2063:
981:
against the university. On April 4, 2023, OCR announced a
Resolution Letter and Agreement mandating that the University of Vermont (UVM) implement changes due to its inadequate response to numerous complaints regarding harassment and discrimination on campus. UVM agreed to enhance its policies and procedures to reaffirm its dedication to combating prejudice and will be subject to increased federal supervision. No resolution agreements have been announced from the surge of new investigations launched after October 2023.
964:
the
Advancement of Science and Art and Kansas’ Maize Unified School District. Five of the complaints reported instances of antisemitism harassment and two report anti-Muslim harassment. “When students are targeted because they are — or are perceived to be — Jewish, Muslim, Arab, Sikh or any other ethnicity or shared ancestry, schools must act to ensure safe and inclusive educational environments where everyone is free to learn,” Education Secretary Miguel Cardona said in a statement.
566:
972:
Characteristics. The Dear
College Letter (DCL) doesn't hold the weight of law but offers valuable direction for adhering to Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The DCL highlights protections under Title VI extend to characteristics of shared ancestry, ethnicity, and nationality, such as Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Arab, Israeli, Palestinian, or South Asian. Thus, educational facilities receiving federal financial assistance must comply with Title VI.
555:
932:, told the Huffington Post that "announcing an investigation can open survivors to retaliation, and it's important that the OCR also take emphasis on providing survivors an option to opt out of having their investigation announced if it could endanger them, especially in small institutions where anonymity is less of an option." Organizations like FIRE have argued that the OCR list—along with its precursor the
746:, established that federal civil rights law protects members of other faiths when they are targeted due to their ancestry or ethnicity. In September, 2023, the Biden administration announced that eight additional executive agencies adopted the Marcus Doctrine, in addition the U.S. Departments of Education, State and Justice, which had already been applying the policy.
951:. The Office and Princeton reached an agreement on a package of procedural reforms to bring it into compliance including mandatory training, a public awareness and bystander intervention campaign, reexamination of three years of past sexual violence complaints, improved coordination with law enforcement, and expanded documentation of sexual violence on campus.
848:
participation of
English Learner students. Many of these letters have been controversial. For example, the school discipline letter has been criticized by Professor Gail Heriot (who sits on the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and Alison Somin as both bad policy and beyond the scope of the powers of the Office for Civil Rights.
967:
In May 2024, OCR opened an investigation into Emory
University’s alleged discrimination against students with Palestinian, Muslim, or Arab ancestry. An 18-page complaint was filed on April 5 by students from the university in Atlanta and Georgia under title VI of the Civil Rights Act and is one of at
963:
In
November 2023, the Education Department released a new list of K-12 schools and colleges under investigation for incidents of antisemitism and Islamophobia, including Lafayette College, Cornell University, Columbia University, Wellesley College, University of Pennsylvania, and The Cooper Union for
735:
prohibits discrimination based on race, ethnicity, and national origin at federally funded post-secondary educational institutions. Although religion is not a protected characteristic in Title VI, there are cases of religious discrimination that also involve racial or ethnic discrimination. The
883:
Five Dear
Colleague letters focused primarily on Section 504 and ADA issues. These letters dealt with addressing the need for educational technology to be accessible; effective communication for students with hearing, vision, or speech disabilities; FAQs regarding the Americans with Disabilities Act
893:
The Civil Rights Data
Collection (CRDC) is a biennial data collection from all public schools in the country conducted by the OCR. The collection began in 1968 to collect data on leading civil rights indicators related to access and barriers to educational opportunity at the early childhood through
847:
Eight Dear
Colleague letters focused solely Title VI issues, covering topics such as voluntary consideration of race to avoid racial isolation in schools; avoiding immigration/citizenship status discrimination in the enrollment process; school discipline; and school obligations to ensure meaningful
980:
On
November 16, 2020, The University of Illinois, Jewish United Fund Chicago, Illini Hillel, Hillel International, Illini Chabad, Arnold & Porter, and the Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law announced a resolution agreement in response to a Title VI civil rights complaint filed
971:
In response to increases in discrimination complaints, on May 7, 2024, the Department of Education Office of Civil Rights (OCR) issued a Dear Colleague Letter: Protecting Students from Discrimination, such as Harassment, Based on Race, Color, or National Origin, Including Shared Ancestry or Ethnic
959:
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects against discrimination based on shared ancestry. This includes both antisemitism and Islamophobia. College students and K-12 parents have filed complaints against their schools for being discriminated against based on shared ancestry. The Education
851:
Seven Dear Colleague letters exclusively addressing a variety of Title IX topics such as sexual violence, pregnant and parenting students, the obligations of Title IX Coordinators, volunteer youth service organizations, compliance with Title IX's regulatory requirement to accommodate students’
909:
This list constitutes the first time the federal government has announced ongoing sexual violence investigations; previously investigations were known only to members of university and college communities. When announcing the schools under investigation, Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights
728:
school districts may violate these civil rights statutes and the Department of Education's implementing regulations when peer harassment based on race, color, national origin, sex, or disability is sufficiently serious that it creates a hostile environment and such harassment is encouraged,
842:
The OCR issues "technical guidance" instructing K-12 schools and higher education institutions on how to comply with civil rights laws under its mandates. In 2001, the OCR interpreted Title IX obligations to include the prevention and punishment of on-campus sexual harassment. The Obama
968:
least six Title VI claims made regarding prejudicial treatment of Palestinian, Muslim, and Arab students on campuses. Other schools with complaints include Columbia, Rutgers, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, and the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill.
