597:, Grand Vizir. Her goal was to allow her son Murad to arrive to Istanbul in secret before anyone could take advantage of the situation. This is usually considered correct because this would have been the perfect opportunity for someone to seize power with the Sultan dead and his son away from the capital. Nurbanu realized this as much, if not more, than anyone and took quick action. Security and privacy in the harem were the most strict anywhere and no one knew when Selim II had actually died. Nurbanu told no one and hid the dead body of her husband in an icebox and sent word to Manisa for her son to come to Constantinople immediately. All the while no one was the wiser that Selim had died. It was not made known publicly until twelve days later when Murad arrived and Nurbanu delivered up Selim's body. Her son became sultan and Nurbanu became
664:, openly disagreed with both her and the Sultan for the sake of his mother, Safiye. As a matter of fact, the sources clearly suggest that Nurbanu was afraid that Mehmed would anger Murad until Murad executed him. Although Nurbanu did not like Safiye, she loved Mehmed as she did all her grandchildren. This is clearly indicated by a follow-up report from 1582. According to this, after Mehmed's circumcision, he impregnated one of Nurbanu's servants, which was forbidden, since the girl was a member of Murad's harem, not Mehmed's. Since Mehmed was already in a very bad relationship with his father, Nurbanu killed the girl to hide the news from Murad. Murad seemingly never realised what had happened and was able to finally restore his relationship with Mehmed.
2135:
2496:
561:. Selim handed over almost all of his power to Sokollu, who did indeed rule the empire in his stead. Nurbanu did not intervene directly in politics, however there is no doubt that she consulted regularly with Sokollu. The Ottoman Empire was far from stable at the top, and clashes over the imperial throne were common. It was also not unusual for the loser in such contests to be massacred along with his entire family to prevent any future challenges. Nurbanu Sultan was determined, however, that when the time came for her son to succeed his father, nothing would interfere.
846:
56:
771:
526:
657:
Murad, however, refused to accept new concubines due to the fact that he loved Safiya strongly — so much so he was not able to perform sexually with anyone else. Nurbanu then devised a plan and accused Safiye of using black magic to make the sultan impotent. The rumor began to spread throughout the city, and Murad eventually exiled Safiye to the Old Palace due to his self-esteem. Doctors eventually solved Murad's impotence, who then produced dozens of children in the following years.
763:
613:. With her formal title, the valide sultan joined the ranks of the most exalted officials of the empire, whose status was acknowledged by the omission of their personal names from their title. Thus, instead of “mother of Sultan Murad III,” Nurbanu has already been referred to as “Nurbanu Valide Sultan.” And with this change, not only did valide carry out the usual responsibilities according to tradition, but its tasks and possibilities also increased significantly.
582:
721:. Extensive information is available in the envoy reports about Nurbanu Sultan's close political diplomatic contact with the Venetians. In 1583, the Venice senate agreed to send her a gift worth 2000 Venetian gold for her useful services. According to another report, she prevented the possible Ottoman attack on Crete and warned Captain Ali Pasha about not opening a war on Venice.
890:"The death of this woman upset some according to their vested interests while contented others. The great authority she enjoyed with her son had gained many people important profits, while on the contrary had eliminated the hopes of some for realizing their wishes. Nevertheless, everybody admits in general that she was an excessively good, courageous and erudite woman"
875:
be read. The farthest sultanic mosque from the imperial palace, i.e., the Fatih Mosque, was assigned for the funeral rite. This choice not only enabled as many people as possible to give their blessing to the soul of
Nurbanu Sultan but also maintained the extensive appreciation of this religious respect paid to her by the residents of the imperial capital.
548:, Nurbanu persisted as a favorite for her beauty and intelligence. As the mother of the heir-apparent, she acted as an advisor to her husband. Although it was far from normal at the time, Selim II would often ask Nurbanu for her advice on various subjects because of his respect for her good judgment. The Venetian ambassador Jacopo Soranzor reported:
605:
and gradually built up her own circles for the future. However, as a valide, she immediately started to work and put her own trusted people in ever higher positions to strengthen herself and her son through them. She was revered as Valide-i Atik Sultan ("the first strong mother of the reigning sultan") during her son's reign until her death.
809:
The Atik Valide
Complex comprises a mosque, medrese, primary school, convent for mystics, schools for Qur’an recitation and hadith scholars, soup kitchen, hospital, and bathhouse. Mimar Sinan conceived of his major mosques as finely tuned instruments meant to sound the Qur’an as a text-as-event, in a
817:
Nurbanu Sultan has also constructed imaret and bathhouse, which she built in Mercan, Alemdağ and Langa, in
Istanbul, she was the first Ottoman woman to build a library in this complex. The stone needed during the construction of this mosque and complex was obtained from places close to Istanbul such
786:
on a vast area. The component buildings in the complex were established on a number of successive and stepped flat levels. Buildings were constructed as the mosque, medresse, school, and the dervish lodge on two separate plains. To the west of these, on a lower flat level were erected the complex of
667:
Nurbanu died suddenly in 1583, and less than two years later, in early 1585, Safiye regained her husband's trust and love. She and her exiled daughters returned to the royal harem. Thus Safiye regained enough power and influence, or far more than before, to protect her son and prepare for his reign.
