Occupation of Japan

78: 77: 2280:(a leader of the pre-war women's suffrage movement) organized the Women's Committee to Cope with Postwar Conditions, a group of 70 Japanese women whose top priorities included women's enfranchisement. Swayed by the urges of female leaders, Home Minister Horiuchi Zenjiro advocated for granting women enfranchisement in a meeting of the Japanese male leaders of the Shidehara Cabinet on October 9, 1945. Convinced, the cabinet voted unanimously to grant women the right to vote. Two days later, before any action was taken to enact the cabinet's decision, General MacArthur issued his five-point reform directive, one of the points being an order to liberate Japanese women through enfranchisement. After MacArthur issued his directive, the Japanese government officially lowered the voting age and 201: 2507: 2817: 590: 565: 3052:, precisely as the Japanese government had hoped when it created the prostitution facilities, while the RAA was in place "the incidence of rape remained relatively low given the huge size of the occupation force." However, there was a resulting large rise in venereal disease among the soldiers, which led MacArthur to close down the prostitution in early 1946. The incidence of rape increased after the closure of the brothels, possibly eight-fold; Dower states that "According to one calculation the number of rapes and assaults on Japanese women amounted to around 40 60: 53: 3198:) fraternizing with American soldiers during the occupation. In 1946, the 200 wives of U.S. officers landing in Japan to visit their husbands also had a similar impact when many of these reunited couples were seen walking hand-in-hand and kissing in public. Both prostitution and marks of affection had been hidden from the public until then, and this "democratization of eroticism" was a source of surprise, curiosity, and even envy. The occupation set new models for relationships between Japanese men and women: The Western practice of " 1931: 10298: 2106: 3251:

education, sanitation, agriculture and the like, to help the Japanese in adopting more up to date methods sponsored by SCAP’s headquarters. The normal duties of a military government organisation, the most important of which are law and order and a legal system, were never needed in Japan since the Japanese government’s normal legal system still functioned with regard to all Japanese nationals ... The so-called military government in Japan was therefore neither military nor government.

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introduced better working conditions and pay for numerous employees in Japanese business. This allowed for more sanitary and hygienic working environments along with welfare and government assistance for health insurance, pensions plans and work involving other trained specialists. While it was created while Japan was under occupation, the origins of the Act have nothing to do with the occupation forces. It appears to have been the brainchild of Kosaku Teramoto, a former member of the

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aggravated the hunger problem in Japan, as these people put more strain on already scarce resources. Around 5.1 million Japanese returned to Japan in the fifteen months following October 1, 1945, and another million returned in 1947. As expressed by Kazuo Kawai, "Democracy cannot be taught to a starving people". Initially, the U.S. government provided emergency food relief through Government Aid and Relief in Occupied Areas (

2184: 2986:," or RAA) for the benefit of the more than 300,000 occupation troops. Many Japanese civilians and government officials feared that the Allied occupation troops were likely to rape Japanese women. "The strategy was, through the special work of experienced women, to create a breakwater to protect regular women and girls." A large contributor to this system being hastily implemented was the experience of the prior 2967: 2053: 2939:, Japan continued to prioritize economic growth over defense spending, relying on American military protection to ensure it could focus mainly on economic recovery. Through "guided capitalism," Japan was able to use its resources to economically recover from the war and revive industry, eventually sparking a lengthy period of unprecedented economic growth remembered as the 2121:. The difference in height between the towering MacArthur and the diminutive Hirohito also impressed upon Japanese citizens who was in charge now. With the cooperation of Japan's reigning monarch, MacArthur had the political ammunition he needed to begin the real work of the occupation. While other Allied political and military leaders pushed for Hirohito to be tried as a 2158: 2994:

willingness to make such a sacrifice to help her family", he wrote. "It is the belief of our informants, however, that in urban districts the practice of enslaving girls, while much less prevalent than in the past, still exists. The worst victims ... were the women who, with no previous experience, answered the ads calling for 'Women of the New Japan.'"

2436:" (selective grammar schools) and universities to train students after primary school. During the occupation, Japan's secondary education system was changed to incorporate three-year junior high schools and senior high schools similar to those in the United States: Junior high school became compulsory, but senior high school remained optional. The 2097:) funds. In fiscal year 1946, this aid amounted to US$ 92 million in loans. From April 1946, under the guise of Licensed Agencies for Relief in Asia, private relief organizations were also permitted to provide relief. Even with these measures, millions of people were still on the brink of starvation for several years after the surrender. 2264:, business leaders involved in Japanese overseas economic expansion, governors of former Japanese colonies, and national leaders involved in the decisions leading Japan into war. Ultimately, SCAP screened a total of 717,415 possible purgees, and wound up excluding 201,815 of them from holding public office. However, as part of the " 3148:, for which Japanese women had suffrage for the first time, over a third of the votes were cast by women. This unexpectedly high female voter turnout led to the election of 39 female candidates, and the increasing presence of women in politics was perceived by Americans as evidence of an improvement of Japanese women's condition. 2363:, whereby Japan forever renounced war as an instrument of state policy and became forbidden to maintain a standing army. The 1947 Constitution also officially enfranchised women, guaranteed fundamental human rights, strengthened the powers of Parliament and the Cabinet, and decentralized the police and local government. 3100:. However, two weeks into the Occupation, SCAP began censoring all media; on September 10, 1945, SCAP "issued press and pre-censorship codes outlawing the publication of all reports and statistics 'inimical to the objectives of the Occupation'." This included any mention of rape or other sensitive social issues. 2072: 2070: 2076: 2074: 2069: 3056:

while the RAA was in operation, and then rose to an average of 330 a day after it was terminated in early 1946." Brian Walsh disputes Dower's numbers and states that rape was uncommon throughout the Occupation, with the number of daily rapes being much lower. According to Walsh, the increase in rapes

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MacArthur issued an order, SCAPIN 642 (SCAP Instruction), on January 21 ending licensed brothels for being "in contravention of the ideals of democracy". Although SCAPIN 642 ended the RAA's operations, it did not affect "voluntary prostitution" by individuals. Ultimately, SCAP responded by making all

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Japanese soldiers were rapidly disarmed and demobilized en masse. On September 15, 1945, the Japanese Imperial Headquarters was dissolved. By December, all Japanese military forces in the Japanese home islands were fully disbanded. Occupation forces also exploded or dumped into the sea over 2 million

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American feminists saw Japanese women as victims of feudalistic and chauvinistic traditions that had to be broken by the Occupation. American women assumed a central role in the reforms that affected the lives of Japanese women: they educated Japanese about Western ideals of democracy, and it was an

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In December 1945, a senior officer with the Public Health and Welfare Division of the occupation's General Headquarters wrote regarding the typical prostitute: "The girl is impressed into contracting by the desperate financial straits of her parents and their urging, occasionally supplemented by her

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on an indefinite basis. Even after the Occupation officially ended in 1952, a total of 260,000 American soldiers remained based on mainland Japan (exclusive of U.S.-controlled Okinawa, which based tens of thousands more). Even today, some 31,000 US military personnel remain based in Japan, including

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observes, that for some producers of texts "the Occupation censorship was even more exasperating than Japanese military censorship had been because it insisted that all traces of censorship be concealed. This meant that articles had to be rewritten in full, rather than merely submitting XXs for the

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The Reverse Course significantly weakened left-wing forces and strengthened conservatives, laying the foundations for decades of conservative rule. At the same time, it did not completely destroy leftist forces that had been deliberately unleashed in the Occupation's early stages, setting the stage

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officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family from being indicted, but also to slant the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor. High officials in court circles and the Shōwa government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of

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left millions displaced, and food shortages (created by bad harvests and the demands of the war) worsened when the seizure of foodstuffs from Korea, Taiwan, and China ceased. Repatriation of Japanese people living in other parts of Asia and hundreds of thousands of demobilized prisoners of war only

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was not inclined to press the Americans very far following Japan's surrender. He was not willing to place Soviet troops under MacArthur's direct command. Furthermore, in terms of both strategic interests and prestige the Soviets had achieved most of their war aims in the Far East. Moreover, whereas

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An early sign of the shift in SCAP's thinking came in January 1947 when MacArthur announced that he would not permit a massive, nationwide general strike that labor unions had scheduled for February 1. Thereafter, the broader shift in Occupation policies became more and more apparent. Thousands of

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Once the food network was in place, MacArthur set out to win the support of Hirohito. The two men met for the first time on September 27, 1945; the photograph of the two together is one of the most famous in Japanese history. Some were shocked that MacArthur wore his standard duty uniform with no

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China, Korea and Japan were all a considerable distance from the USSR's European heartland, Stalin regarded establishing a powerful buffer against further military threats from the west to be vital to the Soviet Union's future existence. He therefore placed a far greater priority on establishing

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As the Soviets moved in to occupy their allotted territories, some Japanese forces continued to resist even after the Japanese surrender. Such operations included final battles on the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin well past the end of August in 1945. In the end, despite its initial hopes, the

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The really important duty of the so called Military government teams was, however, the supervision of the issue throughout Japan of the large quantities of food stuffs and medical stores being poured into the country from American sources. The teams also contained so-called experts on health,

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under the government's reform program and resold at extremely low prices (after inflation) to the farmers who worked them. MacArthur's land reform redistribution resulted in only 10% of the land being worked by non-owners. By 1950, three million peasants had acquired land, dismantling a power

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was enacted on April 7, 1947, to govern working conditions in Japan. According to Article 1 of the Act, its goal was to ensure that "Working conditions shall be those which should meet the needs of workers who live lives worthy of human beings." Support stemming from the Allied occupation has

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The initial phase of the Occupation focused on punishing Japan for having made war on the Allies, and undertook a thorough reformation of Japanese society to ensure that Japan would never again be a threat to world peace. Reforms targeted all major sectors of Japanese society, government, and

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authority was strictly limited at first, however, and senior figures in the government such as the Prime Minister effectively served at the pleasure of the occupation authorities before the first post-war elections were held. Political parties had begun to revive almost immediately after the

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MacArthur at no time established in Japan what could be correctly described as Military government. He continued to use the Japanese government to control the country, but teams of military personnel, afterward replaced to quite a considerable extent by civilians, were placed throughout the

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and Allied Council for Japan were also established to supervise the occupation of Japan. The establishment of a multilateral Allied council for Japan was proposed by the Soviet government as early as September 1945, and was supported partially by the British, French and Chinese governments.

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personnel, did not begin deployment to Japan until February 21, 1946. While U.S. forces were responsible for the overall occupation, BCOF was responsible for supervising demilitarization and the disposal of Japan's war industries. BCOF was also responsible for occupation of several western

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The ties between Us and Our people have always stood upon mutual trust and affection. They do not depend upon mere legends and myths. They are not predicated on the false conception that the Emperor is divine, and that the Japanese people are superior to other races and fated to rule the

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Even Japanese peace activists who endorse the ideals of the Nuremberg and Tokyo charters, and who have labored to document and publicize Japanese atrocities, cannot defend the American decision to exonerate the emperor of war responsibility and then, in the chill of

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Popular anger at the continuing presence of these U.S. military bases in Japan even after the official end of the Occupation continued to grow over the course of the 1950s, leading to a nationwide anti-base movement and a number of spectacular protests, including

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Before reforms could be undertaken, MacArthur's first priority was to set up a food distribution network. Following the collapse of the ruling government and the wholesale destruction of most major cities, virtually the entire Japanese populace was starving. The

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passed Japan's first ever trade union law protecting the rights of workers to form or join a union, to organize, and take industrial action. There had been pre-war attempts to do so, but none that were successfully passed until the Allied occupation. A new

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A portion of Japanese territory was put under United States administration after 1952 in accordance with Article 3 of San Francisco Peace Treaty: Iwo Jima (until 1968) and Okinawa (until 1972); such arrangement was treaty based, and not part of the Allied

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In effect, there was no "military government" in Japan in the literal sense of the word. It was simply a SCAP superstructure over already existing government machinery, designed to observe and assist the Japanese along the new democratic channels of

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of several European states and even the Soviet Union, and transferred sovereignty from the Emperor to the people in an attempt to depoliticize the Throne and reduce it to the status of a state symbol. Included in the revised charter was the famous

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industrial conglomerates were pressured into undergoing "voluntary" dissolution into smaller independent companies. Although SCAP originally planned to break up 325 Japanese companies, as a result of changes in priorities in connection with the

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In January 1946, SCAP issued directives calling for the purge of wartime officials from public offices. Individuals targeted in the purge included accused war criminals, military officers, leaders of ultranationalist societies, leaders in the

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building. In total, including rotations of replacement troops throughout the seven years, nearly 1 million American soldiers would serve in the Occupation, in addition to thousands of civilian contractors and tens of thousands of dependents.

1583:, signed on September 8, 1951, and effective from April 28, 1952, after which the US military ceased any direct involvement in the country's civil administration thus effectively restoring full sovereignty to Japan with the exception of the 2836:, which was to end the occupation, was signed on September 8, 1951. It came into effect on April 28, 1952, formally ending all occupation powers of the Allied forces and restoring full sovereignty to Japan, except for the island chains of 2161: 1782:

Soviet Union did not manage to occupy any part of the Japanese home islands, largely due to significant U.S. opposition that was backed by the leverage gained by its then newly realized status as the world's only nuclear-armed state.

3183:" phenomenon of the 1920s and early 1930s had been characterized by greater sexual freedom, but, despite this, sex was usually not perceived as a source of pleasure (for women) in Japan. Westerners, as a result, were thought to be 3065:

during the first few weeks of occupation, according to Japanese police reports and journalistic studies, the number of incidents declined shortly after and they were not common on mainland Japan throughout the rest of occupation.

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was passed on June 1, 1949, which remains in place to the present day. According to Article 1 of the Act, the purpose of the act is to "elevate the status of workers by promoting their being on equal standing with the employer".

