351:
321:
20:
199:
549:
358:
328:
463:
major centers occupying the three arms of the Oaxaca Valley (San José Mogote, Tilcajete, and Yegüih). The rapid shift in population and settlement, from dispersed localized centers to a concentration in a previously unsettled area, has been referred to as the “Monte Albán
Synoikism” by Marcus and Flannery.
631:
In 1521, the
Spanish settled in a community known as Segura de la Frontera, located in the central part of the Oaxaca Valley and approximately 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Monte Albán. Later known as Nueva Antequera, it was officially raised to the category of a "royal" city in 1532 by decree of
521:
Monte Albán's prominence lasted through to the end of the Early
Classic. Perhaps too reliant on Teotihuacan, the decline of Monte Albán's influence appears to correlate with the collapse of the Teotihuacan polity. During this time other centers, once subjects of Monte Albán and incorporated within
462:
sources, had a population of ca. 5,200. Within 200 years, the settlement's population had grown to approximately 17,200, quickly making it one of the most populous
Mesoamerican cities at the time. This inordinate population growth occurred simultaneously with the rapid abandonment of the other
708:
Marcus and
Flannery (1996:140-146); Synoikism refers to the dramatic settlement of a new community that was previously non-existent and that incorporates communities that were separate or independent prior to the site's formation. As Marcus and Flannery mention, it is applied to the eventual
431:
in the
Tlacolula arm. Through the end of the Middle Formative, population in the valley was dispersed and centered around these three separate settlements. Interaction between the three settlement systems was likely high, as a general homogeneity of
458:. There is no evidence that Monte Albán existed as of 600 BC, but by 400 BC the site, which is located atop a 400 m tall artificially leveled mountain and completely lacking in easily accessible
548:
591:, between 1497 and 1502. Although, they were not fully conquered. The Mixtecs and Zapotecs allied together and were able to survive. The Oaxaca Valley was subsequently subsumed within the Aztec
498:
Throughout the Early
Classic period (AD 200-650), Monte Albán and also the Oaxaca Valley formed the nucleus of the Zapotec polity. Interaction with other Classic period polities, specifically
423:
While San José Mogote functioned as a small center in the northwestern arm of the valley, a number of other contemporaneous centers existed in the Oaxaca Valley. These were
1452:
572:
During the
Postclassic period (roughly AD 1000–1520), the Oaxaca Valley was still occupied by Zapotec people, but often fell under the political provenience of the
1341:
1273:
92:
1407:
1370:
1585:
611:
in August 1521. Several months later, on
November 25, 1521, Francisco de Oruzco arrived in the Oaxaca Valley to claim it in the name of the
1334:
1495:
542:
in the eastern
Tlacolula arm. By the time of the Terminal Classic (ca. AD 900), it is clear that the former capital had been abandoned.
428:
1615:
1381:
1293:
527:
417:
282:
1712:
1327:
87:
Mountains, is shaped like a distorted and almost upside-down “Y,” with each of its arms bearing specific names: the northwestern
1350:
88:
1727:
798:
1717:
1610:
1479:
482:. This Zapotec state subsequently expanded into the Oaxacan highland areas outside of the Oaxaca Valley and towards the
350:
320:
624:
1707:
1580:
1283:
917:
872:
834:
771:
443:
Substantial cultural changes become evident during the Late Formative, including a dramatic population shift and the
1676:
1605:
957:
1386:
211:
1656:
1596:
665:
416:. It is unclear, however, what effect these interactions had on the development of Zapotec civilization. The
1268:
1069:
1590:
1402:
640:
or Oaxaca de Juárez. Following the initial settlement of this community, the Spanish quickly introduced new
633:
227:
1702:
1288:
275:
1573:
757:
510:
at Monte Albán depict the arrival of visitors from Teotihuacan, while there is evidence that a Zapotec “
1722:
1697:
1074:
763:
188:
1457:
1084:
684:
1310:
1054:
997:
251:
1176:
1079:
1436:
467:
160:
152:
148:
1044:
909:
899:
826:
816:
1278:
1135:
1023:
555:
84:
1432:
391:
203:
1145:
1120:
950:
116:
100:
1039:
64:
8:
483:
451:
1468:
1419:
68:
1474:
1376:
1197:
1064:
864:
758:
Blanton, Richard E.; Gary M. Feinman; Stephen A. Kowalewski; Linda M. Nicholas (1999).
