315:, will also alert their users when they land on a website with code that is manually obfuscated, as one of the purposes of obfuscation can be to hide malicious code. However, some developers may employ code obfuscation for the purpose of reducing file size or increasing security. The average user may not expect their antivirus software to provide alerts about an otherwise harmless piece of code, especially from trusted corporations, so such a feature may actually deter users from using legitimate software.
109:
1495:
353:". It puts source code in the hands of the user, although this source code is often difficult to read. The source code is likely to have random function and variable names, incorrect variable types, and use different logic than the original source code (due to compiler optimizations).
277:, a cryptographic primitive that, if possible to build securely, would allow one to construct many other kinds of cryptography, including completely novel types that no one knows how to make. (A stronger notion,
372:. Obfuscation models can also be applied to training data before feeding it into the model to add random noise. This hides sensitive information about the properties of individual and groups of samples.
165:
A variety of tools exist to perform or assist with code obfuscation. These include experimental research tools created by academics, hobbyist tools, commercial products written by professionals, and
337:
by requiring the "preferred form for making modifications" to be made available. The GNU website states "Obfuscated 'source code' is not real source code and does not count as source code."
299:
Once code is no longer maintained, hobbyists may want to maintain the program, add mods, or understand it better. Obfuscation makes it hard for end users to do useful things with the code.
349:
can reverse-engineer source code from an executable or library. Decompilation is sometimes called a man-in-the-end (mite) attack, based on the traditional cryptographic attack known as "
1140:
302:
Certain kinds of obfuscation (i.e. code that isn't just a local binary and downloads mini binaries from a web server as needed) can degrade performance and/or require
Internet.
66:
or recreational challenge for someone reading the source code. This can be done manually or by using an automated tool, the latter being the preferred technique in industry.
139:
Types of obfuscations include simple keyword substitution, use or non-use of whitespace to create artistic effects, and self-generating or heavily compressed programs.
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by releasing source code in obfuscated form, such as in cases in which the author is less willing to make the source code available. The issue is addressed in the
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While obfuscation can make reading, writing, and reverse-engineering a program difficult and time-consuming, it will not necessarily make it impossible.
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Although the majority of commercial obfuscation solutions work by transforming either program source code, or platform-independent bytecode as used by
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Zhang, Tianwei; He, Zecheng; Lee, Ruby B. (July 12, 2018). "Privacy-preserving
Machine Learning through Data Obfuscation".
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data/code/comment confusion, which includes making some actual code look like comments or confusing syntax with data;
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Proceedings of the 6th
Digital Arts and Culture Conference, IT University of Copenhagen, 1–3 December 2005
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1163:"Reasoning behind the "preferred form of the work for making modifications to it" language in the GPL"
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The architecture and characteristics of some languages may make them easier to obfuscate than others.
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Mozilla and Google disallow browser extensions containing obfuscated code in their add-ons store.
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Cryptographers have explored the idea of obfuscating code so that reverse-engineering the code is
58:) or its logic or implicit values embedded in it, primarily, in order to prevent tampering, deter
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Zhou, Mingyi; Gao, Xiang; Wu, Jing; Grundy, John C.; Chen, Xiao; Chen, Chunyang; Li, Li (2023).
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228:. A number of programming contests reward the most creatively obfuscated code, such as the
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Break Me00 The MoVfuscator
Turning mov into a soul crushing RE nightmare Christopher Domas
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1279:, 17th National Computer Conference, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, 2012.
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It can make debugging issues after the software has been obfuscated extremely difficult.
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naming obfuscation, which includes naming variables in a meaningless or deceptive way;
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169:. Deobfuscation tools also exist that attempt to perform the reverse transformation.
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B. Barak, O. Goldreich, R. Impagliazzo, S. Rudich, A. Sahai, S. Vadhan and K. Yang.
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double coding, which can be displaying code in poetry form or interesting shapes.
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119: with: explaining more obfuscation techniques in general. You can help by
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The properties that make a language obfuscatable are not immediately obvious.
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1290:, Santa Barbara, California, USA. Springer Verlag LNCS Volume 2139, 2001.
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1133:"Mozilla announces ban on Firefox extensions containing obfuscated code"
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is also quite obfuscatable despite being quite different in structure.
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model. Obfuscation turns a model into a black box. It is contrary to
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1057:"Blocking website and only way to fix is disabling HTTPS s... | AVG"
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It adds time and complexity to the build process for the developers.
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1296:"A Box, Darkly: Obfuscation, Weird Languages, and Code Aesthetics"
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Yury
Lifshits. Lecture Notes on Program Obfuscation (Spring'2005)
1088:"Google taking action against disguised code in Chrome Web Store"
991:"Indistinguishability Obfuscation from Well-Founded Assumptions"
1599:
1514:
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180:, there are also some that work directly on compiled binaries.