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conservative and nationalist wartime leaders were de-purged and allowed to reenter politics and government ministries. In the industrial sector, plans for further anti-trust actions against the remains of the old

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decided that Japan was to be partly de-industrialized. In the end, SCAP adopted a program of de-industrialization and de-concentration in Japan that was implemented to a lesser degree than the similar U.S.

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was initially severely restricted (although individuals and prefectural offices could apply for permission to fly it); this restriction was partially lifted in 1948 and completely lifted the following year.

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during the termination of the RAA was brief in duration, and the numbers quickly declined thereafter. Michael S. Molasky states that while rape and other violent crime were widespread in naval ports like

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was occupied by the 77th Infantry and 11th Airborne Divisions. By the beginning of 1946, replacement troops began to arrive in the country in large numbers and were assigned to MacArthur's

5654: 2792:. Against this backdrop, the Japanese government and business leaders, with the connivance and encouragement of SCAP, purged tens of thousands of communists, alleged communists, and other 2196: 3164:

did not mean for Japanese women to give up their central role in the home as wives and mothers, but rather that they could now assume other roles simultaneously, such as that of worker.

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when the Japanese formally surrendered. Arthur S. Komori served as personal interpreter for Brig. Gen. Elliot R. Thorpe. Kay Kitagawa served as personal interpreter of Fleet Admiral

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explicitly forbade Japan from maintaining a military or pursuing war as a means to settle international disputes, this policy soon became problematic especially as neighboring China

3376:" and claiming it turned the Japanese population "irresponsible, obsequious and listless... unable to perceive issues in a forthright manner, which led to distorted perspectives". 1502:

that it has been occupied by a foreign power. However, unlike in Germany, the Allies never assumed direct control over Japan's civil administration. In the immediate aftermath of

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In 1949, MacArthur made a sweeping change in the SCAP power structure that greatly increased the power of Japan's native rulers, and the Occupation began to draw to a close. The

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In 1953, journalist Ichirō Narumigi commented that Japan had received "liberation of sex" along with the "four presents" that it had been granted by the occupation (respect for

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MacArthur arrived in Tokyo on August 30 and immediately decreed several laws. No Allied personnel were to assault Japanese people or eat the scarce Japanese food. Flying the

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SCAP also attempted to weaken the labor unions they had recently empowered, most notably issuing an edict stripping public-sector workers of their right to go on strike.

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protests in 1957. Partially in response to these protests, the original 1951 Security Treaty was revised into a somewhat less one-sided pact in 1960, resulting in the

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under control. Dodge also fixed the exchange rate at 360 yen to the dollar, a favorable rate that would help boost Japanese exports in the years to come and power the

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Not only did Occupation censorship forbid criticism of the United States or other Allied nations, but the mention of censorship itself was forbidden. This means, as

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As described above, Japanese authorities had set up a large system of prostitution facilities in order to protect the population from sexual assault. According to

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Yoneyama, Lisa. "Liberation under Siege: U.S. Military Occupation and Japanese Women's Enfranchisement" American Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Sept., 2005), pp. 887.

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brothels and other facilities offering prostitution off-limits to Allied personnel on March 25, 1946. By November, the Japanese government had introduced the new

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as a check on the extent to which the prefectures were carrying out the directives issued by MacArthur’s headquarters or the orders from the central government.

2484: 10199: 8878: 8565: 7692: 2738:" in 1949, a set of draconian contractionary fiscal and monetary policies that caused much hardship for the Japanese populace but succeeded in getting rampant 9181: 8544: 7846: 7471: 3284:(Nihon Shimpoto). The first postwar elections were held in 1946 (women were given the franchise for the first time), and the Liberal Party's vice president, 3079: 8187: 8133: 7319: 6411: 5918: 3346:

Kan Tagami served as personal interpreter-aide for General Douglas MacArthur. Journalist Don Caswell was accompanied by a Japanese American interpreter to

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As a condition of securing the end of the Occupation and the restoration of Japanese sovereignty, Japan was compelled by the United States to agree to the

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on August 19 to meet MacArthur and to discuss surrender terms. On August 28, 1945, a week before the official surrender ceremony, 150 US personnel flew to

2125:, MacArthur resisted such calls, arguing that any such prosecution would be overwhelmingly unpopular with the Japanese people. He also rejected calls for 10414: 8651: 8140: 7756: 6869: 5330:

Koikari, Mire (2002). "Exporting Democracy? American Women, 'Feminist Reforms,' and Politics of Imperialism in the U.S. Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952".

5098: 3415: 2856: 1592: 4940:"NOTED NISEI VETERAN KAN TAGAMI PASSES. HELD UNPRECEDENTED ONE-ON-ONE PRIVATE MEETING WITH EMPEROR HIROHITO AT IMPERIAL PALACE. AKAKA PAYS HIGH TRIBUTE" 2019:. At its peak, the force numbered about 40,000 personnel. During 1947, BCOF began to decrease its activities in Japan, and officially wound up in 1951. 7166: 4180: 2487:. Between 1947 and 1949, approximately 5,800,000 acres (23,000 km) of land (approximately 38% of Japan's cultivated land) were purchased from the 3045:

and the beginning of the American occupation in 1945. One Okinawan historian estimated as many as 10,000 Okinawan women may have been raped in total.

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Frederick H. Gareau "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany" The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1961), pp. 531.

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by allowing "the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that the Emperor would be spared from indictment." According to historian

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programs of the 1930s. Moore and Robinson note that, "New Deal liberalism seemed natural, even to conservative Republicans such as MacArthur and

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with 78.52% voter turnout among men and 66.97% among women was held, giving Japan its first prime minister partially elected by men and women,

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It has been argued that the granting of rights to women played an important role in the radical shift Japan underwent from a war nation to a

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Since the end of the Occupation, the United States has continuously pressured Japan to revise its American-imposed constitution to remove

10394: 9735: 8802: 8714: 8658: 8621: 7896: 7020: 6401: 6332: 5536: 5506: 4633: 843: 10399: 8707: 7432: 3330:. Thomas Sakamoto served as press escort during the occupation of Japan. He escorted American correspondents to Hiroshima, and the USS 3292:. For the 1947 elections, anti-Yoshida forces left the Liberal Party and joined forces with the Progressive Party to establish the new 3033:

According to Toshiyuki Tanaka, 76 cases of rape or rape-murder were reported during the first five years of the American occupation of

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after he agreed to replace the wartime cabinet with a ministry acceptable to the Allies and committed to implementing the terms of the

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industrial conglomerates were scrapped, and some earlier anti-trust policies were partially undone. The incomplete suppression of the

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McLelland, Mark (September 2010). "'Kissing Is a Symbol of Democracy!' Dating, Democracy, and Romance in Occupied Japan, 1945–1952".

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continued to exist during the occupation. Although MacArthur's official staff history of the occupation referred to "the Eighth Army

3179:, and women's enfranchisement). Indeed, the occupation also had a great impact on relationships between men and women in Japan. The " 2935:

military force, with U.S. assistance. However, thus far Japan has resisted U.S. pressures to fully rearm and remilitarize. Under the

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During the war, the Allied Powers had planned to divide Japan amongst themselves for the purposes of occupation, as was done for the

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official history puts it, "this 'Reverse Course'...focused on strengthening, not punishing, what would become a key Cold War ally."

2687:. This involved relaxing and in some cases even partially undoing earlier reforms the Occupation had enacted in 1945 and 1946. As a 10389: 10062: 7874: 7648: 7411: 7277: 7088: 6128: 6118: 3945: 3715: 3629: 8957: 8754: 8406: 7784: 7284: 7196: 7132: 5774: 5738: 3509: 2621:, "With the full support of MacArthur's headquarters, the prosecution functioned, in effect, as a defense team for the emperor." 1771: 1675: 1606:

The occupation of Japan can be usefully divided into three phases: the initial effort to punish and reform Japan; the so-called "

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that followed closely a "model copy" drafted by American civilian officials within SCAP, and was promulgated to replace the old

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served in the occupation of Japan. Dozens of Japanese Americans served as translators, interpreters, and investigators in the

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is the name commonly given to a major shift in the Occupation policies that began in 1947 in response to the emerging global

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As part of the Reverse Course, the United States also began pressuring Japan to remilitarize. In 1950, SCAP established the

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At SCAP's insistence, as part of a New Year's Day message, Emperor Hirohito publicly renounced his own divinity, declaring:

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prison solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility. Thus, months before the

2423: 2261: 1963: 4845: 52: 9904: 9368: 8700: 8686: 7892: 7005: 7000: 6720: 6217: 5633: 3028: 1870: 1694:) and the immediately surrounding islands, while outlying possessions were divided between the Allied Powers as follows: 810: 10344: 10113: 9982: 9860: 9438: 9153: 9104: 8862: 8417: 7662: 7501: 7349: 7203: 6572: 6567: 6466: 6406: 6197: 6187: 5878: 5169: 5039: 1914:". The document set two main objectives for the occupation: eliminating Japan's war potential and turning Japan into a 967: 942: 4445: 10229: 9111: 9083: 8900: 8482: 8194: 8161: 5888: 5883: 5581: 5546: 5516: 5495: 5255: 5207: 5188: 5148: 5126: 5108: 5085: 5061: 4645: 4543: 4484: 2688: 1194: 474: 114: 7377: 1946:

By the end of 1945, around 430,000 American soldiers were stationed throughout Japan. Of the main Japanese islands,

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After Japan's surrender, women's leaders in Japan began calling for women's enfranchisement. In August 1945,

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was unthinkable in Japan, especially during wartime where rejection of Western ways of life was encouraged.

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that had granted the Emperor theoretically unlimited powers. The new constitution drew inspiration from the

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and prohibiting some of its teachings and rites that were deemed to be militaristic or ultra-nationalistic.

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Before the war crimes trials actually convened, the SCAP, its International Prosecution Section (IPS) and

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announced his decision that the Japanese government should accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the

10273: 9597: 9549: 9167: 9139: 8992: 8607: 8586: 8100: 7763: 7669: 7159: 6557: 6376: 6247: 4939: 4906: 3277: 3083: 2570: 2406: 2138: 1951: 1840: 1774:(SCAP) to oversee the surrender and occupation of Japan. Truman agreed, and MacArthur asked his staff in 1702: 1444: 1222: 1152: 343: 164: 4017: 2800:

for extremely contentious political struggles and labor strife in the 1950s, culminating in the massive

10409: 10071: 9567: 9486: 9431: 9319: 9275: 8925: 8551: 8475: 8370: 8247: 8119: 8112: 8072: 8045: 7777: 7710: 7305: 7116: 7046: 6844: 6813: 3998: 2860: 1987: 1600: 1452: 1359: 1217: 972: 831: 106: 5799:"Anti-Russian Organization Rises In Japan; Red Liaison Officer Says That American Occupation Too Soft" 3561: 9973: 9890: 9675: 9535: 9507: 9340: 9245: 9035: 8468: 7535: 7189: 6803: 6798: 6725: 6680: 6471: 6158: 5677: 5359:

Lie, John (1997), "The State as Pimp: Prostitution and the Patriarchal State in Japan in the 1940s",

5136: 3410: 2940: 2928: 2754: 2743: 2558: 2506: 2501: 2011: 1975: 1882: 1744: 1643:

American planning for a post-war occupation of Japan began as early as February 1942, when President

1569: 1400: 1334: 1317: 1269: 1147: 1102: 997: 777: 739: 610: 153: 134: 7733: 6660: 5950: 1832: 1057: 9712: 9689: 8941: 8742: 8735: 8392: 8052: 8024: 8017: 7404: 6917: 6700: 6642: 6590: 6212: 6040: 5841: 5694: 5632:, Working Report, Paris: Institute for Theoretical and High Energy Physics, University of Paris 6, 3355: 2578: 2188: 1999: 1967: 1179: 1097: 1062: 1020: 10359: 7749: 7726: 2609:

commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for

1603:

indefinitely, albeit at the invitation of the Japanese government and not as an occupation force.

10339: 10134: 10078: 9948: 9808: 9493: 9146: 9042: 8948: 8516: 8377: 8347: 8311: 8296: 8168: 8060: 8038: 7984: 7970: 7952: 7616: 7397: 7125: 7074: 6740: 6612: 6542: 6351: 6103: 6030: 3732: 3289: 3281: 3211: 2924: 2833: 2825: 2750: 2566: 2554: 2478: 2445: 2241: 2203:

and the release of all political prisoners. Japanese communists were released from jail, and the

2134: 2130: 1935: 1825: 1813: 1671: 1623: 1580: 1565: 1557: 1542: 1526: 1492: 1488: 1460: 1448: 1299: 1122: 952: 937: 528: 506: 324: 5426:

Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World

2796:

from government posts, private sector jobs, and teaching positions at schools and universities.

