Fukushima nuclear accident cleanup

727: 715: 723:

water. Pumps capable of processing 10–25 tons of water per hour were used to transfer condenser water into other storage tanks, freeing up condenser storage for the water in the basements. Since both the storage tanks and the condensers were nearly full, TEPCO also considered using floating tanker ships as a temporary storage location for the radioactive water. Regardless of the availability of offshore storage for radioactive-contaminated water, TEPCO discharged 11,500 tons of its least contaminated water (which was still approximately 100 times the legal limit for radioactivity) into the sea on 5 April in order to free up storage space. At the same time, on 5 April, TEPCO began pumping water from the condensers of units 1–3 to their respective condensation storage tanks to free room for the trench water (see below).

767:

other sources could not be excluded. Numerous pipes were running everywhere on the reactor grounds to cool the reactors and decontaminate the water used, and leaks could be anywhere. TEPCO's solution resulted in redirection of the groundwater flows, which could have spread the radioactive contamination further. TEPCO also had plans for pumping groundwater. At that time the turbine buildings of units 2 and 3 contained 5000 and 6000 cubic meters of radioactive water respectively. With wells in contact with the turbine buildings, this could spread the radioactivity into the ground. The NRA announced that it would form a task force to find the leaks and to block the flow of the groundwater to the coastline, because the NRA suspected that the groundwater was leaking into the sea.

321:) has been reported at 245 μg/kg body weight whereas experiments in the 1970s yielded a lethal dose in dogs of 44 μg/kg body weight. In a 70 kilograms (150 lb) adult human, this would imply doses of 17 milligrams (0.26 gr) and 3 milligrams (0.046 gr) respectively. In September 2013, it was reported that the level of strontium-90 detected in a drainage ditch located near a water storage tank, from which around 300 tons of water was found to have leaked, was believed to have exceeded the threshold set by the government. Efforts to control the flow of contaminated water have included trying to isolate the plant behind a 30-meter-deep, 1.5-kilometer-long "ice wall" of frozen soil, which has had limited success. 525:

level is 2.6 microsieverts/hour. In both dorms, the radiation levels were higher. These doses are, however, well below the level to affect human health. According to the law, the "business operator" is responsible for "managing radiation dosage and the prevention of contamination", Toshiba and Kajima said that TEPCO was responsible, but a TEPCO official commented, "From the perspective of protecting workers from radiation, the business operators (that constructed the shelters) are managing radiation dosage and the prevention of contamination", in this way suggesting that Toshiba and Kajima were to take the care of the zone management.

547:

calibrate the existing temperature measurements that could have an error margin of 20 degrees. The device was brought in by a hole at 2.5 meters above the floor where the vessel is located. The procedure lasted 70 minutes. The photos showed parts of the walls and pipes inside the containment vessel. But they were unclear and blurred, most likely due to water vapors and the radiation inside. According to TEPCO the photos showed no serious damage. The temperature measured inside was 44.7 degrees Celsius, and did not differ much from the 42.6 degrees measured outside the vessel.

703: 781: 1395:

back. Half of those said they would prefer to be compensated enough to move elsewhere in Japan to farm." In addition, despite being allowed to return home, some residents say the lack of an economy continues to make the area de facto unlivable. Compensation payments to those who have been evacuated are stopped when they are allowed to return home, but as of August 2013, decontamination of the area has progressed more slowly than expected. There have also been revelations of additional leaks (see above: storage tanks leaking contaminated water).

1187: 834: 574: 195: 763:

had previously leaked radioactive water into the sea in April 2011. A sample of groundwater from another well situated about 100 meters south of the first well showed that the radioactivity had risen by 18 times over the course of 4 days, with 1.7 kBq/L of strontium and other radioactive substances. A day later the readings in the first well were 11 kBq/L of Cs and 22 kBq/L of Cs, 111 times and 105 times greater than the samples of 5 July. TEPCO did not know the reasons for the higher readings, but the monitoring was to be intensified.

556:

chamber in the no. 3 reactor building was damaged and could not be opened. In front of this door, the radiation level measurement was 75 millisieverts/hour. For reactors to be decommissioned, access to the suppression chambers is vital for conducting repairs to the containment structures. According to TEPCO, this work should be done with robots, because these places with high levels of radiation could be hostile to humans. TEPCO released some video footage of the work at the suppression chambers of the No. 2 and 3 reactors.

360:

the broad basis of a plan that included: (1) reaching "cold shutdown in about six to nine months;" (2) "restoring stable cooling to the reactors and spent fuel pools in about three months;" (3) putting "special covers" on Units 1, 3, and 4 starting in June; (4) installing "additional storage containers for the radioactive water that has been pooling in the turbine basements and outside trenches;" (5) using radio-controlled equipment to clean up the site; and (6) using

1468:(kari-okiba)". Kirby opined that the effort would be better called "transcontamination" because it was moving the contaminated material around without long-term safe storage planned or executed. He also saw little progress on handling the more intense radiation waste of the destroyed power plant site itself; or on handling the larger issue of the national nuclear program's waste, particularly given the earthquake-risk of Japan relative to secure long-term storage. 331:(TEPCO) is going to remove the remaining nuclear fuel material from the plants. TEPCO completed the removal of 1535 fuel assemblies from the Unit 4 spent fuel pool in December 2014 and 566 fuel assemblies from the Unit 3 spent fuel pool in February 2021. TEPCO plans to remove all fuel rods from the spent fuel pools of Units 1, 2, 5, and 6 by 2031 and to remove the remaining molten fuel debris from the reactor containments of Units 1, 2, and 3 by 2040 or 2050. 1295:. In Fukushima, however, with three meltdowns at one site, the damage was much more extensive. It could take 30 years or more to remove the nuclear fuel, dismantle the reactors, and remove all the buildings. Research institutions all over the world were asked to participate in the construction of a research site to examine the removal of fuel and other nuclear wastes. The official publication of the report was planned for the end of 2011. 4821: 4795: 137: 38: 610: 1321:

decontaminated before they would be released into the air. By mid October, the construction of the polyester shield over the No.1 reactor should be completed. In the first half of September, the amount of radioactive substances released from the plant was about 200 megabecquerel per hour, according to TEPCO, that was about one four-millionths of the level of the initial stages of the accident in March 2011.

1023:/liter of cesium was measured. The NRA was concerned that leaks from the pit could release high tritium levels into the sea and that there was still water flowing from the reactor into the turbine building and into the pit. TEPCO believed that this pollution was there from the first days in 2011, and had stayed there. Nevertheless, TEPCO would control the site for leaks, and seal the soil around the pit. 79: 1229:, and heavy rainfall. As a short-term solution, TEPCO envisaged to apply a light cover on the remaining structures above the damaged reactors. As of mid-June 2011, TEPCO released its plan to use automated cranes to move structures into place over the reactor. This strategy is an attempt to keep as many people away from the reactors as possible, while still covering the damaged reactors. 1262:. It stated that within 10 years, a start should be made with the retrieval of the melted fuel within the reactors. First, the containment vessels of reactors 1, 2 and 3 should be repaired to prevent radiation releases, then all should be filled with water. Decommissioning would take more than 30 years, because the pressure vessels of the reactor vessels are damaged. After the 1460:. The total cleanup costs were estimated to be between 50.5 and 71 trillion yen ($ 470 to $ 660 billion). For the cleanup, only 184.3 billion yen was reserved in the September supplementary budget of prefecture Fukushima, and some funds in the central government's third supplementary budget of 2011. Whenever needed, the central government would be asked for extra funding. 259:. The affected reactors were adjacent to one another and accident management was made much more difficult because of the number of simultaneous hazards concentrated in a small area. Failure of emergency power following the tsunami resulted in loss of coolant from each reactor, hydrogen explosions damaging the reactor buildings, and water draining from open-air 538:

concentration would rise again, it would not exceed 4 percent, the lowest level that would pose the risk of an explosion. On the evening of 9 October, two holes were drilled into a pipe to install a filter for radioactive substances inside the containment vessel; this was 2 weeks behind the schedule TEPCO had set for itself.

1330:

plan had been criticized for potentially having "limited effects in blocking the release of radioactive substances into the environment". On 14 May 2011, TEPCO announced that it had begun to clear debris to create a space to install a cover over the building of reactor 1. By 13 October 2011, the roof had been completed.

1092:, the headman of many fishermen cooperatives, strongly opposed this proposal at a meeting with Japanese government representatives. According to Kishi, any release of cooling water could prompt other countries to reinforce restrictions on imports of Japanese fishery products, reversing a recent trend toward easing. 406:(野田佳彦). This estimate was made before the scope of the problem was known, however. It seems that the contamination was less than feared. No strontium is detectable in the soil, and though the crops of the year of the disaster were contaminated, the crops produced by the area now are safe for human consumption. 1250:

On 7 September 2011, TEPCO president Toshio Nishizawa said that the 4 damaged reactors will be scrapped. This announcement came at a session of the Fukushima Prefectural Assembly, which was investigating the accident at the plant. Whether the six other remaining reactors (Daiichi 5, 6, Daini 1, 2, 3,

1129:

On 16 August 2011, TEPCO announced the installation of desalination equipment in the spent fuel pools of reactor 2, 3, and 4. These pools had been cooled with seawater for some time, and TEPCO feared the salt would corrode the stainless steel pipes and pool wall liners. The Unit 4 spent fuel pool was

914:

In order to prevent the outflow of the highly radioactive water at the turbine building of Unit 2, the water was transferred to the Centralized Radiation Waste Treatment Facility since 19 April. TEPCO planned to install facilities for processing the stored water and reusing treated water to inject it

710:

In order to remove decay heat of the severely damaged cores of Units 1–3, TEPCO injected cooling water into the reactors. As the reactors appear to have holes around the bottom, the water dissolved the water-soluble fission products, which then accumulated in the basement of the turbine building (see

664:

Continued cooling of the melted reactor cores is required in order to remove excess heat. Due to damage to the integrity of the reactor vessels, radioactive water accumulates inside the reactor and turbine buildings. To decontaminate the contaminated water, TEPCO installed radioaction water treatment

546:

On 19 January 2012, the interior of the primary containment vessel of reactor 2 was inspected with an industrial endoscope. This device, 8.5 millimeters in diameter, was equipped with a 360 degrees-view camera and a thermometer to measure the temperature and the cooling water inside, in an attempt to

524:

per hour in the Toshiba building, and 2 to 8.5 in the Kajima dorm. The Industrial Safety and Health Law on the prevention of health damage through ionizing radiation had set the limit for accumulated radiation dosage in radiation management zones at 1.3 millisieverts over three months, so the maximum

1412:

On 18 December 2011, Fukushima Governor, Yuhei Sato and representatives of 11 other municipal governments near the plant, were notified at a meeting at the city of Fukushima that the three ministers in charge of handling the crises, Yokio Edano, minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, Goshi Hosono,

1394:

In a Reuters story from August 2013, it was noted "any have given up hope of ever returning to live in the shadow of the Fukushima nuclear plant. A survey in June showed that a third of the former residents of Iitate, a lush village famed for its fresh produce before the disaster, never want to move

1311:

After the detection of radioactive xenon gas in the containment vessel of the No. 2 reactor on 1 and 2 November 2011, TEPCO was not able to determine whether this was a sustained fission process or only spontaneous fission. Therefore, TEPCO installed detection devices for radioactive xenon to single

1266:

in 1979, some 70 percent of the fuel rods had melted. There, the retrieval of the fuel was started in 1985, and completed in 1990. The work at Fukushima was expected to take significantly longer because of the far greater damage and the fact that 4 reactors would need to be decommissioned all at the

1120:

According to Professor Akio Koyama of the Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute, the density of high-level decontaminated water was believed to contain 10 gigabecquerel per liter, but if this is condensed to polluted sludge and zeolites, this density could increase 10,000 fold. These densities

1087:

In 2020, the storage of contaminated water reached over a million tons, stored in large containers at the grounds of the plant. It was predicted that in 2022, the storage capacity could be exceeded. Therefore, a proposal was made in spring 2020, to start discharging the cooling water into the ocean.