1078:
parts 100, 104, and 106, when peer harassment based on race, color, national origin, sex, or disability is sufficiently serious that it creates a hostile environment and such harassment is encouraged, tolerated, not adequately addressed, or ignored by school
921:. Importantly, Lhamon continued, "a college or university's appearance on this list and being the subject of a Title IX investigation in no way indicates at this stage that the college or university is violating or has violated the law."
894:
grade 12 levels. The collection was formerly known as the Elementary and Secondary School Survey. The data collected is used by the OCR, Department of Education, education researchers, policymakers and scholars from many fields.
729:
tolerated, not adequately addressed, or ignored by school employees. Under these federal civil rights laws and regulations, students are protected from harassment by school employees, other students, and third parties.
631:
OCR is one of the largest federal civil rights agencies in the United States, with a staff of approximately 560 attorneys, investigators, and other staff. The agency can be found in twelve regional offices and in its
1685:
636:
headquarters. The Office for Civil Rights is responsible for ensuring compliance by schools that are public entities or recipients of federal education funds with several federal civil rights laws, including:
875:, issued jointly on May 13, 2016 with the Department of Justice, stating that both agencies regard Title IX's prohibition on sex discrimination to prohibit discrimination on the basis of a student's
1279:
1074:(Title II). Section 504 and Title II prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability. School districts may violate these civil rights statutes and the Department's implementing regulations,
338:
1071:
1230:
2156:
1981:
1738:
918:
2161:
1152:
914:
939:
On July 2, 2014, the Office for Civil Rights added 12 colleges and universities to its list, on July 10, 2014 one more was added, and four more were named on July 30, 2014.
623:
laws prohibiting schools from engaging in discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability, age, or membership in patriotic youth organizations.
543:
147:
910:
Catherine E. Lhamon suggested that "increased transparency will spur community dialogue about this important issue... and foster better public awareness of civil rights."
452:
1686:"Princeton University Found in Violation of Title IX, Reaches Agreement with U.S. Education Department to Address, Prevent Sexual Assault and Harassment of Students"
2251:
884:
Amendments Act of 2008 and the broadened definition of "disability;" access to extracurricular activities and sports; and disability-based bullying and harassment.
151:
2241:
2085:
1790:
1844:
1897:
425:
223:
1811:
1408:
929:
1974:
1438:
501:
447:
309:
1923:
491:
156:
824:
400:
2138:
1764:
479:
1492:
1464:
1364:"The Department of Education's Obama-Era Initiative on Racial Disparities in School Discipline: Wrong for Students and Teachers, Wrong on the Law"
594:
432:
328:
317:
1967:
525:
2183:
2105:
1603:
333:
257:
2215:
2193:
2071:
2024:
1075:
676:
646:
390:
380:
323:
358:
267:
1576:
1252:
437:
415:
277:
161:
1330:
2051:
1661:
732:
641:
533:
484:
77:
2246:
1871:
474:
420:
262:
118:
1634:
2188:
2089:
1439:"U.S. Department of Education Releases List of Higher Education Institutions with Open Title IX Sexual Violence Investigations"
906:
sexual violence investigations. As of 16 March 2015, nearly 100 colleges and universities were under investigation.
