 7418:"The Radiological Accident in Gilan" 6753: 6141:"Killed By A Machine: The Therac-25" 6053: 6012: 6006: 5777: 5531: 5245: 5207: 5130: 5111: 5056: 4595: 4590:The Radiological Accident in Goiania 4119:Radiation poisoning (disambiguation) 4052:European Committee on Radiation Risk 3807:Cognitive impairment > 24 h 3468:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 3426:in use is old due to these reasons. 3285:workers, 1,200 on-the-job deaths of 3103: 1473:List of civilian radiation accidents 335:Description of accident or incident 9245:Criticality accidents and incidents 9140:Radiation-induced cognitive decline 8541:U.S. Nuclear Accidents (lutins.org) 8102: 7234:"The Cold War's Missing Atom Bombs" 7195:"Road container 'leaked radiation'" 7054:"The Criticality Accident in Sarov" 6787:United States Department of Justice 5824: 5712: 5665:Newtan, Samuel Upton (2007-06-01). 5423: 5384: 5300: 5233:Kennette Benedict (9 August 2012). 4941:"History's Worst Nuclear Disasters" 4663:Guillemette, Mélissa (2022-07-13). 4359:"The Nuclear Ups and Downs of 2011" 4178:Richard Schiffman (12 March 2013). 3658:— (patients die in < 48 h) 3530:Effects of acute radiation exposure 3516: 3304:As other common sources of energy, 2699: 2359:Radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica 1191:killed 4 workers and injured 7 more 208:radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica 24: 9349:Nuclear power accidents by country 8907:Radioactivity in the life sciences 8319: 8304:Merck Manuals Professional Edition 7404:International Atomic Energy Agency 7369:International Atomic Energy Agency 7340:International Atomic Energy Agency 7271:International Atomic Energy Agency 7173:International Atomic Energy Agency 7061:International Atomic Energy Agency 6876:International Atomic Energy Agency 6391:International Atomic Energy Agency 5769:Listing of B-52 crashes since 1957 5696:"Perhaps the Worst, Not the First" 5685: 4656: 4357:Matthew Wald (February 29, 2012). 4331: 4072:List of military nuclear accidents 3455: 3406:) in the world since 1970 (one at 3352:Three Mile Island nuclear accident 3248:International Atomic Energy Agency 3181:which involved two hemispheres of 3096:). The accident was designated a " 2770:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 2289:International Atomic Energy Agency 2042:. The fourth, which fell into the 1831:at Los Alamos National Laboratory. 84:International Atomic Energy Agency 25: 9720: 9709:Radiation accidents and incidents 9581:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 8534: 8496:Nuclear Weapons: The Road to Zero 8472:Nuclear Power and the Environment 7809:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 7661:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 7359: 7244:from the original on 27 June 2019 6711:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 6602: 6194:American Journal of Public Health 5940:. Palm Beach Post. Archived from 5913:Vinod K. Jose (1 December 2010). 5791:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5471:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5338:Nuclear Engineering International 5239:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5201:Federation of American Scientists 4921:Timeline: Nuclear plant accidents 4109:International Nuclear Event Scale 3804:Cognitive impairment 6–20 h 3438: 3357: 2878:Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant 2858:Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant 2841:Chapelcross nuclear power station 2317:radiotherapy accident in Zaragoza 2071:. The aircraft was carrying four 1940:radiation accident in Mexico City 1829:Cecil Kelley criticality accident 1596:was one of several subjects of a 1504:Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant 1388:plants in the United States. The 1359:Federation of American Scientists 1266: 1029:Leaking valve forced shutdown of 770:Effects of the Chernobyl disaster 224:radiation accident in Mexico City 212:radiotherapy accident in Zaragoza 94:release to the environment, or a 9670: 9669: 9659: 9442:Kramatorsk radiological accident 8292: 8229: 8204: 8180: 8155: 8130: 8086: 8072:10.1097/00004032-199607000-00001 8027: 8009: 7985: 7961: 7910: 7851: 7822: 7797: 7775: 7750: 7709: 7655:Hugh Gusterson (16 March 2011). 7648: 7595: 7568: 7543: 7518: 7509: 7500: 7459: 7438: 7410: 7389: 7353: 7324: 7315: 7256: 7205: 7187: 7158: 7133: 7103: 7075: 7046: 7028: 7011: 6998: 6960: 6936: 6919: 6897:Nelson, Dean (August 11, 2009). 6844: 6702: 6676: 6650: 6627: 6596: 6569: 6532: 6435:. 6 October 2006. Archived from 6161: 6139:Fabio, Adam (October 26, 2015). 6106:Blakeslee, Sandra (1984-05-01). 5987:Phillips, Dave (June 19, 2016). 5059:"La nit més llarga de Vandellòs" 4086: 3965: 3657: 3188:being brought together around a 3127:, as in the cases involving the 2502:State Central Navy Testing Range 2444:Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant 2187:Kramatorsk radiological accident 2046:, was recovered intact after a 2 1452:Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant 1372:become preferred targets during 457:National Reactor Testing Station 9694:Nuclear accidents and incidents 9344:List of orphan source incidents 8137:Josef Rybacki (February 2021). 8035:"Fukushima: Radiation Exposure" 7969:"How Radioactive is Our Ocean?" 7687:Economic & Political Weekly 6907:from the original on 2022-01-12 6761:"Gallery of U.S. Nuclear Tests" 6495: 6472: 6454: 6422: 6404: 6376: 6348: 6285: 6230: 6181: 6169:. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 6155: 6132: 6099: 6068: 6013:Long, Tony (January 17, 2008). 5980: 5955: 5936:Hayes, Ron (January 17, 2007). 5906: 5885: 5873: 5762: 5736: 5706: 5658: 5622: 5593: 5569: 5458: 5441: 5369: 5343: 5330: 5169: 5124: 5105: 5087: 5050: 5033: 5009: 4969: 4951: 4839: 4820: 4771: 4750: 4729: 4708: 4683: 4642: 4613: 4610:, Vol. 328, 7 May 2010, p. 679. 4442: 4197:Martin Fackler (June 1, 2011). 3211:List of orphan source incidents 2803:, Idaho, United States, in 1955 2714:A nuclear meltdown is a severe 2412:Samut Prakan radiation accident 2262:reactor almost had a meltdown. 1508:Federal Bureau of Investigation 228:Samut Prakan radiation accident 8098:. Nuclear Energy Agency. 2002. 7469:. 4 March 2009. Archived from 5966:. Sunflower University Press. 5812:10.1080/00963402.1975.11458238 5131:Jiji, Kyodo (March 24, 2018). 5039:See in the referenced article 4997:. 6 April 2011. pp. 64–65 4350: 4297: 4236: 4211: 4190: 4171: 4143: 4067:List of nuclear whistleblowers 3264: 3204: 3138: 2688:Alexander Litvinenko poisoning 2464:, India, one fatality after a 2462:Mayapuri radiological accident 2161:Church Rock Uranium Mill Spill 2132:Columbus radiotherapy accident 2061:1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash 1645:Los Alamos National Laboratory 1380:since 1980 by the peace group 556:Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant 284:which occurred in 1986 in the 232:Mayapuri radiological accident 80:nuclear and radiation accident 13: 1: 9704:Non-combat military accidents 9666:Nuclear technology portal 9176:Radiation dose reconstruction 9145:Radiation-induced lung injury 8555:with extensive online library 7784:"The Future of Nuclear Power" 7716:James Paton (April 4, 2011). 