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remained on the imperial throne and was effectively granted full immunity from prosecution for

1468: 1464: 1432: 1339: 1107: 899: 4628: 3194:

The Japanese public was thus astounded by the sight of some 45,000 so-called "pan pan girls" (

1506:

surrender, the country's government continued to formally operate under the provisions of the

10317: 10040: 9883: 9779: 9749: 9705: 9445: 9410: 9403: 9326: 9224: 8665: 8642: 8489: 8093: 7630: 7370: 7356: 7039: 6476: 5938: 5485: 5181:

The GI war against Japan : American soldiers in Asia and the Pacific during World War II

3265: 3261: 3157: 3097: 2562: 2331: 2325: 2293: 2204: 1759: 1644: 1538: 1534: 957: 487: 356: 175: 66: 7928: 5708: 5699: 4926:

Nisei linguists: Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service During World War II

1839:. Two days after Japanese Emperor's first radio broadcast informing the surrender of Japan, 10141: 9996: 9647: 9604: 9574: 9500: 9310: 9289: 8208: 7685: 7363: 6607: 6431: 6421: 5933: 4986: 3245: 2816: 2355: 2305: 2003: 1991: 1863: 1082: 987: 848: 744: 651: 90: 2521:

While these other reforms were taking place, various military tribunals, most notably the

8: 10259: 10033: 9911: 9867: 9389: 8523: 8282: 7809: 7639: 7572: 6839: 6786: 6749: 6695: 6685: 6670: 6547: 6371: 6050: 6045: 5928: 4311: 3733:"Memorandum by the Soviet Delegation to the Council of Foreign Ministers, Sept. 24, 1945" 3385: 3315: 3219: 3215: 3153: 2909: 2574: 2530: 2433: 2142: 2007: 1859: 1844: 1821: 1627: 1522: 1428: 1087: 1052: 962: 217: 138: 120: 6622: 3937: 3907: 3712: 3187:

and sexually deviant. The sexual liberation of European and North American women during

2912:. However, even the revised treaty was opposed by many in Japan, leading to the massive 2546: 2440:

was repealed, and the Imperial University system reorganized. The longstanding issue of

10252: 10085: 10010: 9964: 9934: 9842: 9682: 9347: 9231: 9125: 9076: 9014: 8770: 8721: 8530: 8147: 7802: 7600: 6808: 6745: 6562: 6532: 6073: 5445: 5412: 5376: 5372: 5347: 5318: 5289: 4673:(May 23, 2009), "U.S. Courts-Martial in Occupation Japan: Rape, Race, and Censorship", 3625: 3343: 3323: 3319: 3089: 3034: 2793: 2343: 2335: 2089: 1843:(a member of Japanese imperial family and father-in-law of Hirohito's eldest daughter, 1803: 1755: 1588: 1507: 1294: 1127: 982: 879: 874: 453: 3501: 2472:

from SCAP. However, Ladejinsky would claim that the real architect of the reform was

10243: 10127: 10017: 9957: 9918: 9851: 9833: 9799: 9742: 9696: 9640: 9465: 9203: 9195: 9132: 8985: 8579: 8104: 7565: 7544: 7254: 6849: 6537: 6517: 6284: 5913: 5689: 5600: 5587: 5577: 5572:

Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo: The Japanese Cinema Under the American Occupation, 1945–1952

5570: 5542: 5512: 5491: 5470: 5404: 5351: 5322: 5293: 5251: 5235: 5223: 5203: 5184: 5165: 5144: 5122: 5104: 5081: 5075: 5057: 5035: 5019: 4641: 4539: 4490: 4480: 4450: 3619: 3176: 3161: 3093: 2897: 2347: 1767: 1731: 1553: 1472: 1344: 1327: 1274: 1259: 947: 909: 787: 270: 227: 179: 156:, a Japanese dependent territory occupied by the Soviet Union 1945–1955, returned to 5993: 5416: 1828: 59: 10162: 10155: 10099: 9763: 9528: 9514: 9417: 9354: 9305: 9118: 8971: 8918: 8728: 8679: 8593: 7816: 7793: 7326: 6990: 6710: 6426: 6098: 5437: 5396: 5368: 5339: 5310: 5281: 3297: 3236: 3141: 3042: 2978:

With the acceptance of the Allied occupation authorities, the Japanese organized a

2936: 2510: 2216: 2109: 2081: 2041: 1611: 1511: 1499: 1383: 894: 803: 618: 294: 231: 163:

Japanese Korea north of the 38th parallel north, placed under the authority of the

7335: 6965: 5601:"Japan's Red Purge: Lessons from a Saga of Suppression of Free Speech and Thought" 5487:

Democracy in Occupied Japan: The U.S. Occupation and Japanese Politics and Society

2715: 2414:, who had become the head of the Labor Standards section of the Welfare Ministry. 10185: 9897: 9812: 9770: 9668: 9611: 9479: 9261: 9252: 8781: 8356: 8332: 7586: 7010: 6715: 6632: 6552: 6025: 5864: 5159: 4847:

Reports of General MacArthur / MacArthur in Japan: The Occupation: Military Phase

4731: 4637: 4184: 4024: 4005: 3719: 3285: 3273: 3268:, quickly reestablished themselves, as did various conservative parties. The old 3172: 3156:, who wrote the articles guaranteeing equality between men and women for the new 3137: 2901: 2841: 2821: 2469: 2453: 2289: 2146: 2016: 1939: 1763: 1723: 1664: 1484: 1480: 1440: 1284: 1092: 1077: 1067: 977: 765: 570: 405: 369: 283: 243: 110: 10297: 6627: 5739:"Nippon Communists March Through Allied-Ruled Tokyo, Ask Removal of Jap Emperor" 5646:

Dear General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese During the American Occupation

4476:

Comfort women : sexual slavery in the Japanese military during World War II

4077:

Pedagogy of Democracy: Feminism and the Cold War in the U.S. Occupation of Japan

4064:

Pedagogy of Democracy: Feminism and the Cold War in the U.S. Occupation of Japan

3347: 2730:

In order to stabilize the Japanese economy as soon as possible, American banker

2513:(Prime Minister of Japan, took office from 1941 to 1944) takes the stand at the 1930: 663: 10192: 9728: 9654: 7699: 7558: 6960: 6854: 6675: 6665: 6522: 6486: 5908: 5624: 5314: 5049: 4881: 4670: 4609:

Walsh, Brian (October 2018). "Sexual Violence During the Occupation of Japan".

3351: 3131: 3038: 3019:

system in which prostitution was permissible only in certain designated areas.

2893: 2877: 2805: 2647: 2634: 2606: 2538: 2534: 2394: 2377:

To further remove Japan as a potential future threat to the United States, the

2277: 2265: 2224: 1919: 1878: 1706: 1607: 1584: 1349: 884: 815: 772: 393: 381: 187: 6995: 6970: 5787:"Communist Crowds Voice Imperial Rule Opposition; Nippons Band To Assail Reds" 5508:

Closed Linguistic Space: Censorship by the Occupation Forces and Postwar Japan

3372:

published a very critical essay on the occupation, calling it "almost akin to

3080:

Rape during the occupation of Japan § Allied censorship of Japanese media

2586: 2533:

and sentencing many to death and imprisonment. However, many suspects such as

10333: 10003: 7921: 7770: 7609: 6481: 6202: 6192: 6020: 5985: 5094: 5071: 5032:

Architects of Occupation: American Experts and the Planning for Postwar Japan

5011: 4674: 4101: 3405: 3400: 3390: 3368: 3049: 2987: 2913: 2801: 2769: 2618: 2542: 2236: 1899: 1786: 1727: 1715: 1710: 1142: 1137: 466: 167:, granted independence in 1948 as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea ( 124: 6582: 5591: 4875:"The Australian Military Contribution to the Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952" 4494: 1013: 10302: 10106: 8399: 8304: 7935: 7298: 7062: 6078: 5955: 5408: 4850:. Center for Military History, United States Army. 1950. pp. 193–194. 4718: 3908:"5-3 The Occupation and the Beginning of Reform - Modern Japan in archives" 3223: 3195: 3188: 3168: 3108: 2944: 2781: 2731: 2723: 2719: 1791: 1698: 1652: 1619: 1174: 838: 732: 704: 690: 676: 128: 6652: 6269: 5400: 5343: 5248:

Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II

4535:

Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II

2593: 1045: 782: 9941: 9927: 9589: 8258: 8079: 8064: 7418: 6730: 6279: 5239: 5222:. Translated by Ricketts, Robert; Swann, Sebastian. New York: Continuum. 3373: 3184: 3180: 3092:

in 1945, SCAP abolished all forms of Japanese censorship and controls on

2614: 2465: 1979: 1906:

On September 2, 1945, Japan formally surrendered with the signing of the

1660: 1112: 718: 631:

General Douglas MacArthur meets with Emperor Hirohito, September 27, 1945

515: 500: 168: 146: 5695:

Japanese Press Translations produced by the General Headquarters of SCAP

5467:

Reforming Public Health in Occupied Japan, 1945–52: Alien Prescriptions?

5200:

Pitfall or Panacea: The Irony of U.S. Power in Occupied Japan, 1945–1952

1837:

Japan's surrender to the Japanese people in a nationwide radio broadcast

9296: 9049: 9028: 7914: 7247: 7175: 6527: 6143: 5449: 5380: 3784:

Partners for democracy: Crafting the new Japanese state under Macarthur

3682: 3222:

System", it explained that while "In Germany, with the collapse of the

2777: 2735: 2589:—were granted immunity from criminal prosecution by General MacArthur. 2183: 2126: 2122: 2056: 1561: 1184: 1167: 914: 863: 749: 470: 6436: 5686:

Basic Directive for Post-surrender Military Government in Japan Proper

3338:. Sakamoto was one of three Japanese Americans to be on board the USS 1678:(SCAP) was to be given direct control over the main islands of Japan ( 9559: 8964: 8761: 8572: 8363: 8318: 6859: 6834: 6829: 6637: 6508: 6441: 6113: 5556: 3335: 2869: 2789: 2785: 2761: 2739: 2705:

allowed them to partially reform as "informal associations" known as

2684: 2105: 1915: 1610:" in which the focus shifted to suppressing dissent and reviving the 1518: 1210: 930: 904: 626: 7839: 5813:. Spokane Daily Chronicle. October 10, 1945 – via Google News. 5441: 4474: 2197:

Removal of Restrictions on Political, Civil, and Religious Liberties

1910:. On September 6, U.S. President Truman approved a document titled " 7823: 7551: 6938: 6366: 6057: 6001: 5285: 4630:

The American occupation of Japan and Okinawa: Literature and Memory

3395: 3269: 3062: 3058: 2885: 2873: 2837: 2707: 2697: 2680: 2672: 2630: 2582: 2550: 2526: 2488: 2388: 2372: 2351: 2118: 2037: 1971: 1894: 1817: 1778:

to begin making concrete preparations for the occupation of Japan.

1683: 1615: 1530: 1514: 313: 99: 5833: 5538:

The Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952: Tokyo, Washington, and Okinawa

5016:

The Pacific Rivals: A Japanese View of Japanese-American Relations

4724:

Unhappy Soldier: Hino Ashihei and Japanese World War II Literature

2199:

directive by SCAP on October 4, 1945, led to the abolition of the

1579:

The occupation officially ended with the coming into force of the

6108: 2979: 2881: 2734:

was brought in as an economic consultant. Dodge implemented the "

2339: 2036:

economy. Historians have emphasized similarities to the American

1955: 1687: 238: 2966: 208:

map of Japan (red) under Allied occupation, with modern borders.

8440: 7031: 6791: 5960: 5829:. Lodi News-Sentinel. October 11, 1945 – via Google News. 5761:. Toronto Daily Star. October 10, 1945 – via Google News. 5655:"Zaibatsu Dissolution, Reparations and Administrative Guidance" 5301:

Kawai, Kazuo (1951). "American Influence on Japanese Thinkin".

3199: 2999: 2602: 2456:, and orthography was greatly altered to reflect spoken usage. 2220: 2094: 1959: 1947: 1855: 1851: 1775: 1748: 1691: 1679: 1601:

tens of thousands of American soldiers to remain based in Japan

889: 5303:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

1624:

formal peace treaty with the 48 Allies of the Second World War

1525:, which among other things called for the country to become a 182:, occupied by the United States 1945–1947, converted into the 8628: 6153: 5272:

Flores, Edmundo (July–August 1970). "Issues of Land Reform".

3502:"Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Japan, 1900 a.d.–present" 2916:, which were the largest protests in Japan's modern history. 2865: 2848:

on July 1, 1957. Iwo Jima was returned to Japan in 1968, and

2773: 2753:(NPR), which would later become the basis of the present-day 2597:

prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as

2060: 1886: 583: 5678:

American Occupation of Japan, Voices of the Key Participants

4826: 4790: 4058: 4056: 2397:," in the end only the 11 largest companies were dissolved. 2117:

tie, instead of his dress uniform, when meeting the Emperor

1568:(NPR) was founded in 1950. The NPR was reorganized into the 5626:

Relations between Allied Forces and the Population of Japan

5161:

Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo

4907:"The Nisei Intelligence War Against Japan by Ted Tsukiyama" 4780: 4778: 4776: 4139: 4137: 4135: 3426:

Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine

3096:, which would later be enshrined in Article 21 of the 1947 2905: 1847:) became first post-war Prime Minister on August 17, 1945. 2052: 1797: 1483:; MacArthur was succeeded as supreme commander by General 1451:

took effect on April 28, 1952. The occupation, led by the

5741:. The Bulletin. October 10, 1945 – via Google News. 5690:

A sweet memory: My first encounter of an American soldier

5220:

Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Japan and its Legacy

4563: 4108: 4053: 3999:

Unfair Labor Practices under the Trade Union Law of Japan

3878: 3876: 2828:, which brought an end to the Allied Occupation of Japan. 2112:'s famous photo of Douglas MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito 145:, granted independence in 1948 as the Republic of Korea ( 5811:"Tokyo Communists, Koreans Shout Opposition to Hirohito" 4814: 4802: 4773: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4357: 4132: 2760:

The climax of the Reverse course came in the so-called "

2137:(younger brother of Hirohito) and former prime minister 1471:

soldiers. The occupation was overseen by the US General

5528:

Winners in Peace: MacArthur, Yoshida, and Postwar Japan

4580: 4578: 3589: 3587: 3484: 3482: 3260:

occupation began. Left-wing organizations, such as the

7693:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

5821:. Kalgoorie Miner. October 12, 1945 – via Trove. 4381: 4321: 4120: 4082: 4041: 4029: 3888: 3873: 3572: 3469: 3467: 3350:, where the Japanese government imprisoned communists 4746: 4651: 4551: 4333: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3663: 3544: 3542: 3540: 2910:

military alliance between the United States and Japan

5541:. Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. 5511:. Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. 4717:, New York: Henry Holt, 1984), p. 967, quoting from 4695: 4590: 4575: 4293: 4281: 4245: 4209: 4158: 3849: 3837: 3584: 3479: 2248: 2145:'s father-in-law) and demands of intellectuals like 1814:

entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan

178:, a Japanese dependent territory in the name of the 5100:

Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II

4428:(Second ed.). Micheal H.Hunt. pp. 88, 89. 4393: 4369: 4345: 3801: 3789: 3771:

Remaking Japan: The American Occupation as New Deal

3554: 3532:

Remaking Japan: The American Occupation as New Deal

3464: 3416:

Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan

2210: 1990:were supplemented by around 40,000 troops from the 5569: 4405: 3960: 3751: 3537: 2776:to the communists in 1949 and the outbreak of the 2577:, Hirohito's eldest daughter's father-in-law) and 2299: 1510:. Furthermore, at General MacArthur's insistence, 5617:The Conqueror Comes to Tea: Japan under MacArthur 3562:"Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian" 3366:On the day the occupation of Japan was over, the 3303: 2923:and fully remilitarize. As a result, in 1954 the 2641: 2492:structure that the landlords had long dominated. 2178: 2175:tons of unused munitions and other war materiel. 2152: 1835:. On August 15, 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced 1498:This foreign presence marks the only time in the 10331: 7016:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 5759:"Remove Hirohito is Cry of Freed Jap Communists" 5599:Hirata, Tetsuo; Dower, John W. (July 12, 2007). 4513: 3328:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 2523:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 2296:as prime minister, took office on May 22, 1946. 2187:The Japanese government releases members of the 2047: 6986:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 5769:. Examiner. October 12, 1945 – via Trove. 5484:Caprio, Mark E. & Sugita, Yoneyuki (2007). 4928:. Government Printing Office. pp. 392–442. 4923: 3683:"British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1945–52" 3010: 2663: 2235:On December 22, 1945, at SCAP's direction, the 1651:to advise him on the postwar reconstruction of 143:United States Army Military Government in Korea 10385:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century 5970: 4316:Timeline of U.S. Diplomatic History, 1945-1952 4176:Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training 4149: 4016:Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training 3076:Censorship in Japan § Occupation of Japan 3004: 2657: 29: 7047: 5849: 5576:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 5465:Aldous, Christopher; Suzuki, Akihito (2012). 5119:The Battle of Okinawa: The Blood and the Bomb 4838: 2908:, which has had the effect of establishing a 1408: 431:Emperor Hirohito announces surrender of Japan 5709:Robert P. Schuster photographs and negatives 5483: 5464: 4446:"U.S. troops used Japan brothels after WWII" 3930: 1912:U.S. Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan 1816:, on the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor 1649:Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy 6333:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 5793:. October 10, 1945 – via Google News. 5753:. October 10, 1945 – via Google News. 5747:"Japanese Wave Red Banners In Tokyo Parade" 5733:. October 10, 1945 – via Google News. 5598: 5250:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. 5183:. New York, NY: New York University Press. 5164:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 4439: 4437: 4435: 3320:officially surrendered on September 2, 1945 2384:"industrial disarmament" program in Germany 2319: 2271: 1572:(JSDF) in 1954, effectively completing the 10415:United States involvement in regime change 7054: 7040: 5856: 5842: 5805:. October 9, 1945 – via Google News. 5178: 4980: 4942:. Japanese American Veterans Association. 4932: 4909:. Japanese American Veterans Association. 4569: 4205:. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–87. 2861:US troops to remain based on Japanese soil 2495: 1591:). The simultaneous implementation of the 1533:" priorities of the 1930s under President 1415: 1401: 199: 76: 6736:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6346:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 5775:"Amazed Tokio People See Communist March" 5719: 5680:in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library 5386: 5143:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 4832: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4426:the world transformed 1945 to the present 4203:The World Transformed:1945 to the Present 3621:Video: Allied Forces Land In Japan (1945) 3310:Japanese American service in World War II 2100: 1467:, involved a total of nearly one million 465:• Transfer of the administration of 6119:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 5827:"Reds Stage Parade, Ask Hirohito Ouster" 5534: 4663: 4443: 4432: 2965: 2815: 2811: 2714: 2505: 2286:first post-war Japanese general election 2284:in future elections. On April 10, 1946, 2182: 2156: 2104: 2066: 2051: 2015:prefectures and had its headquarters at 1934:May 1946: The Indian Army 2nd Battalion 1929: 1869:, whose accompanying vessels landed the 454:Official surrender ceremony in Tokyo Bay 5659:Symposia: The Online Philosophy Journal 5329: 5245: 5217: 5054:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 4880:. Australian War Museum. Archived from 4872: 4866: 4767: 4755: 4669: 4657: 4472: 4143: 4126: 4114: 4088: 4047: 4035: 3894: 3882: 3669: 3607:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 3593: 3488: 2366: 1873:on the southern coast of Kanagawa. The 1798:Japanese surrender and initial landings 1772:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 1766:that Pacific Theatre Commander General 1676:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 1477:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 251:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 95:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 10332: 8908: 8886:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6934:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 5567: 5271: 5197: 5135: 5116: 5029: 4854:from the original on November 10, 2013 4557: 4531: 4507: 4423: 4239: 4164: 4079:, Temple University Press 2008, p. 49. 4066:, Temple University Press 2008, p. 48. 3831: 3632:from the original on February 25, 2012 3578: 3146:first postwar general election of 1946 2452:-list in 1946, predecessor of today's 2432:was based on the German system, with " 2400: 2282:extended the voting franchise to women 184:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 85:map of Japan under Allied occupation. 9757:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 9189:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 8835:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8791:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7889:Rape during the occupation of Germany 7035: 5837: 5781:. October 11, 1945 – via Trove. 5643: 5332:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 5300: 5157: 5093: 5070: 4701: 4683:from the original on January 29, 2012 4608: 4596: 4584: 4424:Thomas, Vladimir (February 5, 2017). 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4299: 4287: 4251: 4215: 4196: 4194: 4192: 3985: 3948:from the original on January 20, 2015 3918:from the original on January 22, 2015 3855: 3843: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3786:(Oxford University Press, 2004) p. 98 3782:Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson, 3757: 3548: 3473: 2549:were never judged, while the Emperor 2448:was drastically reorganized with the 1996:British Commonwealth Occupation Force 16:Post-World War II occupation of Japan 10350:Former countries in Japanese history 8879:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7904:Rape during the liberation of France 6338:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 6094:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 5639:from the original on October 9, 2022 5555: 5525: 5423: 5034:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 4227: 4200: 3693:from the original on August 20, 2008 3644: 3530:Theodore Cohen, and Herbert Passin, 2984:Recreation and Amusement Association 2972:Special Comfort Facility Association 2962:Recreation and Amusement Association 2850:most of Okinawa was returned in 1972 2485:Minister of Agriculture and Forestry 2424:Educational reform in occupied Japan 2262:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 1792:Soviet communist influence in Europe 190:under the US administration in 1947. 141:, placed under the authority of the 127:, placed under the authority of the 103:United States), effective 1945–1952. 93:, placed under the authority of the 7006:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 6248:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 5863: 5727:"Four Jap Prisons Open Their Doors" 5605:The Asia Japan Journal: Japan Focus 5504: 5389:Journal of the History of Sexuality 5358: 5265: 5048: 4946:from the original on April 5, 2017. 4913:from the original on April 5, 2017. 4519: 4275: 4263: 3867: 3769:Theodore Cohen and Herbert Passin, 3239:of Australia, head of BCOF, wrote: 3029:Rape during the occupation of Japan 2982:system (the euphemistically named " 2417: 1889:. Other Allied personnel followed. 1638: 1622:; and the final establishment of a 13: 10395:Aftermath of World War II in Japan 9105:German invasion of the Netherlands 7378:Weather events during World War II 5457: 5373:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00476.x 4968:from the original on April 9, 2016 4189: 3942:Birth of the Constitution of Japan 3660:, September 23, 1945, pp. 423–427. 3512:from the original on June 18, 2009 2906:current U.S.-Japan Security Treaty 2230: 2129:, promoted by some members of the 2090:air raids on Japan's urban centers 2080:Half-destroyed Tokyo as filmed by 1942:soon after their arrival in Japan. 1885:, 50 kilometres (30 mi) from 14: 10426: 10400:World War II occupied territories 9736:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 5671: 5530:. University of California Press. 5424:Ness, Gayl D. (1967). "Review of 4987:"Japan's 'long-awaited spring'", 4444:Talmadge, Eric (April 26, 2007). 4312:"Korean War and Japan's Recovery" 3739:from the original on May 31, 2016 3125: 3103:According to David M. Rosenfeld: 2330:In 1947, the Diet ratified a new 2249:Purge of wartime public officials 1925: 1674:. Under the final plan, however, 1463:and under the supervision of the 10296: 7061: 6706:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 5969: 5713:University of Maryland libraries 5704:University of Maryland libraries 5652: 5274:The Journal of Political Economy 3421:1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement 3314:Japan accepted the terms of the 3276:came back as, respectively, the 2211:Disestablishment of State Shinto 2030: 1908:Japanese Instrument of Surrender 625: 588: 563: 113:, placed under the authority of 58: 51: 10390:1952 disestablishments in Japan 6721:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 5080:, New York, NY: The New Press, 5018:, New York: Weatherhill, 1972. 4950: 4917: 4899: 4737: 4707: 4621: 4611:The Journal of Military History 4602: 4525: 4501: 4466: 4417: 4305: 4269: 4257: 4233: 4221: 4170: 4094: 4069: 4010: 3991: 3900: 3861: 3825: 3813: 3776: 3763: 3725: 3705: 3675: 3650: 3612: 3599: 2955: 2943:occurred from the 1960s to the 2561:(younger brother of Hirohito), 2300:Hirohito renounces his divinity 1954:, with some responsibility for 9983:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 7686:Territorial changes of Germany 7594:Indonesian National Revolution 6976:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 6089:Imperial Rescript on Education 5056:. New York: Harper Perennial. 5000: 3524: 3506:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 3494: 3438: 3304:Japanese American contribution 2557:implicated in the war such as 2459: 2438:Imperial Rescript on Education 2179:Release of political prisoners 2153:Disarmament and demobilization 1: 10405:Presidency of Harry S. Truman 10380:American military occupations 10355:Japanese governmental reforms 9383:Japanese invasion of Thailand 9334:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9098:German invasion of Luxembourg 7472:Mediterranean and Middle East 6422:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 6328:Imperial General Headquarters 5919:Foreign commerce and shipping 5623:Rochner, Bertrand M. (2009), 5121:. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. 4479:. Columbia University Press. 3452: 3069: 2601:suspects and incarcerated in 2141:(Hirohito's eldest daughter, 2048:Feeding the starving populace 1633: 1550:Article 9 of the constitution 1539:American-written constitution 1443:on September 2, 1945, at the 9290:Invasion of the Soviet Union 8979:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 8290:Independent State of Croatia 6754:Hirohito surrender broadcast 6149:Greater East Asia Conference 5430:American Sociological Review 4958:"Japanese Diet Called Farce" 3938:"Glossary and Abbreviations" 3658:Department of State Bulletin 3457: 3361: 2970:Allied servicemen visit the 2585:—including its director Dr. 1862:. They were followed by the 1850:Japanese officials left for 1734:and Japanese possessions in 1564:broke out. As a result, the 69:Right: State flag (de facto) 67:Left: Civil and naval ensign 7: 10274:End of World War II in Asia 10114:Western invasion of Germany 9621:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 9598:Second Battle of El Alamein 9168:Hundred Regiments Offensive 9140:Battle of the Mediterranean 8993:Italian invasion of Albania 7160:Air warfare of World War II 6134:Supreme Court of Judicature 5648:. Rowman & Littlefield. 5619:. Rutgers University, 1946. 4640:, Routledge, 1999, p. 121. 4318:, U.S. Department of State. 3379: 3205: 3084:Civil Censorship Detachment 3011: 2900:from 1955 to 1957, and the 2664: 2571:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 2468:was also conducted, led by 2428:Before and during the war, 2139:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 1978:, headquartered in Tokyo's 1841:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 1785:In any case, Soviet leader 1754:In early August 1945, with 1576:remilitarization of Japan. 165:Soviet Civil Administration 10: 10431: 10200:Naval bombardment of Japan 9568:First Battle of El Alamein 9487:Battle of Christmas Island 9432:Japanese invasion of Burma 9196:Italian invasion of Greece 9112:German invasion of Belgium 9084:German invasion of Denmark 9057:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 8926:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 7183:Comparative military ranks 6845:Second Philippine Republic 6618:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 5361:The Sociological Quarterly 5315:10.1177/000271625127800104 5246:Yoshimi, Yoshiaki (2002). 5179:Schrijvers, Peter (2002). 4538:, Routledge, p. 112, 4473:Yoshimi, Yoshiaki (2002). 