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elements connecting the upper buoyant hull (called a hard tank) with the bottom soft tank containing permanent ballast; and the "cell spar", which is built from multiple vertical cylinders. The spar has more inherent stability than a TLP since it has a large counterweight at the bottom and does not depend on the mooring to hold it upright. It also has the ability, by adjusting the mooring line tensions (using chain-jacks attached to the mooring lines), to move horizontally and to position itself over wells at some distance from the main platform location. The first production spar was
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402:. As the pontoons were not sufficiently buoyant to support the weight of the rig and its consumables, it was towed between locations at a draught midway between the top of the pontoons and the underside of the deck. It was noticed that the motions at this draught were very small, and Blue Water Drilling and Shell jointly decided to try operating the rig in its floating mode. The concept of an anchored, stable floating deep-sea platform had been designed and tested back in the 1920s by
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usually receive higher salaries than onshore workers do. Supplies and waste are transported by ship, and the supply deliveries need to be carefully planned because storage space on the platform is limited. Today, much effort goes into relocating as many of the personnel as possible onshore, where management and technical experts are in touch with the platform by video conferencing. An onshore job is also more attractive for the aging workforce in the
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1140:(GBS), which sits on the ocean floor, is 111 metres (364 ft) high and has storage capacity for 1.3 million barrels (210,000 m) of crude oil in its 85-metre (279 ft) high caisson. The platform acts as a small concrete island with serrated outer edges designed to withstand the impact of an
856:. These MODUs (Mobile Offshore Drilling Units) are typically used in water depths up to 120 metres (390 ft), although some designs can go to 170 m (560 ft) depth. They are designed to move from place to place, and then anchor themselves by deploying their legs to the ocean bottom using a
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Offshore manned facilities also present logistics and human resources challenges. An offshore oil platform is a small community in itself with cafeteria, sleeping quarters, management and other support functions. In the North Sea, staff members are transported by helicopter for a two-week shift. They
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Given the number of grievances and conspiracy theories that involve the oil business, and the importance of gas/oil platforms to the economy, platforms in the United States are believed to be potential terrorist targets. Agencies and military units responsible for maritime counter-terrorism in the US
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Spars are moored to the seabed like TLPs, but whereas a TLP has vertical tension tethers, a spar has more conventional mooring lines. Spars have to-date been designed in three configurations: the "conventional" one-piece cylindrical hull; the "truss spar", in which the midsection is composed of truss
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to cause the structure to float, but of weight sufficient to keep the structure upright. Semi-submersible platforms can be moved from place to place and can be ballasted up or down by altering the amount of flooding in buoyancy tanks. They are generally anchored by combinations of chain, wire rope or
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and swamp barges), combined drilling and production facilities, either bottom-founded or floating platforms, and deepwater mobile offshore drilling units (MODU), including semi-submersibles and drillships. These are capable of operating in water depths up to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). In shallower
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Aquatic organisms invariably attach themselves to the undersea portions of oil platforms, turning them into artificial reefs. In the Gulf of Mexico and offshore
California, the waters around oil platforms are popular destinations for sports and commercial fishermen, because of the greater numbers of
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These platforms consist of slender, flexible towers and a pile foundation supporting a conventional deck for drilling and production operations. Compliant towers are designed to sustain significant lateral deflections and forces, and are typically used in water depths ranging from 370 to 910 metres
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When a hurricane enters the GOM, oil production and transportation pipelines in the (expected) path of the storm shut down, crews are evacuated, and refineries and processing plants along the Gulf coast close. Drilling rigs pull pipe and move out of the projected path of the storm, if possible, or
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Offshore oil and gas production is more challenging than land-based installations due to the remote and harsher environment. Much of the innovation in the offshore petroleum sector concerns overcoming these challenges, including the need to provide very large production facilities. Production and
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storage capability. It is mainly installed by pulling it off the yard, by either wet-tow or/and dry-tow, and self-installing by controlled ballasting of the compartments with sea water. To position the GBS during installation, the GBS may be connected to either a transportation barge or any other
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A GBS can either be steel or concrete and is usually anchored directly onto the seabed. Steel GBS are predominantly used when there is no or limited availability of crane barges to install a conventional fixed offshore platform, for example in the
Caspian Sea. There are several steel GBS's in the
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A drillship is a maritime vessel that has been fitted with drilling apparatus. It is most often used for exploratory drilling of new oil or gas wells in deep water but can also be used for scientific drilling. Early versions were built on a modified tanker hull, but purpose-built designs are used
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was highly critical of a number of areas, including, but not limited to, management within the company, the design of the structure, and the Permit to Work System. The report was commissioned in 1988, and was delivered in
November 1990. The accident greatly accelerated the practice of providing
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TLPs are floating platforms tethered to the seabed in a manner that eliminates most vertical movement of the structure. TLPs are used in water depths up to about 2,000 meters (6,600 feet). The "conventional" TLP is a 4-column design that looks similar to a semisubmersible. Proprietary versions
1840:. The increased use of subsea facilities helps achieve the objective of keeping more workers onshore. Subsea facilities are also easier to expand, with new separators or different modules for different oil types, and are not limited by the fixed floor space of an above-water installation.
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in high volume from this natural gas at low cost. This process operates at around 1000 °C and removes carbon in a solid form from the methane, producing hydrogen. The carbon can then be pumped underground and is not released into the atmosphere. It is being evaluated in such research
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Offshore rigs are shut down during hurricanes. In the Gulf of Mexico hurricanes are increasing because of the increasing number of oil platforms that heat surrounding air with methane, it is estimated that U.S. Gulf of Mexico, oil and gas facilities emit approximately 500000 tons of
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Another type of offshore platform may float with a mooring system to maintain it on location. While a floating system may be lower cost in deeper waters than a fixed platform, the dynamic nature of the platforms introduces many challenges for the drilling and production facilities.
1641:, instead of being dismantled (at great cost), because he has found them to be havens for many of the species of fish which are otherwise declining in the region, in the course of 11 years of research. Love is funded mainly by government agencies, but also in small part by the
905:. FPSOs consist of large monohull structures, generally (but not always) shipshaped, equipped with processing facilities. These platforms are moored to a location for extended periods, and do not actually drill for oil or gas. Some variants of these applications, called
337:), that completed its historic Ship Shoal Block 32 well in October 1947, months before Superior actually drilled a discovery from their Vermilion platform farther offshore. In any case, that made Kerr-McGee's well the first oil discovery drilled out of sight of land.
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it up to a platform, or by flowing to onshore, with no installations visible above the sea. Subsea installations help to exploit resources at progressively deeper waters—locations that had been inaccessible—and overcome challenges posed by sea ice such as in the
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A typical oil production platform is self-sufficient in energy and water needs, housing electrical generation, water desalinators and all of the equipment necessary to process oil and gas such that it can be either delivered directly onshore by pipeline or to a
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include the
Seastar and MOSES mini TLPs; they are relatively low cost, used in water depths between 180 and 1,300 metres (590 and 4,270 ft). Mini TLPs can also be used as utility, satellite or early production platforms for larger deepwater discoveries.