63:
586:. DreamInCode.net. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008
46:
that is difficult for humans or computers to understand. Like
893:"One Instruction To Rule Them All: C Compiler Emits Only MOV"
79:
240:
177:
83:
948:"Cryptography Breakthrough Could Make Software Unhackable"
474:"What is obfuscation (obfu)? - Definition from WhatIs.com"
1332:
1216:"Model Obfuscation for Securing Deployed Neural Networks"
584:"C++ Tutorials – Obfuscated Code – A Simple Introduction"
206:
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There has been debate on whether it is illegal to skirt
1086:
at 05:01, Thomas
Claburn in San Francisco 2 Oct 2018.
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Writing and reading obfuscated source code can be a
364:is a technique to hide the internal structure of a
273:hard. This is formalized in the many proposals for
25:
Deliberate creation of difficult-to-understand code
505:"Obfuscation: Cloaking your Code from Prying Eyes"
89:are some examples of languages easy to obfuscate.
1959:
1284:"On the (Im)possibility of Obfuscating Programs"
1293:
1288:21st Annual International Cryptology Conference
1213:
284:
16:For the term as used in natural language, see
1383:
1031:""Can We Obfuscate Programs?" by Boaz Barak"
984:
807:"The First Annual Obfuscated Python Content"
1333:The International Obfuscated C Code Contest
1116:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
671:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1390:
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1934:Security information and event management
1338:Protecting Java Code Via Code Obfuscation
1255:
1002:
281:, is known to be impossible in general.)
1397:
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502:
247:of Perl programmers. These are JAPHs ("
757:from the original on September 14, 2017
230:International Obfuscated C Code Contest
1960:
1098:from the original on November 12, 2019
846:from the original on November 12, 2022
787:from the original on February 14, 2017
529:
1911:Host-based intrusion detection system
1371:
1195:from the original on October 14, 2013
1169:from the original on December 2, 2013
1067:from the original on February 4, 2022
873:from the original on October 21, 2022
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653:from the original on January 16, 2009
484:from the original on February 2, 2019
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693:from the original on August 30, 2017
620:"C Tutorials – Obfuscated Code in C"
356:
103:
1942:Runtime application self-protection
1340:, ACM Crossroads, Spring 1998 issue
1130:
966:from the original on April 14, 2022
311:Some anti-virus softwares, such as
13:
1493:
1312:from the original on June 23, 2008
1268:
1143:from the original on March 5, 2020
1011:from the original on March 3, 2022
534:. Codinghorror.com. Archived from
503:Binstock, Andrew (March 6, 2003).
307:Notifying users of obfuscated code
215:instruction in order to obfuscate.
160:
14:
1989:
1874:Security-focused operating system
1326:
1277:ABCME: A Novel Metamorphic Engine
918:"JAPH – Just Another Perl Hacker"
560:. Kenter.demon.nl. Archived from
322:Obfuscation and copyleft licenses
1670:Insecure direct object reference
1294:Mateas, Michael; Nick Montfort.
448:Indistinguishability obfuscation
275:indistinguishability obfuscation
261:Indistinguishability obfuscation
254:
107:
1924:Information security management
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891:Williams, Al (March 21, 2021).
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190:official Python programming FAQ
1033:. Math.ias.edu. Archived from
924:. Perl Mongers. Archived from
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622:. July 7, 2011. Archived from
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340:
1:
530:Atwood, Jeff (May 15, 2005).
459:
438:Dotfuscator (.Net Obfuscator)
398:Esoteric programming language
188:examples can be found in the
99:
747:"Obfuscating "Hello world!""
687:"Obfuscation – Haskell Wiki"
645:As of 2013-11-25 18:22 GMT.
285:Disadvantages of obfuscation
7:
1929:Information risk management
1850:Multi-factor authentication
1406:Related security categories
532:"Jeff Atwood, May 15, 2005"
375:
146:, techniques may include:
69:
10:
1994:
1906:Intrusion detection system
1864:Computer security software
1520:Advanced persistent threat
1344:Can we obfuscate programs?
836:domas (November 3, 2022),
453:Source code beautification
433:ProGuard (Java Obfuscator)
335:GNU General Public License
258:
56:security through obscurity
15:
1805:
1505:
1491:
1485:Digital rights management
1405:
995:Cryptology ePrint Archive
604:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
443:Digital rights management
428:Source-to-source compiler
1630:Denial-of-service attack
1525:Arbitrary code execution
1189:"What is free software?"
839:xoreaxeaxeax/movfuscator
647:"Pe(a)rls in line noise"
408:Overlapping instructions
249:Just another Perl hacker
243:programs may be used in
1840:Computer access control
1792:Rogue security software
1455:Electromagnetic warfare
234:Obfuscated Perl Contest
38:is the act of creating
1978:Program transformation
1886:Obfuscation (software)
1615:Browser Helper Objects
1499:
1363:c2:BlackBoxComputation
1231:Cite journal requires
989:; Sahai, Amit (2020).