615:
72:
1237:
380:
128:
1425:
1130:
1094:
1018:
1013:
923:
913:
878:
868:
840:
830:
794:
777:
767:
406:
60:
23:
Regions and districts of the state of Oaxaca, with the Valles Centrales in the centre
1413:
891:
856:
812:
576:
state, located to the west of the valley. One prominent Mixtec center is found at
51:. In an administrative context, it has been defined as comprising the districts of
32:
1125:
1645:
1319:
943:
584:
defeat of the Mixtec, the Zapotec were likewise conquered by the Aztec under the
475:
471:
413:
399:
104:
76:
56:
1115:
905:
822:
637:
447:
19:
1534:
1227:
636:(Carlos I) with the name of Antequera de Guaxaca. Today it is known simply as
559:
455:
120:
1691:
1530:
1507:
1365:
901:
The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations
818:
The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations
562:. Situated on a mountaintop, Monte Albán overlooks much of the Oaxaca Valley.
405:
It is clear that the Formative inhabitants of the valley interacted with the
402:, i.e., sociopolitical prominence was achieved at birth, rather than earned.
297:
284:
52:
882:
781:
147:
The Zapotec dominated the valley and much of the Oaxacan highlands from the
1651:
1150:
927:
895:
852:
844:
808:
612:
604:
383:, located in the northwestern part of the Etla arm. Initially a permanent
1621:
1513:
1171:
1099:
1059:
1049:
981:
861:
Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley
641:
499:
437:
384:
136:
108:
1501:
648:
into the Oaxaca Valley. For example, Cortés ordered the cultivation of
1600:
1568:
1217:
1166:
811:(1983). "Teotihuacan Visitors on Monte Alban Monuments and Murals". In
535:
240:
1212:
1207:
653:
619:
588:
444:
424:
198:
96:
1202:
1638:
1551:
1252:
1232:
1089:
618:. Cortés, who had been granted Oaxaca as his prize for conquering
531:
523:
503:
791:
Mixtecs, Zapotecs and Chatinos: Ancient peoples of Southern Mexico
1463:
1247:
935:
645:
585:
479:
433:
387:
43:, is a geographic region located within the modern-day state of
1586:
Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl
1496:
Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl
966:
710:
592:
580:, located in the eastern Tlacolula arm. Shortly following the
573:
511:
487:
220:
216:
181:
156:
112:
80:
48:
44:
474:
and administrative activities in the Oaxaca Valley, forming a
1662:
1544:
1540:
1298:
1242:
1222:
890:
Paddock, John (1983). "The Oaxaca Barrio at Teotihuacan". In
851:
649:
608:
581:
577:
539:
507:
459:
409:
395:
177:
173:
132:
124:
1453:
Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila
515:
379:
One of the earliest settlements in the Oaxaca Valley was
486:
to the south. As such, it became a prominent regional
1371:
El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve
1637:
Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of
1408:
Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro
390:
during the Early Formative, it eventually developed
99:
arm to the east. The Oaxaca Valley was home to the
139:, is located in the central portion of the valley.
1349:
1689:
788:
603:The Aztec empire collapsed when their capital,
450:of the valley under the previously uninhabited
115:culture. A number of important and well-known
1335:
951:
889:
522:the Zapotec state, began to assert their own
622:by the Spanish crown, was thereafter named
1342:
1328:
958:
944:
470:, Monte Albán became the central point of
197:
119:are found in the Oaxaca Valley, including
1437:Sanctuary of JesĂşs Nazareno de Atotonilco
1382:Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco
689:Enciclopedia de los Municipios de MĂ©xico
652:in the Etla arm and the construction of
418:Olmec influences on Mesoamerican culture
18:
1550:Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of
1100:Tehuantepec (Santo Domingo Tehuantepec)
1690:
1579:Central University City Campus of the
807:
39:) of Oaxaca, also simply known as the
1323:
939:
760:Ancient Oaxaca: the Monte Albán State
677:
567:
357:
327:
1611:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
1480:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
1473:Islands and Protected Areas of the
1375:Islands and Protected Areas of the
558:Looking southwest over the site of
336:Location of Oaxaca Valley in Oaxaca
166:
135:. Today, the capital of the state,
13:
965:
598:
14:
1739:
1567:Archaeological Monuments Zone of
685:"Oaxaca: RegiĂłn Valles Centrales"
514:” existed at the central Mexican
493:
547:
466:Throughout the remainder of the
356:
349:
326:
319:
270:3,859.74 ha (9,537.6 acres)
262:1,515.17 ha (3,744.1 acres)
1547:in the Central Valley of Oaxaca
1713:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
1606:Luis Barragán House and Studio
1387:Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino
1351:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
734:
725:
716:
702:
666:Mixteca Alta Formative Project
83:, which is located within the
1:
1591:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
1469:Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara
1403:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
1090:Santa MarĂa AsunciĂłn Tlaxiaco
750:
155:. They were succeeded by the
1728:Southern Pacific dry forests
1657:Sian KaĘĽan Biosphere Reserve
7:
1644:Historic Fortified Town of
1574:Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque
1533:and Archaeological Site of
1512:Historic Monuments Zone of
1418:Historic Monuments Zone of
1070:San Juan Bautista Cuicatlán
659:
625:Marques del Valle de Oaxaca
10:
1744:
1718:Valles Centrales de Oaxaca
1075:San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec
764:Cambridge University Press
190:UNESCO World Heritage Site
142:
91:arm, the central southern
1671:
1630:
1616:Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley
1560:
1522:
1488:
1458:Revillagigedo Archipelago
1445:
1395:
1357:
1307:
1261:
1190:
1159:
1108:
1050:Oaxaca (Oaxaca de Juárez)
1032:
1006:
990:
982:Oaxaca (Oaxaca de Juárez)
974:
789:Joyce, Arthur A. (2010).