1046:

A subcontractor employee was contaminated on his face, head and chest while transferring water from the damaged tank. After decontamination, 5,000 cpm were still measured on his head; the readings from prior to decontamination were not released. The man was released, but ordered to have a whole-body

693:

As of early September 2011, the operating rate of the filtering system exceeded the target of 90 percent for the first time. 85,000 tons of water were decontaminated by 11 September, with over 100,000 tons of waste water remaining to be treated at the time. The nuclear waste generated by the filters

533:

On 26 September 2011, after the discovery of hydrogen in a pipe leading to the containment vessel of reactor no.1, NISA instructed TEPCO to check whether hydrogen was building up in reactor no. 2 and 3 as well. TEPCO announced that measurements of hydrogen would be taken in reactor no. 1, before any

359:

Initially, TEPCO did not put forward a strategy to regain control of the situation in the reactors. Helmut Hirsch, a German physicist and nuclear expert, said "they are improvising with tools that were not intended for this type of situation". On 17 April 2011, however, TEPCO appeared to put forward

1083:

In September 2019, the contaminated cooling water had almost reached storage capacity. Japan's environment minister Yoshiaki Harada suggested, that there was only one recourse: "release it into the ocean and dilute it... there are no other options." A day later, Yoshiaki Harada was taken out of his

762:

On 5 July 2013, TEPCO found 9 kBq/L of Cs and 18 kBq/L of Cs in a sample taken from a monitoring well close to the coastline. Compared with samples taken three days earlier, the levels were 90 times higher. The cause was unknown. The monitoring well is situated close to another monitoring well that

1403:

On 22 February 2012, TEPCO started cementing the seabed near the plant to prevent the spread of radioactive materials into the sea. Some 70,000 square meters of seabed around the intake of cooling water would be covered with 60 centimeters thick cement. The work was expected to take 4 months time,

1237:

On 18 March 2011, Reuters reported that Hidehiko Nishiyama, Japan's nuclear agency spokesman when asked about burying the reactors in sand and concrete, said: "That solution is in the back of our minds, but we are focused on cooling the reactors down." Considered a last-ditch effort since it would

1172:

On 10 April 2011, TEPCO began using remote-controlled, unmanned heavy equipment to remove debris from around reactors 1–4. The debris and rubble, caused by hydrogen explosions at reactors 1 and 3, was impeding recovery operations both by being in the way and emitting high radioactivity. The debris

559:

On 26 and 27 March 2012, the inside of the containment vessel of reactor 2 was inspected with a 20 meter long endoscope. With this, a dosimeter was brought into the vessel to measure the radiation levels inside. At the bottom of the primary containment structure, 60 centimeters of water was found,

555:

On 14 March 2012, for the first time after the accidents, six workers were sent into the basements of reactor no. 2 and 3, to examine the suppression chambers. Behind the door of the suppression chamber in the no. 2 reactor building, 160 millisieverts/hour was measured. The door to the suppression

1329:

An effort has been undertaken to fit the three damaged reactor buildings with fabric covers and filters to limit radioactive contamination release. On 6 April 2011, sources told Kyodo News that a major construction firm was studying the idea, and that construction wouldn't "start until June". The

1147:

On 15 April 2019, began the process of removing the fuel assemblies from the pool of Unit 3. On 28 February 2021, the removal of all spent fuel from the fuel pool of reactor 3 was completed. On the top of the roof of the reactor a fuel handling machine crane had been built, which has been used to

952:

2 TEPCO workers at the plant were exposed to radiation by mistake while they were replacing parts of the contaminated water processing system. The next Wednesday, 31 August, two other workers were sprayed with highly contaminated water when the water splashed from a container with a leaking valve

766:

More than a month after the groundwater contamination was discovered, TEPCO started to contain the radioactive groundwater. They assumed that the radioactivity had escaped early in the beginning of the disaster in 2011, but NRA experts had serious doubts about their assumption. According to them,

510:

Two shelters for people working at the Fukushima site were not listed as part of the radiation management zones although radiation levels in the shelters exceeded the legal limits. The consequence was that the workers did not get paid the extra "danger allowance" that was paid to workers in these

1481:—a situation that was potentially more dangerous than the loss of reactor cooling itself. Because of the proximity of the reactors, Plant Director Masao Yoshida "was put in the position of trying to cope simultaneously with core meltdowns at three reactors and exposed fuel pools at three units". 1476:

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster revealed the dangers of building multiple nuclear reactor units close to one another. This proximity triggered the parallel, chain-reaction accidents that led to hydrogen explosions blowing the roofs off reactor buildings and water evaporating from open-air

1338:

In June 2016, preparation work began to install a metal cover over the Unit 3 reactor building. In conjunction with this, a crane was to be installed to assist with the removal of the fuel rods from the storage pool. After inspection and cleaning, the removed fuel is expected to be stored in the

1320:

On 20 September 2011, the Japanese government and TEPCO announced the installation of new filters to reduce the amount of radioactive substances released into the air. In the last week of September 2011 these filters were to be installed at reactors 1, 2 and 3. Gases out of the reactors would be

1053:

It was reported that radiation near another tank was measured at 1.8 Sv/h, 18 times higher than previously thought. TEPCO had initially recorded radiation at about 100 mSv/h, but later admitted that that was because the equipment they were using could only read measurements up to that level. The

722:

As the accumulated water in the basement of the turbine building of Units 2 and 3 was radioactive, TEPCO needed to remove it. They had initially planned to pump the water to the condenser (see diagram). TEPCO abandoned that plan after discovering the condensers on both units were already full of

560:

instead of the 3 meters expected. The radiation level measured was 72.9 sieverts per hour. Because of this, the endoscope could only function for a few hours. For reactors number 1 and 3, no endoscopic survey was planned at that time, because the actual radiation levels were too high for humans.

1138:

On 22 December 2014, TEPCO crews completed the removal of all fuel assemblies from the spent fuel pool of reactor 4. 1331 spent fuel assemblies were moved to the ground-level common spent fuel pool, and 204 unused fuel assemblies were moved to the spent fuel pool of reactor 6 (Unit 4 was out of

978:

A leaking pipe was found at 1.00 AM. The leakage stopped an hour after the valves were closed. 12,000 liters of water with high levels of radioactive strontium were lost. According to TEPCO, much of this water escaped through a nearby sewer system into the ocean. Investigations were expected to

1467:

researcher and author Peter Wynn Kirby wrote that the government had allocated the equivalent of US$ 15 billion for the regional cleanup and described the josen (decontamination) process, with "provisional storage areas (kari-kari-okiba) ... more secure, though still temporary, storage depots

889:

TEPCO announced the outflow of fluid containing radioactive materials to the ocean from areas near the intake channel of Unit 2. The fluid source was a 20 cm crack on the concrete lateral of the pit that appeared to have been created by the earthquake. TEPCO attempted to inject fresh concrete,

2260:

Total compensation for people affected by the disaster is estimated to rise from 5.4 trillion yen to 7.9 trillion yen, and decontamination-associated costs are likely to grow from 2.5 trillion yen to 4 trillion yen. The bill for building interim storage facilities for radioactive materials is

537:

After the discovery of hydrogen concentrations between 61 and 63 percent in pipes of the containment of reactor no. 1, nitrogen injections were started on 8 October. On 10 October, TEPCO announced that the concentrations were, at that moment, low enough to prevent explosions, and even if the

753:

that were originally designed to house pipes and cables running from the Units 2–4 turbine buildings to their seaside, which do not directly connect to the sea. Inside the trench, radioactive contaminated water has been accumulating since the accident. Due to the risk of soil or ocean

1116:

to concentrate cesium. After the zeolite was saturated, the vessels with the zeolite were designated as nuclear waste. By now, 210 Kurion-made vessels with a total of 307 cubic meters, each vessel measuring 0.9 meters in diameter and 2.3 meters in height had accumulated at the plant. The

1413:

nuclear disaster minister, and Tatsuo Hirano, minister in charge of reconstruction of the government planned to redesign the classification of the no-entry zones around the Fukushima nuclear plant. From 1 April 2012, a three level system would be introduced, by the Japanese government:

364:

fences to limit ocean contamination. Previously, TEPCO publicly committed to installing new emergency generators 20 m above sea level, twice the height of the generators destroyed by the tsunami on 11 March. Toshiba and Hitachi had both proposed plans for shuttering the facility.

1054:

latest reading came from a more advanced device capable of measuring higher levels. The buildup of water at the site was reported to be close to becoming unmanageable and experts said that TEPCO will soon be left with no choice but to release the water into the ocean or evaporate it.

694:

had already filled almost 70 percent of the 800 cubic meters of storage space available at the time. TEPCO had to figure out how to cool the reactors with less than 15 tons of water per day in order to reduce the growth of waste water and nuclear waste to more manageable levels.

368:"Cold shutdown" was accomplished on 11 December 2011. From that point active cooling was no longer needed, but water injection was still required due to large water leaks. Long-term plans for Units 5 and 6 have not been announced, "but they too may need to be decommissioned". 4501: 334:

While radioactive particles were found to have contaminated rice harvested near Fukushima City in the autumn of 2011, fears of contamination in the soil have receded as government measures to protect the food supply have appeared to be successful. Studies have shown that

1347:

Significant efforts are being taken to clean up radioactive material that escaped the plant. This effort combines washing down buildings and scraping away topsoil. It has been hampered by the volume of material to be removed and the lack of adequate storage facilities.