4454:. Via the Associated Press 3713:Glossary and Abbreviations 3307: 3255:The Japanese government's 3129: 3073: 3026: 2959: 2857:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty 2645: 2499: 2421: 2386:. To this end, the prewar 2370: 2323: 2303: 2252: 2215:On December 15, 1945, the 2207:was granted legal status. 1801: 1628:enduring military alliance 10345:Cold War history of Japan 10289: 10121:Bratislava–Brno offensive 10061: 10052:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 9789: 9676:Allied invasion of Sicily 9630: 9536:Aleutian Islands campaign 9508:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 9455: 9446:Greek famine of 1941–1944 9341:Second Battle of Changsha 9246:German invasion of Greece 9214: 9091:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 9066: 9004: 8899: 8780: 8506: 8416: 8257: 7960: 7951: 7709: 7534: 7426:North and Central Pacific 7387: 7149: 7142: 7069: 6953: 6926: 6868: 6822: 6779: 6772: 6726:Japan during World War II 6681:Pacification of Manchukuo 6651: 6581: 6573:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 6568:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 6506: 6499: 6450: 6437:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 6390: 6316: 6309: 6256: 6174: 6167: 6159:Imperial Japanese Airways 6066: 6013: 5978: 5967: 5871: 5526:Finn, Richard B. (1992). 5198:Sugita, Yoneyuki (2003). 5141:A Modern History of Japan 3944:. National Diet Library. 3914:. National Diet Library. 3411:Japanese economic miracle 3005: 2950: 2941:Japanese economic miracle 2929:Japan Self-Defense Forces 2927:was reorganized into the 2757:(JSDF), founded in 1954. 2755:Japan Self Defense Forces 2744:Japanese economic miracle 2658: 2613:to former prime minister 2559:Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu 2515:Tokyo war crimes tribunal 2502:Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal 1762:recommended to President 1758:seeming probable, the US 1614:to support the US in the 1570:Japan Self-Defense Forces 968:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 943:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 542: 538: 525: 512: 497: 484: 463: 450: 442:• Occupation begins 440: 427: 423: 415: 411: 399: 387: 375: 363: 349: 337: 333: 323: 319: 307: 303: 293: 289: 277: 263: 259: 249: 237: 223: 213: 198: 154:Kwantung Leased Territory 75: 48: 43: 30: 23: 9713:Allied invasion of Italy 9690:Solomon Islands campaign 9439:Third Battle of Changsha 9036:First Battle of Changsha 8942:Second Sino-Japanese War 7875:German military brothels 7741:United States war crimes 6701:Second Sino-Japanese War 6643:Racial Equality Proposal 6223:Agriculture and Commerce 5767:"Japs. Say Sack Emperor" 5535:Fukunaga, Fumio (2021). 5005: 4676:The Asia-Pacific Journal 3912:Modern Japan in Archives 3431: 3117:Donald Keene, quoted in 2689:U.S. Department of State 2579:Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda 2569:, former prime minister 2354:social legislation, the 2320:Constitutional amendment 2272:Enfranchisement of women 2189:Japanese Communist Party 1810:dropping of atomic bombs 1630:with the United States. 1593:US-Japan Security Treaty 1431:and administered by the 1180:Great Hanshin earthquake 1098:Second Sino-Japanese War 488:Constitutional amendment 10135:Second Guangxi campaign 9990:Philippines (1944–1945) 9494:Battle of the Coral Sea 9397:Fall of the Philippines 9043:Battle of South Guangxi 8949:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 8348:Italian Social Republic 6613:Washington Naval Treaty 6558:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 6543:First Sino-Japanese War 6362:Nuclear weapons program 6104:Great Japan Youth Party 6031:National seals of Japan 5644:Sodei, Rinjirō (2006). 5117:Feifer, George (2001). 3711:National Diet Library: 3282:Japan Progressive Party 3280:(Nihon Jiyuto) and the 3212:Allied-occupied Germany 3022: 2925:National Police Reserve 2834:Treaty of San Francisco 2826:Treaty of San Francisco 2780:in 1950 had heightened 2751:National Police Reserve 2722:meets Finance Minister 2567:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu 2496:Punishing war criminals 2446:Japanese writing system 2219:was issued, abolishing 2135:Takahito, Prince Mikasa 1936:5th Royal Gurkha Rifles 1672:Allied-occupied Germany 1581:Treaty of San Francisco 1566:National Police Reserve 1558:Chinese Communist Party 1543:constitutional monarchy 1527:parliamentary democracy 1487:in 1951. Unlike in the 1449:Treaty of San Francisco 1026:Intervention in Siberia 953:First Sino-Japanese War 529:Treaty of San Francisco 224:Official languages 9720:Armistice of Cassibile 9522:Battle of Dutch Harbor 9473:Battle of the Java Sea 9376:Attack on Pearl Harbor 9276:Syria–Lebanon campaign 9269:Battle of South Shanxi 9239:Invasion of Yugoslavia 9022:Battle of the Atlantic 8636:Korean Liberation Army 8342:(until September 1943) 8299:(until September 1944) 8277:(until September 1944) 6691:Motherland controversy 6661:Shōwa financial crisis 6453:Imperial Japanese Navy 6393:Imperial Japanese Army 6124:Peace Preservation Law 5731:Lawrence Journal-World 5720:Accounts from the time 5665:on September 17, 2008. 5568:Hirano, Kyōko (1992). 5218:Takemae, Eiji (2002). 5077:Japan in War and Peace 5030:Barnes, Dayna (2017). 4201:Hunt, Michael (2013). 3358:, and Shiro Mitamura. 3294:Japan Democratic Party 3253: 3233: 3123: 2975: 2829: 2806:Miike Coal Mine Strike 2727: 2639: 2611:attack on Pearl Harbor 2529:, were trying Japan's 2518: 2442:Japanese script reform 2379:Far Eastern Commission 2317: 2255:Purge (occupied Japan) 2201:Peace Preservation Law 2192: 2171: 2113: 2101:Preserving the Emperor 2084: 2064: 2024:Far Eastern Commission 1964:First Cavalry Division 1952:24th Infantry Division 1943: 1900:national flag of Japan 1875:11th Airborne Division 1597:revised treaty in 1960 1554:fell under the control 1489:occupations of Germany 1465:Far Eastern Commission 1433:Allies of World War II 1355:Science and technology 1108:Attack on Pearl Harbor 1031:Great Kantō earthquake 973:Colonization of Taiwan 900:Convention of Kanagawa 740:Former Nine Years' War 683:1000 BC – 300 AD 669:14,000 – 1000 BC 9884:Second Battle of Guam 9780:Bengal famine of 1943 9750:Second Battle of Kiev 9706:Battle of the Dnieper 9411:Battle of Wake Island 9283:East African campaign 9225:Battle of South Henan 8870:atrocities by Germans 8643:Korean Volunteer Army 7617:Occupation of Germany 7371:Music in World War II 6603:Siberian Intervention 6412:Railways and Shipping 6228:Commerce and Industry 5924:Industrial production 5559:(December 15, 1989). 5401:10.1353/sex.2010.0007 5344:10.1353/fro.2002.0006 4924:James C. McNaughton. 4679:, vol. 21-1-09, 4532:Tanaka, Yuki (2003), 3266:Japan Communist Party 3262:Japan Socialist Party 3241: 3228: 3112:offending phrases." 3105: 3098:Constitution of Japan 2969: 2819: 2812:Ending the occupation 2718: 2679:, in support of U.S. 2626: 2581:, and all members of 2563:Prince Yasuhiko Asaka 2553:, all members of the 2509: 2422:Further information: 2356:liberal constitutions 2334:through amendment of 2332:Constitution of Japan 2326:Constitution of Japan 2312: 2205:Japan Communist Party 2186: 2169: 2108: 2079: 2055: 1933: 1794:rather than in Asia. 1760:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1645:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1535:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1073:Invasion of Manchuria 998:Colonization of Korea 958:Treaty of Shimonoseki 697:300 AD – 538 AD 176:South Pacific Mandate 10170:Surrender of Germany 9648:Battle of West Hubei 9605:Guadalcanal campaign 9575:Battle of Stalingrad 9501:Battle of Madagascar 8268:Albania protectorate 8055:(formerly Swaziland) 7764:Wehrmacht war crimes 7580:Expulsion of Germans 7364:Art and World War II 7262:British contribution 7211:Governments in exile 7021:Political dissidence 6870:Occupied territories 6608:General Election Law 6432:Taiwan Army of Japan 5563:. Tuttle Publishing. 5158:Kapur, Nick (2018). 4713:David M. Rosenfeld, 3288:(1878–1967), became 3246:Japanese prefectures 2864:at major bases near 2859:, which has allowed 2788:was on the march in 2642:The "Reverse Course" 2367:Zaibatsu dissolution 2306:Humanity Declaration 2191:on October 10, 1945. 1998:(BCOF), composed of 1992:British Commonwealth 1962:was occupied by the 1950:was occupied by the 1618:as a country of the 1479:by the US President 1475:, who was appointed 1461:British Commonwealth 1365:World Heritage Sites 1083:February 26 incident 988:Treaty of Portsmouth 849:Battle of Sekigahara 745:Later Three-Year War 91:Japanese archipelago 10260:Potsdam Declaration 10149:Italy (Spring 1945) 9912:Liberation of Paris 9369:Siege of Sevastopol 8380:(until August 1944) 8283:Wang Jingwei regime 8105:from September 1943 8065:from September 1944 8003:from September 1944 7863:Romanian war crimes 7854:Persecution of Jews 7840:Croatian war crimes 7810:Japanese war crimes 7624:Occupation of Japan 7573:First Indochina War 7285:Military production 7197:Declarations of war 6840:Wang Jingwei regime 6750:Potsdam Declaration 6741:Soviet–Japanese War 6696:Anti-Comintern Pact 6686:January 28 incident 6671:London Naval Treaty 6548:Triple Intervention 6377:Supreme War Council 6261:deliberative bodies 5791:The Tuscaloosa News 5700:Mary Koehler slides 4964:. October 5, 1945. 4962:The Tuscaloosa News 4887:on November 4, 2009 4835:, pp. 519–520. 4799:, pp. 511–512. 4178:Labor Standards Act 4105:Staff 1972, p. 126. 3534:(Free Press, 1987). 3386:Beate Sirota Gordon 3316:Potsdam Declaration 3220:Military Government 3216:government of Japan 2407:Labor Standards Act 2401:Labor Standards Act 2348:U.S. Bill of Rights 2195:The issuing of the 1877:was airlifted from 1871:4th Marine Regiment 1860:Kanagawa Prefecture 1845:Shigeko Higashikuni 1822:Potsdam Declaration 1523:Potsdam Declaration 1195:Imperial transition 1133:Occupation of Japan 1123:Soviet–Japanese War 1088:Anti-Comintern Pact 963:Triple Intervention 218:Military occupation 139:38th parallel north 121:Karafuto Prefecture 25:Occupation of Japan 10253:Surrender of Japan 10086:Battle of Iwo Jima 9935:Belgrade offensive 9348:Siege of Leningrad 9232:Battle of Shanggao 9161:British Somaliland 9126:Dunkirk evacuation 9077:Norwegian campaign 9015:Invasion of Poland 8842:Japanese prisoners 7803:Italian war crimes 7734:British war crimes 7649:Soviet occupations 7433:South-West Pacific 7320:Allied cooperation 7278:Military equipment 6563:Russo-Japanese War 6533:Two Lords Incident 6188:Imperial Household 5819:"Changes in Japan" 4730:2016-05-17 at the 4636:2016-01-02 at the 4627:Molasky, Michael. 4366:, p. 11, 135. 4183:2011-09-27 at the 4023:2011-06-12 at the 4004:2011-07-18 at the 3997:Kimura, Shinichi, 3870:, pp. 571–573 3718:2006-11-15 at the 3626:Universal Newsreel 3344:William Halsey Jr. 3324:Japanese Americans 3318:on August 15, and 3090:surrender of Japan 2976: 2914:1960 Anpo protests 2830: 2728: 2519: 2483:, former Japanese 2430:Japanese education 2344:Meiji Constitution 2336:Meiji Constitution 2193: 2172: 2114: 2085: 2065: 1944: 1833:his administration 1804:Surrender of Japan 1589:Okinawa Prefecture 1508:Meiji Constitution 1255:Capital punishment 1231:2019–present 1153:Asset price bubble 1128:Surrender of Japan 993:Japan–Korea Treaty 983:Russo-Japanese War 938:Ryūkyū Disposition 880:Invasion of Ryukyu 875:Tokugawa shogunate 811:Nanboku-chō period 36:senryō-ka no Nihon 10410:Douglas MacArthur 10327: 10326: 10285: 10284: 10128:Battle of Okinawa 10027:Burma (1944–1945) 9861:Mariana and Palau 9641:Tunisian campaign 9466:Fall of Singapore 9390:Fall of Hong Kong 9133:Battle of Britain 8986:Operation Himmler 8895: 8894: 8559:Dutch East Indies 8195:Southern Rhodesia 7947: 7946: 7847:Genocide of Serbs 7750:German war crimes 7727:Soviet war crimes 7720:Allied war crimes 7566:Division of Korea 7545:Chinese Civil War 7343:Strategic bombing 7255:Manhattan Project 7029: 7028: 7001:Socialist thought 6949: 6948: 6888:Dutch East Indies 6850:Empire of Vietnam 6768: 6767: 6538:Satsuma Rebellion 6518:Meiji Restoration 6495: 6494: 6305: 6304: 6243:Greater East Asia 6129:Political parties 6084:Foreign relations 5505:Eto, Jun (2020). 5476:978-0-203-14282-0 5024:978-0-8348-0070-0 4770:, pp. 27–30. 4451:The Seattle Times 4117:, p. xxxvii. 3566:history.state.gov 3177:freedom of speech 3162:Douglas MacArthur 3094:freedom of speech 2898:Sunagawa Struggle 2624:In Dower's view, 2167: 2077: 1768:Douglas MacArthur 1756:Japan's surrender 1732:Ogasawara Islands 1595:(replaced by the 1473:Douglas MacArthur 1453:American military 1425: 1424: 1290:Foreign relations 1235: 1234: 1223:Abe assassination 1218:COVID-19 pandemic 1190:Tōhoku earthquake 948:Satsuma Rebellion 910:Meiji Restoration 788:Kenmu Restoration 604: 603: 600: 599: 596: 595: 576: 575: 401:• 1948–1952 377:• 1947–1948 365:• 1946–1947 351:• 1945–1946 309:• 1945–1952 279:• 1951–1952 271:Douglas MacArthur 265:• 1945–1951 180:League of Nations 37: 10422: 10320: 10313: 10306: 10303:World portal 10301: 10300: 10276: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10246: 10239: 10232: 10223: 10216: 10209: 10202: 10195: 10188: 10179: 10172: 10165: 10163:Prague offensive 10158: 10156:Battle of Berlin 10151: 10144: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10109: 10102: 10100:Vienna offensive 10095: 10088: 10081: 10079:Battle of Manila 10074: 10054: 10045: 10036: 10029: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9969: 9960: 9953: 9944: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9893: 9886: 9879: 9872: 9863: 9856: 9847: 9838: 9829: 9822: 9820:Korsun–Cherkassy 9815: 9804: 9782: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9722: 9715: 9708: 9701: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9662:Bombing of Gorky 9657: 9650: 9643: 9623: 9616: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9584: 9577: 9570: 9563: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9531: 9529:Battle of Midway 9524: 9517: 9515:Battle of Gazala 9510: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9468: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9427: 9425:Battle of Borneo 9420: 9418:Malayan campaign 9413: 9406: 9399: 9392: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9362:Bombing of Gorky 9357: 9355:Battle of Moscow 9350: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9255: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9227: 9207: 9198: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9170: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9119:Battle of France 9114: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9079: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9038: 9031: 9024: 9017: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8974: 8972:Munich Agreement 8967: 8960: 8951: 8944: 8937: 8928: 8921: 8906: 8905: 8888: 8881: 8872: 8865: 8858: 8857:Soviet prisoners 8851: 8844: 8837: 8828: 8821: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8797:German prisoners 8793: 8773: 8764: 8757: 8750: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8478: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8350: 8343: 8335: 8328: 8326:French Indochina 8321: 8314: 8307: 8300: 8292: 8285: 8278: 8270: 8250: 8241: 8234: 8225: 8218: 8211: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8183: 8176: 8173:from August 1944 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8056: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8006: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7973: 7958: 7957: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7899: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7865: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7817:Nanjing Massacre 7812: 7805: 7796: 7794:Nuremberg trials 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7635: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7527: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7400: 7398:Asia and Pacific 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7329: 7327:Mulberry harbour 7322: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7169: 7162: 7147: 7146: 7135: 7128: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7033: 7032: 6991:Shinmin no Michi 6981:Internment camps 6893:French Indochina 6777: 6776: 6623:Taishō Democracy 6504: 6503: 6427:Japanese holdout 6314: 6313: 6238:Colonial Affairs 6172: 6171: 6099:Yokusan Sonendan 6005: 5997: 5989: 5973: 5972: 5899:Economic history 5858: 5851: 5844: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5822: 5814: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5770: 5762: 5754: 5742: 5734: 5666: 5661:. Archived from 5649: 5640: 5638: 5631: 5615:La Cerda, John. 5612: 5595: 5575: 5564: 5552: 5531: 5522: 5501: 5480: 5453: 5420: 5383: 5355: 5326: 5297: 5266:Journal articles 5261: 5233: 5213: 5194: 5175: 5154: 5132: 5113: 5090: 5067: 5045: 4994: 4991:, April 28, 2002 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4886: 4879: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4744: 4741: 4735: 4715:Dawn to the West 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4441: 4430: 4429: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4390:, p. 14-17. 