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When offshore drilling moved into deeper waters of up to 30 metres (98 ft), fixed platform rigs were built, until demands for drilling equipment was needed in the 30 metres (98 ft) to 120 metres (390 ft) depth of the Gulf of Mexico, the first
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are popular because they are sheltered and deep enough) and then floated to their final position where they are sunk to the seabed. Fixed platforms are economically feasible for installation in water depths up to about 520 m (1,710 ft).
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legs, or both, anchored directly onto the seabed, supporting the deck with space for drilling rigs, production facilities and crew quarters. Such platforms are, by virtue of their immobility, designed for very long term use (for instance the
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platforms will also have facilities to accommodate the workers, although it is also common to have a separate accommodation platform linked by bridge to the production platform. Most commonly, oil platforms engage in activities on the
1587:, killing 11 people, and sank two days later. The resulting undersea gusher, conservatively estimated to exceed 20 million US gallons (76,000 m) as of early June 2010, became the worst oil spill in US history, eclipsing the
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Not all of the following personnel are present on every platform. On smaller platforms, one worker can perform a number of different jobs. The following also are not names officially recognized in the industry:
760:. Steel jackets are structural sections made of tubular steel members, and are usually piled into the seabed. To see more details regarding Design, construction and installation of such platforms refer to: and.
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barge (provided it is large enough to support the GBS) using strand jacks. The jacks shall be released gradually whilst the GBS is ballasted to ensure that the GBS does not sway too much from target location.
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are considered the direct predecessors of modern offshore platforms. Having been pre-constructed in a very short time, they were then floated to their location and placed on the shallow bottom of the
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In 1938, Humble Oil built a mile-long wooden trestle with railway tracks into the sea at McFadden Beach on the Gulf of Mexico, placing a derrick at its end – this was later destroyed by a hurricane.
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2898:. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 16th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS).
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1792:. The addition increases the equivalent circulating density and downhole pressures in drilling wells, as well as the energy needed to lift produced fluids for separation on the platform.
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Automation systems specialist, to configure, maintain and troubleshoot the process control systems (PCS), process safety systems, emergency support systems and vessel management systems;
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The nature of their operation—extraction of volatile substances sometimes under extreme pressure in a hostile environment—means risk; accidents and tragedies occur regularly. The U.S.
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or FSU (floating storage unit), are used exclusively for storage purposes, and host very little process equipment. This is one of the best sources for having floating production.
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concept, often have in-built oil storage in tanks below the sea surface and these tanks were often used as a flotation capability, allowing them to be built close to shore (
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and was built at a cost of $ 3 billion. The deepest operational platform is the
Petrobras America Cascade FPSO in the Walker Ridge 249 field in 2,600 meters of water.
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reported 69 offshore deaths, 1,349 injuries, and 858 fires and explosions on offshore rigs in the Gulf of Mexico from 2001 to 2010. On July 6, 1988, 167 people died when
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is also generated, which is water brought to the surface along with the oil and gas; it is usually highly saline and may include dissolved or unseparated hydrocarbons.
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each year, corresponding to a loss of produced gas of 2.9 percent. The increasing number of oil rigs also increase movement of oil tankers which also increases CO
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1144:. The GBS contains production storage tanks and the remainder of the void space is filled with ballast with the entire structure weighing in at 1.2 million
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located in 1,710 m (5,610 ft) of water in the Gulf of Mexico, was the world's deepest spar until 2010. The world's deepest platform as of 2011 was the
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As of June, 2010, there were over 620 mobile offshore drilling rigs (Jackups, semisubs, drillships, barges) available for service in the competitive rig fleet.
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presents environmental challenges, both from the produced hydrocarbons and the materials used during the drilling operation. Controversies include the ongoing
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Jack-up Mobile
Drilling Units (or jack-ups), as the name suggests, are rigs that can be jacked up above the sea using legs that can be lowered, much like
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2892:"Diver-based under water survey techniques used to assess fish populations and fouling community development on offshore oil and gas platform structures"
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and emergency shelter. They are designed to be operated remotely under normal conditions, only to be visited occasionally for routine maintenance or
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programs, in which former oil platforms are left in the sea, either in place or towed to new locations, as permanent artificial reefs. In the US
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to issue an
Executive Order unilaterally extending American territory to the edge of its continental shelf, an act that effectively ended the
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There are many different types of facilities from which offshore drilling operations take place. These include bottom-founded drilling rigs (
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by the LeTourneau
Company, it was launched in December 1955, and christened "Scorpion". The Scorpion was put into operation in May 1956 off
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laboratories as
Karlsruhe Liquid-metal Laboratory (KALLA). and the chemical engineering team at University of California – Santa Barbara
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1059:. They are designed to operate in conjunction with a static production platform which is connected to the platform by flow lines or by
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from oil tankers or pipelines transporting oil from the platform to onshore facilities, and from leaks and accidents on the platform.
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was launched in 1963. Since then, many semi-submersibles have been purpose-designed for the drilling industry mobile offshore fleet.
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679:) Vertically moored tension leg and mini-tension leg platform (deepest: ConocoPhillips's Magnolia in 2004 1,425 m/4,674 ft GOM)
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Catering crew, including people tasked with performing essential functions such as cooking, laundry and cleaning the accommodation;
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The first truss spars were Kerr-McGee's
Boomvang and Nansen. The first (and, as of 2010, only) cell spar is Kerr-McGee's Red Hawk.
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2360:"Contracts let for Marjan oil field development. (Saudi Arabian Oil Co. bids out offshore development contracts) (Saudi Arabia)"
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Diagram showing the operation of a typical oil platform: 1. Drilling rig; 2. Rock layers; 3. Oil drills; 4. Oil and natural gas.
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who is the ultimate authority during his/her shift and makes the essential decisions regarding the operation of the platform;
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waters, the mobile units are anchored to the seabed. However, in deeper water (more than 1,500 metres (4,900 ft)), the
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polyester rope, or both, during drilling and/or production operations, though they can also be kept in place by the use of
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2866:"Ecological Performance and Trophic Links: Comparisons Among Platforms And Natural Reefs For Selected Fish And Their Prey"
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world today (e.g. offshore Turkmenistan Waters (Caspian Sea) and offshore New Zealand). Steel GBS do not usually provide
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In early 1947, Superior Oil erected a drilling/production platform in 20 ft (6.1 m) of water some 18 miles off
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In British waters, the cost of removing all platform rig structures entirely was estimated in 2013 at ÂŁ30 billion.