6731:10.1080/00963402.2018.1486616 6657:Fleck, John (March 8, 2013). 6293:"The Worst Nuclear Disasters" 5786:"Big Bangs from Little Bombs" 5715:"Tracking Our Nuclear Legacy" 4963:Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu 4939:Cohen, Jennie (6 June 2023). 4896:Benjamin K. Sovacool (2009). 4432:"The Worst Nuclear Disasters" 4137: 3966:— (patients die in < 48h) 3386:Fukushima I nuclear accidents 2969: 2890:have had nuclear core melts: 2825:Santa Susana Field Laboratory 2763:Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant 2473:Fukushima I nuclear accidents 2430:Instituto Oncologico Nacional 2357:August — December 1996: 2205:Radiation accident in Morocco 1972:1965 Philippine Sea A-4 crash 1954:Santa Susana Field Laboratory 1851:Santa Susana Field Laboratory 1836:Santa Susana Field Laboratory 1558:The 18,000 km expanse of the 1031:Millstone Nuclear Power Plant 966:Vandellòs Nuclear Power Plant 216:radiation accident in Morocco 106:are released, such as in the 88:lethal effects to individuals 9436:Andreev Bay nuclear accident 9423:Chazhma Bay nuclear accident 7920:. European Commission. 2000. 7836:. 2019-06-29. Archived from 7553:. 2008-07-10. Archived from 7496:. University of East Anglia. 7141:"Nuclear "Station Blackout"" 5902:. May 9, 1989. p. A–27. 5847:"Ticonderoga Cruise Reports" 5784:Barry Schneider (May 1975). 5648:"The evacuation of Rongelap" 5112:Rich, Motoko (Sep 6, 2018). 4393:Journal of Contemporary Asia 3671:None to mild (< 10%) 3179:"tickling the dragon's tail" 3077:source was transported from 3026: 2339:April 1993: accident at the 2277:. In the cleanup operation, 1900:BOMARC Missile Accident Site 1892:1960 Fort Dix IM-99 accident 1221:Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant 34:Following the 2011 Japanese 7: 9699:Nuclear safety and security 9370:Nyonoksa radiation accident 8795:Cosmic background radiation 8488:Nuclear War Survival Skills 8464:Nuclear Politics in America 8112:Edwards, Rob (1996-03-23). 8037:. World Nuclear Association 7973:www.ourradioactiveocean.org 7693:(13): 10–12. Archived from 6944:"IOL | Pretoria News | IOL" 5962:Maydew, Randall C. (1997). 5223:, World Scientific, p. 192. 4044: 3759:Moderate increase (10–100%) 3051:and recovered in April 1966 3004:pilot-operated relief valve 2880:(civilian), France, in 1980 2860:(civilian), France, in 1969 2641: 2498:Nyonoksa radiation accident 2491:Waste Isolation Pilot Plant 1435:'s nuclear plant operator ( 1324:nuclear safety and security 935:Calvert Cliff Units 1 and 2 723:Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant 479:Frenchtown Charter Township 10: 9725: 9642:Russell–Einstein Manifesto 9565:Films about nuclear issues 9560:Books about nuclear issues 9448:Three Mile Island accident 9376:Fukushima nuclear accident 9255:Military nuclear accidents 9250:Nuclear meltdown accidents 9024: 8882:Lasers and aviation safety 8164:"Ecocide: a Soviet legacy" 7657:"The lessons of Fukushima" 6765:The Nuclear Weapon Archive 5915:"River Deep Mountain High" 5865:The National Archives hold 5743:McInroy, James F. (1995), 5435:Columbia Journalism Review 4691:"Will Chernobyl Ever End?" 4028:2 days – 2 weeks 3587: 3461:Fukushima Daiichi accident 3361: 3295:hydroelectric power plants 3208: 2948:a technician working with 2748:Three Mile Island accident 2703: 2649: 2572:, over 900 of them at the 2437:Mihama Nuclear Power Plant 2428:August 2000 – March 2001: 2398:Tokaimura nuclear accident 2253:Sequoyah Fuels Corporation 1683:. This was the first such 1598:human radiation experiment 1470: 1315: 1309: 1253:Fukushima nuclear disaster 1189:Mihama Nuclear Power Plant 1095:Tokaimura nuclear accident 866:Peach Bottom units 2 and 3 308: 144:Three Mile Island accident 136:Fukushima nuclear disaster 112:Fukushima nuclear disaster 36:Fukushima nuclear disaster 9655: 9602:Nuclear-Free Future Award 9540: 9511:Totskoye nuclear exercise 9357: 9339:Sunken nuclear submarines 9224: 9153: 9122: 9086: 9022: 8986: 8950: 8912:Radioactive contamination 8837: 8765:Electromagnetic radiation 8755: 8667: 8614: 8607: 8248:10.13140/RG.2.1.1259.6248 8236:Bugai, Dmitri A. (2014). 8215:. New York: Basic Books. 7735:Daniel E Whitney (2003). 7008:, v. 35, p.953-954, 2007. 6513:. CRIIRAD. Archived from 4817:36 (2008), pp. 1802-1820. 4474:Kristin Shrader-Frechette 4405:10.1080/00472331003798350 4094:Nuclear technology portal 3970: 3762:Moderate to severe (100%) 3542: 3539: 3536: 3094:1966 Palomares B-52 crash 2821:Sodium Reactor Experiment 2765:, Ukraine, USSR, in 1986. 2754:, United States, in 1979. 2718:accident that results in 2380:radioactive contamination 2089:radioactive contamination 2001:1966 Palomares B-52 crash 1911:Goldsboro, North Carolina 1907:1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash 1336:radioactive contamination 1156:Collapse of fuel rods at 833:Surry Nuclear Power Plant 334: 331: 290:World Health Organization 56:radioactive contamination 9135:Radiation-induced cancer 9025:See also the categories 8963:1996 Costa Rica accident 8624:Acoustic radiation force 7525:Shellenberger, Michael. 7298:. New York: Free Press. 6206:10.2105/ajph.2006.103044 5484:Welsome, Eileen (1999). 4077:Acute radiation syndrome 3291:natural gas power plants 3250:has provided guides for 2981:accident can damage the 2837:, United States, in 1966 2813:, England, in 1957 (see 2478:17 January 2014: At the 2336:1992: USA; one fatality. 1949:. Resulted in 1 fatality 1764:, which resulted in the 1712:1 March 1954: The 15 Mt 1600:, and was injected with 1158:Paks Nuclear Power Plant 831:Feedwater pipe break at 271:Chalk River Laboratories 9617:Nuclear power phase-out 8937:Radiation heat-transfer 8790:Gravitational radiation 7877:10.1073/pnas.1112058108 6611:. LaRII. Archived from 6017:. WIRED. Archived from 5326:. Wired. 25 March 2013. 5267:Brian Michael Jenkins. 3958:Electrolyte disturbance 3937:Electrolyte disturbance 3287:natural gas power plant 2950:highly enriched uranium 2854:, Switzerland, in 1969. 2566:nuclear weapons testing 2410:January–February 2000: 2065:United States Air Force 1705:, former Soviet Union. 1560:Semipalatinsk Test Site 1306:Nuclear reactor attacks 1219:An electrical fault at 245:Nuclear plant accidents 54:Pathways from airborne 9622:Nuclear weapons debate 8978:1990 Zaragoza accident 8973:1984 Moroccan accident 8942:Linear energy transfer 8616:Non-ionizing radiation 7997:world-nuclear-news.org 7722:Bloomberg Businessweek 7006:Critical Care Medicine 6479:WISE Uranium Project. 6418:on September 11, 2013. 4455:Sustainability Science 4223:World-nuclear-news.org 3715:Mild to moderate (50%) 3420:generation II reactors 3414:in 1986; and three at 3344:Exxon Valdez oil spill 3274: 3225:Samut Prakan, Thailand 3151: 3052: 2774:earthquake and tsunami 2727:. This differs from a 2637:Trafficking and thefts 2633: 2625: 2612:This view of downtown 2561: 2554:Baneberry Nuclear Test 2545: 2531: 2260:Soviet submarine K-219 2246:Soviet submarine K-431 2169:radioactive mill waste 2103:Yankee class submarine 1938:21 March–August 1962: 1813:, Chalk River, Canada. 