652:
Safiye herself wanted to have a say in state affairs, so she tried to influence Murad, which in turn provoked
Nurbanu's dislike. Her attempts were in vain, as Murad never listened to any woman but his mother. The details of the struggle between Safiye and Nurbanu are not known, but they probably had
874:
Nurbanu Sultan attracted great respect not only during her life but also after her death. As against the norm that sultans remained in the palace during the funeral procession, Murad III accompanied his mother's corpse, both walking and crying, up to the Fatih mosque where her burial service was to
620:
Nurbanu did not seek to rule through her son, but merely helped her child to become a just and worthy sultan, who is loved, accepted and respected by the people. In this way, the valide became a high status and became an important and powerful position of the dynasty. Nurbanu's pocket money, which
604:
Nurbanu's real influence began at this time, she enjoyed absolute power between 1574 and 1583, although she was apparently not resident in the Palace after Selim II's death. Although in the past she also had influence over many things as a Haseki, she mostly just supported Selim from the background
656:
To avoid the danger of dynastic extinction, it would have been logical for Safiye to gave birth to more children, but she had been unable to get pregnant for years at that time. In the cases where she had become pregnant, she had a miscarriage or the child was born premature and subsequently died.
572:
Selim, to emphasize that there was only one woman for him, also legally married
Nurbanu. Ambassadorial accounts date the marriage to the beginning of 1571 and conveyed the news with the remark that Selim wanted to express by marriage how much he loved Nurbanu and that his only legitimate heir was
616:
Nurbanu, with all her influence over her son, was involved in governing, and the Sultan himself did not seem to have a say in his rule. Murad felt immeasurable respect and love for his mother, perhaps no other sultan was as devoted to his mother as Murad. Murad asked his mother for her opinion in
608:
Nurbanu became the first woman to hold both the rank of Haseki and Valide. Although the Valide Sultan rank has existed since the reign of
Bayezid II, it was Murad III who, for the sake of his mother, Nurbanu, transformed it into a legal registered position. This means that previously the Valide
790:
The Darüşşifa is an integral part of the mosque complex constructed by Mimar Sinan, between 1570 and 1579. The landed properties that she devoted to the darüşşifa in her mosque complex are scattered over many corners of
Istanbul, Rumelia, and Anatolia. Through the revenues remitted from these
454:
In 1992, historian
Benjamin Arbel proposed a new theory, that Nurbanu was a Greek from Corfu named Kale Kartanou, daughter of Nikolas Kartanos, and that she was abducted from the island in 1538. According to this theory, Venetian senators arbitrarily chose to create a new identity for her as
593:Şehzade Murad had been sent to serve as Governor of Manisa on the Aegean coast and was there when Sultan Selim II died in 1574. Nurbanu first learned the news and then ordered everyone to keep their mouths shut. She did not share the sultan's death with anyone other than
672:, was able to build a circle of supporters alongside herself and her son and drive out the opposition. Even after Murad's death in January 1595, Safiye, like her late mother-in-law Nurbanu, hid the death of the Sultan until the arrival of her son to Constantinople.
713:. Perhaps, due to this network of relationships, the rumour was spread that she was of Jewish origin. Among her close men are Bâbüssaâde Ağası Gazenfer Ağa, the priest Şemsi Pasha, the strong figures of the harem that have been with her since Manisa,
409:
There are several theories about the ethnic roots of
Nurbanu. Although no theory is definitively demonstrated, the theory of Venetian origins is both the best known and the most accredited and which receives the greatest consensus among historians.
568:
a day, while Selim's other consorts, each the mother of a son, received only 40 aspers. In addition, Selim repeatedly, publicly stated that Murad was his heir, thus securing the position of his firstborn son and sentencing his other sons to death.
463:, among others. According to the latter historian, the fact that she "forge a trans-imperial link in order to ingratiate herself with the Venetians suggests that the Ottomans, too, considered the common background as a diplomatic asset".
556:
She became a formidable figure with far-reaching influence during this time. According to some sources (mostly
Venetian accounts), her influence was such that Nurbanu Sultan effectively ran the government alongside the Grand Vizier
930:(1545, Manisa Palace, Manisa – 8 August 1585, Constantinople, buried in Selim II Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque), married firstly in 1562 to Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, married secondly in 1584 to Kalaylıkoz Ali Pasha.
644:
Of all the sultans, Murad was the most devoted to his mother. However, Nurbanu's monopoly and superiority was still threatened. Murad didn't keep many consorts, and was committed to a single woman, Safiye.
910:
1543, Karaman Palace, Karaman – 3 November 1580, Constantinople, buried in Zal Mahmud Paşa Mausoleum, Eyüp), married firstly in 1562 to Hassan Aga, married secondly in 1575 to Zal Mahmud Pasha.
724:
Venetian accounts are the most prolific in describing Nurbanu Sultan as a woman who never forgot her Venetian origins. Reportedly, she kept in contact with Venice through her lady-in-waiting
436:. The Sultana, herself, would often say she was of Venetian patrician descent, but never named her family. The opinion that Nurbanu Sultan was Cecilia Venier-Baffo has been followed by
621:
reached high amounts among both dynastic members and high level officials, is considered as an indicator of this power. As valide sultan she was allocated 2000 coins daily.