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Drill crew will be on board if the installation is performing drilling operations. A drill crew will normally comprise:
707:) Sub-sea completion and tie-back to host facility (deepest: Shell's Coulomb tie to NaKika 2004, 2,307 m/ 7,570 ft)
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Second mate to meet manning requirements of flag state, operates fast rescue craft, cargo operations, fire team leader;
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modeled after the Hess Baldpate platform, which stands 2,100 feet (640 m) above the ocean floor. It is one of the
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Third mate to meet manning requirements of flag state, operate fast rescue craft, cargo operations, fire team leader;
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Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf
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connections. These sub-sea facilities may include one or more subsea wells or manifold centres for multiple wells.
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for the purpose of operating aircraft with an invention known as the "seadrome". The first purpose-built drilling
302:) drilled at a site 18 miles (29 km) off the coast, erecting a platform in 18 feet (5.5 m) of water off
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273:) used a fixed platform to develop a field in 14 feet (4.3 m) of water, one mile (1.6 km) offshore of
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system to maintain position over the well. They can drill in water depths up to 3,700 m (12,100 ft).
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1507:, exploded after a gas leak. The resulting investigation conducted by Lord Cullen and publicized in the first
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can also supply them, as well as tow them to location and serve as standby rescue and firefighting vessels.
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began appearing from specialized offshore drilling contractors such as forerunners of ENSCO International.
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These installations, sometimes called toadstools, are small platforms, consisting of little more than a
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Pictorial treatment on the installation of platforms which extend from the seabed to the ocean surface
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3362:"Saudi Arabia unveils plan to build a massive adventure tourism destination 'The Rig': Check details"
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701:) Floating production, storage, and offloading facility (deepest: 2005, 1,345 m/4,429 ft Brazil)
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3143:"BASF researchers working on fundamentally new, low-carbon production processes, Methane Pyrolysis"
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levels which directly warm water in the zone, warm waters are a key factor for hurricanes to form.
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such as Safaniya, Manifa and Marjan which belong to Saudi Arabia and are developed by Saudi Aramco.
80:. In some arrangements the main facility may have storage facilities for the processed oil. Remote
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1836:, at least in the western world. These efforts among others are contained in the established term
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The great distance from land can make rescue operations more difficult as in the capsizing of the
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823:. Semi-submersibles can be used in water depths from 60 to 6,000 metres (200 to 20,000 ft).
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1162:. It is the largest floating offshore facility. It is approximately 488m long and 74m wide with
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developed the first mobile steel barges for drilling in the brackish coastal areas of the gulf.
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1812:(means of protecting offshore installations against ice action includes burial in the seabed).
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Neptune, anchored in 590 m (1,940 ft) in the Gulf of Mexico; however, spars (such as
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663:) Conventional fixed platforms (deepest: Shell's Bullwinkle in 1991 at 412 m/1,353 ft GOM)
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and featured three electro-mechanically operated lattice-type legs. Built on the shores of the
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Crane operators to operate the cranes for lifting cargo around the platform and between boats;
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Dynamic positioning operator, navigation, ship or vessel maneuvering (MODU), station keeping,
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3203:"low-cost, low-emissions technology that can convert methane into hydrogen without forming CO
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owned and operated the four-column submersible Blue Water Rig No.1 in the Gulf of Mexico for
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Around 1896, the first submerged oil wells in salt water were drilled in the portion of the
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Ronalds, BF (2005). "Applicability ranges for offshore oil and gas production facilities".
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669:) Compliant tower (deepest: ChevronTexaco's Petronius in 1998 at 534 m /1,754 ft GOM)
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Offshore Operations Engineer (OOE) who is the senior technical authority on the platform;
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Offshore Methods Engineer (OME) who defines the installation methodology of the platform;
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Scaffolders to rig up scaffolding for when it is required for workers to work at height;
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or tanker loading facility, or both. Elements in the oil/gas production process include
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170:. The wide but shallow reservoir was built from 1837 to 1845 to provide water to the
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In 1945, concern for American control of its offshore oil reserves caused President
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Larger platforms are assisted by smaller ESVs (emergency support vessels) like the
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Other notable early submerged drilling activities occurred on the Canadian side of
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living accommodations on separate platforms, away from those used for extraction.
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To reduce the amount of carbon emissions otherwise released into the atmosphere,
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spar in the Gulf of Mexico, floating in 2,438 metres of water. It is operated by
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Around 1891, the first submerged oil wells were drilled from platforms built on
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695:) Semi-submersibles (deepest: Shell's NaKika in 2003, 1920 m/6,300 ft GOM)
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2778:"Gen. Stanley McChrystal explains what most people get wrong about Navy SEALs"
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in the 1910s. Shortly thereafter, wells were drilled in tidal zones along the
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3022:"Methane Emissions from Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms in the Gulf of Mexico"
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http://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/reports/decommissioning-in-the-north-sea
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2985:"The impact of extreme weather on offshore production in the Gulf of Mexico"
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map of the 3,858 oil and gas platforms extant in the Gulf of Mexico in 2006.
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in the Gulf of Mexico, floating in 2,438 meters of water. It is operated by
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The offshore can be in itself a hazardous environment. In March 1980, the '
1389:
1245:(platform supply vessels) keep the platforms provisioned and supplied, and
641:
629:
615:
573:
524:
520:
376:
345:
288:
284:
3330:"SpaceX acquires former oil rigs to serve as floating Starship spaceports"
2816:. Archived from the original on 2013-11-09 – via sero.nmfs.noaa.gov.
2689:
2108:"Beyond Sight of Land: A History of Oil Exploration in the Gulf of Mexico"
1777:
drilling facilities may be very large and a large investment, such as the
1637:
Milton Love has proposed that oil platforms off California be retained as
4615:
1935:
1815:
1805:
1503:
offshore production platform, on the Piper field in the UK sector of the
1500:
1403:
1384:
1084:
951:
602:
548:
537:
484:
450:
244:
52:
3298:"Ageing oil rigs could be used to store carbon and fight climate change"
2495:"Significant Guidance for Design and Construction of Marine and Offsho…"
2469:"An Overview of Design, Analysis, Construction and Installation of Off…"
1856:
in the Gulf of Mexico in a water depth of 2,450 metres (8,040 ft).
235:
The oldest offshore well recorded in Infield's offshore database is the
23:
The Lun-A (Lunskoye-A) platform, located off the north eastern coast of
3459:
2896:
The Diving for Science, "Methods and Techniques of Underwater Research"
2389:"Russian Rosneft announces major oil, gas discovery in Arctic Kara Sea"
2141:
1899:
1712:
of natural gas pumped up by oil platforms is a possible alternative to
1665:
Smoke from controlled oil fire in Gulf of Mexico, Louisiana, after the
1599:
1576:
1551:
1379:
1364:
1322:
1158:
facility, which is situated approximately 200 km off the coast of
983:
832:
513:
384:
364:
360:
314:
299:
240:
201:
186:
102:
2212:"Rowan Companies marks 50th anniversary of landmark LeTourneau jackup"
1077:
3302:
1950:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1526:
1504:
1424:
1408:
1374:
1174:
1030:
869:
480:
466:
439:
417:
229:
205:
197:
143:
111:
48:
2107:
969:
685:) Spar (deepest: Shell's Perdido in 2010, 2,450 m/8,000 ft GOM)
47:, etc.) is a large structure with facilities to extract and process
3020:
Yacovitch, Tara I.; Daube, Conner; Herndon, Scott C. (2020-03-09).