1580: 1567: 1551: 1543: 1527: 1515: 1495: 1364:passive nuclear safety 901:Nine Mile Point Unit 1 262: 253:The abandoned city of 156:accidents include the 134:accidents include the 75: 59: 47: 9480:K-19 nuclear accident 9275:Nuclear weapons tests 8968:1987 Goiânia accident 8770:Synchrotron radiation 8760:Earth's energy budget 8742:Radioactive materials 8737:Particle accelerators 7947:Japan Lessons Learned 7292:Tucker, Todd (2009). 5773:KSLA News, Channel 12 5713:Laramee, Eve Andree. 5654:on February 13, 2007. 5429:"The Media & Me: 5306:Nicholas D. Kristof. 5297:May 22, 2007, p. 338. 5274:, September 11, 2008. 3810:Rapid incapacitation 3677:Heavy (> 95%) 3674:Heavy (> 10%) 3272: 3235:source was lost, and 3146: 3034: 2919:Criticality accidents 2776:in Japan, March 2011. 2737:criticality excursion 2631: 2611: 2551: 2537: 2528: 2382:in Southern Spain. A 2364:1996: an accident at 2333:irradiation facility. 2326:irradiation facility. 2312:irradiation facility. 2298:irradiation facility. 2096:Soviet submarine K-27 2059:21 January 1968: the 1999:17 January 1966: the 1926:soviet submarine K-19 1919:Mark 39 nuclear bombs 1905:24 January 1961: the 1878:Hardinsburg, Kentucky 1760:fire occurred at the 1670:Convair B-36B crashed 1573: 1557: 1549: 1533: 1521: 1501: 1484: 1450:caused damage to the 1290:Marcoule Nuclear Site 332:Location of accident 252: 72:an earthquake in 2007 65: 53: 44:difficult cleanup job 33: 9612:Nuclear power debate 9474:Cuban Missile Crisis 9325:in the United States 9171:Radiation protection 9039:Radiation protection 8892:Radiation protection 8780:Black-body radiation 8687:Background radiation 8602:(physics and health) 8527:The Limits of Safety 8512:On Nuclear Terrorism 8266:American Ethnologist 8168:Great Decisions 1994 7240:. 14 November 2008. 7201:. February 17, 2006. 7021:Reactor Safety Study 5636:on October 28, 2012. 5340:, 15 September 2015. 5253:After A Nuclear 9/11 5235:"Civil disobedience" 5214:Benjamin K. Sovacool 4809:Benjamin K. Sovacool 4114:Nuclear power debate 3370:nuclear power plants 3194:criticality accident 3008:containment building 2925:criticality accident 2729:fuel element failure 2539:Operation Crossroads 2480:Rössing Uranium Mine 2150:particle accelerator 1868:October 15, 1959, a 1707:Criticality accident 1676:after jettisoning a 1668:13 February 1950: a 1347:September 11 attacks 1328:Nuclear power plants 1066:Crystal River Unit 3 554:Electrical error in 298:Benjamin K. Sovacool 104:radioactive isotopes 9597:Nuclear close calls 9114:Biological timeline 9080:Radiation poisoning 9009:Radiation hardening 8951:Radiation incidents 8887:Medical radiography 8846:Radiation syndrome 8800:Cherenkov radiation 7870:(49): 19530–19534. 7609:Scientific American 7040:Merriam-webster.com 6826:In Focus: Chernobyl 6792:– updated regularly 6723:2018BuAtS..74d.262I 6663:Albuquerque Journal 6021:on December 3, 2008 5895:The Washington Post 5804:1975BuAtS..31e..24S 5487:The plutonium files 5438:, March/April 1994. 5256:The Washington Post 4959:"Nuclear Accidents" 4875:20.500.11850/123066 4347:, 2009, 34, p. 136. 3881:Moderate to severe 3311:Scientific American 2989:a recent shutdown ( 2695:Accident categories 2596:in the case of the 2378:was an incident of 2315:December 16, 1990: 2056:-month-long search. 1915:B-52 Stratofortress 1778:29 September 1957: 1685:nuclear weapon loss 1448:Battle of Enerhodar 1446:In March 2022, the 1187:Steam explosion at 1127:Davis-Besse reactor 325: 132:nuclear power plant 9505:Operation Plumbbob 9468:Operation Fishbowl 9405:Chernobyl disaster 9161:Dose fractionation 9004:Radioactive source 8825:Radiation exposure 8805:Askaryan radiation 8785:Particle radiation 8669:Ionizing radiation 8376:Fallout Protection 8278:10.1111/amet.12269 7360:Dicus, Greta Joy. 7219:. 19 October 2015. 7145:All Things Nuclear 7121:on 18 January 2020 6933:(August 11, 2009). 6807:2014-11-05 at the 6520:on 18 January 2020 6273:(March 26, 2012). 6112:The New York Times 5993:The New York Times 5917:. Caravan Magazine 5752:Los Alamos Science 5601:"The NRX Incident" 5520:2013-02-24 at the 5455:, 13 January 2016. 5409:Los Alamos Science 5311:The New York Times 5293:2010-06-07 at the 5118:The New York Times 4903:2014-08-08 at the 4865:10.1111/risa.12587 4833:2018-09-13 at the 4592:p. 2, Pub.iaea.org 4364:The New York Times 4204:The New York Times 3486:Chernobyl accident 3472:Eureka, California 3434:Ecological impacts 3348:Prestige oil spill 3275: 3183:neutron-reflective 3152: 3053: 3037:thermonuclear bomb 2985:: for example, at 2941:Chernobyl accident 2888:nuclear submarines 2868:Jaslovské Bohunice 2759:Chernobyl disaster 2710:Design-basis event 2671:In February 2006, 2634: 2626: 2562: 2546: 2532: 2237:1985 to 1987: The 2185:1980 to 1989: The 2109:10 December 1968: 2017:mid-air refuelling 1942:, four fatalities. 1933:Sedan nuclear test 1827:30 December 1958: 1816:10 February 1958: 1756:September 1957: a 1726:Daigo Fukuryū Maru 1690:12 December 1952: 1634:radiation sickness 1630:military personnel 1581: 1568: 1552: 1544: 1528: 1516: 1496: 1487:Joseph G. Hamilton 1378:civil disobedience 1332:uranium enrichment 1278:September 12, 2011 1265:1,255–2,078 (2018 1086:Ibaraki Prefecture 1081:September 30, 1999 641:September 15, 1984 578:Jaslovské Bohunice 360:September 29, 1957 338:Numbers of deaths 323: 282:Chernobyl disaster 277:, Canada in 1952. 263: 259:Chernobyl disaster 140:Chernobyl disaster 108:Chernobyl disaster 82:is defined by the 76: 60: 48: 9681: 9680: 9607:Nuclear-free zone 9570:Anti-war movement 9526:Rocky Flats Plant 9184: 9183: 9046: 9045: 9027:Radiation effects 8897:Radiation therapy 8833: 8832: 8775:Thermal radiation 8712:Neutron radiation 8677:Radioactive decay 8222:978-0-465-01664-8 7697:on 11 August 2012 7305:978-1-4165-4433-3 7042:. 11 August 2023. 6903:. The Telegraph. 6790:. 16 August 2013. 6244:Los Angeles Times 5973:978-0-89745-214-4 5678:978-1-4259-8512-7 5501:978-0-385-31402-2 5313:, March 10, 2004. 5258:, March 25, 2008. 4540:978-1-4200-3719-7 4317:978-1-57331-757-3 4042: 4041: 3867:Mild to moderate 3416:Fukushima-Daiichi 3408:Three Mile Island 3350:(Spain), and the 3306:coal power plants 3171:Manhattan Project 3169:In 1946 Canadian 3104:Equipment failure 2791:, Canada, in 1952 2376:Acerinox accident 2044:Mediterranean Sea 2019:off the coast of 1890:7 June 1960: the 1762:Rocky Flats Plant 1564:the size of Wales 1524:Rocky Flats Plant 1458:Director General 1400:materials on the 1394:Non-proliferation 1374:military conflict 1318:Nuclear terrorism 1303: 1302: 1112:February 16, 2002 1047:September 2, 1996 1012:February 20, 1996 882:December 19, 1987 610:Three Mile Island 455:prototype at the 154:Nuclear submarine 96:reactor core melt 16:(Redirected from 9716: 9673: 9672: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9493:Kyshtym disaster 9488:nuclear meltdown 9415:Related articles 9399:Goiânia accident 9211: 9204: 9197: 9188: 9187: 9073: 9066: 9059: 9050: 9049: 8987:Related articles 8902:Radiation damage 8727:Nuclear reactors 8612: 8611: 8593: 8586: 8579: 8570: 8569: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8261: 8252: 8251: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8198: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8109: 8100: 8099: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8055: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7944: 7935: 7922: 7921: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7897: 7879: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7816: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7788: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7763: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7741: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7678: 7669: 7668: 7663:. 