806:
in Istanbul, where previously a "Jewish bath" was located. The construction of the külliye was completed and put in commission at the end of 1583, just before her demise.
810:
reenactment of the original revelation. He even integrated sounding vessels in the domes to ensure a beautiful performance of the holy text. Based on the endowment deed (
706:
It is understood that Nurbanu Sultan used the kira Esther Handali, who was of Jewish origin, for her own personal affairs and had a financial relationship with the
2485:
2134:
2731:
791:
resources the treatments and needs of patients admitted to the darüşşifa were sponsored. The administration of revenues was also included in the complex.
2711:
617:
everything, and he took her advice. They managed to do all this in such a way that Murad's rank, authority and influence remained unquestionable.
459:, and she adopted it for political and material gains. This theory has been accepted by Italian historian Maria Pia Pidani, and Turkish historian
1909:
1516:
609:
Sultan was only listed as “Mother of Sultan,” in every list. But thanks to Murad, the mother of the sultan acquired a formal title, that of
2478:
649:
was given the rank of Haseki as soon as Murad became Sultan, and thus became an influential sultana, albeit very much less than Nurbanu.
552:"The Haseki is said to be extremely well-loved and honored by His Majesty both for her great beauty and for being unusually intelligent."
1867:
916:(1544, Manisa Palace, Manisa – 1624, Constantinople, buried in Selim II Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque), married firstly in 1562 to
483:
Nurbanu who was said to be prominent in the palace with her beauty and extraordinary intelligence, was sent to Manisa as one of the
936:(4 July 1546, Manisa Palace, Manisa – 16 January 1595, Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia)
2635:
2545:
2344:
2471:
1016:
913:
274:
32:
971:, in which she was depicted as the niece of Doge Sebastiano Venier and the mother of Freya, who is the protagonist in the novel.
2736:
2499:
1916:
2437:
1927:
1684:
1418:
1393:
1237:
1207:
2550:
2284:
1702:
Charitable Women And Their Pious Foundations In The Ottoman Empire: The Hospital of The Senior Mother, Nurbanu Valide Sultan
2570:
863:
Nurbanu died at Istanbul on 7 December 1583, during the reign of her son Murad III. She was buried next to Selim II in his
903:
269:
939:
289:
141:
98:
660:
Nurbanu may have felt that she had finally got rid of Safiye, but she could not win this fight so easily. Her grandson,
636:
trusted ladies-in-waiting to Murad and Nurbanu also appear to have been very powerful and influential during his reign.
2615:
2334:
1767:
685:
1460:
2402:
2299:
2039:
1818:
1131:
1110:
1102:
646:
2417:
2412:
1620:
2726:
1895:
1349:
1708:
Burke's Royal Families of the World, Volume II: Africa & The Middle East, Burke's Peerage Ltd., London, 1980.
1274:"His Bailo's Kapudan: Conversion, Tangled Loyalties and Hasan Veneziano between Istanbul and Venice (1588-1591)"
2029:
1860:
1535:
1333:
1180:
747:
735:
During her nine years of co-regency (1574–1583), her politics were so pro-Venetian that she was hated by the
949:, Konya Palace, Konya – October 1580, Constantinople, buried in Siyavuş Pasha Mosque), married in 1573 to
871:, thus becoming the first wife of a Sultan to receive the honor of being laid to rest next to her spouse.
2721:
2495:
1602:
1696:
Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique, Justes Perthes, Gotha, 1880–1944.
2706:
433:
1783:
794:
During her nine years of regency, she ordered the renowned Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan to build the
775:
401:, Jewish or Greek origin. Her birth name may have been Cecilia Venier-Baffo, Rachel or Kalē Kartanou.
2741:
878:
Preceding Nurbanu's death, the Venetian ambassador in the Ottoman palace, Paolo Contarini had stated
2261:
950:
1989:
1853:
1638:
538:
358:
316:
2600:
700:
987:
2746:
2716:
1835:
1712:
1039:
1011:
2525:
1545:
1359:
1343:
1227:
1053:
787:
buildings designed to meet social functions such as charity. The public bath is in the south.
472:
2696:
2665:
2176:
1565:
Searching For Osman: A Reassessment Of The Deposition Of Ottoman Sultan Osman II (1618-1622)
688:
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, who acted as co-regent with the sultan during the Sultanate of Women.
2701:
2156:
1974:
594:
558:
545:
484:
429:
420:
In 1900, Emilio Spagni claimed that she was a Venetian patrician, illegitimate daughter of
460:
88:
8:
2670:
2660:
2625:
2369:
1959:
1902:
1006:
921:
507:
as Selim II in 1566), and the mother of Şehzade Murad (the future Murad III, born 1546).