313:
274:
266:
258:
246:
236:
226:
210:
196:
187:
180:in the Central Valley of
1708:Geography of Mesoamerica
1311:Municipalities of Oaxaca
998:Alejandro Murat Hinojosa
671:
534:in the Valle Grande and
427:in the Valle Grande and
1364:Archaeological Zone of
1141:Valles Centrales Region
815:; Joyce Marcus (eds.).
420:is still under debate.
151:through the end of the
1366:Paquimé, Casas Grandes
1109:Administrative regions
1085:Santa LucĂa del Camino
398:social positions were
365:Oaxaca Valley (Mexico)
103:, one of the earliest
36:
24:
1661:Pre-Hispanic Town of
1650:Pre-Hispanic City of
1620:Pre-Hispanic City of
1539:Prehistoric Caves of
1500:Pre-Hispanic City of
1433:San Miguel de Allende
1080:Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán
644:crops and methods of
392:social stratification
298:16.95083°N 96.42111°W
172:Prehistoric Caves of
22:
1191:Archaeological sites
1160:Geographical regions
1045:Juchitán de Zaragoza
232:Cultural: (iii)
117:archaeological sites
101:Zapotec civilization
1703:Landforms of Oaxaca
1675:Shared by more one
1595:Historic Centre of
1529:Historic Centre of
1506:Historic Centre of
1462:Historic Centre of
1412:Historic Centre of
1284:Lagunas de Chacahua
1136:Sierra Norte Region
865:Thames & Hudson
793:. Wiley Blackwell.
303:16.95083; -96.42111
294: /
184:
159:culture during the
1475:Gulf of California
1431:Protected town of
1428:and Adjacent Mines
1377:Gulf of California
1294:Tehuacán-Cuicatlán
1289:Playa de Escobilla
1274:Boquerón de Tonalá
1198:Cerro de las Minas
1065:San Pedro Pochutla
568:Postclassic period
368:Show map of Mexico
340:Show map of Oaxaca
204:Guilá Naquitz Cave
171:
161:Postclassic period
137:the city of Oaxaca
25:
1723:Regions of Oaxaca
1698:Valleys of Mexico
1685:
1684:
1424:Historic Town of
1317:
1316:
1146:Sierra Sur Region
1131:Papaloapan Region
1095:Pinotepa Nacional
1040:Huajuapan de LeĂłn
1033:Major communities
800:978-0-631-20977-5
526:. These include
377:
376:
105:complex societies
1735:
1576:Hydraulic System
1344:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1055:Puerto Escondido
960:
953:
946:
937:
936:
931:
886:
857:Kent V. Flannery
848:
813:Kent V. Flannery
804:
785:
745:
738:
732:
729:
723:
720:
714:
706:
700:
699:
697:
695:
681:
551:
490:in Mesoamerica.
484:Pacific lowlands
407:socially complex
369:
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341:
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299:
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267:Buffer zone
201:
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185:
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167:Formative period
111:, and the later
37:Valles Centrales
16:Valley in Mexico
1743:
1742:
1738:
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1734:
1733:
1732:
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1681:
1667:
1626:
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1518:
1484:
1441:
1391:
1353:
1348:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1262:Protected areas
1257:
1238:San José Mogote
1186:
1155:
1104:
1028:
1002:
986:
970:
964:
934:
920:
875:
837:
801:
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748:
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721:
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707:
703:
693:
691:
683:
682:
678:
674:
662:
601:
599:Colonial period
570:
565:
564:
563:
557:
552:
496:
472:political power
414:Olmec heartland
412:culture of the
381:San José Mogote
373:
372:
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367:
366:
363:
362:
361:
344:
343:
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296:
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288:
285:
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206:
189:
169:
149:Early Formative
145:
129:San José Mogote
29:Central Valleys
17:
12:
11:
5:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1683:
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1157:
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1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1116:Mixteca Region
1112:
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1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
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1087:
1082:
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1072:
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933:
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918:
906:Academic Press
892:Flannery, Kent
887:
873:
849:
835:
823:Academic Press
805:
799:
786:
772:
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749:
747:
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733:
724:
715:
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675:
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668:
661:
658:
607:, fell to the
600:
597:
569:
566:
554:
553:
546:
545:
544:
502:, is evident.