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Archived from 6322: 6301: 6300: 6299:. 25 March 2009. 6289: 6283: 6282: 6267: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6217: 6200:(9): 1595–1600. 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6162:Shum, Edward Y. 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6084:. Archived from 6072: 6066: 6065:, September 2003 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6039: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5862: 5861: 5855: 5849:. Archived from 5843: 5837: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5781: 5775: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5749: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5721:. Archived from 5710: 5704: 5703: 5692: 5683: 5682: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5650:. Archived from 5644: 5638: 5637: 5632:. Archived from 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5607:. 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Archived from 4617: 4611: 4604: 4593: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4566: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4506: 4489: 4488: 4482: 4476:(October 2011). 4470: 4459: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4438:. 25 March 2009. 4428: 4417: 4416: 4388: 4369: 4368: 4354: 4348: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4285: 4278: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4248: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4155: 4147: 4103:Genpatsu-shinsai 4096: 4091: 4090: 4089: 3847:< 7 days 3633:< 10 min 3534: 3533: 3517:Impact on people 3410:in 1979; one at 3394:Normal Accidents 3354:(Pennsylvania). 3327:energy accidents 3316:toxic coal waste 3297:with failure of 3283:coal power plant 3221:Goiânia accident 3149:Slotin excursion 3050: 2933:enriched uranium 2929:fissile material 2866:, (civilian) at 2706:Nuclear meltdown 2700:Nuclear meltdown 2679:was arrested in 2647: 2622:Nevada Test Site 2574:Nevada Test Site 2558:Nevada Test Site 2271:Goiania accident 2269:September 1987: 2139:Anatoli Bugorski 2055: 2054: 2050: 2011:collided with a 2003:occurred when a 1980:B43 nuclear bomb 1780:Kyshtym disaster 1674:British Columbia 1542:in January 1960. 1370:Nuclear reactors 1279: 1268: 1239: 1207: 1179:Fukui Prefecture 1175: 1144: 1117:Oak Harbor, Ohio 1113: 1082: 1048: 1013: 992:Leningrad Oblast 984: 952: 951:October 19, 1989 917: 883: 849: 835:killed 4 workers 819: 818:December 9, 1986 788: 739: 705: 677: 642: 606: 574: 542: 541:December 7, 1975 511: 510:January 21, 1969 475: 435: 400: 399:October 10, 1957 379:Kyshtym disaster 361: 326: 322: 257:, following the 255:Pripyat, Ukraine 220:Goiania accident 200:Kyshtym disaster 146:(1979), and the 119:nuclear reactors 21: 18:Nuclear accident 9724: 9723: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9677: 9660: 9658: 9651: 9627:Peace activists 9542: 9536: 9361: 9359: 9353: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9220: 9215: 9185: 9180: 9166:Radioresistance 9149: 9118: 9082: 9077: 9047: 9042: 9041: 9018: 9014:Havana syndrome 8999:Nuclear physics 8982: 8946: 8839: 8829: 8815:Unruh radiation 8751: 8732:Nuclear weapons 8717:Nuclear fission 8663: 8603: 8597: 8537: 8532: 8322: 8320:Further reading 8317: 8308: 8306: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8262: 8255: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8209: 8205: 8196: 8194: 8186: 8185: 8181: 8172: 8170: 8160: 8156: 8147: 8145: 8135: 8131: 8122: 8120: 8110: 8103: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8056: 8049: 8040: 8038: 8033: 8032: 8028: 8015: 8014: 8010: 8001: 7999: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7977: 7975: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7952: 7950: 7942: 7936: 7925: 7916: 7915: 7911: 7856: 7852: 7843: 7841: 7834:Disruptor Daily 7828: 7827: 7823: 7814: 7812: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7786: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7761: 7755: 7751: 7739: 7733: 7729: 7714: 7710: 7700: 7698: 7679: 7672: 7667:on 6 June 2013. 7653: 7649: 7637: 7631: 7624: 7615: 7613: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7587: 7585: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7560: 7558: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7535: 7533: 7523: 7519: 7514: 7510: 7505: 7501: 7490: 7486: 7476: 7474: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7429: 7427: 7420: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7381: 7379: 7378:on July 9, 2011 7375: 7364: 7358: 7354: 7346: 7335: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7306: 7290: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7273:. 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AuthorHouse. 5663: 5659: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5614: 5612: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5585: 5583: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5532: 5522:Wayback Machine 5513: 5509: 5502: 5482: 5478: 5463: 5459: 5446: 5442: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5404: 5398: 5385: 5374: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5348: 5344: 5335: 5331: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5305: 5301: 5295:Wayback Machine 5282: 5278: 5269:A Nuclear 9/11? 5266: 5262: 5250: 5246: 5231: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5196: 5190: 5183: 5174: 5170: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5137:The Japan Times 5129: 5125: 5110: 5106: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5055: 5051: 5043:, the official 5038: 5034: 5025: 5023: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4970: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4937: 4930: 4926:, 11 July 2006. 4919: 4910: 4905:Wayback Machine 4895: 4891: 4844: 4840: 4835:Wayback Machine 4825: 4821: 4807: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4721: 4719: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4700: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4675: 4673: 4661: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4634: 4632: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4605: 4596: 4588: 4581: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4525: 4518: 4507: 4492: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4458:, January 2015. 