221:
2650:
2359:
2251:
1273:
2675:
2655:
2610:
2447:
2364:
2329:
886:
When Nurbanu died in December 1583, the successor of Contarini reported the following:
830:
795:
398:
394:
182:
2645:
2620:
2463:
2354:
2339:
2201:
2196:
533:
Once he became sultan, Selim let his favorite wife, the haseki Nurbanu, remain at the
2640:
2349:
1931:
1763:
1680:
1414:
1389:
1293:
1233:
1203:
1127:
1122:
Valeria Heuberger, Geneviève Humbert, Geneviève Humbert-Knitel, Elisabeth Vyslonzil,
1106:
1098:
845:
740:
736:
261:
55:
2442:
2241:
2191:
2171:
1226:
Rossi, Irena Radić; Nicolardi, Mariangela; Bondioli, Mauro; Batur, Katarina (2021).
624:
Also because of her absolute and ultimate authority through her son, her favorites,
534:
393:(reign 1574–1583). She was one of the most prominent figures during the time of the
202:
2630:
2226:
1693:
A.D. Alderson, The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1956.
1285:
1155:
850:
308:
174:
2520:
2374:
2269:
2186:
1801:
982:
475:
believed she was of Jewish descent named Rachel, as did other Turkish historians.
421:
131:
2161:
1876:
1792:
1001:
37:
20:
2590:
2407:
2314:
2605:
2585:
2427:
2109:
1888:
964:
927:
854:
729:
696:
684:
to her son Murad III, she effectively managed the government together with the
504:
437:
378:
346:
338:
279:
210:
109:
70:
2432:
2324:
2166:
1386:
Inventory of the Lettere E Scritture Turchesche in the Venetian State Archives
732:
in Venice, from whom she (Chirana) received an allowance as a Venetian Agent.
525:
2690:
2595:
2580:
2575:
2422:
2384:
2319:
2309:
2304:
2246:
2211:
2124:
2074:
1808:
1297:
814:), one can reconstruct the soundscape Nurbanu created through her patronage.
770:
714:
707:
681:
669:
625:
610:
598:
586:
386:
374:
105:
66:
2540:
2279:
1434:
978:
by Katherine Nouri Hughes, which takes the form of Nurbanu Sultan's memoirs.
963:
A fictionalized version of the life and death of Nurbanu Sultan appeared in
2555:
2530:
2515:
2510:
2452:
2289:
2274:
2236:
2206:
2094:
1828:
1200:
Ottoman Women Builders: The Architectural Patronage of Hadice Turhan Sultan
1058:
917:
868:
826:
803:
718:
692:
629:
2231:
2151:
2099:
762:
495:, next Sultan of the Ottoman Empire after his father, and four daughters.
2535:
2216:
2069:
783:
710:
633:
334:
1679:. Studies in Middle Eastern History. New York: Oxford University Press.
744:
2221:
2181:
2084:
2049:
2004:
1979:
1289:
661:
564:
When Selim II's reign ended in 1574, the haseki Nurbanu received 1,100
24:
1729:, Islâm Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Vakfı (ISAR), Istanbul, 1999.
1383:
799:
511:
2143:
2119:
2089:
2079:
2064:
2054:
2034:
2014:
1999:
1954:
933:
822:
503:
Nurbanu became the most favored consort of Şehzade Selim (who became
492:
390:
284:
2560:
2392:
2114:
2059:
2044:
2024:
2019:
1994:
1969:
1964:
1521:
Hürriyet Daily News | LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION
1461:
Venice's Secret Service: Organizing Intelligence in the Renaissance
751:
581:
488:
382:
238:
225:
206:
1845:
1411:
Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires: Theory and Design
1156:"NURBÂNÛ SULTAN (ö. 991/1583) III. Murad'ın annesi, vâlide sultan"
864:
2104:
2009:
1984:
1949:
1939:
725:
601:, the highest position a woman could hold in the Ottoman Empire.
1255:
Pedani, M.P. (2000). Safiye's Household and Venetian Diplomacy.
653:
conflicts within the harem, for in 1582 their hostility peaked.
565:
1677:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
834:
519:
342:
1944:
1760:
Inside the Seraglio: Private Lives of the Sultans in Istanbul
1727:
Osmanli Devleti'nin Kuruluşunun 700. Yılında Osmanlı Hanedanı
515:
425:
178:
170:
1225:
811:
1229:
The Shipwreck at Gnalić: A Mirror to the Renaissance World
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1435:"Nurbanu Sultan Haseki Sultan, Hayırsever, Valide Sultan"
1054:
History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 1
691:
Her intermediary to the world outside the harem was her "
882:"All goods and evils are coming from the mother queen."
2493:
1734:
Three Centuries: Family Chronicles of Turkey and Egypt
1485:
1466:
739:. Some have even suggested that she was poisoned by a
1321:
60:
Nurbanu Sultan's burial procession, Ottoman miniature
16:
Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 to 1583
1742:
Ottoman Royal Women's Spaces: The Acoustic Dimension
1571:
1497:
1365:
957:
1639:"Merve Boluğur kimdir? Nurbanu Sultan nasıl öldü?"
1583:
899:With Selim, Nurbanu had a son and four daughters:
818:as Iznik and Gallipoli, wooden Sapanca and Iznik.
743:agent. In any case, she died at the palace in the
1384:Maria Pia Pedani Fabris; Alessio Bombaci (2010).
2688:
1517:"Death in the Topkapı Harem - TASTE OF THE PAST"
766:Atik Valide Mosque constructed by Nurbanu Sultan
1567:. unpublished Ph.D. thesis. pp. 327 n. 16.