2957:
1859:
Non-floating compliant towers and fixed platforms, by water depth:
1717:
1685:
Offshore oil production involves environmental risks, most notably
1192:
1052:
1022:
815:
778:
740:
566:
24:
2183:"Azerbaijan's Oil History: Brief Oil Chronology since 1920 Part 2"
2156:
1310:
Coxswains to maintain the lifeboats and manning them if necessary;
1875:
1713:
1413:
1325:
1141:
1026:
842:
767:
584:
552:
492:
488:
159:
16:
Offshore ocean structure with oil drilling and related facilities
3398:
Collection of pictures of drilling rigs and production platforms
2414:"Year 2006 National Assessment – Alaska Outer Continental Shelf"
1827:
Polymariner which contains sleeping quarters for the crew, 1982.
1795:
The trend today is to conduct more of the production operations
1355:
1313:
Control room operators, especially FPSO or production platforms;
1051:, are small unmanned platforms consisting of little more than a
814:
These platforms have hulls (columns and pontoons) of sufficient
3464:
2811:"Decommissioning and Rigs-to-Reefs in the Gulf of Mexico: FAQs"
2304:
1995:
1980:
1824:
1799:, by separating water from oil and re-injecting it rather than
1796:
1619:
1539:
1516:
1331:
Maintenance technicians (instrument, electrical or mechanical).
1230:
1204:
1119:
1092:
771:
752:). Various types of structure are used: steel jacket, concrete
619:
556:
528:
425:
353:
349:
251:
84:
wells may also be connected to a platform by flow lines and by
81:
56:
2140:
Ref accessed 02-12-89 by technical aspects and coast mapping.
1764:, there are plans to repurpose decommissioned oil rigs into a
846:
781:
774:
744:
580:
476:
213:
3402:
An independent review of offshore platforms in the North Sea
3079:"The reaction that would give us clean fossil fuels forever"
1716:
for consideration. Methane pyrolysis produces non-polluting
1650:
1155:
1122:
is the world's heaviest offshore platform, located on the
913:
190:
167:
2718:
http://www.oilandgas.org.uk/issues/piperalpha/v0000864.cfm
2157:"Project Redsand CIO | Protecting The Redsand Towers"
1095:. Almost all of the 600KT structure will end up submerged.
903:
FPSO (floating production, storage, and offloading system)
897:
View of the Port of Las Palmas from the dock of La Esfinge
583:(Mumbai High, K G Basin-East Coast Of India, Tapti Field,
1788:
The ocean can add several thousand meters or more to the
1301:
Ballast control operator to operate fire and gas systems;
1282:
PSTL or operations coordinator for managing crew changes;
1145:
989:
712:(Numbered from left to right; all records from 2005 data)
60:
1010:
19:
1580:
334:
114:
are maintained at the required drilling location using
1542:
exploded and sank five days later, killing 11 people.
3019:
2889:
2301:"RIGZONE – Offshore Rig Data, Onshore Fleet Analysis"
2180:
243:. Landfill was used to raise shallow portions of the
3442:
1178:
A platform supply vessel for an oil platform in the
512:
the Caspian Sea (notably some major fields offshore
2577:"The offshore drilling life: cramped and dangerous"
2547:"Deep Gulf drilling thrives 18 mos. after BP spill"
2445:"NOAA Ocean Explorer: Expedition to the Deep Slope"
2057:
10 Reasons Not to Drill for Oil Offshore of Florida
1337:
Radio operator to operate all radio communications.
27:
and is a concrete gravity base substructure (CGBS).
1808:. One such challenge in shallower environments is
901:The main types of floating production systems are
640:Larger lake- and sea-based offshore platforms and
2151:
2149:
1848:The world's deepest oil platform is the floating
1340:Store Keeper, keeping the inventory well supplied
1241:operation is required. During normal operations,
1233:that are summoned when something has gone wrong,
434:One of the world's deepest hubs is currently the
394:resulted from an unexpected observation in 1961.
4628:
3177:free hydrogen from natural gas for energy usage"
2890:Cox SA, Beaver CR, Dokken QR, Rooker JR (1996).
2863:
2243:"History of offshore drilling units – PetroWiki"
917:
731:A fixed platform base under construction on the
4601:List of visionary tall buildings and structures
3237:"The Afterlife of Old Offshore Oil Rigs – ASME"
1476:platform which claimed the lives of 123 people.
2146:
1643:California Artificial Reef Enhancement Program
1343:Technician to record the fluid levels in tanks
1066:
916:facility is in production. See the section on
882:
3428:
2690:"Potential for big spill after oil rig sinks"
2330:"UPDATE 1-Shell starts production at Perdido"
1656:
1319:Production techs to run the production plant;
1004:and was built at a cost of $ 3 billion.
572:major offshore oil fields are located in the
2189:. Vol. 11, no. 2. pp. 56–63.
1359:Welders performing repairs on a Jack-up rig.
1036:
907:FSO (floating storage and offloading system)
875:today. Most drillships are outfitted with a
803:
3321:
2868:. University of California, Santa Barbara.
889:Floating production, storage and offloading
3435:
3421:
2918:. Archived from the original on 2016-08-19
2324:
2322:
938:
193:extending from land out into the channel.
142:Tender and offshore oil rig platform near
3327:
3045:
3000:
2760:"Potential Threats To Offshore Platforms"
1966:Offshore oil and gas in the United States
1757:for use with heavy-lift launch vehicles.
1169:
1166:of around 600,000t when fully ballasted.
428:project to drill into the Earth's crust.
3245:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
1814:
1672:
1660:
1598:
1479:
1467:
1354:
1173:
1076:
968:
892:
836:
826:
726:
651:Types of offshore oil and gas structures
646:
449:
149:
137:
125:
55:that lie in rock formations beneath the
18:
2843:"Vacation in Rome? Or on That Oil Rig?"
2631:"What is the World's Tallest Building?"
2475:from the original on September 29, 2018
2319:
2020:
1894:Benguela-Belize Lobito-Tomboco Platform
1810:seabed gouging by drifting ice features
1653:populations surrounding the platforms.
1347:
923:
445:
4629:
3106:
3076:
3026:Environmental Science & Technology
2982:
2961:(internet video). 2008. Archived from
2840:
2575:Fahley, Jonathan (December 30, 2011).