1354:

After an earlier decontamination plan to clean all areas with radiation levels above 5 millisievert per year had raised protests, the Japanese government revealed on 10 October 2011, in a meeting with experts, a revised decontamination plan. This plan included:

1029:

The Government of Japan decided on a policy to prevent the groundwater flowing in the reactor buildings. A frozen soil wall (Land-side of Impermeable Wall) was scheduled for introduction to block the flow of groundwater and prevent its mixing with contaminated

519:

at a place some 2 kilometers west of the damaged reactors, just outside the plant compound, but near reactors 1 to 4. The shelters were built after the shelters at the plant compound became overcrowded. At 7 October 2011, radiation levels were between 2 and 16

375:

In 2017, TEPCO announced that remote-controlled robots sent into the destroyed Unit 3 reactor buildings had found the reactor's melted uranium fuel, which had burned through the floor of the reactor vessel and settled in clumps on the concrete floor below.

2611: 754:

contamination from these trenches, TEPCO has been trying to remove the accumulated water in the trenches by pumping it back into the turbine buildings, as well as backfilling the trenches to reduce or prevent further incursion of contaminated water.

1382:

On 19 December 2011, the Japanese Ministry of Environment published more details about these plans for decontamination: the work would be subsidized in 102 villages and towns. Opposition against the plan came from cattle farmers in the prefecture

371:

On 5 May 2011, workers entered reactor buildings for the first time since the accident. The workers began to install air filtration systems to clean air of radioactive materials to allow additional workers to install water cooling systems.

501:

There has been concern that the plant would be dangerous for workers. Two workers suffered skin burns from radiation, but no serious injuries or fatalities have been documented to have been caused by radiation at Fukushima Dai-ichi.

4496: 1104:

was accumulating in the temporary storage facility at the plant. TEPCO decided in the first week of October to use the "Sally" decontamination system built by Toshiba Corporation and keep the Kurion/Areva system as backup.

4486: 270:

Automated cooling systems were installed within 3 months from the accident. A fabric cover was built to protect the buildings from storms and heavy rainfall. New detectors were installed at the plant to track emissions of

1084:

function, after protests. His successor Shinjiro Koizumi apologized to the fishermen in Fukushima at a meeting in Iwaki City. The new minister promised to take a strong view of the facts, and to push for reconstruction.

279:. Filters were installed to reduce contaminants from escaping the area of the plant into the area or atmosphere. Cement has been laid near the seabed to control contaminants from accidentally entering the ocean. 1391:, because of fears that cattle sales might drop or tourism would be hurt, when the areas would be labeled to be contaminated. Areas with lower readings complained that their decontamination would not be funded. 4722: 1270:

After discussions were started in August 2011, on 9 November 2011, a panel of experts of Japan's Atomic Energy Commission completed a schedule for scrapping the damaged reactors. The panel's conclusions were:

339:

in most areas of Fukushima was not serious. In 2018, Dr. Aoyama of Fukushima University released a report saying that contaminated water was still flowing into the Pacific Ocean, but at a diminished rate of 2

4738: 4173:

Preventative and Multilayered Measures for Contaminated Water Treatment at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station of Tokyo Electric Power Company – Through completeness of comprehensive risk management

1887: 4443: 1500: 1078: 921:

TEPCO investigated possible leakage of radioactive water to the outside from around the intake canal of Unit 3 in response to employees' report of water flowing into the pit via power cable pipe lines.

659: 4702: 1312:

out any occurrence of nuclear criticality. Next to this TEPCO installed temperature sensors to detect temperature changes in the reactors, another indicator of possible critical fission reactions.

731: 898:

on 5 April, and the outflow was stopped on 6 April. The total amount and radioactivity of the outflow from the crack was estimated to be approximately 520 m and approximately 4.7 PBq respectively.

678:

to process the radioactive water from the damaged reactors, but negotiations with the Russian government were an extremely slow process and it is unclear if the plant was ever sent to Fukushima.

2846:"TEPCO : Press Release | Out flow of fluid containing radioactive materials to the ocean from areas near intake channel of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Unit 2 (continued report)" 1130:

the first to have the equipment installed. The spent fuel pools of reactor 2 and 3 came next. TEPCO expected to achieve removal of 96% of the salt in the spent fuel pools within two months.

3577: 2964:"TEPCO : Press Release | Possible leakage of water including radioactive materials to the outside from around the intake canal of Unit 3 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station" 4553: 4625: 1117:

Areva-filters used sand to absorb radioactive materials and chemicals were used to reactivate the filters. In this way, 581 cubic meters of highly contaminated sludge were produced.

388:

plant. As a comparison, at Three Mile Island the vessel of the partially melted core was first opened 11 years after the accident, with cleanup activities taking several more years.

4426: 1015:

TEPCO announced that extremely high levels of tritium and cesium were found in a pit containing about 5000 cubic meters of water on the sea side of the Unit 2 reactor building. 8.7

883:

advised TEPCO to take all possible measures to avoid the accumulated water in the Unit 2 turbine building leaking into the ground and the sea (hereinafter called "the JNSC advice").

2872:"TEPCO : Press Release | Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Unit 2:Countermeasures to stop the outflow of contaminated water and the water amount flowed out into the sea" 2257:

At the meeting, the ministry also revealed that the estimated cost of dealing with the disaster has hit 21.5 trillion yen – nearly double the initial projection of 11 trillion yen.

1858: 2261:

expected to rise from 1.1 trillion yen to 1.6 trillion yen, while that of decommissioning reactors at the crippled plant will likely surge from 2 trillion yen to 8 trillion yen.

290:(equivalent to roughly 5,600 grams (200 oz)), mostly into the Pacific Ocean. He also estimated that two years after the accident, the stricken plant was still releasing 30 4323: 3296: 4717: 4707: 4697: 2634:"Japan to dump 11,500 metric tons of radioactive water The wastewater facility had 11,500 tons of water stored (by 10 April 8900 tons had been pumped into the sea)" 1519:

Note: this probably means two billion disintegrations per day, and is thus 23 kBq (disintegrations per second) over the whole daily effluent volume of about 200 tons per day.

4438: 391:

TEPCO announced it restored the automated cooling systems in the damaged reactors in about three months, and had the reactors put into cold shutdown status in six months.

4712: 4508: 4491: 1156:

615 fuel assemblies lay in the spent fuel pool. Removal operations have yet to begin; operations may start in the fiscal year of 2024 and end in the fiscal year 2026.

1036:

Contaminated water leakage from a flange type tank was found in the H4 area. The incident was evaluated by the NRA as a provisional rating Level 3 on the eight-level

4513: 2430: 384:

Japanese reactor maker Toshiba said it could decommission the earthquake-damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant in about 10 years, a third quicker than the American

711:

the adjacent diagram) through any leaks from the water-injected reactor buildings. Since the accumulated radioactive water was a risk, TEPCO tried to transfer it.

1983: 4431: 3952: 1962: 4448: 2727: 1646: 1060:

The Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters published "the Government's Decision on Addressing the Contaminated Water Issue at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi NPS".

1544: 4120: 3546: 4831: 1040:. In response to this incident, the NRA recommended that TEPCO should replace the flange type tank, which was prone to leak water, with a welded type tank. 282:

Michio Aoyama, a scientist at Fukushima University's Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, estimated that the meltdowns and explosions released 18,000

894:, sawdust, and shredded newspapers into the crack; this approach failed to slow the leak. After an investigation of the water flow, TEPCO began to inject 4370: 4365: 4360: 4039: 1009:

With announcing the situation on seawater and groundwater, TEPCO admitted that contaminated groundwater had been leaking into the ocean since March 2011.

726: 51: 4316: 3978: 3139:

Increases in the Concentration of Radioactive Materials in Seawater and Groundwater on the Ocean Side of the Site: Current Situation and Countermeasures

4418: 2817: 1037: 953:

that did not close. It was found that they were exposed to 0.16 and 0.14 millisieverts. The last man wore a raincoat. No immediate symptoms were found.

1750: 3934: 3913: 3808: 3723: 3661: 3641: 3599: 3468: 3036: 2417: 2355: 2315: 2295: 4242: 3279: 1436:

Decontamination efforts were planned in line with this order, to help people return to places where the radiation levels would be relatively low.

1303:

Since the disaster, TEPCO has installed sensors, a fabric cover over the reactors and additional filters to reduce the emission of contaminants.

706:

Side view of the Fukushima trenches and tunnels. 1: Reactor building, 2: Turbine generator and associated condenser (large black colored vessel).

3167: 2767: 2747: 2214: 298:

equivalent to roughly 9 milligrams (0.14 gr)) of caesium 137 and the same amount (in terms of activity, not in terms of mass – the mass of

4068: 3892: 3872: 3444: 2276: 1089: 4309: 3251:"Background information and Press Release on INES provisional rating on contaminated water leakage from a water tank at Fukushima Daiichi NPS" 2503:"Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident Update (27 March, 03:00 UTC)". International Atomic Energy Agency. 27 March 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 979:

reveal how much water was lost into the ocean, and how the joint could fail. A similar leakage at the same facility happened on 26 March 2012.

4469: 2988: 1339:

site's communal storage facility. By February 2018 the dome-shaped roof had been completed in preparation of the removal of the fuel rods.

385: 4853: 3374: 714: 3825: 2335: 1725: 17: 3250: 1836: 534:

nitrogen was injected to prevent explosions. When hydrogen would be detected at the other reactors, nitrogen injections would follow.

4863: 1239: 2585: 1776: 1672: 4275: 1139:

service for refueling at the time of the 2011 accident, so the spent fuel pool contained a number of unused new fuel assemblies).

800:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

3054:"TEPCO : Press Release | Mid-and-long-Term Roadmap towards the Decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Units 1–4" 1100:

Cooling the reactors with recirculated and decontaminated water from the basements proved successful, but as a consequence, this

410: 57: 3519: 2563: 100: 87: 4025: 4008: 2443: 1704: 158: 4768: 4667: 4332: 3778: 3699: 3678: 3620: 2541: 256: 4778: 4279: 1837:"Japanese soil still safe for planting after Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster, scientists report – Los Angeles Times" 927: 4171: 3138: 1284:

Three years later, a start would be made to take all spent fuel from the 4 damaged reactors to a pool within the compound.

4382: 4252: 4086: 4184: 2142: 1940: 1164:

392 fuel assemblies lay in the spent fuel pool. Removal operations have yet to begin. The operations may start in 2027.