702:
529:
457:
240:
1092:
2220:
2100:
1990:
1313:
1153:"'Unfinished Business': Biden Admin's New Actions Against Antisemitism Laudable But Not Enough, Expert Says - Algemeiner.com"
1067:
743:
537:
385:
287:
186:
176:
2094:
2079:
2034:
2015:
763:
742:
who served as Assistant U.S. Secretary of Education for Civil Rights in two U.S. administrations and established in a 2004
442:
375:
304:
250:
228:
218:
2109:
587:
462:
245:
208:
363:
272:
213:
82:
1845:"Department of Education Issues Guidance for Title VI Compliance in Response to Increased Complaints - Jackson Lewis"
913:
The decision to release the names of universities and colleges under investigation was due to pressure from both the
1125:
496:
181:
171:
2047:
1548:
671:
233:
166:
862:
Questions and Answers on Title IX and Single-Sex Elementary and Secondary Classes and Extracurricular Activities
947:
In November 2014, the Office for Civil Rights announced that it had found Princeton University in violation of
713:
580:
127:
1525:
1280:"The Biden Administration National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism Reaffirms its Use of the IHRA Definition"
924:
There are critics of the list on both sides of campus anti-rape politics. Andrea Pino, a complainant against
203:
1059:
2125:
925:
616:
353:
64:
2114:
1042:
1390:
1203:
902:
On May 1, 2014, the Office for Civil Rights released a list of higher education institutions with open
1711:
467:
299:
1739:"Search our database of Title VI discrimination investigations at schools and colleges since Oct. 7"
991:
370:
687:
1611:
1639:
1712:"List of Open Title VI Shared Ancestry Investigations, Fiscal Year 2024 (beginning 10/1/2023)"
1375:
1363:
2146:
1898:"After federal investigation into antisemitism, University of Vermont agrees to make changes"
933:
343:
1520:
1062:(Title VI), which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin;
1178:
570:
405:
395:
348:
1253:"8 Federal Agencies For First Time Declare Civil Rights Act Protects Against Antisemitism"
18:
U.S. Department of Education office responsible for preventing discrimination in education
8:
2133:
1337:
830:
812:
788:
50:
1959:
960:
Department has launched 31 new investigations into these complaints since October 2023.
1945:
1497:
800:
104:
1819:
1581:
1409:"Key Changes Would Alter The Government's Massive Survey On Schools And Civil Rights"
1371:
1309:
1100:
852:
athletic interests and abilities, and Title IX protections for transgender students.
818:
738:
1791:"Cornell and Columbia among 7 schools under scrutiny for antisemitism, Islamophobia"
1607:
1469:
633:
559:
37:
1040:
1015:
90:
86:
1812:"Revealed: Emory University investigated over alleged anti-Muslim discrimination"
1553:
876:
856:"Dear Colleague" Letter: Guidance on Addressing Sexual Harassment/Sexual Violence
776:
725:
649:
1950:
679:
2011:
794:
717:
706:
695:
691:
664:
654:
2235:
1823:
1104:
410:
1493:"55 Colleges Named in Federal Inquiry Into Handling of Sexual Assault Cases"
2020:
1016:"Catherine Lhamon, Assistant Secretary, Office for Civil Rights; Biography"
936:—violates the rights to due process for both institutions and individuals.
759:
620:
843:
administration's OCR has been active in issuing such guidance, including:
1331:
US Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights Guidance: An Update
1204:"Title VI and Title IX Religious Discrimination in Schools and Colleges"
992:
Inside the "Administrative State": The Enigmatic Office for Civil Rights
1329:
Borkowski, John W.; Samples, Elizabeth S.; Luningham, Katie Jo (2016).
1041:
Russlynn Ali, Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights (October 26, 2010).
2169:
White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans
2153:
White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities
2166:
White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education
758:
is the head of the OCR. The Assistant Secretary is also the primary
1093:"Wider Definition of Judaism Is Likely to Aid Crackdown on Colleges"
1928:
1795:
1063:
948:
903:
660:
521:
1954:
1066:(Title IX), which prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex;
1048:. United States Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights
2157:
White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
1126:"Education Department Backs Away From Anti-Semitism Safeguards"
756:
United States Assistant Secretary of Education for Civil Rights
554:
2162:
White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics
915:
White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault
1989:
1328:
1951:
Oral History Interview with Peter Holms (Director, 1973)
2086:
Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services
1635:"Education Dept. opens Title IX investigation of Brown"
1391:"Questions and Answers on Title IX and Sexual Violence"
1072:
Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
837:
1388:
1306:
A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power
663:
of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 (in 34 C.F.R.