2574:
2105:
1751:converted to launch rockets into space
1681:could have impacts on the environment.
1458:United States offshore drilling debate
1257:
3416:
3328:Burghardt, Thomas (19 January 2021).
3277:from the original on November 8, 2020
3251:from the original on 20 January 2021.
3200:
2853:from the original on 5 February 2021.
2545:Fahey, Jonathan (December 30, 2011).
2544:
2340:from the original on 21 November 2010
2181:Mir-Yusif Mir-Babayev (Summer 2003).
2106:Morton, Michael Quentin (June 2016).
1594:
1156:Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG)
1011:Normally unmanned installations (NUI)
914:floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG)
239:well which came on stream in 1923 in
3342:from the original on 20 January 2021
3217:from the original on 19 October 2020
3153:from the original on 19 October 2020
3107:Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of.
2864:Page M, Dugan J, Love M, Lenihan H.
1843:
1819:The oil platform Statfjord A in the
1289:operations in the event of incident;
166:(a.k.a. Mercer County Reservoir) in
2757:
2501:from the original on August 5, 2020
1781:standing on a depth of 300 meters.
1487:train on a California oil platform.
1427:. The crew will normally comprise:
1268:OIM (offshore installation manager)
1047:These installations, also known as
788:
13:
3407:Overview of Conventional Platforms
3295:
2775:
2122:from the original on 8 August 2021
2087:from the original on 27 April 2015
1558:) often train for platform raids.
716:
72:to the ocean floor, consist of an
14:
4673:
3383:
3213:. American Institute of Physics.
3109:"Hydrogen from methane without CO
2894:. In Lang MA, Baldwin CC (eds.).
1961:Offshore geotechnical engineering
958:
461:Notable offshore basins include:
298:In 1946, Magnolia Petroleum (now
3444:Tallest buildings and structures
3140:
2983:Kaiser, Mark J. (October 2008).
2366:. March 27, 1992. Archived from
986:) were previously used as FSOs.
4037:Countries with most skyscrapers
3354:
3310:from the original on 2020-10-26
3289:
3255:
3229:
3194:
3183:from the original on 2020-10-30
3165:
3134:
3123:from the original on 2020-10-21
3100:
3089:from the original on 2020-10-26
3070:
3013:
2976:
2943:
2909:– via Rubicon Foundation.
2902:from the original on 2009-08-22
2883:
2872:from the original on 2008-05-09
2857:
2834:
2803:
2784:
2769:
2751:
2740:from the original on 2008-04-08
2722:
2711:
2700:from the original on 2015-07-21
2682:
2653:
2623:
2598:
2587:from the original on 2020-02-07
2568:
2557:from the original on 2020-02-03
2538:
2513:
2487:
2461:
2437:
2426:from the original on 2017-09-02
2406:
2395:from the original on 2018-01-07
2381:
2352:
2293:
2282:from the original on 2014-05-10
2264:
2253:from the original on 2017-03-22
2224:from the original on 2017-10-31
2193:from the original on 2016-03-03
2163:from the original on 2017-07-02
2989:Applied Mathematical Modelling
2841:Urbina, Ian (15 August 2015).
2730:"North Sea platform collapses"
2377:– via Highbeam Research.
2235:
2204:
2174:
2134:
2099:
2073:
2049:
2043:10.1016/j.marstruc.2005.06.001
2014:
1724:
1017:Normally unmanned installation
555:, and central Africa, west of
379:, Texas. It was lost in 1969.
189:. The wells were drilled from
1:
4566:Antenna height considerations
3263:"Old oil rigs could become CO
2952:Debate Over Offshore Drilling
2667:. August 2010. Archived from
2007:
1926:List of tallest oil platforms
1771:
1649:have been used to assess the
1614:fish near the platforms. The
1273:Operations Team Leader (OTL);
1073:List of tallest oil platforms
863:
739:These platforms are built on
4561:All buildings and structures
4032:Cities with most skyscrapers
3392:Listing of oil rig accidents
3147:United States Sustainability
2523:. 2010-03-11. Archived from
2272:"Building A Legend - Part 2"
1914:, 366 m (1,201 ft)
1908:, 366 m (1,201 ft)
1902:, 380 m (1,250 ft)
1896:, 390 m (1,280 ft)
1890:, 393 m (1,289 ft)
1884:, 413 m (1,355 ft)
1878:, 472 m (1,549 ft)
1872:, 502 m (1,647 ft)
1866:, 535 m (1,755 ft)
1529:with the loss of 123 lives.
1519:' (floating hotel) platform
1451:
1103:is a compliant tower in the
509:, part of the Ventura Basin)
321:), as operator for partners
317:Oil Industries (now part of
7:
4027:Buildings by height to roof
2364:Middle East Economic Digest
1918:
1667:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
1525:capsized in a storm in the
1493:Minerals Management Service
1456:For fuller discussion, see
1399:Glossary of oilfield jargon
1067:Particularly large examples
973:Devil's Tower spar platform
918:particularly large examples
883:Floating production systems
764:Concrete caisson structures
756:, floating steel, and even
628:the offshore fields in the
396:Blue Water Drilling Company
311:Vermilion Parish, Louisiana
275:Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana
162:in the fresh waters of the
130:Oil wells just offshore at
96:US offshore drilling debate
10:
4678:
2070:, Sunday, January 14, 2018
1657:Effects on the environment
1455:
1423:crew will be on board for
1109:world's tallest structures
1070:
1040:
1014:
962:
942:
927:
886:
867:
830:
807:
800:(1,210 to 2,990 ft).
792:
720:
304:St. Mary Parish, Louisiana
121:
4571:Architectural engineering
4541:
4456:
4193:
4145:
4134:
4092:Skyscrapers by floor area
4009:
3567:
3482:
3473:
3450:
3173:"KITT/IASS – Producing CO
3002:10.1016/j.apm.2007.06.031
2935:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2826:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1755:more are being redesigned
1633:On the US Pacific coast,
1043:Conductor support systems
1037:Conductor support systems
860:gear system on each leg.
810:Semi-submersible platform
804:Semi-submersible platform
4551:Additionally guyed tower
2758:Jenkins, Brian Michael.
2187:Azerbaijan International
1485:United States Navy SEALs
1463:
1431:Well services supervisor
1154:has developed the first
1091:, under construction in
635:
4596:Height restriction laws
4474:Before the 20th century
3047:10.1021/acs.est.9b07148
2765:. The RAND Corporation.
1906:Tombua Landana Platform
1561:On April 21, 2010, the
1252:
1217:oil/gas export metering
1089:gravity-based structure
945:Gravity-based structure
939:Gravity-based structure
404:Edward Robert Armstrong
331:Stanolind Oil & Gas
45:oil production platform
4662:Structural engineering
4657:Natural gas technology
4102:Voluntarily demolished
3617:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2637:. 2009. Archived from
2449:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
2419:. Dept Interior BEOM.