778:, constructed on the orders of Nurbanu Sultan
2479:
1861:
1669:Nur Banu (c. 1530-1583): A Venetian Sultana?
1232:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 139.
1197:
1082:Nur Banu (c. 1530-1583): A Venetian Sultana?
757:
404:
2732:16th-century slaves from the Ottoman Empire
1408:
1181:"BAFFO, Cecilia in "Dizionario Biografico""
825:of her husband Selim II located inside the
2486:
2472:
1868:
1854:
1720:Devletler ve Hanedanlar, Turkiye 1074-1990
639:
537:throughout his reign, as his predecessor (
397:. Conflicting theories describe her as of
54:
1558:
1556:
1554:
699:. She corresponded with the French queen
668:Safiye, like Nurbanu and her predecessor
389:(Sultana mother) as the mother of Sultan
2712:16th-century consorts of Ottoman sultans
1699:
1491:
1479:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
844:
769:
761:
580:
524:
440:in his article about Nurbanu Sultan for
428:when it was captured by Ottoman admiral
1671:, Turcica, 24 (1992), pp. 241–259.
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1017:List of consorts of the Ottoman Sultans
782:This mosque complex was constructed by
728:, who kept in regular contact with the
514:, Nurbanu was the head of his princely
413:
253: 1571; died 1574)
2689:
1757:
1748:
1674:
1589:
1577:
1562:
1551:
1541:
1371:
1355:
1339:
1327:
1271:
2467:
1849:
1744:. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
1739:
1503:
1267:
1265:
1251:
1249:
1137:
981:She was portrayed by Turkish actress
974:Nurbanu Sultan is the protagonist in
544:Even after Selim began to take other
1813:7 September 1566 – 15 December 1574
1221:
1219:
1063:
1034:
1032:
442:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
362:
320:
1875:
1840:15 December 1574 – 7 December 1583
675:
510:While her spouse Selim was still a
123:7 September 1566 – 15 December 1574
13:
1262:
1246:
1095:The Private World of Ottoman Women
1084:, Turcica, 24 (1992), pp. 241-259.
80:15 December 1574 – 7 December 1583
41:, and there is no family name.
14:
2758:
1777:
1751:Padışahların kadınları ve kızları
1312:Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları
1216:
1029:
958:In literature and popular culture
585:Murad III, to whom Nurbanu was a
491:in 1543, and she gave him a son,
373:1525/1527 – 7 December 1583) was
2494:
2133:
1749:Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (1985).
867:(mausoleum) in the courtyard of
576:
498:
466:
447:
424:and Violante Baffo, abducted on
1753:. Türk Tarihi Kurumu Yayınları.
1661:
1631:
1613:
1595:
1509:
1452:
1427:
1402:
1377:
1304:
1198:Thys-Senocak, Lucienne (2017).
250:
2500:Mothers of the Ottoman Sultans
1191:
1173:
1116:
1087:
1045:
858:(Shahan-Shah-Namah-i Lokhmann)
385:(reign 1566–1574), as well as
1:
2737:Concubines of Ottoman sultans
1409:Petruccioli, Attilio (1997).
1022:
943:
907:
478:
381:and the legal wife of Sultan
370:
165:
1725:Osman Selâheddin Osmanoğlu,
1675:Peirce, Leslie Penn (1993).
200:7 December 1583 (aged 56–58)
7:
2125:Abdulmejid II (Caliph only)
1413:. E. J. Brill. p. 50.
1272:Gürkan, Emrah Safa (2016).
995:
10:
2763:
2227:Mehmed Abdülaziz Osmanoğlu
434:Third Ottoman-Venetian War
18:
2506:
2383:
2260:
2142:
2131:
1926:
1883:
1833:
1825:
1815:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1621:"The Mapmaker's Daughter"
1202:. Routledge. p. 58.
758:Patroness of architecture
680:After Nurbanu became the
405:Theories about her origin
330:
307:
302:
298:
260:
232:
216:
189:
151:
147:
137:
127:
119:
104:
94:
84:
76:
65:
53:
48:
2242:Ertuğrul Osman Osmanoğlu
1896:Family tree (simplified)
894:
840:
539:Suleiman the Magnificent
2727:Burials at Hagia Sophia
2247:Osman Bayezid Osmanoğlu
1711:A.H. de Groot, s.v. in
1700:Düzbakar, Ömer (2006).
1603:"The Venetian Contract"
1038:A.H. de Groot, s.v. in
976:The Mapmaker's Daughter
640:The rivalry with Safiye
529:Nurbanu's husband Selim
2237:Mehmed Orhan Osmanoğlu
1903:Family tree (detailed)
1784:Women Leaders in Power
1713:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1643:turkiyegazetesi.com.tr
1040:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1012:List of Valide Sultans
985:in television series
951:Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha
920:, married secondly to
892:
884:
860:
821:She was buried at the
779:
767:
590:
554:
530:
312:
2601:Saliha Dilaşub Sultan
2217:Ahmed Nihad Osmanoğlu
1758:Freely, John (1999).
1563:Tezcan, Baki (2001).
1388:. BRILL. p. 26.