4447: 4443: 4430: 4429: 4420: 4389: 4372: 4355: 4351: 4339: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4302: 4298: 4289: 4287: 4286:on May 15, 2011 4283: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4195: 4191: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4128: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4047: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3950:Severe diarrhea 3948: 3944: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3871: 3841:28–31 days 3721:Severe (80–90%) 3532: 3519: 3488: 3463: 3458: 3456:Impact on water 3441: 3436: 3366: 3360: 3267: 3231:, Peru where a 3213: 3207: 3141: 3106: 3048: 3029: 2979:loss of coolant 2972: 2921: 2733:loss of coolant 2716:nuclear reactor 2712: 2704:Main articles: 2702: 2697: 2654: 2639: 2523: 2496:8 August 2019: 2435:9 August 2004: 2264:Sergei Preminin 2141:was working on 2052: 2048: 2047: 1874:nuclear weapons 1718:nuclear fallout 1701:15 March 1953: 1610:Harry S. Truman 1479: 1469: 1398:Nuclear weapons 1386:nuclear weapons 1320: 1314: 1308: 933:Inspections at 823:Surry, Virginia 751:Vyshhorod Raion 747:Chernobyl Raion 589: 573:January 5, 1976 474:October 5, 1966 434:January 3, 1961 352: 346: 344: 342: 321: 307: 247: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9722: 9712: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9679: 9678: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9632:Peace movement 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9546: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9499:Windscale fire 9495: 9489: 9482: 9476: 9470: 9460: 9458:Lucens reactor 9454: 9444: 9438: 9432: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9417: 9412: 9401: 9395: 9389: 9384: 9378: 9372: 9365: 9363: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9315:United Kingdom 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9236: 9234: 9222: 9221: 9214: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9191: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9157: 9155: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9130:Radiation burn 9126: 9124: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9083: 9076: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9053: 9044: 9043: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8990: 8988: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8862:Health physics 8859: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8843: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8827: 8822: 8820:Dark radiation 8817: 8812: 8810:Bremsstrahlung 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8722:Nuclear fusion 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8692:Alpha particle 8689: 8684: 8679: 8673: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8596: 8595: 8588: 8581: 8573: 8567: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8550: 8544: 8536: 8535:External links 8533: 8531: 8530: 8524: 8516: 8508: 8500: 8492: 8484: 8476: 8468: 8460: 8452: 8444: 8436: 8428: 8420: 8412: 8404: 8396: 8388: 8380: 8372: 8364: 8356: 8348: 8340: 8332: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8291: 8272:(1): 144–157. 8253: 8228: 8221: 8203: 8179: 8154: 8129: 8101: 8085: 8060:Health Physics 8047: 8026: 8008: 7984: 7960: 7923: 7909: 7850: 7821: 7796: 7774: 7771:on 2013-01-16. 7749: 7727: 7708: 7670: 7647: 7622: 7594: 7567: 7542: 7517: 7508: 7499: 7484: 7458: 7437: 7409: 7388: 7352: 7323: 7314: 7304: 7284: 7255: 7222: 7204: 7186: 7157: 7132: 7102: 7074: 7045: 7027: 7010: 6997: 6971: 6959: 6935: 6918: 6889: 6878:. 2 April 2019 6863: 6837: 6813: 6794: 6770: 6752: 6717:(4): 262–275. 6701: 6675: 6649: 6626: 6609:April 25, 2013 6595: 6568: 6531: 6511:April 11, 2012 6494: 6471: 6453: 6421: 6403: 6375: 6347: 6302: 6284: 6257: 6229: 6180: 6154: 6131: 6098: 6067: 6052: 6031: 6005: 5979: 5972: 5954: 5928: 5905: 5884: 5872: 5838: 5823: 5776: 5761: 5735: 5705: 5684: 5677: 5657: 5639: 5621: 5592: 5568: 5530: 5507: 5500: 5476: 5457: 5440: 5422: 5383: 5368: 5342: 5329: 5315: 5308:A Nuclear 9/11 5299: 5276: 5260: 5244: 5225: 5206: 5181: 5168: 5123: 5104: 5086: 5068: 5049: 5032: 5008: 4979: 4968: 4950: 4928: 4908: 4889: 4838: 4819: 4794: 4770: 4749: 4728: 4707: 4695:The New Yorker 4682: 4655: 4641: 4612: 4594: 4579: 4558: 4546: 4539: 4516: 4490: 4460: 4441: 4418: 4399:(3): 369–400. 4370: 4349: 4330: 4316: 4296: 4263: 4235: 4210: 4189: 4170: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4098: 4097: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4031:1–2 days 4029: 4026: 4025:2–4 weeks 4023: 4022:4–6 weeks 4020: 4019:6–8 weeks 4017: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3964: 3939: 3929:disorientation 3905: 3879: 3865: 3863: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3844:7–28 days 3842: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3828: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3801:No impairment 3799: 3792: 3791: 3790:< 1 h 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3768:Severe (100%) 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3746:< 1 h 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3724:Severe (100%) 3722: 3719: 3718:Moderate (80%) 3716: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3702:< 1 h 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3655:< 48 h 3653: 3652:< 48 h 3650: 3647: 3646:< 24 h 3644: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3630:10–60 min 3628: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3553: 3552: 3541: 3538: 3531: 3528: 3518: 3515: 3487: 3484: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3440: 3439:Impact on land 3437: 3435: 3432: 3399:Charles Perrow 3364:Nuclear safety 3362:Main article: 3359: 3358:Nuclear safety 3356: 3346:(Alaska), the 3266: 3263: 3217:orphan sources 3206: 3203: 3190:plutonium core 3140: 3137: 3105: 3102: 3071:United Kingdom 3047:at a depth of 3035:The recovered 3028: 3025: 2971: 2968: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2881: 2875: 2872:Czechoslovakia 2861: 2855: 2852:Lucens reactor 2848: 2838: 2828: 2818: 2815:Windscale fire 2804: 2798: 2792: 2778: 2777: 2772:following the 2766: 2755: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2684: 2673:Oleg Khinsagov 2669: 2662: 2638: 2635: 2618:mushroom cloud 2530:nuclear bombs) 2522: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2494: 2487: 2476: 2469: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2440: 2433: 2426: 2423: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2394: 2374:May 1998: The 2372: 2369: 2362: 2355: 2348: 2337: 2334: 2327: 2320: 2313: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2292: 2267: 2258:October 1986: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2222: 2212: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2157: 2145:, the largest 2135: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2118:Lucens reactor 2116:January 1969: 2114: 2107: 2099: 2092: 2073:hydrogen bombs 2057: 2029:hydrogen bombs 1997: 1989:October 1965: 1987: 1969: 1950: 1945:23 July 1964: 1943: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1909:occurred near 1903: 1902:in New Jersey. 