495:
494:Classic period
492:
468:Late Formative
448:centralization
375:
374:
364:
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354:
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347:
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345:
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153:Classic period
144:
141:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1740:
1729:
1726:
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1578:
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1561:South Central
1559:
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1427:
1423:
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1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:North Central
1394:
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1378:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1360:
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1306:
1300:
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1295:
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1290:
1287:
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1272:
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1269:Benito Juárez
1267:
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1260:
1254:
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1236:
1234:
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1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1182:Oaxaca Valley
1180:
1178:
1177:Sierra Juárez
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
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1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:Cañada Region
1124:
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1101:
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1005:
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975:State capital
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919:0-12-259860-1
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896:Marcus, Joyce
893:
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874:0-500-05078-3
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853:Marcus, Joyce
850:
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836:0-12-259860-1
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828:
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783:
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773:0-521-57787-X
769:
765:
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743:
737:
731:Paddock 1983.
728:
719:
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709:formation of
705:
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42:
41:Oaxaca Valley
38:
34:
30:
21:
1652:Chichén Itzá
1181:
1151:Costa Region
1140:
1121:Istmo Region
1024:Demographics
1007:Major topics
904:. New York:
900:
860:
821:. New York:
817:
790:
759:
741:
736:
727:
722:Marcus 1983.
718:
704:
692:. Retrieved
688:
679:
642:agricultural
630:
623:
613:conquistador
605:Tenochtitlan
602:
571:
520:
497:
465:
442:
440:is evident.
422:
404:
385:agricultural
378:
146:
93:Valle Grande
85:Sierra Madre
47:in southern
40:
28:
26:
1622:Teotihuacán
1597:Mexico City
1535:Monte Albán
1514:Tlacotalpan
1228:Monte Albán
1172:Selva Zoque
1060:Salina Cruz
908:. pp.
825:. pp.
646:cultivation
560:Monte Albán
500:Teotihuacan
456:Monte Albán
438:iconography
436:styles and
301: /
276:Coordinates
250:2010 (34th
247:Inscription
121:Monte Albán
109:Mesoamerica
1692:Categories
1631:South East
1601:Xochimilco
1569:Xochicalco
1523:South West
1426:Guanajuato
1358:North West
1218:Lambityeco
1167:La Mixteca
863:. London:
762:. London:
751:References
536:Lambityeco
289:96°25′16″W
286:16°57′03″N
95:, and the
1420:Querétaro
1414:Zacatecas
1309:See also
1213:Guiengola
1208:Etlatongo
740:Blanton,
694:6 January
634:Charles V
620:New Spain
589:Ahuitzotl
504:Monuments
445:political
425:Tilcajete
237:Reference
97:Tlacolula
73:Tlacolula
1646:Campeche
1639:Calakmul
1552:Palenque
1502:El TajĂn
1435:and the
1279:Huatulco
1253:Zaachila
1233:Ndaxagua
991:Governor
969:, Mexico
898:(eds.).
883:34409496
859:(1996).
782:41420906
660:See also
632:Emperor
532:Zaachila
524:autonomy
400:ascribed
228:Criteria
212:Location
65:Zimatlán
61:Zaachila
1464:Morelia
1248:Yucuita
1019:Economy
1014:History
928:8805988
910:170–175
845:8805988
827:175–181
609:Spanish
586:emperor
528:Cuilpan
480:society
478:-level
452:capital
434:ceramic
388:village
252:Session
143:History
69:Ocotlán
33:Spanish
1677:region
1531:Oaxaca
1508:Puebla
1203:DainzĂş
967:Oaxaca
926:
916:
881:
871:
843:
833:
797:
780:
770:
744:(1999)
742:et al.
711:Sparta
638:Oaxaca
593:Empire
574:Mixtec
512:barrio
508:murals
488:polity
429:YegĂĽih
394:where
221:Mexico
217:Oaxaca
182:Oaxaca
157:Mixtec
113:Mixtec
81:valley
79:. The
77:Ejutla
57:Centro
49:Mexico
45:Oaxaca
1663:Uxmal
1545:Mitla
1541:Yagul
1299:Yagul
1243:Yagul
1223:Mitla
672:Notes
654:mills
650:wheat
582:Aztec
578:Mitla
540:Mitla
476:state
460:water
410:Olmec
396:elite
178:Mitla
174:Yagul
133:Yagul
125:Mitla
1599:and
1581:UNAM
1543:and
1489:East
1446:West
924:OCLC
914:ISBN
879:OCLC
869:ISBN
841:OCLC
831:ISBN
795:ISBN
778:OCLC
768:ISBN
696:2017
538:and
530:and
516:city
506:and
259:Area
241:1352
176:and
131:and
89:Etla
75:and
53:Etla
27:The
454:of
107:in
1694::
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912:.
894:;
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855:;
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254:)
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