4753: 4375: 4355: 4197: 3322: 1995: 880: 252: 147: 4397: 3956: 3414: 3000: 2785: 2372: 151: 2528: 1255: 815: 645: 230: 118: 65: 1888:"'I am one of the Fukushima fifty': One of the men who risked their lives to prevent a catastrophe shares his story" 4672: 3982: 2724: 2711: 2698: 1656: 620: 4297:

Mid-and-Long-Term Roadmap towards the Decommissioning of TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Units 1–4

4858: 4805: 4575: 4128: 3554: 3016: 2828: 1351:

There is also a concern that washing surfaces will merely move the radioactive material without eliminating it.

940:

TEPCO began the operation of the cesium adsorption apparatus (Kurion) and the decontamination apparatus (AREVA).

2633: 2514: 1805: 1362:

no-entry zones and evacuation zones designated by the government would be the responsibility of the government.

4296: 3200: 1582:. Translation Series. United States Atomic Energy Commission (published April 1974). p. 220. AEC-tr-7512. 4563: 4539: 169: 3004: 627: 165: 96: 4798: 4599: 4569: 4270: 4261: 2053: 1754: 985: 328: 4824: 4387: 3930: 3909: 3804: 3719: 3637: 3595: 3485: 3464: 3297:"Fukushima worker had contamination over head, face and chest on transferring water from the leaking tank" 3032: 2491: 2352: 2312: 2292: 1368:

in areas with radiation levels above 20 millisievert per year, decontamination would be done step by step.

4651: 4402: 4392: 2465: 2937: 2673: 4529: 4474: 3275: 1448:

had spent around 1.7 billion yen ($ 21 million) on the costs of decontamination works in the cities of

1292: 1263: 794: 356:

employees remained onsite in the immediate aftermath to work to stabilize the plant and begin cleanup.

2215:"Survey finds zero Fukushima plant strontium contamination in soil samples – AJW by The Asahi Shimbun" 873:

TEPCO announced that radioactive water had accumulated in the basement of the Unit 2 turbine building.

4593: 4587: 3375:"Japan may have to dump radioactive Fukushima water into the ocean because it's out of storage space" 3183: 3163: 2764: 2744: 2218: 1991: 946:

TEPCO began the (test) operation of SARRY, which is the second cesium adsorption apparatus (TOSHIBA).

248: 4064: 3888: 3868: 3440: 3053: 2963: 2871: 2845: 2273: 2010: 4631: 4199:

Important Stories on Decommissioning-Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, now and in the future

3348: 3225: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2832: 2332: 2240: 1593:

Redman, H. C.; et al. (1972). "Toxicity of 137-CsCl in the Beagle. Early Biological Effects".

789: 318: 3104: 1916: 961:

Mid-and-long-Term Roadmap towards the Decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Units 1–4

4581: 4464: 4249:

MOFA Information on contaminated water leakage at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

3869:

Hot-spot cleanups hampered by public resistance to local disposal sites – The Mainichi Daily News

3336:

Government's Decision on Addressing the Contaminated Water Issue at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi NPS

683: 324: 4257: 1278:

First, the containment vessels needed to be repaired, then filled with water to block radiation.

1238:

not provide cooling, such a plan would require massive reinforcement under the floor, as in the

4763: 4243:

PM Information on contaminated water leakage at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

3401: 3091: 2079: 1859:"Seven Years Later, Radioactive Water at Fukushima Plant Still Flowing into Ocean, Study Finds" 1221:

season begins in June in Japan, it became urgent to protect the damaged reactor buildings from

891: 1573: 1374:

the Japanese government would help local authorities with disposing of the enormous amount of

4646: 2661:

asahi.com (朝日新聞社)：Radiation fallout from Fukushima plant will take "months" to stop – English

1495: 3740: 3187: 1371:

within two years, radiation levels between 5 and 20 millisieverts should be cut down to 60%.

906:

the Roadmap towards Restoration from the Accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

4211:

Answers to Frequently Asked Questions About Cleanup Activities at Three Mile Island, Unit 2

3254: 2198: 1604: 1464: 1449: 1445: 1251:

4) should be abolished too would be decided based on the opinions of local municipalities.

4248: 3979:"Nuclear evacuation zone changes inspire hope, despondency in Fukushima town – 毎日ｊｐ(毎日新聞)" 3889:

No quick way to remove radioactive substances from soil: experts – The Mainichi Daily News

3578:"Japan nuclear crisis: scientists consider burying Fukushima in a 'Chernobyl sarcophagus'" 8: 4638: 3441:

Radioactive waste piles up at Fukushima nuclear plant as disposal method remains in limbo

3150: 2169: 1457: 1306: 702: 682:

was built by Russia with funding from Japan to process liquid wastes produced during the

512: 2897:

Roadmap towards Restoration from the Accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

2589: 1782: 1608: 1200:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

847:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

587:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

208:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

4743: 3847: 3349:"TEPCO : Contaminated Water Leakage from the Tank in the H4 Area (follow-up info)" 3079: 2241:"2.4 trillion yen in Fukushima crisis compensation costs to be tacked onto power bills" 2147: 2115: 2028: 1678: 1620: 1595: 1550: 780: 687: 516: 336: 3765: 4773: 4301: 4291: 4209: 4094: 2793: 2087: 2032: 1628: 1375: 1109: 1101: 2660: 4812: 4215: 4004: 2018: 1651: 1612: 1384: 264: 3335: 2725:

Radioactive water at Fukushima plant 'strongly suspected' of seeping into sea: NRA

4677: 4072: 4012: 3938: 3917: 3896: 3876: 3812: 3782: 3727: 3703: 3695: 3682: 3674: 3645: 3624: 3616: 3603: 3472: 3448: 3283: 3171: 3040: 3005:

Recovery and processing of radioactive accumulated water at Fukushima Daiichi NPS

2771: 2751: 2731: 2549: 2359: 2319: 2299: 2280: 1892: 1863: 1577: 1490: 1478: 1453: 895: 737: 327:

the plant is estimated to cost tens of billions of dollars and last 30–40 years.

276: 260: 1287:

Within 10 years, the removal of the melted fuel inside the reactors could begin.

1003:

TEPCO began the operation of ALPS, which is the multi-nuclide removal equipment.

3766:

Radiation-shielding sheets to be installed in September at earliest, Kyodo News

2274:

Workers in shelters just outside gates of nuclear complex miss out on allowance

1539: 1359:

all areas with radiation levels above 1 millisievert per year would be cleaned.

750: 403: 263:. Plant workers were put in the position of trying to cope simultaneously with 3105:"TEPCO : Hot test started for the multi-nuclide removal equipment (ALPS)" 2143:"Six Years After Fukushima, Robots Finally Find Reactors' Melted Uranium Fuel" 550: 4847: 4098: 4040:"Clearing the Radioactive Rubble Heap That Was Fukushima Daiichi, 7 Years On" 2797: 2339: 2091: 2023: 1968: 1945: 1417:

no-entry zones, with an annual radiation exposure of 50 millisieverts or more

1388: 341: 291: 283: 3415:"Japanese fishermen urge government not to release Fukushima water to ocean" 2899:(TEPCO:2011.4.17) TEPCO revised this roadmap many times in 2011 as follows: 4758: 4748: 4479: 1810: 1726:"Doubts over ice wall to keep Fukushima safe from damaged nuclear reactors" 1709: 1545:"With a Plant's Tainted Water Still Flowing, No End to Environmental Fears" 1501:

Discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

1404:

and prevent the spread of contaminated mud and sand for at least 50 years.

1079:

Discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

660:

Discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

310: 295: 4170:

The Committee on countermeasures for contaminated water treatment (2013),

3486:"FUEL REMOVAL FROM UNIT 4 REACTOR BUILDING COMPLETED AT FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI" 2388: 1632: 744: 287: 2353:

Earthquake-report 323: TEPCO fails to clearly see inside damaged reactor

3638:

Earthquake-report 249: Fuel retrieval at Fukushima to start in 10 years

2194: 1624: 1579:

Distribution, Biological Effects, and Migration of Radioactive Isotopes

1432:

in these zones the residents would be allowed to return to their houses

1066:

Contaminated water leakage from storage tanks was found in the H4 area.

3226:"TEPCO : Contaminated Water Leakage from the Tank in the H4 Area" 2765:

TEPCO's plan to halt spread of radioactive water based on shaky theory

1915:

Hackenbroch, Veronika; Meyer, Cordula; Thielke, Thilo (5 April 2011).

1307:

Sensors for xenon and temperature changes to detect critical reactions

668:

The Japanese government had initially requested the assistance of the

461:), costs for interim storage of radioactive material to increase from 3164:

Extremely high tritium level found in water in pit at Fukushima plant

1423:

zones with annual radiation exposures between 20 and 50 millisieverts

1112:

had accumulated at the plant. The Kurion and Sally systems both used

1108:

On 27 September, after three months operation, some 4,700 drums with

1020: 1016: 4219: 3720:

Earthquake-report 211: A new plan set to reduce radiation emissions

2515:"Official: Workers touched water with radiation 10,000 times normal" 1705:"Fukushima radiation levels 18 times higher than previously thought" 1673:"Japan's $ 320 Million Gamble at Fukushima: An Underground Ice Wall" 1616: 1291:

This scheme was partly based on the experience gained from the 1979

4534: 697: 413:

estimated the total cost of dealing with the Fukushima disaster at

3953:"Japan's nuclear clean-up: costly, complex and at risk of failing" 3509:, "TEPCO Uses Unmanned Equipment To Remove Rubble", 10 April 2011. 2431:

Fukushima No. 2 reactor radiation level up to 73 sieverts per hour

1407: 445:) was expected, with decontamination costs estimated to rise from 3547:"Japan weighs need to bury nuclear plant; tries to restore power" 2293:

Earthquake-report 216: Hydrogen check ordered at No.2, 3 reactors

1226: 1218: 1113: 674: 521: 4266: 4121:"Fukushima in review: A complex disaster, a disastrous response" 2938:"TEPCO : Installation Plan of the Water Treatment Facility" 2444:"Tech companies to begin cleaning water at Japan nuclear plants" 934:" as the water with high concentration of radioactive materials. 4292:

Decommissioning plan of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

3931:

Earthquake report 296: Govt to designate nuclear clean-up areas

2712:

Cesium readings further climb in groundwater at Fukushima plant

2466:"Russia floating nuclear waste plant ready to depart for Japan" 2418:

Earthquake report 374: Radiation high near suppression chambers

2333:

TEPCO uses endoscope to look inside crippled Fukushima reactor

2313:

Earthquake-report 230: Hydrogen level falls at Fukushima plant

1941:"TEPCO Announces a "Roadmap to Restoration" at Fukushima Dai-1" 669: 511:"radiation management zones". The shelters were constructed by 4285: 2612:"Increase your water play pool, use of Mega-Float for fishing" 2564:"Fukushima's radioactive water to be pumped into 'Mega Float'" 2745:

Strontium detected in well on seaward side of Fukushima plant

2492:

Earthquake-Report 201: Challenges to contain nuclear accident

1398: 1222: 353: 272: 1963:"Tepco's Plan Said to Extend Nuclear-Leak Risk Through June" 1365:

the rest of the areas would be cleaned by local authorities.