1278:Osmanlı Araştırmaları
969:the Venetian Contract
888:
880:
848:
773:
765:
584:
550:
528:
155:Cecilia Venier-Baffo
2252:Dündar Ali Osmanoğlu
2222:Osman Fuad Osmanoğlu
1740:Ergin, Nina (2014).
798:and its surrounding
754:on 7 December 1583.
701:Catherine de' Medici
595:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
559:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
457:Cecilia Venier-Baffo
430:Hayreddin Barbarossa
415:Cecilia Venier-Baffo
2232:Ali Vâsıb Osmanoğlu
1160:İslam Ansiklopedisi
1007:Ottoman family tree
922:Cerrah Mehmed Pasha
829:(then a mosque) at
802:at the district of
222:Hagia Sophia Mosque
2722:Sultanate of Women
2656:Pertevniyal Sultan
2365:Pertevniyal Sultan
1910:Line of succession
1732:Emine Fuat Tugay,
1523:. 29 December 2012
1439:www.biyografia.com
1316:Kadınlar Saltanatı
1290:10.18589/oa.588066
1124:Cultures in Colors
1051:Stanford J. Shaw,
861:
796:Atik Valide Mosque
780:
776:Çemberlitaş Hamamı
768:
591:
573:their son, Murad.
531:
471:Turkish historian
395:Sultanate of Women
183:Republic of Venice
114:(Imperial Consort)
2707:People from Paros
2684:
2683:
2641:Sineperver Sultan
2461:
2460:
2350:Sineperver Sultan
1844:
1843:
1816:Succeeded by
1715:vol.8 p. 124
1686:978-0-19-507673-8
1667:Arbel, Benjamin,
1625:www.goodreads.com
1607:www.goodreads.com
1458:Ioanna Iordanou,
1420:978-9-004-10723-6
1395:978-9-004-17918-9
1239:978-1-80327-151-4
1209:978-1-351-91315-7
1113:, 2001. page 128,
1093:Godfrey Goodwin,
1080:Arbel, Benjamin,
849:Nurbanu Sultan's
737:Republic of Genoa
589:during 1574–1583.
461:Emrah Safa Gürkan
352:
351:
326:
325:
89:Ayşe Hafsa Sultan
2754:
2742:Royal favourites
2666:Tirimüjgan Kadın
2651:Bezmiâlem Sultan
2498:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2360:Bezmiâlem Sultan
2137:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1826:Preceded by
1799:Preceded by
1789:
1788:
1773:
1754:
1745:
1705:
1690:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1358:, pp. 108,
1353:
1347:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1310:Çağatay Uluçay,
1308:
1302:
1301:
1269:
1260:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1152:
1135:
1120:
1114:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1061:
1049:
1043:
1036:
948:
945:
914:Gevherhan Sultan
909:
851:Ṣalāt al-Janāzah
676:Foreign politics
487:of the harem of
372:
364:
322:
300:
299:
275:Gevherhan Sultan
254:
252:
199:
197:
175:Cyclades Islands
167:
115:
58:
46:
45:
23:style name, the
2762:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2646:Nakşidil Sultan
2636:Mihrişah Sultan
2621:Şehsuvar Sultan
2502:
2492:
2462:
2457:
2379:
2355:Nakşidil Sultan
2345:Mihrişah Sultan
2340:Şehsuvar Sultan
2256:
2202:Şehzade Bayezid
2197:Şehzade Mustafa
2157:Süleyman Çelebi
2138:
2129:
1922:
1917:List of mothers
1879:
1877:Ottoman Dynasty
1874:
1839:
1831:
1821:
1812:
1804:
1793:Ottoman royalty
1780:
1770:
1736:, Oxford, 1963.
1722:, Ankara, 1989.
1718:Yılmaz Öztuna,
1687:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1561:
1552:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1467:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1354:
1350:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1309:
1305:
1284:(48): 277–319.
1270:
1263:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1196:
1192:
1185:www.treccani.it
1179:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1138:
1121:
1117:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1064:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1002:Ottoman dynasty
998:
988:Muhteşem Yüzyıl
960:
946:
897:
843:
760:
678:
642:
579:
501:
481:
469:
452:
418:
407:
359:Ottoman Turkish
317:Ottoman Turkish
315:
294:
256:
248:
244:
241:
228:
201:
195:
193:
169:
164:
113:
112:
61:
42:
21:Ottoman Turkish
17:
12:
11:
5:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2671:Gülcemal Kadın
2668:
2663:
2661:Şevkefza Kadın
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2626:Mihrişah Kadın
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Muazzez Sultan
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Mahfiruz Hatun
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Nurbanu Sultan
2563:
2558:
2553:
2551:Gülbahar Hatun
2548:
2546:Gülbahar Hatun
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Gülçiçek Hatun
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2443:Şivekar Sultan
2440:
2438:Hümaşah Sultan
2435:
2430:
2428:Muazzez Sultan
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2398:Nurbanu Sultan
2395:
2389:
2387:
2385:Haseki Sultans
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2370:Şevkefza Kadın
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2295:Nurbanu Sultan
2292:
2287:
2285:Gülbahar Hatun
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2262:Valide sultans
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:Şehzade Korkut
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Mustafa Çelebi
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2110:Abdul Hamid II
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1889:Ottoman Empire
1884:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1778:External links
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:978-0140270563
1768:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1672:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1630:
1612:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1550:
1534:
1508:
1506:, p. 100.