1887: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1866: 1847: 1832: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1807: 1799: 1796:Windscale fire 1794:October 1957: 1792: 1776: 1769: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1745:Enewetak Atoll 1732:2 March 1954: 1730: 1723:1 March 1954: 1710: 1699: 1688: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1649:Harry Daghlian 1641: 1606: 1594:Albert Stevens 1589: 1588: 1540:Columbia River 1468: 1465: 1410:militant group 1310:Main article: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1263: 1260: 1249: 1240: 1238:March 11, 2011 1234: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1217: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1185: 1176: 1174:August 9, 2004 1170: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1154: 1145: 1143:April 10, 2003 1139: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1027: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1005: 1003: 1001: 998: 985: 979: 978: 975: 972: 969: 962: 953: 947: 946: 944: 941: 938: 931: 918: 916:March 17, 1989 912: 911: 909: 906: 903: 897: 884: 878: 877: 875: 872: 869: 863: 850: 848:March 31, 1987 844: 843: 841: 839: 836: 829: 820: 814: 813: 811: 808: 805: 798: 789: 783: 782: 779: 776: 773: 765: 740: 738:April 26, 1986 734: 733: 731: 728: 725: 719: 706: 704:April 11, 1986 700: 699: 697: 694: 691: 688: 678: 672: 671: 669: 666: 663: 656: 643: 637: 636: 633: 630: 627: 620: 607: 605:March 28, 1979 601: 600: 597: 594: 591: 587: 584: 582:Czechoslovakia 575: 569: 568: 565: 562: 559: 552: 543: 537: 536: 533: 531: 528: 525: 515:Lucens reactor 512: 506: 505: 502: 499: 496: 489: 476: 470: 469: 466: 463: 460: 449: 436: 430: 429: 426: 424: 421: 417:Windscale fire 414: 412:United Kingdom 401: 395: 394: 391: 389: 386: 375: 362: 356: 355: 348: 339: 336: 333: 330: 306: 303: 246: 243: 204:Windscale fire 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9721: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9676: 9668: 9667: 9654: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9582: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9539: 9533: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9494: 9490: 9487: 9483: 9481: 9477: 9475: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9459: 9455: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9443: 9439: 9437: 9433: 9430: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9356: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9333: 9332:United States 9330: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9223: 9219: 9212: 9207: 9205: 9200: 9198: 9193: 9192: 9189: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9121: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9074: 9069: 9067: 9062: 9060: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9031:Radioactivity 9028: 9021: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8985: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8836: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8754: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8697:Beta particle 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8682:Cluster decay 8680: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8666: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8608:Main articles 8606: 8601: 8594: 8589: 8587: 8582: 8580: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8528: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8258: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8232: 8224: 8218: 8214: 8207: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8169: 8165: 8158: 8144: 8140: 8133: 8119: 8118:New Scientist 8115: 8108: 8106: 8097: 8096: 8089: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8054: 8052: 8036: 8030: 8023:. 2019-02-09. 8022: 8018: 8012: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7919: 7913: 7905: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7854: 7840:on 2021-01-22 7839: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7793:. p. 48. 7792: 7785: 7778: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7745: 7738: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7675: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7651: 7643: 7642:Energy Policy 7636: 7629: 7627: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7598: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7571: 7557:on 2009-05-17 7556: 7552: 7546: 7532: 7528: 7521: 7512: 7503: 7495: 7488: 7473:on 2009-03-04 7472: 7468: 7462: 7454: 7447: 7441: 7426: 7419: 7413: 7405: 7398: 7392: 7374: 7370: 7363: 7356: 7345: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7318: 7312: 7310:See summary: 7307: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7288: 7272: 7265: 7259: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7229: 7227: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7174: 7167: 7161: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7091: 7084: 7078: 7062: 7055: 7049: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7023: 7022: 7014: 7007: 7001: 6982: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6906: 6901: 6893: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6848: 6841: 6827: 6823: 6822:"IAEA Report" 6817: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6780: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6637: 6630: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6583: 6579: 6572: 6553: 6549: 6548:April 5, 2012 6542: 6535: 6516: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6442:on 2006-10-06 6438: 6431: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6392: 6385: 6379: 6364: 6357: 6351: 6337:on 2013-05-15 6336: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6165: 6158: 6142: 6135: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6088:on 2016-07-22 6087: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6064: 6061: 6056: 6045: 6038: 6036: 6020: 6016: 6009: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5944:on 2011-06-16 5943: 5939: 5932: 5916: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5888: 5881: 5880:Broken Arrows 5876: 5869: 5867: 5856:on 2004-09-07 5852: 5848: 5842: 5835: 5830: 5828: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5725:on 2014-04-07 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5680: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5611:on 2015-05-21 5610: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5582: 5581:Nuclearfaq.ca 5578: 5572: 5564: 5557: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5511: 5503: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5379: 5372: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5325: 5319: 5312: 5309: 5303: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5273: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5254: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5163: 5157: 5150: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5101:. 2011-04-11. 5100: 5096: 5090: 5083:. 2011-05-14. 5082: 5078: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5022: 5018: 5012: 4996: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4933: 4925: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4858:(1): 99–115. 