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4330:, p. 10-11. 4325: 4319: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4198: 4187: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4146:, p. xxxix. 4141: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4073: 4067: 4060: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4014: 4008: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3780: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3616: 3610: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3582: 3581:, p. 32-33. 3576: 3570: 3569: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3535: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3477: 3471: 3446: 3442: 3237:Horace Robertson 3152:American woman, 3144:country. In the 3121: 3119:Dawn to the West 3043:Okinawa Campaign 3018: 3017: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2937:Yoshida Doctrine 2846:Far East Command 2808:, both in 1960. 2768:) of 1950. The " 2669: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2575:Princess Shigeko 2547:Ryōichi Sasakawa 2482: 2418:Education reform 2294:Kijūrō Shidehara 2217:Shinto Directive 2168: 2143:Princess Shigeko 2110:Gaetano Faillace 2082:Gaetano Faillace 2078: 1918:nation with pro- 1639:Initial planning 1612:Japanese economy 1504:Japan's military 1500:history of Japan 1417: 1410: 1403: 1247: 1148:Economic miracle 1063:Nanking incident 1058:Financial crisis 895:Perry Expedition 869: 778:Mongol invasions 657:before 14,000 BC 647: 646: 642: 629: 619:History of Japan 606: 605: 592: 591: 580: 579: 567: 566: 560: 559: 544: 543: 521:9 September 1948 459:2 September 1945 359: 357:Kijūrō Shidehara 273: 203: 80: 62: 55: 35: 33: 32: 21: 20: 10430: 10429: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10330: 10329: 10328: 10323: 10316: 10309: 10295: 10293: 10281: 10272: 10265: 10258: 10251: 10242: 10235: 10228: 10219: 10214:Atomic bombings 10212: 10205: 10198: 10191: 10184: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10084: 10077: 10070: 10057: 10050: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10016: 10009: 10002: 9995: 9988: 9981: 9972: 9963: 9956: 9947: 9940: 9933: 9926: 9917: 9910: 9905:Eastern Romania 9903: 9898:Warsaw Uprising 9896: 9891:Tannenberg Line 9889: 9882: 9877:Western Ukraine 9875: 9866: 9859: 9850: 9841: 9832: 9825: 9818: 9807: 9798: 9785: 9778: 9769: 9762: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9727: 9718: 9711: 9704: 9695: 9688: 9681: 9674: 9669:Battle of Kursk 9667: 9660: 9653: 9646: 9639: 9626: 9619: 9610: 9603: 9596: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9557: 9548: 9541: 9534: 9527: 9520: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9480:St Nazaire Raid 9478: 9471: 9464: 9451: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9318: 9304: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9262:Anglo-Iraqi War 9260: 9253:Battle of Crete 9251: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9223: 9210: 9201: 9194: 9187: 9182:Eastern Romania 9180: 9173: 9166: 9159: 9152: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9075: 9062: 9055: 9048: 9041: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9000: 8991: 8984: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8956: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8924: 8917: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8868: 8861: 8856: 8847: 8840: 8833: 8824: 8817: 8808: 8801: 8796: 8789: 8776: 8769: 8760: 8753: 8748: 8743:Western Ukraine 8741: 8734: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8687:Northeast China 8685: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8515: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8425: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8391: 8386:Slovak Republic 8384: 8376: 8369: 8362: 8357:Empire of Japan 8355: 8346: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8295: 8288: 8281: 8273: 8266: 8253: 8246: 8237: 8230: 8221: 8214: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8179: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8111: 8099: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8059: 8051: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8009: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7943: 7934: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7902: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7869:Sexual violence 7868: 7861: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7792: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7739: 7732: 7725: 7718: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7638: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7599: 7592: 7587:Greek Civil War 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7530: 7523: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7438: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7412:South-East Asia 7410: 7403: 7396: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7271:Military awards 7269: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7165: 7158: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7065: 7060: 7030: 7025: 7011:Yasukuni Shrine 6945: 6922: 6864: 6818: 6764: 6716:Tripartite Pact 6711:Rape of Nanking 6647: 6633:Tapani incident 6577: 6553:Boxer Rebellion 6511: 6491: 6455: 6446: 6395: 6386: 6321: 6301: 6295:Representatives 6263: 6260: 6259:Legislative and 6252: 6218:Foreign Affairs 6181: 6178: 6163: 6062: 6041:Government Seal 6026:Rising Sun Flag 6009: 6003: 5995: 5987: 5974: 5965: 5867: 5865:Empire of Japan 5862: 5825: 5817: 5809: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5765: 5757: 5745: 5737: 5725: 5722: 5674: 5669: 5653:Toll, Matthew. 5636: 5629: 5622: 5584: 5549: 5519: 5498: 5477: 5460: 5458:Further reading 5442:10.2307/2092029 5268: 5258: 5230: 5210: 5191: 5172: 5151: 5129: 5111: 5088: 5064: 5042: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4922: 4918: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4732:Wayback Machine 4712: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4671:Svoboda, Terèse 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4638:Wayback Machine 4626: 4622: 4617:(4): 1199–1230. 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4576: 4570:Schrijvers 2002 4568: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4487: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4442: 4433: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4342:, p. 9-10. 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4199: 4190: 4185:Wayback Machine 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075:Mire, Koikare, 4074: 4070: 4062:Mire, Koikare, 4061: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4025:Wayback Machine 4018:Trade Union Law 4015: 4011: 4006:Wayback Machine 3996: 3992: 3984: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3777: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3720:Wayback Machine 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3480: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3382: 3364: 3312: 3306: 3286:Shigeru Yoshida 3274:Rikken Minseito 3249: 3231:administration. 3208: 3173:gender equality 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3086: 3072: 3031: 3025: 3015: 3002: 2964: 2958: 2953: 2902:Girard Incident 2822:Shigeru Yoshida 2820:Prime Minister 2814: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2555:imperial family 2504: 2498: 2476: 2470:Wolf Ladejinsky 2462: 2426: 2420: 2403: 2375: 2369: 2328: 2322: 2308: 2302: 2290:Shigeru Yoshida 2274: 2257: 2251: 2242:Trade Union Law 2233: 2231:Trade Union Act 2213: 2181: 2157: 2155: 2147:Tatsuji Miyoshi 2131:imperial family 2103: 2067: 2050: 2033: 1994:. The official 1988:American forces 1940:Kure, Hiroshima 1928: 1883:Atsugi Airdrome 1806: 1800: 1764:Harry S. Truman 1724:Okinawa Islands 1665:Harry S. Truman 1647:established an 1641: 1636: 1485:Matthew Ridgway 1481:Harry S. Truman 1441:Empire of Japan 1421: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1237: 1236: 1228: 1227: 1203:1989–2019 1200: 1199: 1160:1926–1989 1157: 1118:Atomic bombings 1093:Tripartite Pact 1078:May 15 incident 1068:Mukden Incident 1039:1912–1926 1036: 1035: 1006:1868–1912 1003: 1002: 978:Boxer Rebellion 923:1603–1868 920: 919: 867: 857:1573–1603 854: 853: 832:Azuchi–Momoyama 824:1336–1573 821: 820: 796:1185–1333 793: 792: 755: 754: 725:710 – 794 722: 711:538 – 710 708: 694: 680: 644: 643: 640: 632: 589: 571:Empire of Japan 564: 531: 518: 503: 490: 480:25 October 1945 477: 456: 443: 433: 406:Shigeru Yoshida 402: 390: 378: 370:Shigeru Yoshida 366: 355: 352: 344:Prince Naruhiko 340: 325:Prime Ministers 310: 284:Matthew Ridgway 280: 269: 266: 230: 209: 194: 193: 111:Spratly Islands 107:Japanese Taiwan 71: 68: 64: 63: 56: 39: 38: 34: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10428: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10340:Occupied Japan 10325: 10324: 10322: 10321: 10314: 10307: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10270: 10263: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10233: 10230:South Sakhalin 10226: 10225: 10224: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10117: 10110: 10103: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10067: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10055: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10030: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9970: 9961: 9954: 9945: 9938: 9931: 9924: 9915: 9908: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9880: 9873: 9864: 9857: 9848: 9839: 9830: 9823: 9816: 9805: 9795: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9776: 9775: 9774: 9767: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9709: 9702: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9672: 9665: 9658: 9655:Battle of Attu 9651: 9644: 9636: 9634: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9624: 9617: 9608: 9601: 9594: 9585: 9578: 9571: 9564: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9546: 9532: 9525: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9476: 9469: 9461: 9459: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9407: 9404:Battle of Guam 9400: 9393: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9358: 9351: 9344: 9337: 9330: 9327:Battle of Kiev 9323: 9316: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9242: 9235: 9228: 9220: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9208: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9178: 9171: 9164: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9129: 9122: 9115: 9108: 9101: 9094: 9087: 9080: 9072: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9060: 9053: 9046: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9010: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8968: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8945: 8931: 8930: 8929: 8914: 8912: 8903: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8866: 8854: 8853: 8852: 8838: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8826:United Kingdom 8822: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8794: 8786: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8758: 8746: 8739: 8732: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8639: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8520: 8512: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8422: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8403: 8396: 8389: 8382: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8352: 8351: 8336: 8329: 8322: 8315: 8308: 8301: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8271: 8263: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8223:British Empire 8216:United Kingdom 8212: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8097: 8090: 8083: 8076: 8069: 8057: 8049: 8042: 8035: 8032:Czechoslovakia 8028: 8021: 8014: 8007: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7966: 7964: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7932: 7929:Rape of Manila 7925: 7918: 7911: 7900: 7885: 7878: 7866: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7850: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7827: 7820: 7806: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7781: 7767: 7760: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7715: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7700:United Nations 7696: 7689: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7645: 7636: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7559:Decolonization 7555: 7548: 7540: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7505: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7459: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7393: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7323: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7251: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7235: 7232:United Kingdom 7228: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7155: 7153: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7078: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7059: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7036: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6874: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6855:State of Burma 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6783: 6781: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6676:Musha Incident 6673: 6668: 6666:Jinan incident 6663: 6657: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6587: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6523:Beipu uprising 6520: 6514: 6512: 6507: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6487:Treaty Faction 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6417:Imperial Guard 6414: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6324: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6182: 6177:Administration 6175: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5861: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5823: 5815: 5807: 5795: 5783: 5771: 5763: 5755: 5751:Ottawa Citizen 5743: 5735: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5706: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5673: 5672:External links 5670: 5668: 5667: 5650: 5641: 5620: 5613: 5596: 5582: 5565: 5553: 5547: 5532: 5523: 5517: 5502: 5496: 5481: 5475: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5436:(5): 818–820. 