619:

may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's

27:

Ongoing cleanup after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident

1429:

zones with exposures of less than 20 millisieverts per year

770: 551:

Inspections of the suppression chambers reactor no. 2 and 3

429:). A rise in compensation for victims of the disaster from 361: 314: 1281:

The reactors should be in a state of stable cold shutdown.

736:

1: Reactor building, 2: Turbine building, 3: Injection of

718:

Assembly of hose fittings for Fukushima complex, Yokota AB

477:), and costs of decommissioning reactors to increase from 3805:

Steel Frame for Unit 1 Reactor Building Cover is Complete

3379: 3129:

On the day before, Japan's Upper House election was held.

2786:"Japanese nuclear firm admits error on radiation reading" 2389:"Japan quake: Radiation rises at Fukushima nuclear plant" 2170:"Japan: Minister in first tour of stricken nuclear plant" 1426:

here former residents could return, but with restrictions

267:

at three reactors and exposed fuel pools at three units.

3656: 3654: 2699:

Groundwater contamination level soars at Fukushima plant

505: 402:), as cited by the Japanese Prime Minister at the time, 3512: 2663:. Asahi.com (4 April 2011). Retrieved on 30 April 2011. 1914: 1647:"Toxic water may have leaked into Pacific Ocean: TEPCO" 1072: 4331: 1984:"Japan Plant Emits More Radiation After Cooling Lapse" 1173:

will be placed into containers and kept at the plant.

745:

Removal of accumulated water in seawater piping trench

309:

amounts to roughly 5.8 milligrams (0.090 gr)) of

3826:"Test run for Fukushima Daiichi 3 cover installation" 3651: 2586:"TEPCO may use floating island to hold tainted water" 541: 4065:

Fukushima local decontamination costs bust estimates

3910:

Earthquake-report 231: Decontamination-plan compiled

2373:

TEPCO films in reactor 2 (footage comments in Dutch)

2233: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1830: 1828: 1121:

could not be dealt with using conventional systems.

3768:. English.kyodonews.jp. Retrieved on 30 April 2011. 732:

leakage of radioactive water of the Fukushima plant

563: 4087:"Opinion | Playing Pass the Parcel With Fukushima" 3544: 2777: 2116:"Fukushima workers enter nuclear reactor building" 1961: 1671: 1576:. In Lebedinskiĭ, A. V.; Moskalev, Yu. I. (eds.). 1543: 1439: 496: 4119:Funabashi, Yoichi; Kitazawa, Kay (1 March 2012). 4118: 3617:Fuel retrieval at Fukushima to start in 10 years 2383: 2381: 1927: 1825: 1698: 1696: 1245: 528: 4845: 4005:Seabed near nuke plant to be covered with cement 3575: 3402:New environment minister apologizes to fishermen 3033:2 workers showered with highly radioactive water 1258:presented a timetable in a draft report, titled 1176: 698:Installation of circulating water cooling system 251:from the three nuclear reactors involved in the 4288:News site of a concerned Japanese man in Europe 3741:"Reactor feared in meltdown, radiation spreads" 3675:Commission releases report on scrapping N-plant 3520:"TEPCO unveils plan to seal Fukushima reactors" 2631: 1444:In mid December 2011, the local authorities in 1408:New definition of the no-entry zones introduced 1342: 1298: 3667: 2542:"TEPCO halts work to remove radioactive water" 2378: 1751:"Status of Fuel Removal from Spent Fuel Pools" 1693: 1538: 1420:at these places habitation would be prohibited 630:to make improvements to the overall structure. 4317: 3848:"Kukushima plant reactor gets new roof cover" 3714: 3712: 2207: 2110: 2108: 4063:The Mainichi Daily News (21 December 2011). 2656: 2654: 2588:. E.nikkei.com. 2 April 2011. Archived from 2412: 2410: 1159: 1151: 1142: 1133: 757: 3759: 3596:Nishizawa:TEPCO to scrap Fukushima reactors 3080:Strontium at Fukushima plant flows into sea 2625: 2331:The Mainichi Daily news (19 January 2012). 2071: 1908: 1324: 1275:The scrapping will take 30 years or longer. 66:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4825:Nuclear power in Japan, section Seismicity 4820: 4794: 4324: 4310: 4026:Govt speeds rezoning of contaminated areas 3709: 3439:The Mainichi Daily news (3 October 2011). 2272:The Mainichi Daily News (31 October 2011) 2105: 1639: 1471: 1399:Cementing the seabed near the water intake 1333: 1148:remove 566 fuel assemblies from the pool. 394:First estimates included costs as high as 313:into the ocean daily. For comparison, the 4245:, Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 3696:TEPCO to monitor xenon at Fukushima plant 3372: 3334:Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters. 2651: 2407: 2080:"Nuclear Cleanup Plans Hinge on Unknowns" 2022: 1959: 1240:Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus 816:Learn how and when to remove this message 646:Learn how and when to remove this message 421:), almost twice the previous estimate of 231:Learn how and when to remove this message 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 2008: 1571: 1387:and the tourist industry in the city of 771:Timeline of contaminated water treatment 725: 713: 701: 2783: 2140: 2077: 1885: 1803: 1723: 1702: 1669: 1232: 411:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 257:earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011 14: 4846: 4444:Leaks and dumping of radioactive water 4024:The Daily Yomiuri (18 December 2011). 3950: 3779:"TEPCO to cover No.1 reactor building" 2429:The Mainichi Shimbun (28 March 2012). 2054:"After Nuclear Milestone, a Long Road" 1834: 1592: 749:The Fukushima Daiichi NPS has several 4305: 4084: 3373:Wakatsuki, Yoko (10 September 2019). 2723:The Mainichi Shimbun (11 July 2013). 2710:The Mainichi Shimbun (10 July 2013). 2674:"TEPCO : Seawater Piping Trench" 2512: 2506: 1542:; Tabuchi, Hiroko (24 October 2013). 1260:"how to scrap the Fukushima reactors" 672:floating water decontamination plant 506:Workers in dorms exposed to radiation 352:At the time of the initial event, 50 4280:Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency 4182: 3545:Saoshiro, Shinichi (18 March 2011). 3094:原子力規制委員会設置法の施行日を定める政令要綱 (2012.9.11). 2697:The Mainichi Shimbun (8 July 2013). 2141:Fackler, Martin (19 November 2017). 2009:Brumfiel, Geoff (11 December 2011). 1938: 1917:"A hapless Fukushima cleanup effort" 1804:McCurry, Justin (18 November 2011). 1781:(in Japanese). TEPCO. Archived from 1703:McCurry, Justin (1 September 2013). 1180: 1095: 1073:Suggestions of dumping cooling water 928:Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency 827: 774: 603: 567: 188: 130: 72: 31: 4225: 4195: 4183:Tritiated Water Task Force (2016), 4037: 3465:Desalinisation of spent fuel pools 2497: 1976: 1655:. 13 September 2013. Archived from 1124: 379: 24: 4854:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 4754:Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project 4356:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 4333:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 4085:Kirby, Peter Wynn (7 March 2016). 3828:. World Nuclear News. 13 June 2016 3781:. NHK. 14 May 2011. Archived from 3576:Alleyne, Richard (19 March 2011). 3162:The Asahi Shimbun (28 July 2013). 2763:The Asahi Shimbun (13 July 2013). 2743:The Asahi Shimbun (12 July 2013). 2534: 2199:Reactor shutdowns nine months away 1960:Clenfield, Jason (14 April 2011). 1670:Fackler, Martin (29 August 2016). 1574:"Biological Effects of Cesium-137" 881:Japanese Nuclear Safety Commission 542:Investigations inside the reactors 253:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 25: 4875: 4832:Nuclear and radioactive incidents 4236: 4208: 4186:Tritiated Water Task Force Report 4152: 4125:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 3951:Knight, Sophie (14 August 2013). 2784:McCurry, Justin (28 March 2011). 2078:Tabuchi, Hiroko (14 April 2011). 2011:"Fukushima reaches cold shutdown" 1256:Japanese Atomic Energy Commission 1167: 47:This article has multiple issues. 4864:Radioactively contaminated areas 4819: 4793: 4164:Management of contaminated water 4112: 4078: 4057: 4031: 4018: 3997: 3971: 3955:. In.reuters.com. Archived from 3944: 3923: 3902: 3882: 3862: 3850:. NHK Newsline. 20 February 2018 3840: 3818: 3797: 3771: 3733: 2852:. 6 April 2011. pp. 253–256 2818:福島第一発電所２号機タービン建屋地下１階の滞留水について（助言） 2632:Westall, Sylvia (4 April 2011). 2247:. The Mainichi. 10 December 2016 1806:"Fukushima Rice Banned by Japan" 1724:McCurry, Justin (13 July 2014). 1185: 1088:Hiroshi Kishi, the president of 832: 779: 608: 572: 564:Management of contaminated water 317:of Caesium-137 in mice (through 193: 135: 77: 36: 4806:Seismicity of the Sanriku coast 4169: 3688: 3630: 3609: 3588: 3569: 3538: 3526:. London, England. 15 June 2011 3500: 3478: 3454: 3433: 3407: 3394: 3366: 3341: 3328: 3315: 3289: 3269: 3243: 3218: 3201:"TEPCO : Frozen soil wall" 3193: 3177: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3123: 3097: 3085: 3072: 3046: 3022: 3010: 2994: 2982: 2956: 2930: 2890: 2864: 2838: 2822: 2811: 2757: 2737: 2717: 2704: 2691: 2666: 2604: 2578: 2556: 2548:. 30 March 2011. Archived from 2484: 2458: 2436: 2423: 2365: 2345: 2325: 2305: 2285: 2266: 2217:. Ajw.asahi.com. Archived from 2188: 2162: 2134: 2046: 2002: 1994:. 14 April 2011. Archived from 1953: 1886:McNeill, David (2 March 2013). 1879: 1851: 1797: 1513: 1440:Costs of the cleanup operations 497:Working conditions at the plant 247:is an ongoing attempt to limit 55:or discuss these issues on the 4003:NHK-world (22 February 2012). 3694:NHK-world (10 November 2011). 1835:Kaplan, Karen (12 July 2011). 1769: 1743: 1717: 1663: 1586: 1565: 1532: 1315: 1246:Scrapping reactors Daiichi 1–4 529:Preventing hydrogen explosions 294:(30 GBq, or approximately 0.8 13: 1: 4739:Impact on video game industry 4540:Sayonara Nuclear Power Plants 3673:NHK-world (9 November 2011). 3615:NHK-world (28 October 2011). 1526: 1264:accident at Three Mile Island 1177:Proposed building protections 4465:Okawa School tsunami tragedy 4271:Nuclear Regulation Authority 4262:Tokyo Electric Power Company 1939:Boyd, John (18 April 2011). 1343:Cleanup of neighboring areas 1299:Protection systems installed 986:Nuclear Regulation Authority 329:Tokyo Electric Power Company 7: 4652:Yuzuru Hanyu Notte Stellata 4253:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 3141:(TEPCO reference material). 3092:原子力規制委員会の施行に伴う関係政令の閣議決定について 2203:Japan Times, 18 April 2011. 1484: 1019:/liter of tritium and 2.35 347: 275:gas which can be a sign of 10: 4880: 4530:Project Sunshine for Japan 4146: 3803:JAIF (20 September 2011). 3718:JAIF (20 September 2011). 3151:汚染水の発電所港湾内への流出に関する公表問題について 3078:NHK-world (5 April 2012). 2490:JAIF (11 September 2011). 2446:. Gigaom.com. 17 June 2011 2291:JAIF (26 September 2011). 1293:Three Mile Island accident 1076: 657: 245:Fukushima disaster cleanup 18:Fukushima accident cleanup 4787: 4731: 4690: 4660: 4618: 4609: 4552: 4522: 4457: 4411: 4348: 4339: 3929:JAIF (20 December 2011). 3660:JAIF (10 November 2011). 3594:JAIF (7 September 2011). 3400:NHK (12 September 2019). 2371:nu.nl (20 January 2012). 1992:Nuclear Threat Initiative 1572:Moskalev, Yu. I. (1961). 1194:This section needs to be 1160:Unit 1 spent fuel removal 1152:Unit 2 spent fuel removal 1143:Unit 3 spent fuel removal 1134:Unit 4 spent fuel removal 892:polymeric water absorbent 841:This section needs to be 758:Groundwater contamination 581:This section needs to be 249:radioactive contamination 202:This article needs to be 4632:Operation Pacific Assist 4155:東日本大震災の記録 - 原子力事故と計画停電 - 4071:21 December 2011 at the 4011:27 November 2012 at the 3908:JAIF (10 October 2011). 3702:12 November 2011 at the 3681:13 December 2011 at the 3636:JAIF (29 October 2011). 2566:. Gizmodo. 30 March 2011 2351:JAIF (20 January 2012). 2311:JAIF (10 October 2011). 2024:10.1038/nature.2011.9674 1988:Global Security Newswire 1777: 1506: 1325:Fabric cover over Unit 1 1254:On 28 October 2011, the 751:seawater piping trenches 319:acute radiation syndrome 91:may need to be rewritten 4596:(7.1, 13 February 2021) 4590:(6.9, 22 November 2016) 3916:6 November 2011 at the 3623:28 October 2011 at the 3282:16 January 2017 at the 3039:11 October 2011 at the 2513:Staff (24 March 2007). 2318:6 November 2011 at the 2298:28 October 2011 at the 2279:31 October 2011 at the 1753:. TEPCO. Archived from 1472:Lessons learned to date 1334:Metal cover over Unit 3 930:began to use the term " 788:Some of this section's 734:through a gravel layer. 4859:Ecological restoration 4764:869 Sanriku earthquake 4584:(7.3, 7 December 2012) 4228:汚染水との闘い −福島第一原発・危機の深層− 3937:3 January 2012 at the 3895:27 August 2011 at the 3875:27 August 2011 at the 3471:18 August 2011 at the 3447:5 October 2011 at the 2416:JAIF (15 March 2012). 1839:. Articles.latimes.com 1047:radiation count later. 988:(NRA) was established. 741: 719: 707: 4647:Reconstruction Agency 4626:Humanitarian response 4383:Fukushima Daini plant 4282:, former organization 3811:19 April 2012 at the 3726:19 April 2012 at the 3662:Earthquake-report 261 3602:19 April 2012 at the 3321:TEPCO (in Japanese). 3170:1 August 2013 at the 1496:Human decontamination 729: 717: 705: 658:Further information: 4799:Japanese earthquakes 4769:2011 local elections 4602:(7.0, 20 March 2021) 4578:(6.6, 11 April 2011) 2770:17 July 2013 at the 2750:16 July 2013 at the 2730:14 July 2013 at the 1659:on 12 December 2013. 1465:University of Oxford 1233:Proposed sarcophagus 166:improve this article 4639:Operation Tomodachi 4572:(7.1, 7 April 2011) 4566:(7.3, 9 March 2011) 4258:TEPCO News Releases 4044:Scientific American 3644:17 May 2013 at the 3582:The Daily Telegraph 2358:16 May 2013 at the 2245:Mainichi Daily News 2221:on 12 December 2013 1609:1972RadR...50..629R 1456:and the village of 628:editing the article 513:Toshiba Corporation 170:independent sources 4744:No.18 Kyotoku-maru 4668:Wrestling in Japan 4412:Sequence of events 4153:電気新聞, ed. (2011). 4131:on 2 February 2016 4091:The New York Times 3959:on 2 February 2016 3584:. London, England. 3557:on 2 February 2016 3463:(16 August 2011). 3257:on 16 January 2017 3153:(TEPCO:2013.7.26). 3060:. 21 December 2011 3031:(31 August 2011). 2991:(NISA: 2011.5.25). 2835:(TEPCO: 2011.4.2). 2148:The New York Times 2084:The New York Times 1679:The New York Times 1596:Radiation Research 1551:The New York Times 932:Contaminated Water 915:into the reactors. 