867:
Questions and Answers on Title IX and Sexual Violence
1491:
Steinhauer, Jennifer; Joachim, David (May 1, 2014).
1034:
2209:Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance
1765:"4 More Colleges Face Civil Rights Investigations"
1490:
954:
897:
2233:
2139:Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education
1549:"55 Colleges Face Sexual Assault Investigations"
2252:Civil rights organizations in the United States
1872:"U of Illinois, Jewish Groups Reach Resolution"
888:
2242:United States Department of Education agencies
1975:
1924:"College campus antisemitism hearing, take 2"
1604:"US Ed Dept adds 12 Schools to Title IX List"
1433:
1431:
1429:
1068:Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
975:
873:Dear Colleague Letter on Transgender Students
588:
2106:Office of Elementary and Secondary Education
1064:Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
2194:National Assessment of Educational Progress
1895:
1361:
1231:"Fighting back against campus antisemitism"
942:
1982:
1968:
1484:
1426:
1150:
595:
581:
1921:
1788:
1277:
1176:
162:History of education in the United States
2052:National Center for Education Statistics
1546:
1540:
1518:
1406:
1389:Office of Civil Rights (April 4, 2011).
1060:Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
733:Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
642:Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
78:Department of Education Organization Act
1789:Quilantan, Bianca (November 17, 2023).
1465:"By making war, US unleashed mass rape"
1462:
619:that is primarily focused on enforcing
2234:
2189:Education Resources Information Center
2101:Office of English Language Acquisition
2090:Rehabilitation Services Administration
1596:
1512:
1303:
1151:Algemeiner, The (September 29, 2023).
703:Boy Scouts of America Equal Access Act
53:, Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights
2221:National Board for Education Sciences
1991:United States Department of Education
1963:
1809:
1736:
1574:
1568:
1407:Marshall, Alexis (October 19, 2019).
1235:Journal for the Study of Antisemitism
1229:Klaff, Lesley D. (December 1, 2011).
1228:
1091:Green, Erica L. (December 11, 2019).
1090:
187:History of education in New York City
177:History of education in Massachusetts
2095:Office of Special Education Programs
2080:Office of Innovation and Improvement
1955:Oral Histories of the American South
1922:Quilantan, Bianca (April 15, 2024).
1869:
1654:
1632:
1626:
1362:Heriot, Gail; Somin, Alison (2018).
1177:Goldfeder, Mark (October 24, 2023).
1058:The statutes that enforces include
838:Guidance to educational institutions
827:(Acting) (August 2020-November 2021)
764:United States Secretary of Education
2216:National Assessment Governing Board
2110:Office of Safe and Healthy Students
1737:Lapin, Andrew (February 29, 2024).
1577:"On Sexual Harassment and Title IX"
1456:
1368:Texas Journal of Law & Politics
1278:Goldfeder, Mark (October 4, 2023).
769:Former Assistant Secretaries were:
13:
2143:Office of Postsecondary Education
1308:. Simon and Schuster. p. 44.
984:
14:
2263:
1939:
1762:
1633:Lamb, Katherine (July 23, 2014).
1575:Smith, Robert (August 30, 2014).
1463:Carroll, James (March 16, 2015).
2061:
1896:D'Auria, Peter (April 3, 2023).
1547:Kingkade, Tyler (July 1, 2014).
1304:Carter, Jimmy (March 25, 2014).
564:
553:
182:History of education in Missouri
172:History of education in Kentucky
2212:National Institute for Literacy
2048:Institute of Education Sciences
2006:(Education Department Building)
1946:Office for Civil Rights Website
1915:
1889:
1863:
1837:
1803:
1782:
1756:
1730:
1704:
1678:
1400:
1382:
1355:
1322:
1297:
1271:
806:Stephanie J. Monroe (2005–2008)
672:Americans with Disabilities Act
167:History of education in Chicago
2247:Education in the United States
1810:Pratt, Timothy (May 2, 2024).
1610:. July 2, 2014. Archived from
1519:Newman, Jonah; Sander, Libby.
1245:
1222:
1196:
1170:
1144:
1118:
1084:
1008:
955:Shared Ancestry investigations
898:Sexual violence investigations
815:(August 2013–January 2017). .