1496:
1484:
1465:
1451:
1426:
1419:
1401:
1394:
1376:
1364:
1348:
1332:
1330:, p. 121.
1320:
1303:
1261:
1245:
1238:
1215:
1208:
1190:
1172:
1136:
1115:
1086:
1062:
1044:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
997:
994:
993:
992:
979:
972:
965:Marina Fiorato
959:
956:
955:
954:
937:
931:
928:Ismihan Sultan
925:
911:
896:
893:
855:Islamic burial
842:
839:
759:
756:
730:Council of Ten
697:Esther Handali
677:
674:
641:
638:
578:
575:
535:Topkapı Palace
505:Ottoman Sultan
500:
497:
480:
477:
468:
465:
451:
446:
438:Franz Babinger
417:
412:
406:
403:
379:Ottoman Empire
367:queen of light
363:نور بانو سلطان
355:Nurbanu Sultan
350:
349:
347:Greek Orthodox
339:Roman Catholic
332:
328:
327:
324:
323:
313:Nurbanu Sultan
305:
304:
296:
295:
293:
292:
287:
282:
280:Ismihan Sultan
277:
272:
266:
264:
258:
257:
246:
242:
237:
236:
234:
230:
229:
220:
218:
214:
213:
211:Ottoman Empire
203:Topkapı Palace
191:
187:
186:
153:
149:
148:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
110:Ottoman Empire
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
71:Ottoman Empire
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
49:Nurbanu Sultan
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2759:
2748:
2747:Haseki Sultan
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Valide sultan
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2677:
2676:Gülistu Kadın
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Saliha Sultan
2614:
2612:
2611:Gülnuş Sultan
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Turhan Sultan
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Halime Sultan
2579:
2577:
2576:Handan Sultan
2574:
2572:
2571:Safiye Sultan
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Hürrem Sultan
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Nilüfer Hatun
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:Gülnuş Sultan
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Turhan Sultan
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Safiye Sultan
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:Hürrem Sultan
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2375:Perestu Kadın
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Saliha Sultan
2333:
2331:
2330:Gülnuş Sultan
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:Turhan Sultan
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Halime Sultan
2308:
2306:
2305:Handan Sultan
2303:
2301:
2300:Safiye Sultan
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Nilüfer Hatun
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Abdulmejid II
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Şehzade Ahmet
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Küçük Mustafa
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2075:Abdul Hamid I
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1836:Valide Sultan
1830:
1824:
1820:
1819:Safiye Sultan
1811:
1810:
1809:Haseki Sultan
1803:
1802:Hürrem Sultan
1797:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1580:, p. 43.
1579:
1574:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1494:, p. 15.
1493:
1492:Düzbakar 2006
1488:
1482:, p. 14.
1481:
1480:Düzbakar 2006
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1374:, p. 92.
1373:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1314:p.68, citing
1313:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1132:3-631-36808-9
1129:
1125:
1119:
1112:
1111:3-631-36808-9
1108:
1104:
1103:0-86356-745-2
1100:
1097:, Saqi Book,
1096:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1060:
1057:, p. 178, at
1056:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1018:
1015:
1013:
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1008:
1005:
1003:
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991:
989:
984:
983:Merve Boluğur
980:
977:
973:
970:
966:
962:
961:
952:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
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891:
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876:
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838:
836:
833:in Istanbul,
832:
828:
824:
819:
815:
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801:
797:
792:
788:
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772:
764:
755:
753:
749:
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742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
715:Canfeda Hatun
712:
709:
708:Duke of Naxos
704:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
682:valide sultan
673:
671:
670:Hurrem Sultan
665:
663:
658:
654:
650:
648:
647:Safiye Sultan
637:
635:
631:
627:
626:Canfeda Hatun
622:
618:
614:
612:
611:valide sultan
606:
602:
600:
599:valide sultan
596:
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587:valide sultan
583:
577:Valide Sultan
574:
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562:
560:
553:
549:
547:
542:
540:
536:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
499:Haseki Sultan
496:
494:
490:
489:Şehzade Selim
486:
476:
474:
467:Jewish origin
464:
462:
458:
450:
449:Kale Kartanou
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:Nicolò Venier
416:
411:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:Valide Sultan
384:
380:
376:
375:Haseki Sultan
368:
360:
356:
348:
344:
340:
337:, previously
336:
333:
329:
321:نوربانو سلطان
318:
314:
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163:Kalē Kartanou
162:
158:
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142:Safiye Sultan
140:
136:
133:
132:Hürrem Sultan
130:
126:
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118:
111:
107:
106:Haseki Sultan
103:
100:
99:Safiye Sultan
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
67:Valide Sultan
64:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2697:1520s births
2591:Kösem Sultan
2565:
2556:Hafsa Sultan
2531:Devlet Hatun
2516:Malhun Hatun
2511:Halime Hatun
2453:Rabia Sultan
2408:Kösem Sultan
2397:
2315:Kösem Sultan
2294:
2290:Hafsa Sultan
2275:Devlet Hatun
2207:Sultan Yahya
2095:Abdulmejid I
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1834:
1829:Hafsa Sultan
1807:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1701:
1676:
1668:
1662:Bibliography
1647:. Retrieved
1645:(in Turkish)
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1564:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1520:
1511:
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1487:
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1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1438:
1429:
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1404:
1385:
1379:
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1323:
1315:
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1306:
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1228:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:
1123:
1118:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1059:Google Books
1052:
1047:
986:
975:
968:
940:Fatma Sultan
918:Piyale Pasha
898:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:Hagia Sophia
862:
857:
827:Hagia Sophia
820:
816:
808:
793:
789:
781:
774:Entrance to
734:
723:
719:Raziye Hatun
705:
690:
686:Grand Vizier
679:
666:
659:
655:
651:
643:
630:Raziye Hatun
623:
619:
615:
607:
603:
592:
571:
563:
555:
551:
543:
541:) had done.