742: 720: 708: 688:nuclear submarines 517:Kajima Corporation 337:soil contamination 255:that followed the 4841: 4840: 4774:Miracle Pine Tree 4686: 4685: 4548: 4547: 4439:Radiation effects 4398:Higashidori plant 3985:on 21 August 2013 3488:. www.tepco.co.jp 3323:Handout 130828 07 2592:on 23 August 2011 2546:NHK WORLD English 1896:. London, England 1757:on 11 August 2022 1376:radioactive waste 1215: 1214: 1110:radioactive waste 1102:radioactive waste 1096:Radioactive waste 862: 861: 826: 825: 818: 656: 655: 648: 621:layout guidelines 602: 601: 409:In 2016, Japan's 386:Three Mile Island 241: 240: 233: 223: 222: 187: 186: 157:largely based on 129: 128: 121: 101:lead layout guide 70: 16:(Redirected from 4871: 4823: 4822: 4813:List of tsunamis 4797: 4796: 4779:Shinkansen Relay 4616: 4615: 4594:Fukushima, Japan 4588:Fukushima, Japan 4576:Fukushima, Japan 4346: 4345: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4303: 4302: 4231: 4222: 4205: 4204: 4192: 4191: 4179: 4178: 4158: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4127:. Archived from 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4082: 4076: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4035: 4029: 4022: 4016: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3981:. Archived from 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3948: 3942: 3927: 3921: 3906: 3900: 3886: 3880: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3822: 3816: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3737: 3731: 3716: 3707: 3692: 3686: 3671: 3665: 3658: 3649: 3634: 3628: 3613: 3607: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3553:. Archived from 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3482: 3476: 3458: 3452: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3421:. 8 October 2020 3411: 3405: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3345: 3339: 3332: 3326: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3293: 3287: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3253:. Archived from 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3197: 3191: 3181: 3175: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3050: 3044: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2934: 2928: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2842: 2836: 2826: 2820: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2781: 2775: 2761: 2755: 2741: 2735: 2721: 2715: 2708: 2702: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2440: 2434: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2385: 2376: 2369: 2363: 2349: 2343: 2338:15 July 2012 at 2329: 2323: 2309: 2303: 2289: 2283: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2254: 2252: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2211: 2205: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2026: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1998:on 15 June 2019. 1980: 1974: 1973: 1965: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1936: 1925: 1924: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1700: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1675: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1652:Mainichi Shimbun 1643: 1637: 1636: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1547: 1536: 1520: 1517: 1479:spent fuel pools 1210: 1207: 1201: 1189: 1188: 1181: 1125:Spent fuel pools 959:TEPCO announced 904:TEPCO announced 857: 854: 848: 836: 835: 828: 821: 814: 810: 807: 801: 783: 775: 651: 644: 640: 637: 631: 612: 611: 604: 597: 594: 588: 576: 575: 568: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 401: 397: 380:Scope of cleanup 308: 306: 305: 261:spent fuel pools 236: 229: 218: 215: 209: 197: 196: 189: 182: 179: 173: 159:routine coverage 139: 138: 131: 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 97:improve the lead 81: 80: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4783: 4727: 4682: 4656: 4611: 4605: 4555: 4544: 4518: 4514:Accident Rating 4453: 4407: 4341: 4335: 4330: 4286:Fukushima Diary 4239: 4220:10.2172/6861449 4214:, NUREG, 1984, 4202: 4189: 4176: 4157:. (社)日本電気協会新聞部. 4149: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4083: 4079: 4073:Wayback Machine 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4036: 4032: 4023: 4019: 4013:Wayback Machine 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3949: 3945: 3939:Wayback Machine 3928: 3924: 3918:Wayback Machine 3907: 3903: 3897:Wayback Machine 3887: 3883: 3877:Wayback Machine 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3813:Wayback Machine 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3747:. 30 March 2011 3739: 3738: 3734: 3728:Wayback Machine 3717: 3710: 3704:Wayback Machine 3693: 3689: 3683:Wayback Machine 3672: 3668: 3659: 3652: 3646:Wayback Machine 3635: 3631: 3625:Wayback Machine 3614: 3610: 3604:Wayback Machine 3593: 3589: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3473:Wayback Machine 3459: 3455: 3449:Wayback Machine 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3353:www.tepco.co.jp 3347: 3346: 3342: 3333: 3329: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3301:Fukushima Diary 3295: 3294: 3290: 3284:Wayback Machine 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3230:www.tepco.co.jp 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3205:www.tepco.co.jp 3199: 3198: 3194: 3188:汚染水処理対策委員会（第3回） 3182: 3178: 3172:Wayback Machine 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3111:. 30 March 2013 3109:www.tepco.co.jp 3103: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3058:www.tepco.co.jp 3052: 3051: 3047: 3041:Wayback Machine 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3001:Soramoto (2014) 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2968:www.tepco.co.jp 2962: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2944:. 27 April 2011 2942:www.tepco.co.jp 2936: 2935: 2931: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2878:. 21 April 2011 2876:www.tepco.co.jp 2870: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2850:www.tepco.co.jp 2844: 2843: 2839: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2782: 2778: 2772:Wayback Machine 2762: 2758: 2752:Wayback Machine 2742: 2738: 2732:Wayback Machine 2722: 2718: 2709: 2705: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2678:www.tepco.co.jp 2672: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2552:on 11 May 2011. 2540: 2539: 2535: 2520: 2518: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2428: 2424: 2415: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2395:. 14 March 2011 2387: 2386: 2379: 2370: 2366: 2360:Wayback Machine 2350: 2346: 2330: 2326: 2320:Wayback Machine 2310: 2306: 2300:Wayback Machine 2290: 2286: 2281:Wayback Machine 2271: 2267: 2259: 2258: 2250: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2193: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2076: 2072: 2062: 2060: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2007: 2003: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1958: 1954: 1937: 1928: 1913: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1893:The Independent 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1867:. 29 March 2018 1864:The Japan Times 1857: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1833: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1802: 1798: 1788: 1786: 1785:on 22 July 2022 1779: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1722: 1718: 1701: 1694: 1684: 1682: 1668: 1664: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1617:10.2307/3573559 1591: 1587: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1540:Fackler, Martin 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1491:Tritiated water 1487: 1474: 1442: 1410: 1401: 1345: 1336: 1327: 1318: 1309: 1301: 1248: 1235: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1170: 1162: 1154: 1145: 1136: 1127: 1098: 1081: 1075: 1063:On 12 September 982:On 19 September 896:sodium silicate 858: 852: 849: 846: 837: 833: 822: 811: 805: 802: 799: 784: 773: 760: 747: 738:sodium silicate 735: 700: 684:decommissioning 662: 652: 641: 635: 632: 626:Please help by 625: 613: 609: 598: 592: 589: 586: 577: 573: 566: 553: 544: 531: 508: 499: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 419:US$ 187 billion 418: 414: 399: 395: 382: 350: 325:Decommissioning 304: 302: 301: 300: 299: 277:nuclear fission 237: 226: 225: 224: 219: 213: 210: 207: 198: 194: 183: 177: 174: 163: 148:a press release 140: 136: 125: 114: 108: 105: 94: 82: 78: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4877: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4828: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4635: 4622: 4620: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4564:Sanriku, Japan 4560: 4558: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4489: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4403:Rokkasho plant 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4352: 4350: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4238: 4237:External links 4235: 4234: 4233: 4230:. ちくま新書. 筑摩書房. 4226:空本誠喜 (2014). 4223: 4206: 4193: 4180: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4111: 4077: 4056: 4038:Hornyak, Tim. 4030: 4017: 3996: 3970: 3943: 3922: 3901: 3881: 3861: 3839: 3817: 3796: 3785:on 13 May 2011 3770: 3758: 3732: 3708: 3687: 3666: 3650: 3629: 3608: 3587: 3568: 3537: 3511: 3499: 3477: 3453: 3432: 3406: 3393: 3365: 3340: 3327: 3314: 3303:. 17 June 2013 3288: 3268: 3242: 3217: 3192: 3184:地下水の流入抑制のための対策 3176: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3122: 3096: 3084: 3071: 3045: 3021: 3009: 2993: 2981: 2955: 2929: 2889: 2863: 2837: 2821: 2810: 2776: 2756: 2736: 2716: 2703: 2690: 2665: 2650: 2624: 2603: 2577: 2555: 2533: 2505: 2496: 2483: 2472:. 8 April 2011 2457: 2435: 2422: 2406: 2377: 2364: 2344: 2324: 2304: 2284: 2265: 2232: 2206: 2187: 2176:. 9 April 2011 2161: 2133: 2104: 2070: 2045: 2001: 1975: 1952: 1926: 1907: 1878: 1850: 1824: 1796: 1768: 1742: 1716: 1692: 1662: 1638: 1603:(3): 629–648. 1585: 1564: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1473: 1470: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1380: 1379: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1344: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1247: 1244: 1234: 1231: 1213: 1212: 1193: 1191: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1168:Debris removal 1166: 1161: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1126: 1123: 1097: 1094: 1077:Main article: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1057:On 3 September 1055: 1051: 1050:On 2 September 1048: 1044: 1041: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 996: 992: 991: 990: 989: 983: 980: 976: 971: 967: 966: 965: 964: 957: 956:On 21 December 954: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 925: 922: 919: 916: 912: 909: 902: 899: 887: 884: 877: 874: 871: 866: 860: 859: 840: 838: 831: 824: 823: 790:listed sources 787: 785: 778: 772: 769: 759: 756: 746: 743: 699: 696: 654: 653: 616: 614: 607: 600: 599: 580: 578: 571: 565: 562: 552: 549: 543: 540: 530: 527: 507: 504: 498: 495: 491:US$ 69 billion 483:US$ 17 billion 475:US$ 14 billion 467:US$ 10 billion 459:US$ 35 billion 451:US$ 22 billion 443:US$ 69 billion 435:US$ 47 billion 427:US$ 96 billion 415:¥21.5 trillion 404:Yoshihiko Noda 400:US$ 13 billion 381: 378: 349: 346: 303: 265:core meltdowns 239: 238: 221: 220: 201: 199: 192: 185: 184: 152:a news article 143: 141: 134: 127: 126: 86:The article's 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4876: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4703:Documentaries 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4601: 4600:Miyagi, Japan 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4582:Miyagi, Japan 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4570:Miyagi, Japan 4568: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4551: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4497:National Diet 4495: 4494: 4493: 4492:Investigation 4490: 4488: 4487:Towns damaged 4485: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4427:International 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4393:Onagawa plant 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4232:(in Japanese) 4229: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4196:METI (2016), 4194: 4188: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4159:(in Japanese) 4156: 4151: 4150: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4021: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3849: 3843: 3827: 3821: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3767: 3762: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3663: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3508: 3503: 3487: 3481: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3397: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3337: 3331: 3324: 3318: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3276:NRA committee 3272: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3126: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3075: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2970:. 