4857: 4853: 4852:Risk Analysis 4849: 4842: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4823: 4816: 4815: 4814:Energy Policy 4810: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4766: 4759: 4753: 4745: 4738: 4732: 4717: 4711: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4645: 4631:on 2017-05-03 4630: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4555: 4550: 4542: 4536: 4533:. CRC Press. 4532: 4531: 4523: 4521: 4512: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4486: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4335: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4300: 4282: 4275: 4274: 4267: 4252: 4245: 4239: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4159: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3901:after 3 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3834:Latent period 3831: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3787:< 1 h 3786: 3784:< 1 h 3783: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3774:Time of onset 3772: 3771: 3767: 3765:Severe (100%) 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3730:Time of onset 3728: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3699:< 1 h 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3686:Time of onset 3684: 3683: 3680:Heavy (100%) 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3620:Time of onset 3618: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3580:> 30 3579: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3545:absorbed dose 3535: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3493:Radionuclides 3483: 3479: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3371: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3340:Shimantan Dam 3337: 3332: 3331:nuclear power 3328: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3092:, Spain (see 3091: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2725:melting point 2721: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2630: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2599: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570:Pacific Ocean 2567: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2527: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2244:August 1985: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2077:ejection seat 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013:KC-135 tanker 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1931:July 6, 1962 1930: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1917:carrying two 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1896:CIM-10 Bomarc 1893: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1872:carrying two 1871: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1771:21 May 1957: 1770: 1767: 1766:contamination 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1576:radioactivity 1572: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1548: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1461: 1460:Rafael Grossi 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425:United States 1422: 1421:computer worm 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351:core meltdown 1348: 1343: 1341: 1340:core meltdown 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1206:July 25, 2006 1204: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1121:United States 1118: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1060:United States 1057: 1053: 1052:Crystal River 1050: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1025:United States 1022: 1018: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 993: 989: 986: 981: 980: 976: 973: 970: 967: 963: 961: 957: 954: 949: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 932: 930: 929:United States 926: 922: 919: 914: 913: 910: 907: 904: 902: 898: 896: 895:United States 892: 888: 885: 880: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 862: 861:United States 858: 854: 851: 846: 845: 842: 840: 837: 834: 830: 828: 827:United States 824: 821: 816: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800:Experimental 799: 797: 793: 790: 785: 784: 780: 777: 774: 771: 766: 764: 760: 759:Ukrainian SSR 756: 752: 748: 744: 741: 736: 735: 732: 729: 726: 724: 720: 718: 717:United States 714: 713:Massachusetts 710: 707: 702: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 687: 686:United States 683: 679: 676:March 9, 1985 674: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 657: 655: 654:United States 651: 647: 644: 639: 638: 634: 631: 628: 625: 621: 619: 618:United States 615: 611: 608: 603: 602: 598: 595: 592: 585: 583: 579: 576: 571: 570: 566: 563: 560: 557: 553: 551: 547: 544: 539: 538: 534: 532: 529: 526: 524: 520: 516: 513: 508: 507: 503: 500: 497: 494: 490: 488: 487:United States 484: 480: 477: 472: 471: 467: 464: 461: 458: 454: 451:Explosion at 450: 448: 447:United States 444: 440: 437: 432: 431: 427: 425: 422: 418: 415: 413: 409: 405: 402: 397: 396: 392: 390: 387: 384: 380: 376: 374: 370: 366: 363: 358: 357: 354: 349: 337: 328: 327: 320: 316: 312: 302: 299: 294: 291: 287: 286:Ukrainian SSR 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 260: 256: 251: 242: 238: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 196: 191: 190: 185: 184: 179: 178: 173: 172: 167: 166: 161: 160: 155: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 128: 124: 120: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 92:radioactivity 89: 85: 81: 73: 69: 64: 57: 52: 45: 41: 37: 32: 19: 9657: 9579: 9575:Bikini Atoll 9521:Hanford Site 9516:Bikini Atoll 9320:in Australia 9310:Soviet Union 9305:South Africa 9259: 9103: 9035:Radiobiology 8917:Radiobiology 8877:Laser safety 8526: 8518: 8510: 8502: 8494: 8486: 8478: 8470: 8462: 8454: 8446: 8438: 8430: 8422: 8414: 8406: 8398: 8390: 8382: 8374: 8366: 8358: 8350: 8342: 8334: 8326: 8307:. Retrieved 8303: 8294: 8269: 8265: 8238: 8231: 8212: 8206: 8195:. Retrieved 8191: 8182: 8171:. Retrieved 8167: 8157: 8146:. Retrieved 8142: 8132: 8121:. Retrieved 8117: 8094: 8088: 8063: 8059: 8039:. Retrieved 8029: 8020: 8011: 8000:. Retrieved 7996: 7987: 7976:. Retrieved 7972: 7963: 7951:. Retrieved 7946: 7917: 7912: 7867: 7863: 7853: 7842:. Retrieved 7838:the original 7833: 7824: 7813:. Retrieved 7811:. 2019-08-29 7808: 7799: 7790: 7777: 7766:the original 7752: 7743: 7730: 7721: 7711: 7699:. Retrieved 7695:the original 7690: 7686: 7665:the original 7660: 7650: 7644:. p. 6. 7641: 7614:. Retrieved 7612:. 2009-05-18 7607: 7597: 7586:. Retrieved 7584:. 2004-06-09 7579: 7570: 7559:. Retrieved 7555:the original 7545: 7534:. Retrieved 7530: 7520: 7511: 7502: 7493: 7487: 7475:. Retrieved 7471:the original 7461: 7452: 7440: 7428:. Retrieved 7425:Pub.iaea.org 7424: 7412: 7403: 7391: 7380:. Retrieved 7373:the original 7368: 7355: 7344:the original 7339: 7326: 7317: 7294: 7287: 7275:. Retrieved 7270: 7258: 7246:. Retrieved 7237: 7217:The Guardian 7216: 7207: 7198: 7189: 7177:. Retrieved 7172: 7160: 7149:. Retrieved 7147:. 