62:, or even to create a
1881:Data-centric security
1762:Remote access trojans
1497:
1275:Seyyedhamzeh, Javad,
1092:www.theregister.co.uk
689:. February 16, 2006.
478:SearchSoftwareQuality
423:Underhanded C Contest
279:black-box obfuscation
265:Black-box obfuscation
259:Further information:
1968:Software obfuscation
1813:Application security
1707:Privilege escalation
1575:Cross-site scripting
1428:Cybersex trafficking
1399:Information security
1305:. pp. 144–153.
811:code.activestate.com
626:on December 27, 2013
418:Hardware obfuscation
167:open-source software
87:programming language
32:software development
1460:Information warfare
1418:Automotive security
777:"Obfuscated Python"
60:reverse engineering
1869:Antivirus software
1737:Social engineering
1702:Polymorphic engine
1655:Fraudulent dialers
1560:Hardware backdoors
1500:
1131:Cimpanu, Catalin.
538:on January 9, 2010
1955:
1954:
1917:Anomaly detection
1822:Secure by default
1675:Keystroke loggers
1610:Drive-by download
1498:vectorial version
1465:Internet security
1413:Computer security
1063:. July 21, 2020.
1037:on March 23, 2016
726:on April 24, 2019
714:"Obfuscated code"
649:. Perlmonks.org.
511:on April 20, 2008
362:Model obfuscation
357:Model obfuscation
351:man-in-the-middle
331:software licenses
271:cryptographically
239:Short obfuscated
137:
136:
1985:
1826:Secure by design
1757:Hardware Trojans
1590:History sniffing
1580:Cross-site leaks
1475:Network security
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1354:Java obfuscators
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813:. Archived from
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719:. Archived from
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712:Montfort, Nick.
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564:on March 4, 2016
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507:. Archived from
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413:Polymorphic code
366:machine learning
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52:natural language
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1269:Further reading
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161:Automated tools
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1565:Code injection
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1787:SQL injection
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1891:Data masking
1450:Cyberwarfare
1314:. Retrieved
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1224:cite journal
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1199:December 18,
1197:. Retrieved
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1173:November 25,
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1039:. Retrieved
1035:the original
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226:brain teaser
223:
220:Recreational
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121:adding to it
116:
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73:
44:machine code
35:
29:
27:
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1973:Source code
1831:Misuse case
1665:Infostealer
1640:Email fraud
1605:Data breach
1440:Cybergeddon
1191:. gnu.org.
1165:. Lwn.net.
1071:February 4,
987:Lin, Huijia
902:October 23,
877:November 5,
850:November 5,
821:October 18,
791:October 18,
781:wiki.c2.com
761:October 18,
488:February 1,
341:Decompilers
197:movfuscator
48:obfuscation
36:obfuscation
18:obfuscation
1962:Categories
1896:Encryption
1772:Web shells
1712:Ransomware
1660:Hacktivism
1423:Cybercrime
1257:1807.01860
1004:2008.09317
460:References
347:decompiler
245:signatures
207:x86_32 ISA
128:March 2023
100:Techniques
82:, and the
1727:Shellcode
1722:Scareware
1570:Crimeware
1530:Backdoors
1015:March 14,
970:March 14,
960:1059-1028
383:AARD code
1901:Firewall
1806:Defenses
1732:Spamming
1717:Rootkits
1690:Phishing
1650:Exploits
1316:June 28,
1307:Archived
1193:Archived
1167:Archived
1141:Archived
1112:cite web
1096:Archived
1065:Archived
1009:Archived
964:Archived
897:Hackaday
871:archived
844:archived
785:Archived
755:Archived
697:March 3,
691:Archived
667:cite web
651:Archived
600:cite web
482:Archived
376:See also
328:copyleft
232:and the
205:for the
203:compiler
70:Overview
1742:Spyware
1685:Payload
1680:Malware
1620:Viruses
1600:Botnets
1507:Threats
91:Haskell
1936:(SIEM)
1913:(HIDS)
1797:Zombie
1534:Bombs
1515:Adware
1358:Curlie
958:
922:pm.org
186:Python
64:puzzle
40:source
1782:Worms
1777:Wiper
1695:Voice
1543:Logic
1310:(PDF)
1299:(PDF)
1252:arXiv
1137:ZDNet
999:arXiv
952:Wired
724:(PDF)
717:(PDF)
403:Quine
184:Some
1548:Time
1538:Fork
1318:2008
1237:help
1201:2014
1175:2013
1149:2019
1118:link
1104:2019
1073:2022
1043:2013
1017:2021
972:2021
956:ISSN
934:2015
904:2023
879:2022
852:2022
823:2017
793:2017
763:2017
732:2017
699:2020
673:link
659:2013
632:2013
606:link
592:2013
570:2013
544:2013
517:2013
490:2019
263:and
251:").
241:Perl
195:The
178:.NET
176:and
174:Java
84:Perl
1553:Zip
1356:at
212:mov
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80:C++
50:in
42:or
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