1986:Shallow water drilling
1931:Accommodation platform
1828:
1682:
1670:
1607:
1589:Exxon Valdez oil spill
1488:
1477:
1447:Pump hanger and ranger
1360:
1334:Fully qualified medic.
1183:
1170:Maintenance and supply
1137:gravity base structure
1096:
974:
898:
849:
736:
652:
458:
271:ExxonMobil Corporation
155:
147:
135:
132:Summerland, California
28:
4611:Partially guyed tower
2635:All About Skyscrapers
2564:– via Phys.org.
1838:integrated operations
1818:
1737:can be repurposed to
1676:
1664:
1602:
1522:Alexander L. Kielland
1483:
1474:Alexander L. Kielland
1471:
1358:
1213:water injection pumps
1177:
1080:
972:
896:
840:
827:Jack-up drilling rigs
730:
650:
624:Northwest Territories
507:Santa Barbara Channel
453:
367:. It was designed by
183:Santa Barbara Channel
153:
141:
129:
22:
4647:Petroleum production
4642:Offshore engineering
4556:Air traffic obstacle
3971:United Arab Emirates
2497:. October 31, 2013.
2471:. October 31, 2013.
1497:Occidental Petroleum
1348:Incidental personnel
1287:fire and gas systems
1207:process to dry gas,
1201:production separator
930:Tension-leg platform
924:Tension-leg platform
446:Main offshore basins
319:Occidental Petroleum
267:Superior Oil Company
250:In the early 1930s,
181:extending under the
172:Miami and Erie Canal
164:Grand Lake St. Marys
4652:Drilling technology
4173:former Soviet Union
3500:Indian subcontinent
3038:2020EnST...54.3530Y
2780:. Business Insider.
2661:"FLNG gets serious"
2521:"Chevron Drillship"
2081:"Oil in Azerbaijan"
2068:The Bradenton Times
2035:2005MaStr..18..251R
1900:Gullfaks C Platform
1882:Bullwinkle Platform
1821:Statfjord oil field
1258:Essential personnel
1197:production manifold
1049:satellite platforms
877:dynamic positioning
821:dynamic positioning
766:, pioneered by the
561:offshore fields in
547:several fields off
454:Offshore platform,
416:The first offshore
359:In 1954, the first
344:constructed during
293:freedom of the seas
263:Chevron Corporation
216:and Louisiana. The
116:dynamic positioning
3273:. August 8, 2019.
3201:Fernandez, Sonia.
2847:The New York Times
2796:2014-10-20 at the
2641:on 5 February 2011
2336:. March 31, 2010.
2062:2020-08-05 at the
1991:Submarine pipeline
1946:Deepwater drilling
1864:Petronius Platform
1834:petroleum industry
1829:
1745:below the seabed.
1683:
1671:
1608:
1595:Ecological effects
1489:
1478:
1416:and Welder Helpers
1361:
1184:
1124:Jeanne D'Arc Basin
1101:Petronius Platform
1097:
975:
912:The world's first
899:
850:
737:
653:
618:off the coasts of
594:oil and gas fields
527:off the coasts of
459:
424:developed for the
323:Phillips Petroleum
265:) and its partner
156:
148:
136:
29:
4624:
4623:
4581:Early skyscrapers
4537:
4536:
4469:400 to 500 metres
4464:300 to 400 metres
4130:
4129:
4112:Early skyscrapers
4047:Designed by women
3390:Oil Rig Disasters
3077:Cartwright, Jon.
2995:(10): 1996–2018.
2776:Feloni, Richard.
2606:"First Cell Spar"
2055:Compton, Glenn, "
2023:Marine Structures
1870:Baldpate Platform
1844:Deepest platforms
1710:methane pyrolysis
1573:Venice, Louisiana
1564:Deepwater Horizon
1239:search and rescue
1189:floating platform
1160:Western Australia
1152:Royal Dutch Shell
1130:off the coast of
1002:Royal Dutch Shell
758:floating concrete
750:Hibernia platform
733:Atchafalaya River
503:Los Angeles Basin
400:Shell Oil Company
373:Mississippi River
252:the Texas Company
218:Goose Creek field
92:Offshore drilling
74:artificial island
66:continental shelf
41:offshore platform
4669:
4143:
4142:
4052:Eastern Orthodox
3480:
3479:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3296:Watson, Jeremy.
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3049:
3032:(6): 3530–3538.
3017:
3011:
3010:
3004:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2801:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2726:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2608:. Archived from
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2551:Associated Press
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2303:. Archived from
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2153:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2018:
1912:Harmony Platform
1888:Pompano Platform
1876:Troll A Platform
1779:Troll A platform
1639:artificial reefs
1635:marine biologist
789:Compliant towers
611:north of Siberia
408:semi-submersible
392:semi-submersible
369:R. G. LeTourneau
259:Pure Oil Company
179:Summerland field
108:semisubmersibles
35:(also called an
4677:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4543:
4533:
4529:Twin structures
4452:
4189:
4138:
4126:
4005:
3846:North Macedonia
3563:
3547:Central America
3469:
3446:
3441:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3335:NASASpaceFlight
3326:
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3294:
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3256:
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3018:
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2873:
2862:
2858:
2839:
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2819:
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2813:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2798:Wayback Machine
2789:
2785:
2774:
2770:
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2756:
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2723:
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2688:
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2320:
2310:
2308:
2307:on 8 April 2015
2299:
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2270:
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2256:
2254:
2249:. 2 June 2015.
2241:
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2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2064:Wayback Machine
2054:
2050:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1941:Deep sea mining
1921:
1846:
1774:
1742:
1727:
1704:
1659:
1597:
1575:, (property of
1466:
1461:
1454:
1350:
1260:
1255:
1209:gas compressors
1172:
1075:
1069:
1061:umbilical cable
1045:
1039:
1019:
1013:
967:
965:Spar (platform)
961:
947:
941:
932:
926:
891:
885:
872:
866:
858:rack and pinion
841:Jackup rigs in
835:
829:
812:
806:
797:
795:Compliant tower
791:
725:
719:
717:Fixed platforms
638:
563:South East Asia
542:Atlantic Canada
448:
363:was ordered by
200:since 1913 and
124:
25:Sakhalin Island
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4305:
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4295:
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4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4253:Czech Republic
4250:
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4140:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4097:Twin buildings
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:Most expensive
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
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4029:
4024:
4019:
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3976:United Kingdom
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3676:Czech Republic
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3448:
3447:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3399:
3396:Oil Rig Photos
3393:
3385:
3384:External links
3382:
3379:
3378:
3353:
3320:
3288:
3267:storage sites"
3264:
3254:
3228:
3204:
3193:
3174:
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3133:
3110:
3099:
3069:
3012:
2975:
2942:
2882:
2856:
2833:
2802:
2783:
2768:
2750:
2736:. 1980-03-27.