2011-03-17 7144: 7135: 7123:. Retrieved 7119:the original 7114: 7105: 7093:. Retrieved 7090:Pub.iaea.org 7089: 7077: 7065:. Retrieved 7060: 7048: 7039: 7030: 7020: 7013: 7005: 7000: 6988:. Retrieved 6974: 6962: 6951:. Retrieved 6947: 6938: 6931:Times Online 6930: 6921: 6909:. Retrieved 6892: 6880:. Retrieved 6875: 6866: 6854:. Retrieved 6840: 6829:. Retrieved 6825: 6816: 6797: 6785: 6773: 6764: 6755: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6692:. Retrieved 6688:the original 6678: 6666:. Retrieved 6662: 6652: 6640:. Retrieved 6629: 6617:. Retrieved 6613:the original 6608: 6598: 6586:. Retrieved 6581: 6571: 6559:. Retrieved 6552:the original 6547: 6534: 6522:. Retrieved 6515:the original 6510: 6497: 6485:. Retrieved 6474: 6465: 6456: 6444:. Retrieved 6437:the original 6424: 6416:the original 6406: 6394:. Retrieved 6390: 6378: 6366:. Retrieved 6362: 6356:"Sound file" 6350: 6339:. Retrieved 6335:the original 6330: 6296: 6287: 6278: 6271:Yukiya Amano 6248:. Retrieved 6242: 6232: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6171:. Retrieved 6157: 6145:. Retrieved 6134: 6123:. Retrieved 6111: 6101: 6090:. Retrieved 6086:the original 6079: 6070: 6055: 6023:. Retrieved 6019:the original 6008: 5996:. Retrieved 5992: 5982: 5963: 5957: 5946:. Retrieved 5942:the original 5931: 5919:. Retrieved 5908: 5893: 5887: 5875: 5866: 5864: 5858:. Retrieved 5851:the original 5841: 5815:. Retrieved 5795: 5789: 5779: 5772: 5764: 5755: 5751: 5738: 5727:. Retrieved 5723:the original 5718: 5708: 5699: 5667: 5660: 5652:the original 5642: 5634:the original 5624: 5613:. Retrieved 5609:the original 5604: 5595: 5584:. Retrieved 5580: 5571: 5562: 5515:Final Report 5510: 5486: 5479: 5470: 5460: 5452: 5443: 5433: 5430: 5425: 5413:. Retrieved 5408: 5371: 5359:. Retrieved 5355: 5345: 5337: 5332: 5318: 5310: 5302: 5284:Orde Kittrie 5279: 5271: 5263: 5255: 5247: 5238: 5228: 5217: 5209: 5200: 5176: 5171: 5148: 5143:25 September 5141:. Retrieved 5136: 5126: 5117: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5080: 5071: 5062: 5052: 5035: 5024:. Retrieved 5020: 5011: 4999:. Retrieved 4982: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4944: 4923: 4892: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4822: 4812: 4786:. Retrieved 4782: 4773: 4764: 4752: 4743: 4731: 4720:. Retrieved 4710: 4699:. Retrieved 4697:. 2016-04-26 4694: 4685: 4674:. Retrieved 4668: 4658: 4644: 4633:. Retrieved 4629:the original 4625:Pub.iaea.org 4624: 4615: 4607: 4573: 4549: 4529: 4484: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4435: 4396: 4392: 4362: 4352: 4344: 4321:. Retrieved 4306: 4299: 4288:. Retrieved 4281:the original 4272: 4266: 4254:. Retrieved 4250: 4238: 4226:. Retrieved 4222: 4213: 4202: 4192: 4184:The Guardian 4183: 4173: 4161:. Retrieved 4157: 4145: 4101: 4037:Table source 4036: 3976:Without care 3971: 3858: 3832: 3773: 3729: 3685: 3649:24–48 h 3641: 3619: 3588: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3503: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3464: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3428: 3424: 3392: 3391:In his book 3390: 3374: 3367: 3325:In terms of 3324: 3309: 3303: 3276: 3256: 3245: 3214: 3175:Louis Slotin 3168: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3122: 3107: 3098:Broken Arrow 3087: 3075:radiotherapy 3068: 3059:a defective 3054: 3040: 3012: 2999:nuclear fuel 2973: 2922: 2910:(1980), and 2843:(civilian), 2833:(civilian), 2809:(military), 2787:(military), 2779: 2752:Pennsylvania 2741: 2720:reactor core 2713: 2655: 2640: 2598:Castle Bravo 2594: 2563: 2541: 2510:Severodvinsk 2471:March 2011: 2460:April 2010: 2416:Samut Prakan 2282: 2203:March 1984: 2173:Puerco River 2005:B-52G bomber 1984:the Pentagon 1952:1964, 1969: 1894:destroyed a 1834:March 1959: 1749:Pearl Harbor 1739: 1724: 1714:Castle Bravo 1696:Jimmy Carter 1672:in northern 1656:Louis Slotin 1636:and related 1612:, a uranium- 1582: 1536:Hanford site 1445: 1414: 1402:black market 1368: 1344: 1321: 857:Pennsylvania 796:West Germany 763:Soviet Union 660:Browns Ferry 614:Pennsylvania 550:East Germany 383:Soviet Union 373:Soviet Union 295: 279: 264: 239: 236: 194: 192:(1980), and 188: 182: 176: 170: 164: 158: 152: 142:(1986), the 138:(2011), the 116: 110:in 1986 and 100:reactor core 79: 77: 9647:Smiling Sun 9358:Individual 9295:North Korea 9109:Experiments 8659:Ultraviolet 8654:Radio waves 8143:Law Gazette 7791:Web.mit.edu 7701:12 December 7277:12 February 7238:Der Spiegel 7067:12 February 6968:Micah Zenko 6882:18 December 6466:Tepco.co.jp 6250:12 February 6173:12 February 5415:13 November 5361:8 September 5251:Jay Davis. 5021:Unscear.org 4341:M.V. Ramana 3933:Hypotension 3737:4–24 h 3543:Whole-body 3404:core damage 3299:Banqiao Dam 3265:Comparisons 3252:scrap metal 3233:radiography 3205:Lost source 3156:human error 3139:Human error 3064:radiography 2885:Soviet Navy 2603:downwinders 2586:Mississippi 2391:scrap metal 2384:caesium-137 2352:caesium-137 2345:nitric acid 2275:caesium-137 2209:iridium-192 2159:July 1979: 2154:proton beam 2137:July 1978: 2130:1974–1976: 2069:B-52 bomber 2063:involved a 2037:radioactive 1958:Los Angeles 1924:July 1961: 1855:Los Angeles 1849:July 1959: 1840:Los Angeles 1801:1957-1964: 1687:in history. 1681:atomic bomb 1433:South Korea 1021:Connecticut 988:Sosnovy Bor 787:May 4, 1986 755:Kiev Oblast 523:Switzerland 439:Idaho Falls 269:reactor at 127:human error 40:radioactive 9688:Categories 9637:Peace camp 9427:1985–1987 9360:accidents 9228:disasters 9154:Treatments 9123:Conditions 8840:and health 8838:Radiation 8707:Cosmic ray 8309:2017-09-06 8197:2023-06-21 8173:2023-06-21 8148:2023-06-21 8123:2020-05-11 8066:(1): 4–8. 8041:2020-05-11 8002:2020-05-11 7978:2020-05-11 7844:2021-01-18 7815:2021-01-18 7616:2009-05-18 7588:2009-05-18 7561:2009-05-18 7536:2020-02-17 7382:2016-04-07 7151:2020-05-11 6953:2016-04-07 6856:28 January 6831:2008-05-31 6363:Pmg.org.za 6341:2012-09-01 6125:2022-02-10 6092:2016-11-27 6025:2008-02-16 5948:2006-05-24 5860:2012-04-20 5817:2009-07-13 5729:2014-04-12 5615:2014-01-13 5586:2016-04-07 5026:2016-10-19 4788:2019-11-14 4722:2019-06-17 4701:2022-01-02 4676:2023-03-04 4670:The Walrus 4635:2016-04-07 4290:2010-07-26 4158:Unscea.org 4138:References 3954:High fever 3913:High fever 3909:leukopenia 3895:Infections 3891:Hemorrhage 3883:Leukopenia 3869:Leukopenia 3781:1–3 h 3743:1–2 h 3740:3–4 h 3696:1–3 h 3693:3–8 h 3627:1–2 h 3624:2–6 h 3574:8–30 3209:See also: 3199:demon core 3173:physicist 3083:Sellafield 3057:Cochabamba 3049:762 meters 3016:earthquake 2975:Decay heat 2970:Decay heat 2931:, such as 2811:Sellafield 2650:See also: 2590:New Mexico 2448:Sellafield 2165:New Mexico 2094:May 1968: 1995:Nanda Devi 1974:, where a 1964:. Partial 1962:California 1861:. Partial 1859:California 1844:California 1803:Rocketdyne 1618:Little Boy 1614:gun design 1592:May 1945: 1492:Buchenwald 1471:See also: 1406:dirty bomb 1382:Plowshares 1355:spent fuel 1316:See also: 1282:Marcoule, 983:March 1992 794:-Uentrop, 546:Greifswald 408:Cumberland 404:Sellafield 309:See also: 234:in India. 230:, and the 9429:Therac-25 9362:and sites 9232:incidents 9226:Lists of 9104:Accidents 8994:Half-life 8867:Dosimetry 8702:Gamma ray 8649:Microwave 8639:Starlight 8600:Radiation 8400:Hiroshima 8286:0094-0496 7886:0027-8424 7248:20 August 6739:149512093 6143:. 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