5421: 5395:(3): 508–535. 5384: 5367:(2): 251–263, 5356: 5327: 5298: 5286:10.1086/259682 5280:(4): 890–905. 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5256: 5243: 5228: 5215: 5208: 5195: 5189: 5176: 5171:978-0674984424 5170: 5155: 5149: 5137:Gordon, Andrew 5133: 5127: 5114: 5109: 5095:Dower, John W. 5091: 5086: 5072:Dower, John W. 5068: 5062: 5046: 5041:978-1501703089 5040: 5027: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4979: 4949: 4931: 4916: 4898: 4865: 4837: 4833:McLelland 2010 4825: 4823:, p. 529. 4821:McLelland 2010 4813: 4811:, p. 514. 4809:McLelland 2010 4801: 4797:McLelland 2010 4789: 4787:, p. 518. 4785:McLelland 2010 4772: 4760: 4745: 4736: 4706: 4704:, p. 412. 4694: 4662: 4650: 4620: 4601: 4599:, p. 579. 4589: 4587:, p. 130. 4574: 4572:, p. 212. 4562: 4560:, p. 373. 4550: 4544: 4524: 4512: 4500: 4485: 4465: 4431: 4416: 4404: 4392: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4304: 4302:, p. 562. 4292: 4290:, p. 326. 4280: 4268: 4256: 4254:, p. 325. 4244: 4232: 4220: 4218:, p. 246. 4208: 4188: 4169: 4157: 4148: 4131: 4129:, p. 270. 4119: 4107: 4093: 4091:, p. 241. 4081: 4068: 4052: 4050:, p. 269. 4040: 4038:, p. 267. 4028: 4009: 3990: 3959: 3929: 3899: 3897:, p. 108. 3887: 3885:, p. 107. 3872: 3860: 3858:, p. 293. 3848: 3846:, p. 292. 3836: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3788: 3775: 3762: 3750: 3724: 3704: 3674: 3662: 3649: 3643: 3611: 3598: 3583: 3571: 3553: 3536: 3523: 3493: 3478: 3476:, p. 206. 3462: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3378: 3363: 3360: 3352:Tokuda Kyuichi 3305: 3302: 3290:prime minister 3207: 3204: 3132:Women in Japan 3130:Main article: 3127: 3126:Japanese women 3124: 3114: 3071: 3068: 3039:Ryukyu Islands 3027:Main article: 3024: 3021: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947:of the 1990s. 2894:Bloody May Day 2813: 2810: 2683:objectives in 2654:Reverse Course 2648:Reverse Course 2646:Main article: 2643: 2640: 2635:Kishi Nobusuke 2607:Tokyo tribunal 2539:Nobusuke Kishi 2535:Masanobu Tsuji 2500:Main article: 2497: 2494: 2461: 2458: 2419: 2416: 2412:Thought Police 2402: 2399: 2395:Reverse Course 2371:Main article: 2368: 2365: 2324:Main article: 2321: 2318: 2304:Main article: 2301: 2298: 2278:Ichikawa Fusae 2273: 2270: 2266:Reverse Course 2253:Main article: 2250: 2247: 2232: 2229: 2225:state religion 2212: 2209: 2180: 2177: 2154: 2151: 2102: 2099: 2049: 2046: 2032: 2029: 1938:march through 1927: 1926:Size and scope 1924: 1920:United Nations 1829:Kantarō Suzuki 1826:Prime Minister 1808:Following the 1802:Main article: 1799: 1796: 1752: 1751: 1738: 1720:Southern Korea 1713: 1707:South Sakhalin 1703:Northern Korea 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1608:Reverse Course 1585:Ryukyu Islands 1423: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1412: 1405: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1302: 1300:Historiography 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1001: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 934: 928: 925: 924: 921: 918: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 885:Siege of Osaka 882: 877: 871: 862: 859: 858: 855: 852: 851: 846: 841: 835: 829: 826: 825: 822: 819: 818: 816:Sengoku period 813: 807: 801: 798: 797: 794: 791: 790: 785: 780: 775: 769: 763: 760: 759: 758:794–1185 756: 753: 752: 747: 742: 736: 730: 727: 726: 723: 716: 713: 712: 709: 702: 699: 698: 695: 688: 685: 684: 681: 674: 671: 670: 667: 659: 658: 655: 645: 639: 638: 637: 634: 633: 630: 622: 621: 615: 614: 602: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 586: 577: 574: 573: 568: 556: 555: 550: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 526: 523: 522: 519: 513: 510: 509: 507:15 August 1948 504: 498: 495: 494: 491: 485: 482: 481: 478: 464: 461: 460: 457: 451: 448: 447: 446:28 August 1945 444: 441: 438: 437: 436:15 August 1945 434: 428: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 413: 412: 409: 408: 403: 400: 397: 396: 394:Hitoshi Ashida 391: 388: 385: 384: 382:Tetsu Katayama 379: 376: 373: 372: 367: 364: 361: 360: 353: 350: 347: 346: 341: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 327: 321: 320: 317: 316: 311: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 291: 290: 287: 286: 281: 278: 275: 274: 267: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 247: 246: 241: 235: 234: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 204: 196: 195: 192: 191: 188:United Nations 172: 161: 150: 135:Japanese Korea 132: 118: 104: 86: 81: 73: 72: 65: 57: 50: 49: 46: 45: 41: 40: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10427: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10375:1952 in Japan 10373: 10371: 10370:1945 in Japan 10368: 10366: 10365:Postwar Japan 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10319: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10299: 10292: 10291: 10288: 10275: 10271: 10268: 10264: 10261: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10245: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10237:Kuril Islands 10234: 10231: 10227: 10222: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10204: 10201: 10197: 10194: 10190: 10187: 10183: 10178: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10167: 10164: 10160: 10157: 10153: 10150: 10146: 10143: 10139: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10125: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10090: 10087: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10060: 10053: 10049: 10044: 10043: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10024: 10019: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10004:Syrmian Front 10001: 9998: 9994: 9991: 9987: 9984: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9962: 9959: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9950:Market Garden 9946: 9943: 9939: 9936: 9932: 9929: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9916: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9902: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9888: 9885: 9881: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9862: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9828: 9824: 9821: 9817: 9814: 9810: 9809:Monte Cassino 9806: 9803: 9802: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9781: 9777: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9733: 9730: 9726: 9721: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9710: 9707: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9694: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9680: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9666: 9663: 9659: 9656: 9652: 9649: 9645: 9642: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9606: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9530: 9526: 9523: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9488: 9484: 9481: 9477: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9436: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9408: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9345: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9303: 9298: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9270: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9254: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9233: 9229: 9226: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9206: 9205: 9200: 9197: 9193: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9179: 9176: 9175:Baltic states 9172: 9169: 9165: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9127: 9123: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9109: 9106: 9102: 9099: 9095: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9065: 9058: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9033: 9030: 9026: 9023: 9019: 9016: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9007: 9003: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8969: 8966: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8927: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8871: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8850: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8836: 8832: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8819:United States 8816: 8811: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8772: 8768: 8763: 8759: 8756: 8755:Quốc dân Đảng 8752: 8751: 8747: 8744: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8684: 8681: 8677: 8674: 8670: 8667: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8653: 8649: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8505: 8498: 8494: 8491: 8487: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8455:Liechtenstein 8452: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8408: 8407:Collaboration 8404: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8368: 8365: 8361: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8232:United States 8229: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8192: 8189: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8033: 8029: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7922:Comfort women 7919: 7916: 7912: 7909: 7906: / 7905: 7901: 7898: 7895: / 7894: 7891: / 7890: 7886: 7883: 7882:Camp brothels 7879: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771:The Holocaust 7768: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7757:forced labour 7754: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7625: 7621: 7618: 7614: 7611: 7610:Marshall Plan 7607: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7522: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7463:Eastern Front 7460: 7457: 7456:Western Front 7453: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7350:Puppet states 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7292:Naval history 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7239:United States 7236: 7233: 7229: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7050: 7045: 7043: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6966:Fukoku kyōhei 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823:Puppet states 6821: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6482:Fleet Faction 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6462:General Staff 6460: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6402:General Staff 6400: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6355:military code 6354: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6285:Imperial Diet 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6275:Privy Council 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6193:Home Ministry 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6036:Imperial Seal 6034: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6021:Flag of Japan 6019: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5779:The Telegraph 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5684:J.C.S 1380/15 5682: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5647: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5583:1-56098-157-1 5579: 5574: 5573: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5548:9784866581255 5544: 5540: 5539: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5518:9784866581149 5514: 5510: 5509: 5503: 5499: 5497:9781134118625 5493: 5490:. Routledge. 5489: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469:. Routledge. 5468: 5463: 5462: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5269: 5259: 5257:9780231120326 5253: 5249: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5209:0-415-94752-9 5205: 5202:. Routledge. 5201: 5196: 5192: 5190:9780814798164 5186: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5156: 5152: 5150:0-19-511060-9 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5128:9781585742158 5124: 5120: 5115: 5112: 5110:0-393-04686-9 5106: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5087:1-56584-067-4 5083: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5063:0-06-093130-2 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5012:Asahi Shimbun 5010: 5009: 4992: 4990: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4883: 4876: 4873:Wood, James. 4869: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4769: 4764: 4758:, p. 29. 4757: 4752: 4750: 4740: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4703: 4698: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4666: 4660:, p. 67. 4659: 4654: 4647: 4646:0-415-19194-7 4643: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4545:0-203-30275-3 4541: 4537: 4536: 4528: 4522:, p. 258 4521: 4516: 4510:, p. 162 4509: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4486:0-231-12033-8 4482: 4478: 4477: 4469: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4408: 4402:, p. 17. 4401: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4378:, p. 14. 4377: 4372: 4365: 4360: 4354:, p. 10. 4353: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4284: 4278:, p. 583 4277: 4272: 4266:, p. 585 4265: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4242:, p. 901 4241: 4236: 4230:, p. 819 4229: 4224: 4217: 4212: 4204: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4167:, p. 32. 4166: 4161: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4104: 4103: 4102:Asahi Shimbun 4097: 4090: 4085: 4078: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4049: 4044: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3834:, p. 228 3833: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3810:, p. 54. 3809: 3804: 3798:, p. 90. 3797: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3772: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3672:, p. 65. 