2721:
2710:
2696:. 2010-04-22.
2681:
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2029:(3): 251–263.
2012:
2011:
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2006:
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2003:
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1968:
1963:
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1953:
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1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1845:
1842:
1773:
1770:
1740:
1731:decommissioned
1726:
1723:
1702:
1691:Produced water
1669:, May 5, 2010.
1658:
1655:
1628:Gulf of Mexico
1596:
1593:
1579:and leased to
1465:
1462:
1453:
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1171:
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1128:Atlantic Ocean
1105:Gulf of Mexico
1071:Main article:
1068:
1065:
1041:Main article:
1038:
1035:
1015:Main article:
1012:
1009:
963:Main article:
960:
959:Spar platforms
957:
943:Main article:
940:
937:
928:Main article:
925:
922:
887:Main article:
884:
881:
868:Main article:
865:
862:
831:Main article:
828:
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808:Main article:
805:
802:
793:Main article:
790:
787:
723:Fixed platform
721:Main article:
718:
715:
714:
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709:
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702:
696:
686:
680:
670:
664:
637:
634:
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612:
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599:Taranaki Basin
595:
588:
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570:
559:
545:
531:
517:
510:
496:
473:Gulf of Mexico
469:
456:Gulf of Mexico
447:
444:
361:jackup oil rig
342:Maunsell Forts
327:ConocoPhillips
226:Lake Maracaibo
222:Baytown, Texas
134:, before 1906.
123:
120:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4674:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Oil platforms
4635:
4634:
4632:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:Groundscraper
4589:
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4579:
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4527:
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4522:
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4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Ferris wheels
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
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4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
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4477:
4475:
4472:
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4467:
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4459:
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4443:United States
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4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4184:
4183:South America
4181:
4180:
4179:The Americas
4178:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:(of any type)
4137:
4133:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
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4008:
4002:
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3989:
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3984:
3982:
3981:United States
3979:
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3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3557:South America
3555:
3553:
3552:Latin America
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:North America
3540:
3539:
3538:The Americas
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:Baltic states
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3506:
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3497:
3496:
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3415:
3408:
3405:
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3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3324:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3197:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3103:
3088:
3084:
3083:New Scientist
3080:
3073:
3065:
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3057:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2965:on 2008-08-24
2964:
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2953:
2946:
2938:
2932:
2914:
2901:
2897:
2893:
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2823:
2812:
2806:
2799:
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2761:
2754:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2714:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2671:on 2017-01-31
2670:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2612:on 2011-07-11
2611:
2607:
2601:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2527:on 2010-05-30
2526:
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2516:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2370:on 2012-11-05
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2247:petrowiki.org
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2017:
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2002:
1999:
1997:
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1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
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1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:North Sea oil
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
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1942:
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1937:
1934:
1932:
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4605:
4576:Construction
4509:Freestanding
4433:Turkmenistan
4398:South Africa
4383:Saudi Arabia
3921:South Africa
3896:Saudi Arabia
3370:. Retrieved
3368:. 2024-01-19
3365:
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2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2075:
2067:
2051:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2001:Texas Towers
1971:Oil drilling
1858:
1847:
1830:
1794:
1790:fluid column
1787:
1783:
1775:
1762:Saudi Arabia
1759:
1728:
1707:
1695:
1684:
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1622:have active
1612:
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1556:Marine Recon
1544:
1535:Petrobras 36
1533:
1531:
1520:
1514:
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1390:Mud engineer
1351:
1261:
1247:AHTS vessels
1234:
1225:
1185:
1164:displacement
1150:
1135:
1132:Newfoundland
1118:platform in
1113:
1098:
1087:platform, a
1055:and a small
1048:
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1020:
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980:Kerr-McGee's
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813:
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642:drilling rig
639:
630:Adriatic Sea
616:Arctic Ocean
574:Persian Gulf
534:Newfoundland
460:
433:
430:
421:
415:
410:
389:
385:jack-up rigs
381:
377:Port Aransas
358:
346:World War II
340:The British
339:
308:
297:
289:3-mile limit
285:Harry Truman
282:
279:
256:
249:
234:
195:
176:
157:
100:
90:
44:
40:
36:
33:oil platform
32:
30:
4616:Tower block
4514:Lighthouses
4418:Switzerland
4363:Philippines
4353:New Zealand
4348:Netherlands
4203:Afghanistan
4087:Residential
4062:Educational
4017:100+ floors
3941:Switzerland
3926:South Korea
3871:Philippines
3841:North Korea
3831:Netherlands
3527:Scandinavia
3008:anchor down
2913:"Full text"
1936:Chukchi Cap
1806:Barents Sea
1725:Repurposing
1548:Coast Guard
1501:Piper Alpha
1404:Derrickhand
1385:Company man
1380:Roustabouts
1085:natural gas
1063:, or both.
952:hydrocarbon
603:New Zealand
551:, south of
549:West Africa
538:Nova Scotia
485:Mississippi
245:Caspian Sea
53:natural gas
4631:Categories
4448:Uzbekistan
4338:Luxembourg
4195:By country
4136:Structures
4022:Architects
3761:Kazakhstan
3607:Bangladesh
3602:Azerbaijan
3569:By country
3460:Skyscraper
3372:2024-01-25
3346:20 January
3314:2020-10-20
3281:October 8,
3221:19 October
3187:2020-10-20
3157:19 October
3127:2020-10-20
3113:emissions"
3093:2020-10-20
2969:2008-09-27
2922:2019-09-09
2906:2008-06-27
2876:2008-06-27
2744:2008-06-19
2704:2010-06-04
2675:2018-12-16
2616:2010-05-24
2591:2019-09-08
2561:2019-09-08
2531:2010-05-24
2454:2022-06-02
2430:2017-08-18
2399:2017-08-18
2391:. Platts.
2374:2011-02-26
2286:2017-05-01
2257:2017-05-01
2228:2017-05-01
2197:2006-11-01
2167:2007-06-16
2142:Kerr-McGee
2126:8 November
2008:References
1772:Challenges
1766:theme park
1749:have been
1743:into rocks
1687:oil spills
1679:gas flares
1677:Long-term
1577:Transocean
1552:Navy SEALs
1375:Roughnecks
1365:Toolpusher
1323:Helicopter
1182:oil field.
984:Brent Spar
864:Drillships
833:Jackup rig
592:Baltic Sea
579:fields in
514:Azerbaijan
499:California
475:(offshore
390:The first
365:Zapata Oil
315:Kerr-McGee
300:ExxonMobil
295:" regime.