782:Harry M. Singleton (1982–1985)
736:“Marcus Doctrine,” named for
714:Age Discrimination Act of 1975
502:Full-service community schools
1:
2184:National Library of Education
2072:Deputy Secretary of Education
2025:Deputy Secretary of Education
1526:Chronicle of Higher Education
1002:
919:New Campus Anti-Rape Movement
785:LeGree S. Daniels (1987–1989)
749:
105:ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr
2126:Under Secretary of Education
1443:U.S. Department of Education
1020:U.S. Department of Education
889:Civil Rights Data Collection
617:U.S. Department of Education
65:U.S. Department of Education
7:
2115:Office of Migrant Education
480:For-profit higher education
10:
2268:
1690:US Department of Education
990:Melnick, R. Shep (2024). "
688:Rehabilitation Act of 1973
626:
433:School corporal punishment
2203:Independent organizations
2202:
2176:
2124:
2070:
2059:
2033:
1997:
1743:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1179:"UPenn donors were right"
809:Russlynn Ali (2009–2012),
615:) is a sub-agency of the
468:School-to-work transition
99:
70:
60:
43:
33:
28:
1336:(Report). Archived from
976:Concluded investigations
943:Concluded investigations
869:, issued April 29, 2014.
571:United States portal
117:This article is part of
2043:Office for Civil Rights
1043:"Letter to a Colleague"
833:(November 2021-present)
821:(August 2018–July 2020)
773:Cynthia G. Brown (1980)
609:Office for Civil Rights
289:Education policy issues
258:Environmental education
24:Office for Civil Rights
2035:Secretary of Education
2016:Secretary of Education
2003:400 Maryland Avenue SW
1640:The Brown Daily Herald
1521:"Promise Unfulfilled?"
858:, issued April 4, 2011
426:Standards-based reform
401:Gender achievement gap
391:Racial achievement gap
324:Educational attainment
934:Dear colleague letter
744:Dear Colleague Letter
492:Research universities
359:Student financial aid
354:Graduate unemployment
329:Post-secondary issues
305:Primary and secondary
268:Mathematics education
1849:www.jacksonlewis.com
1614:on September 3, 2014
1259:. September 28, 2023
1183:eJewish Philanthropy
560:Education portal
396:Desegregation busing
349:Elite overproduction
278:Vocational education
2134:Federal Student Aid
1662:"30 July 2014 List"
1343:on January 17, 2018
1070:(Section 504); and
1022:. November 17, 2021
831:Catherine E. Lhamon
813:Catherine E. Lhamon
789:Michael L. Williams
686:Section 504 of the
513:Levels of education
485:For-profit colleges
453:Foreign involvement
51:Catherine E. Lhamon
25:
1763:Knott, Katherine.
1692:. November 5, 2014
1498:The New York Times
1210:. January 10, 2020
1157:www.algemeiner.com
1097:The New York Times
930:End Rape on Campus
928:and co-founder of
801:Gerald A. Reynolds
475:Community colleges
421:School segregation
339:Cost and financing
263:Language education
23:
2229:
2228:
1870:Anderson, Greta.
1582:RealClearPolitics
1315:978-1-4767-7397-1
819:Kenneth L. Marcus
739:Kenneth L. Marcus
605:
604:
458:Special education
448:Sexual harassment
241:Medical education
195:Curriculum topics
131:
111:
110:
61:Parent department
2259:
2065:
2064:
1984:
1977:
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1961:
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1934:
1933:
1919:
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1893:
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1876:Inside Higher Ed
1867:
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1841:
1835:
1834:
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1807:
1801:
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1769:Inside Higher Ed
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1630:
1624:
1623:
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1619:
1608:Associated Press
1600:
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1516:
1510:
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1507:
1505:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1470:The Boston Globe
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1435:
1424:
1423:
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1419:
1404:
1398:
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1215:
1200:
1194:
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1191:
1189:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1132:. March 29, 2006
1130:The New York Sun
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1012:
682:
670:Title II of the
652:
634:Washington, D.C.
597:
590:
583:
569:
568:
567:
558:
557:
497:Community school
416:Racial diversity
386:Achievement gaps
290:
152:in insular areas
134:
130:Education in the
129:
113:
112:
107:
44:Agency executive
38:Washington, D.C.
26:
22:
2267:
2266:
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2258:
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2256:
2232:
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2225:
2198:
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2005:
1993:
1988:
1942:
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