532:
509:
502:
482:
470:
456:
453:
448:
441:
419:
414:
408:
366:
354:
353:
290:Fatma Sultan
160:
156:
43:
36:
28:
2702:1583 deaths
2631:Şermi Kadın
2536:Emine Hatun
2433:Aşub Sultan
2418:Ayşe Sultan
2413:Ayşe Sultan
2325:Aşub Sultan
2167:Musa Çelebi
2070:Mustafa III
2040:Suleiman II
1960:Interregnum
1590:Freely 1999
1578:Uluçay 1985
1542:Peirce 1993
1372:Peirce 1993
1356:Peirce 1993
1340:Peirce 1993
1328:Peirce 1993
1257:Turcica, 32
1126:, page 68.
1042:vol.8 p.124
947: 1558
831:Sultanahmet
784:Mimar Sinan
711:Joseph Nasi
634:Hubbi Hatun
473:Ahmet Refik
335:Sunni Islam
128:Predecessor
85:Predecessor
2691:Categories
2541:Hüma Hatun
2280:Hüma Hatun
2182:Sultan Cem
2162:İsa Çelebi
2085:Mustafa IV
2050:Mustafa II
2005:Mehmed III
1990:Suleiman I
1980:Bayezid II
1762:. Viking.
1649:21 October
1544:, p.
1527:21 October
1504:Ergin 2014
1342:, p.
1165:3 February
1023:References
904:Şah Sultan
546:concubines
485:concubines
479:Early life
270:Şah Sultan
196:1583-12-07
31:, the
25:given name
2152:Savcı Bey
2144:Claimants
2120:Mehmed VI
2100:Abdulaziz
2090:Mahmud II
2080:Selim III
2065:Osman III
2055:Ahmed III
2035:Mehmed IV
2015:Mustafa I
2000:Murad III
1975:Mehmed II
1955:Bayezid I
1298:0255-0636
934:Murad III
823:mausoleum
391:Murad III
285:Murad III
168:1525–1527
138:Successor
95:Successor
2115:Mehmed V
2060:Mahmud I
2045:Ahmed II
2025:Murad IV
2020:Osman II
1995:Selim II
1970:Murad II
1965:Mehmed I
996:See also
853:and her
752:Istanbul
745:Yenikapı
399:Venetian
383:Selim II
331:Religion
239:Selim II
226:Istanbul
207:Istanbul
19:In this
2105:Murad V
2030:Ibrahim
2010:Ahmed I
1985:Selim I
1950:Murad I
1940:Osman I
1932:Caliphs
1928:Sultans
1444:23 June
1259:, 9-32.
812:vakfiye
804:Üsküdar
800:külliye
748:Quarter
741:Genoese
726:Chirana
512:şehzade
432:in the
377:of the
309:Turkish
255:
247:
243:
159:Rachel
108:of the
69:of the
29:Nurbanu
1766:
1683:
1417:
1392:
1318:I p.95
1296:
1236:
1206:
1134:, 2001
1130:
1109:
1101:
835:Turkey
662:Mehmed
632:, and
566:aspers
520:Manisa
343:Jewish
233:Spouse
217:Burial
120:Tenure
77:Tenure
38:Sultan
1945:Orhan
895:Issue
865:türbe
841:Death
516:harem
493:Murad
426:Paros
303:Names
262:Issue
249:(
245:
179:Corfu
177:, or
171:Paros
33:title
1764:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1651:2017
1529:2017
1446:2020
1415:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1294:ISSN
1234:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1167:2020
1128:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1099:ISBN
717:and
693:Kira
190:Died
152:Born
1546:189
1360:129
1344:228
1286:doi
967:'s
695:",
518:at
369:",
365:; "
345:or
341:or
35:is
27:is
2693::
1930:/
1641:.
1623:.
1605:.
1553:^
1519:.
1468:^
1437:.
1292:.
1282:48
1280:.
1276:.
1264:^
1248:^
1218:^
1183:.
1158:.
1139:^
1105:,
1065:^
1031:^
944:c.
908:c.
837:.
750:,
703:.
628:,
444:.
371:c.
361::
319::
311::
251:m.
224:,
209:,
205:,
181:,
173:,
166:c.
161:or
157:or
2487:e
2480:t
2473:v
1869:e
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185:?
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