241:Azerbaijan
237:Bibi Eibat
210:Gulf Coast
202:Caddo Lake
187:California
112:drillships
4499:Flagpoles
4408:Sri Lanka
4308:Indonesia
4218:Australia
4161:West Asia
4146:By region
4117:Supertall
4072:Hospitals
3991:Venezuela
3906:Singapore
3791:Lithuania
3731:Indonesia
3651:Hong Kong
3592:Australia
3587:Argentina
3505:Southeast
3483:By region
3475:Buildings
3303:The Times
3056:0013-936X
2665:Gas Today
1951:Drillship
1823:with the
1735:platforms
1532:In 2001,
1527:North Sea
1505:North Sea
1452:Drawbacks
1441:operators
1425:well work
1409:Geologist
1126:, in the
1031:well work
870:Drillship
772:Norwegian
644:for oil.
481:Louisiana
467:North Sea
440:Shell plc
418:drillship
356:estuary.
257:In 1937,
230:Venezuela
206:Louisiana
198:Lake Erie
144:Louisiana
86:umbilical
49:petroleum
4484:Chimneys
4393:Slovakia
4373:Portugal
4238:Bulgaria
4122:Megatall
4042:Churches
4001:Zimbabwe
3956:Thailand
3951:Tanzania
3916:Slovakia
3911:Slovenia
3881:Portugal
3861:Pakistan
3816:Mongolia
3796:Malaysia
3661:Colombia
3632:Cambodia
3627:Bulgaria
3340:Archived
3308:Archived
3275:Archived
3271:BBC News
3249:Archived
3247:. 2019.
3215:Archived
3211:Phys-Org
3181:Archived
3151:Archived
3149:. BASF.
3121:Archived
3117:phys.org
3087:Archived
3064:32149499
2958:CBS News
2931:cite web
2900:Archived
2870:Archived
2851:Archived
2822:cite web
2794:Archived
2738:Archived
2734:BBC News
2698:Archived
2694:NBC News
2585:Archived
2555:Archived
2505:July 16,
2499:Archived
2479:July 16,
2473:Archived
2421:Archived
2393:Archived
2344:20 April
2338:Archived
2311:20 April
2280:Archived
2251:Archived
2219:Archived
2191:Archived
2161:Archived
2120:Archived
2112:GeoExpro
2091:20 April
2085:Archived
2060:Archived
1919:See also
1718:hydrogen
1585:exploded
1435:Wireline
1395:Motorman
1193:wellhead
1180:VĹ©ng TĂ u
1116:Hibernia
1053:well bay
1023:well bay
816:buoyancy
779:Scottish
741:concrete
691:) &
675:) &
659:) &
609:Kara Sea
587:, India)
569:, Russia
567:Sakhalin
501:(in the
420:was the
352:and the
4542:Related
4519:Statues
4489:Crosses
4479:Bridges
4423:Tunisia
4378:Romania
4343:Myanmar
4318:Ireland
4298:Iceland
4293:Hungary
4283:Germany
4273:Finland
4268:Estonia
4258:Denmark
4233:Belgium
4228:Bahrain
4223:Austria
4213:Algeria
4208:Albania
4057:Mosques
3996:Vietnam
3986:Uruguay
3966:Ukraine
3886:Romania
3836:Nigeria
3826:Myanmar
3821:Morocco
3786:Lebanon
3741:Ireland
3721:Iceland
3711:Germany
3706:Georgia
3696:Finland
3691:Estonia
3686:Ecuador
3681:Denmark
3666:Croatia
3612:Bolivia
3597:Austria
3582:Algeria
3577:Albania
3534:Oceania
3517:Balkans
3455:History
3034:Bibcode
2581:AP News
2334:Reuters
2276:YouTube
2031:Bibcode
1850:Perdido
1801:pumping
1739:pump CO
1729:If not
1714:flaring
1699:methane
1414:Welders
1370:Driller
1237:when a
1228:British
1223:pumps.
1142:iceberg
1134:. This
1082:Troll A
1027:helipad
998:Perdido
920:below.
843:Longkou
768:Condeep
754:caisson
585:Gujarat
553:Nigeria
493:Florida
489:Alabama
436:Perdido
122:History
59:. Many
37:oil rig
4544:topics
4524:Towers
4428:Turkey
4413:Sweden
4388:Serbia
4368:Poland
4358:Norway
4333:Kosovo
4288:Greece
4278:France
4243:Canada
4168:Europe
4153:Africa
4077:Hotels
4067:Future
3961:Turkey
3946:Taiwan
3936:Sweden
3901:Serbia
3891:Russia
3876:Poland
3856:Panama
3851:Norway
3811:Monaco
3806:Mexico
3781:Latvia
3776:Kuwait
3771:Kosovo
3746:Israel
3716:Greece
3701:France
3671:Cyprus
3637:Canada
3622:Brazil
3512:Europe
3490:Africa
3465:Storey
3141:BASF.
3062:
3054:
2645:23 May
1996:TEMPSC
1981:SAR201
1825:flotel
1797:subsea
1753:, and
1747:Others
1733:, old
1647:Divers
1620:Brunei
1540:Brazil
1517:flotel
1231:Iolair
1205:glycol
1120:Canada
1093:Norway
782:firths
775:fjords
620:Alaska
557:Angola
529:Brazil
521:Campos
426:Mohole
422:CUSS 1
354:Mersey
350:Thames
329:) and
82:subsea
57:seabed
4586:Fires
4457:Lists
4403:Spain
4328:Japan
4323:Italy
4303:India
4263:Egypt
4248:China
4157:Asia
4010:Lists
3931:Spain
3801:Malta
3766:Kenya
3756:Japan
3751:Italy
3726:India
3655:Macau
3647:China
3642:Chile
2916:(PDF)
2814:(PDF)
2763:(PDF)
2424:(PDF)
2417:(PDF)
2222:(PDF)
2215:(PDF)
1569:miles
1464:Risks
1397:See:
1326:pilot
854:jacks
847:China
745:steel
636:Types
581:India
477:Texas
261:(now
220:near
214:Texas
191:piers
160:piles
78:float
76:, or
70:fixed
4494:Dams
4313:Iran
4107:Wood
3866:Peru
3736:Iran
3495:Asia
3366:CNCB
3348:2021
3283:2021
3223:2020
3159:2020
3060:PMID
3052:ISSN
2937:link
2828:link
2647:2010
2507:2019
2481:2019
2346:2015
2313:2015
2128:2016
2093:2015
1651:fish
1618:and
1604:NOAA
1253:Crew
1243:PSVs
1235:e.g.
1219:and
1146:tons
1114:The
1099:The
777:and
614:the
607:the
597:the
590:the
565:and
536:and
523:and
519:the
505:and
491:and
471:the
465:the
168:Ohio
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3042:doi
2997:doi
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2039:doi
1760:In
1538:in
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212:of
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110:or
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