3671: 3666: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3602: 3596:, p. 48. 3595: 3590: 3588: 3580: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3551:, p. 11. 3550: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3527: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3491:, p. 94. 3490: 3485: 3483: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3463: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3406:Postwar Japan 3404: 3402: 3401:1945 in Japan 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3391:Valery Burati 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3369:Asahi Shimbun 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3322:. Over 5,000 3321: 3317: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3278:Liberal Party 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3238: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3142:demilitarized 3139: 3133: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3050:John W. Dower 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3020: 3013: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2988:comfort women 2985: 2981: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2896:in 1952, the 2895: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2802:Anpo protests 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2649: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2619:John W. Dower 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543:Yoshio Kodama 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531:war criminals 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2185: 2176: 2170:1946 newsreel 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2111: 2107: 2098: 2096: 2091: 2083: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2031:Initial phase 2028: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1923: 1922:orientation. 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1787:Joseph Stalin 1783: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728:Amami Islands 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716:United States 1714: 1712: 1711:Kuril Islands 1708: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1659:, and Japan ( 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1241: 1240: 1230: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1143:Anpo protests 1141: 1139: 1138:Postwar Japan 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1005: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 935: 933: 932: 927: 926: 922: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 870: 866: 861: 860: 856: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 834: 833: 828: 827: 823: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 806: 805: 800: 799: 795: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 770: 768: 767: 762: 761: 757: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 735: 734: 729: 728: 724: 721: 720: 715: 714: 710: 707: 706: 701: 700: 696: 693: 692: 687: 686: 682: 679: 678: 673: 672: 668: 666: 665: 661: 660: 656: 654: 653: 649: 648: 636: 635: 628: 624: 623: 620: 617: 616: 612: 608: 607: 587: 585: 582: 581: 578: 572: 569: 562: 561: 558: 557: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 541: 537: 534:28 April 1952 533: 530: 524: 520: 517: 511: 508: 505: 502: 496: 492: 489: 483: 479: 476: 472: 468: 462: 458: 455: 449: 445: 439: 435: 432: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 407: 404: 398: 395: 392: 386: 383: 380: 374: 371: 368: 362: 358: 354: 348: 345: 342: 336: 332: 328: 326: 322: 318: 315: 312: 306: 302: 298: 296: 292: 288: 285: 282: 276: 272: 268: 262: 258: 254: 252: 248: 245: 242: 240: 236: 233: 229: 226: 222: 219: 216: 212: 207: 202: 197: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 166: 162: 159: 155: 151: 148: 144: 140: 137:south of the 136: 133: 130: 126: 125:Kuril Islands 122: 119: 116: 112: 108: 105: 102: 101: 96: 92: 88: 87: 84: 79: 74: 70: 61: 54: 47: 42: 22: 19: 10360:Shōwa period 10311:Bibliography 10294: 10107:Project Hula 10072:Vistula–Oder 10041: 9974: 9965: 9949: 9919: 9868: 9852: 9843: 9834: 9800: 9697: 9612: 9588: 9558: 9309: 9202: 9147:North Africa 8849:Soviet Union 8803:Soviet Union 8729:Soviet Union 8497:Vatican City 8400:Vichy France 8305:German Reich 8202:Soviet Union 8188:South Africa 8181:Sierra Leone 8134:Newfoundland 7953:Participants 7936:Marocchinate 7640: 7631: 7623: 7601: 7479:North Africa 7440:Indian Ocean 7299:Nazi plunder 7190:Cryptography 7063:World War II 6954:Other topics 6790: 6759: 6628:Taishō Roman 6382:Conscription 6352: 6344: 6319:Armed Forces 6179:(ministries) 6079:Charter Oath 6074:Constitution 5956:State Shinto 5939:Essentialism 5889:Demographics 5802: 5790: 5778: 5750: 5730: 5663:the original 5658: 5645: 5625: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5571: 5560: 5537: 5527: 5507: 5486: 5466: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5392: 5388: 5364: 5360: 5338:(1): 23–45. 5335: 5331: 5306: 5302: 5277: 5273: 5247: 5219: 5199: 5180: 5160: 5140: 5118: 5099: 5076: 5053: 5050:Bix, Herbert 5031: 5015: 4988: 4982: 4972:November 23, 4970:. Retrieved 4961: 4952: 4934: 4925: 4919: 4901: 4889:. Retrieved 4882:the original 4868: 4856:. Retrieved 4846: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4768:Koikari 2002 4763: 4756:Koikari 2002 4739: 4723: 4719:Donald Keene 4714: 4709: 4697: 4685:, retrieved 4675: 4665: 4658:Takemae 2002 4653: 4629: 4623: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4592: 4565: 4553: 4534: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4475: 4468: 4458:February 25, 4456:. Retrieved 4449: 4425: 4419: 4414:, p. 1. 4407: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4315: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4202: 4172: 4160: 4151: 4144:Takemae 2002 4127:Takemae 2002 4122: 4115:Takemae 2002 4110: 4100: 4096: 4089:Takemae 2002 4084: 4076: 4071: 4063: 4048:Takemae 2002 4043: 4036:Takemae 2002 4031: 4012: 3993: 3988:, p. 9. 3950:. Retrieved 3941: 3932: 3920:. Retrieved 3911: 3902: 3895:Takemae 2002 3890: 3883:Takemae 2002 3863: 3851: 3839: 3827: 3822:, p. 27 3815: 3803: 3791: 3783: 3778: 3770: 3765: 3760:, p. 8. 3753: 3741:. Retrieved 3727: 3707: 3697:November 26, 3695:. Retrieved 3686: 3677: 3670:Takemae 2002 3665: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3636:February 21, 3634:. Retrieved 3620: 3614: 3606: 3601: 3594:Takemae 2002 3574: 3565: 3556: 3531: 3526: 3514:. Retrieved 3505: 3496: 3489:Takemae 2002 3440: 3367: 3365: 3356:Yoshio Shiga 3348:Fuchū Prison 3339: 3331: 3313: 3256: 3254: 3242: 3234: 3229: 3209: 3193: 3189:World War II 3169:human rights 3166: 3158:constitution 3154:Beate Sirota 3150: 3138:democratized 3135: 3118: 3109:Donald Keene 3106: 3102: 3087: 3053: 3047: 3032: 2996: 2992: 2977: 2956:Prostitution 2945:Lost Decades 2932: 2918: 2890: 2854: 2831: 2798: 2782:conservative 2765: 2759: 2748: 2732:Joseph Dodge 2729: 2724:Hayato Ikeda 2720:Joseph Dodge 2706: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2653: 2651: 2627: 2623: 2598: 2591: 2520: 2463: 2427: 2404: 2387: 2376: 2361:Article Nine 2329: 2313: 2309: 2275: 2258: 2234: 2214: 2194: 2173: 2123:war criminal 2115: 2086: 2034: 2021: 1985: 1945: 1905: 1898:(sun disc), 1893: 1891: 1865: 1849: 1807: 1784: 1780: 1753: 1699:Soviet Union 1669: 1642: 1620:Western Bloc 1605: 1578: 1573: 1547: 1497: 1426: 1313:Christianity 1209: 1175:Lost Decades 1166: 1132: 1103:World War II 1044: 1012: 929: 864: 839:Nanban trade 830: 802: 764: 731: 717: 703: 689: 675: 662: 650: 553:Succeeded by 552: 547: 389:• 1948 339:• 1945 205: 129:Soviet Union 98: 82: 18: 10042:Bodenplatte 9928:Gothic Line 9154:West Africa 8701:Philippines 8680:Netherlands 8545:Czech lands 8483:Switzerland 8427:Afghanistan 8371:Philippines 8239:Puerto Rico 8155:Philippines 8141:New Zealand 8127:Netherlands 8080:Free France 7831:Prosecution 7632:Osoaviakhim 7502:West Africa 7486:East Africa 7133:Conferences 6996:Shōwa Modan 6971:Hakkō ichiu 6908:Philippines 6795:after 1943) 6773:Territories 6731:Pacific War 6591:World War I 6467:Air Service 6407:Air Service 6280:Gozen Kaigi 5996:(Yoshihito) 5988:(Mutsuhito) 5934:Nationalism 5879:Agriculture 5803:Times Daily 5561:Japan Diary 5001:Works cited 4989:Japan Times 4858:October 15, 4687:January 30, 4558:Feifer 2001 4508:Tanaka 2003 4240:Flores 1970 4165:Sugita 2003 3952:January 20, 3922:January 20, 3832:Gordon 2003 3609:pp. 525-526 3579:Barnes 2017 3516:February 1, 3445:occupation. 3374:colonialism 3224:Nazi regime 3196:prostitutes 3185:promiscuous 3181:modern girl 3041:during the 2784:fears that 2615:Hideki Tojo 2587:Shirō Ishii 2511:Hideki Tōjō 2477: [ 2466:land reform 2464:A sweeping 2460:Land reform 2012:New Zealand 1976:Eighth Army 1661:Axis powers 1265:Earthquakes 1113:Pacific War 1021:World War I 652:Paleolithic 548:Preceded by 516:North Korea 501:South Korea 169:North Korea 147:South Korea 10334:Categories 10142:West Hunan 9975:Pointblank 9311:Silver Fox 9297:Summer War 9050:Winter War 9029:Phoney War 8810:Azerbaijan 8771:Yugoslavia 8666:Luxembourg 8508:Resistance 8248:Yugoslavia 8113:Luxembourg 7915:Sook Ching 7711:War crimes 7313:Technology 7306:Opposition 7248:Lend-Lease 7225:Australian 7218:Home front 7176:Blitzkrieg 7126:Casualties 7117:Commanders 7089:Operations 6760:Occupation 6583:Taishō era 6528:Boshin War 6372:War crimes 6168:Government 6144:Tonarigumi 6051:Privy Seal 6046:State Seal 6004:(Hirohito) 5929:Militarism 5884:Censorship 5557:Gayn, Mark 5229:0826462472 5103:, Norton, 4891:August 12, 4702:Dower 1999 4597:Dower 1999 4585:Dower 1999 4412:Kapur 2018 4400:Kapur 2018 4388:Kapur 2018 4376:Kapur 2018 4364:Kapur 2018 4352:Kapur 2018 4340:Kapur 2018 4328:Kapur 2018 4300:Dower 1999 4288:Dower 1999 4252:Dower 1999 4216:Dower 1999 3986:Kapur 2018 3856:Dower 1999 3844:Dower 1999 3820:Kawai 1951 3808:Dower 1999 3796:Dower 1999 3758:Kapur 2018 3687:awm.gov.au 3549:Kapur 2018 3474:Dower 1999 3453:References 3308:See also: 3160:. General 3088:After the 3074:See also: 3070:Censorship 3012:"red-line" 2960:See also: 2824:signs the 2778:Korean War 2766:reddo pāji 2736:Dodge Line 2665:gyaku kōsu 2474:Hiroo Wada 2454:Jōyō kanji 2450:Tōyō kanji 2292:succeeded 2127:abdication 2057:Nihonbashi 2000:Australian 1968:Sixth Army 1916:democratic 1736:Micronesia 1709:, and the 1634:Background 1599:) allowed 1562:Korean War 1519:war crimes 1447:until the 1427:Japan was 1185:Cool Japan 1053:Militarism 915:Boshin War 868:(Tokugawa) 750:Genpei War 493:3 May 1947 471:Pescadores 239:Demonym(s) 10207:Manchuria 10093:Indochina 9869:Bagration 9320:Lithuania 8965:Anschluss 8762:Viet Minh 8659:Lithuania 8601:Hong Kong 8364:Manchukuo 8319:Azad Hind 7978:Australia 7778:Aftermath 7641:Paperclip 7536:Aftermath 7336:Total war 7204:Diplomacy 7167:In Europe 6961:Sonnō jōi 6913:Singapore 6898:Hong Kong 6860:Azad Hind 6835:Mengjiang 6830:Manchukuo 6804:Kantō-shū 6746:Surrender 6653:Shōwa era 6638:Truku War 6509:Meiji era 6477:Tokkeitai 6442:Kempeitai 6353:Senjinkun 6270:Daijō-kan 6233:Munitions 6114:Mokusatsu 5904:Education 5352:144915178 5323:144554054 5309:: 23–31. 5294:154104106 4228:Ness 1967 3743:April 22, 3458:Citations 3362:Criticism 3336:Tokyo Bay 2921:Article 9 2870:Hiroshima 2790:East Asia 2786:communism 2762:Red Purge 2740:inflation 2685:East Asia 2677:Article 9 2489:landlords 2434:Gymnasien 2063:, in 1946 1770:be named 1459:from the 1445:war's end 1437:surrender 1435:from the 1304:Religion 1295:Geography 1280:Education 1275:Era names 905:Bakumatsu 844:Imjin War 804:Muromachi 783:Genkō War 773:Jōkyū War 44:1945–1952 10318:Category 10267:document 10177:document 10034:Ardennes 10018:Budapest 9966:Crossbow 9844:Overlord 9683:Smolensk 8901:Timeline 8736:Slovakia 8722:Thailand 8573:Ethiopia 8538:Bulgaria 8462:Portugal 8393:Thailand 8275:Bulgaria 8053:Eswatini 8046:Ethiopia 7999:Bulgaria 7824:Unit 731 7785:Response 7602:Keelhaul 7552:Cold War 7525:Americas 7516:timeline 7509:Atlantic 7389:Theaters 6939:Yen bloc 6927:Ideology 6918:Thailand 6787:Karafuto 6780:Colonies 6367:Kamikaze 6310:Military 6213:Treasury 6067:Policies 6058:Kimigayo 5979:Emperors 5946:Politics 5914:Eugenics 5872:Overview 5634:archived 5592:25367560 5417:35663215 5409:21110475 5240:45583413 5139:(2003). 5097:(1999), 5074:(1993), 5052:(2001). 4966:Archived 4944:Archived 4911:Archived 4852:Archived 4734:, p. 86. 4728:Archived 4681:archived 4634:Archived 4520:Lie 1997 4495:49395493 4276:Bix 2001 4264:Bix 2001 4181:Archived 4021:Archived 4002:Archived 3946:Archived 3916:Archived 3868:Bix 2001 3737:Archived 3716:Archived 3691:Archived 3656:text in 3630:Archived 3628:. 1945. 3510:Archived 3396:Cold War 3380:See also 3340:Missouri 3332:Missouri 3270:Seiyukai 3264:and the 3257:de facto 3235:General 3206:Politics 3115:— 3063:Yokohama 3059:Yokosuka 2990:system. 2933:de facto 2886:Ishikari 2874:Nagasaki 2838:Iwo Jima 2794:leftists 2726:in 1949. 2708:keiretsu 2703:zaibatsu 2698:zaibatsu 2681:Cold War 2673:Cold War 2631:Cold War 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7663:Hungary 7419:Pacific 7143:General 7097:Leaders 7082:Battles 7075:Outline 6500:History 6472:Marines 6109:Kokutai 6014:Symbols 5994:Taishō 5951:Statism 5894:Economy 5450:2092029 5381:4120735 5014:Staff, 3298:cabinet 3210:Unlike 3035:Okinawa 2980:brothel 2974:(SCFA). 2882:Sapporo 2842:Okinawa 2599:Class A 2342:-style 2042:Whitney 2004:British 1956:Shikoku 1879:Okinawa 1688:Shikoku 1653:Germany 1626:and an 1556:of the 1512:Emperor 1493:Austria 1457:support 1439:of the 1384:History 1323:Judaism 1270:Economy 641:Periods 527:• 514:• 499:• 486:• 452:• 429:• 416:History 295:Emperor 232:English 186:of the 83:De jure 10221:Debate 10193:Taipei 10186:Borneo 9764:Tarawa 8958:Europe 8919:Africa 8708:Poland 8694:Norway 8673:Malaya 8652:Latvia 8594:Greece 8580:France 8476:Sweden 8441:Bhutan 8162:Poland 8148:Norway 8120:Mexico 8087:Greece 8073:France 8011:Canada 7992:Brazil 7962:Allies 7908:Serbia 7897:Poland 7670:Poland 7656:Baltic 7449:Europe 7151:Topics 7103:Allied 6903:Malaya 6878:Borneo 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6154:Senbu 6139:Tokkō 5637:(PDF) 5630:(PDF) 5446:JSTOR 5413:S2CID 5377:JSTOR 5348:S2CID 5319:S2CID 5290:S2CID 5006:Books 4885:(PDF) 4878:(PDF) 3605:Bix, 3432:Notes 3054:daily 2866:Tokyo 2774:China 2772:" of 2594:Shōwa 2481:] 2223:as a 2061:Tokyo 1887:Tokyo 1741:China 1657:Italy 1455:with 1340:Naval 1318:Islam 1211:Reiwa 1046:Shōwa 931:Meiji 733:Heian 705:Asuka 691:Kofun 677:Yayoi 664:Jōmon 584:Japan 475:China 314:Shōwa 158:China 115:China 10063:1945 9791:1944 9632:1943 9560:Blue 9550:Attu 9457:1942 9216:1941 9068:1940 9006:1939 8935:Asia 8782:POWs 8622:Jews 8333:Iraq 8259:Axis 8209:Tuva 8025:Cuba 7110:Axis 6208:Navy 6203:Army 5611:(7). 5588:OCLC 5578:ISBN 5543:ISBN 5513:ISBN 5492:ISBN 5471:ISBN 5405:PMID 5252:ISBN 5236:OCLC 5224:ISBN 5204:ISBN 5185:ISBN 5166:ISBN 5145:ISBN 5123:ISBN 5105:ISBN 5082:ISBN 5058:ISBN 5036:ISBN 5020:ISBN 4974:2016 4893:2012 4860:2013 4689:2012 4642:ISBN 4540:ISBN 4491:OCLC 4481:ISBN 4460:2021 3954:2015 3924:2015 3745:2016 3699:2004 3638:2012 3518:2009 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