11 May 2011 2969: 2965: 2959: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2834: 2833:Press Release 2830: 2825: 2819: 2814: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2713: 2707: 2700: 2694: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2613: 2607: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2565: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2530: 2529:records(2011) 2516: 2509: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2445: 2439: 2432: 2426: 2419: 2413: 2411: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2340:archive.today 2337: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2262: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2137: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2109: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1971: 1970: 1969:Bloomberg.com 1964: 1956: 1948: 1947: 1946:IEEE Spectrum 1942: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1922: 1918: 1911: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1854: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1800: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1699: 1697: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1666: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1589: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1541: 1535: 1531: 1516: 1512: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1482: 1480: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1389:Aizuwakamatsu 1386: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1340: 1331: 1322: 1313: 1304: 1296: 1294: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1243: 1241: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1209: 1197: 1192: 1183: 1182: 1174: 1165: 1157: 1149: 1140: 1131: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1085: 1080: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 994: 993: 987: 984: 981: 977: 974: 973: 972: 969: 968: 962: 958: 955: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 913: 910: 907: 903: 900: 897: 893: 888: 885: 882: 878: 875: 872: 869: 868: 867: 864: 863: 856: 844: 839: 830: 829: 820: 817: 809: 797: 796: 791: 786: 782: 777: 776: 768: 764: 755: 752: 739: 733: 728: 724: 716: 712: 704: 695: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 676: 671: 666: 661: 650: 647: 639: 636:February 2017 629: 623: 622: 617:This section 615: 606: 605: 596: 593:February 2017 584: 579: 570: 569: 561: 557: 548: 539: 535: 526: 523: 522:microsieverts 518: 514: 503: 494: 471:¥1.6 trillion 463:¥1.1 trillion 447:¥2.5 trillion 439:¥7.9 trillion 431:¥5.4 trillion 412: 407: 405: 392: 389: 387: 377: 373: 369: 366: 363: 357: 355: 345: 343: 338: 332: 330: 326: 322: 320: 316: 312: 297: 293: 292:gigabecquerel 289: 285: 284:terabecquerel 280: 278: 274: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 235: 232: 217: 205: 200: 191: 190: 181: 171: 167: 161: 160: 154: 153: 149: 144:This article 142: 133: 132: 123: 120: 112: 102: 99:and read the 98: 92: 89: 84: 75: 74: 69: 67: 60: 59: 54: 53: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 4830: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4791: 4759:Ryou-Un Maru 4749:Tsunami fish 4637: 4630: 4480:Fukushima 50 4349:Power plants 4227: 4210: 4198: 4185: 4172: 4154: 4133:. Retrieved 4129:the original 4124: 4114: 4102:. Retrieved 4090: 4080: 4059: 4047:. Retrieved 4043: 4033: 4020: 3999: 3987:. Retrieved 3983:the original 3973: 3961:. Retrieved 3957:the original 3946: 3925: 3904: 3884: 3864: 3852:. Retrieved 3842: 3830:. Retrieved 3820: 3799: 3787:. Retrieved 3783:the original 3773: 3761: 3749:. Retrieved 3744: 3735: 3690: 3669: 3632: 3611: 3590: 3581: 3571: 3559:. Retrieved 3555:the original 3550: 3540: 3528:. Retrieved 3524:The Guardian 3523: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3490:. Retrieved 3480: 3460: 3456: 3435: 3423:. Retrieved 3418: 3409: 3396: 3386:10 September 3384:. Retrieved 3378: 3368: 3356:. Retrieved 3352: 3343: 3330: 3317: 3305:. Retrieved 3300: 3291: 3286:(2013.8.28). 3271: 3259:. Retrieved 3255:the original 3245: 3233:. Retrieved 3229: 3220: 3208:. Retrieved 3204: 3195: 3190:(2013.5.30). 3179: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3125: 3113:. Retrieved 3108: 3099: 3087: 3074: 3062:. Retrieved 3057: 3048: 3028: 3024: 3012: 2996: 2984: 2972:. Retrieved 2967: 2958: 2946:. Retrieved 2941: 2932: 2892: 2880:. Retrieved 2875: 2866: 2854:. Retrieved 2849: 2840: 2824: 2813: 2801:. Retrieved 2790:The Guardian 2789: 2779: 2759: 2739: 2719: 2706: 2693: 2681:. Retrieved 2677: 2668: 2641:. Retrieved 2637: 2627: 2615:. Retrieved 2606: 2594:. Retrieved 2590:the original 2580: 2568:. Retrieved 2558: 2550:the original 2545: 2536: 2531:pp. 249–250. 2519:. Retrieved 2508: 2499: 2486: 2474:. Retrieved 2469: 2460: 2448:. Retrieved 2438: 2425: 2397:. Retrieved 2392: 2367: 2347: 2327: 2307: 2287: 2268: 2256: 2249:. Retrieved 2244: 2235: 2223:. Retrieved 2219:the original 2209: 2202: 2190: 2178:. Retrieved 2173: 2164: 2152:. Retrieved 2146: 2136: 2124:. Retrieved 2122:. 5 May 2011 2119: 2095:. Retrieved 2083: 2073: 2061:. Retrieved 2057: 2048: 2036:. Retrieved 2014: 2004: 1996:the original 1987: 1978: 1967: 1955: 1944: 1920: 1910: 1898:. Retrieved 1891: 1881: 1869:. Retrieved 1862: 1853: 1841:. Retrieved 1815:. Retrieved 1811:The Guardian 1809: 1799: 1787:. Retrieved 1783:the original 1778:廃炉に向けたロードマップ 1771: 1759:. Retrieved 1755:the original 1745: 1733:. Retrieved 1730:The Guardian 1729: 1719: 1710:The Guardian 1708: 1683:. Retrieved 1677: 1665: 1657:the original 1650: 1641: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1578: 1567: 1555:. Retrieved 1549: 1534: 1515: 1475: 1462: 1443: 1435: 1411: 1402: 1393: 1381: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1337: 1328: 1319: 1310: 1302: 1290: 1269: 1259: 1253: 1249: 1236: 1217:Because the 1216: 1203: 1195: 1171: 1163: 1155: 1146: 1137: 1128: 1119: 1107: 1099: 1090:JF Zengyoren 1086: 1082: 1043:On 28 August 1033:On 19 August 960: 949:On 28 August 943:On 17 August 931: 905: 850: 842: 812: 803: 792: 765: 761: 748: 721: 709: 692: 679: 673: 667: 663: 642: 633: 618: 590: 582: 558: 554: 545: 536: 532: 509: 500: 423:¥11 trillion 408: 393: 390: 383: 374: 370: 367: 358: 351: 333: 323: 311:strontium 90 281: 269: 244: 242: 227: 211: 203: 175: 164:Please help 156: 145: 115: 106: 95:Please help 90: 88:lead section 63: 56: 50: 49:Please help 46: 29: 4691:Pop culture 4661:Fundraisers 4556:Aftershocks 4554:Foreshocks, 4388:Tōkai plant 3963:24 December 3854:23 February 2225:24 December 1921:Der Spiegel 1843:24 December 1789:12 February 1761:12 February 1316:New filters 1267:same time. 1206:August 2011 1000:On 30 March 911:On 27 April 901:On 17 April 876:On 28 March 870:On 27 March 793:may not be 487:¥8 trillion 479:¥2 trillion 455:¥4 trillion 396:¥1 trillion 288:caesium 137 155:and may be 146:reads like 4848:Categories 4792:See also: 4610:Relief and 4509:Comparison 4502:Government 4470:Casualties 4423:reactions 4267:NRA, Japan 3261:15 January 2517:. CNN Wire 2195:Kyodo News 2058:Asia Times 1527:References 1012:On 27 July 1006:On 22 July 975:On 5 April 937:On 17 June 886:On 2 April 853:March 2017 806:March 2017 214:March 2017 178:April 2016 109:April 2016 52:improve it 4673:Hong Kong 4523:Movements 4449:Aftermath 4376:Units 4-6 4342:accidents 4099:0362-4331 3989:21 August 3017:Appendix3 2989:Appendix1 2925:Nov. 17th 2921:Oct. 17th 2917:Sep. 20th 2909:July 19th 2905:June 17th 2798:0261-3077 2470:ITAR TASS 2092:0362-4331 2033:128676664 1463:In 2016, 1450:Fukushima 1446:Fukushima 1026:On 30 May 924:On 23 May 918:On 11 May 730:Route of 665:systems. 344:per day. 286:(TBq) of 58:talk page 4723:TV drama 4612:Recovery 4535:Safecast 4432:Japanese 4419:Timeline 4069:Archived 4049:23 April 4009:Archived 3935:Archived 3914:Archived 3893:Archived 3873:Archived 3809:Archived 3751:30 March 3745:ABC News 3724:Archived 3700:Archived 3679:Archived 3642:Archived 3621:Archived 3600:Archived 3561:18 March 3530:6 August 3492:30 April 3469:Archived 3445:Archived 3280:Archived 3168:Archived 3037:Archived 2913:Aug.17th 2901:May 17th 2768:Archived 2748:Archived 2728:Archived 2643:24 April 2617:24 April 2521:27 March 2476:11 April 2393:BBC News 2356:Archived 2336:Archived 2316:Archived 2296:Archived 2277:Archived 2251:10 March 2180:12 April 2174:BBC News 2154:2 August 2120:BBC News 2063:10 April 2038:10 April 1871:2 August 1817:2 August 1685:2 August 1557:2 August 1485:See also 1458:Kawauchi 1227:typhoons 1114:zeolites 795:reliable 515:and the 348:Overview 168:and add 4619:Efforts 4475:Cleanup 4340:Nuclear 4147:Sources 4135:2 March 3832:14 June 3551:Reuters 3007:, p. 9. 2638:Reuters 2596:7 April 2450:13 July 1900:5 March 1735:14 July 1633:5030090 1625:3573559 1605:Bibcode 1219:monsoon 1196:updated 843:updated 680:Landysh 675:Landysh 670:Russian 583:updated 204:updated 4678:Taiwan 4458:Topics 4371:Unit 3 4366:Unit 2 4361:Unit 1 4104:21 May 4097: 3789:2 June 3425:21 May 3358:21 May 3307:21 May 3235:21 May 3210:21 May 3115:21 May 3064:21 May 2974:21 May 2948:21 May 2882:21 May 2856:21 May 2803:21 May 2796: 2683:21 May 2570:2 June 2399:21 May 2126:21 May 2097:21 May 2090: 2031: 2015:Nature 1631: 1623: 1223:storms 1030:water. 4732:Other 4718:Books 4713:Manga 4708:Songs 4698:Films 4203:(PDF) 4190:(PDF) 4177:(PDF) 2829:Photo 2029:S2CID 1621:JSTOR 1507:Notes 1385:Iwate 485:) to 469:) to 453:) to 437:) to 354:TEPCO 296:curie 273:xenon 4276:NISA 4137:2012 4106:2024 4095:ISSN 4051:2020 3991:2013 3965:2013 3856:2018 3834:2016 3791:2011 3753:2011 3563:2011 3532:2011 3494:2011 3461:Jaif 3427:2024 3388:2019 3360:2024 3309:2024 3263:2017 3237:2024 3212:2024 3117:2024 3066:2024 3029:Jaif 2976:2024 2950:2024 2884:2024 2858:2024 2805:2024 2794:ISSN 2685:2024 2645:2011 2619:2011 2598:2011 2572:2011 2523:2011 2478:2011 2452:2011 2401:2024 2253:2017 2227:2013 2182:2011 2156:2019 2128:2024 2099:2024 2088:ISSN 2065:2013 2040:2013 1902:2013 1873:2019 1845:2013 1819:2019 1791:2023 1763:2023 1737:2014 1687:2019 1629:PMID 1559:2019 1454:Date 1452:and 1038:INES 995:2013 970:2012 879:The 865:2011 362:silt 315:LD50 243:The 4216:doi 3507:NHK 3419:CNN 3380:CNN 3186:in 2201:", 2197:, " 2019:doi 1613:doi 1021:GBq 1017:MBq 686:of 493:). 342:GBq 150:or 4850:: 4278:, 4269:, 4260:, 4251:, 4123:. 4093:. 4089:. 4067:. 4042:. 4007:. 3933:. 3912:. 3891:. 3871:. 3807:. 3743:. 3722:. 3711:^ 3698:. 3677:. 3653:^ 3640:. 3619:. 3598:. 3580:. 3549:. 3522:. 3467:. 3443:. 3417:. 3377:. 3351:. 3299:. 3278:. 3228:. 3203:. 3166:. 3107:. 3056:. 3035:. 3003:, 2966:. 2940:. 2923:, 2919:, 2915:, 2911:, 2907:, 2903:, 2874:. 2848:. 2831:, 2792:. 2788:. 2676:. 2653:^ 2636:. 2544:. 2527:, 2468:. 2409:^ 2391:. 2380:^ 2255:. 2243:. 2172:. 2145:. 2118:. 2107:^ 2086:. 2082:. 2056:. 2027:. 2017:. 2013:. 1990:. 1986:. 1966:. 1943:. 1929:^ 1919:. 1890:. 1861:. 1827:^ 1808:. 1728:. 1707:. 1695:^ 1676:. 1649:. 1627:. 1619:. 1611:. 1601:50 1599:. 1548:. 1242:. 1225:, 690:. 307:Sr 61:. 4325:e 4318:t 4311:v 4218:: 4139:. 4108:. 4075:. 4053:. 4028:. 4015:. 3993:. 3967:. 3941:. 3920:. 3899:. 3879:. 3858:. 3836:. 3815:. 3793:. 3755:. 3730:. 3706:. 3685:. 3664:. 3648:. 3627:. 3606:. 3565:. 3534:. 3496:. 3475:. 3451:. 3429:. 3404:. 3390:. 3362:. 3338:. 3325:. 3311:. 3265:. 3239:. 3214:. 3174:. 3119:. 3082:. 3068:. 3043:. 3019:. 2978:. 2952:. 2927:. 2886:. 2860:. 2807:. 2774:. 2754:. 2734:. 2714:. 2701:. 2687:. 2647:. 2621:. 2600:. 2574:. 2525:. 2494:. 2480:. 2454:. 2433:. 2420:. 2403:. 2375:. 2362:. 2342:. 2322:. 2302:. 2229:. 2184:. 2158:. 2130:. 2101:. 2067:. 2042:. 2021:: 1972:. 1949:. 1923:. 1904:. 1875:. 1847:. 1821:. 1793:. 1765:. 1739:. 1713:. 1689:. 1635:. 1615:: 1607:: 1561:. 1378:. 1208:) 1204:( 1198:. 963:. 908:. 855:) 851:( 845:. 819:) 813:( 808:) 804:( 798:. 740:. 649:) 643:( 638:) 634:( 624:. 595:) 591:( 585:. 489:( 481:( 473:( 465:( 457:( 449:( 441:( 433:( 425:( 417:( 398:( 234:) 228:( 216:) 212:( 206:. 180:) 176:( 172:. 162:. 122:) 116:( 111:) 107:( 103:. 93:. 68:) 64:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index