1117:. The amount of oil & gas recoverable from a conventional reservoir is assessed by accurately characterising the static recoverable volumes and history matching that to dynamic flow. Reservoir performance is important because the recovery changes as the physical environment of the reservoir adjusts with every molecule extracted; the longer a reservoir has been flowing, the more accurate the prediction of remaining reserves. Dynamic simulations are commonly used by analysts to update reserves volumes, particularly in large complex reservoirs. Daily production can be matched against production forecasts to establish the accuracy of simulation models based on actual volumes of recovered oil or gas. Unlike analogs or volumetric methods above, the degree of confidence in the estimates (or the range of outcomes) increases as the amount and quality of geological, engineering and production performance data increase. These must then be compared with previous estimates, whether derived from analog, volumetric or static reservoir modelling before reserves can be adjusted and booked.
1217:), gas hydrates, natural bitumen (very high viscosity oil), and oil shale (kerogen) deposits. Ultra low permeability reservoirs exhibit a half slope on a log-plot of flow-rates against time believed to be caused by drainage from matrix surfaces into adjoining fractures. Such reservoirs are commonly believed to be regionally pervasive that may be interrupted by regulatory or ownership boundaries with the potential for large oil & gas volumes, which are very hard to verify. Non-unique flow characteristics in unconventional accumulations means that commercial viability depends on the technology applied to extraction. Extrapolations from a single control point, and thereby resource estimation, are dependent on nearby producing analogs with evidence of economic viability. Under these circumstances, pilot projects may be needed to define reserves. Any other resource estimates are likely to be analog-only derived YTF volumes, which are speculative.
354:), Probable and Possible. Reserves defined as Probable and Possible are incremental (or additional) discovered volumes based on geological and/or engineering criteria similar to those used in estimating Proven reserves. Though not classified as contingent, some technical, contractual, or regulatory uncertainties preclude such reserves being classified as Proven. The most accepted definitions of these are based on those originally approved by the SPE and the WPC in 1997, requiring that reserves are discovered, recoverable, commercial and remaining based on rules governing the classification into sub-categories and the declared development project plans applied. Probable and Possible reserves may be used internally by oil companies and government agencies for future planning purposes but are not routinely or uniformly compiled.
1025:), and involve identifying areas containing producing assets that are geologically similar to those being estimated and substituting data to match what is known about a segment. The opportunity segment can be scaled to any level depending on the specific interest of the analyst, whether at a global, country, basin, structural domain, play, license or reservoir level. YTF is conceptual and is commonly used as a method for scoping potential in frontier areas where there is no oil or gas production or where new play concepts are being introduced with perceived potential. However, analog content can also be substituted for any subsurface parameters where there are gaps in data in more mature reserves or resource settings (below).
412:
33:
465:
1229:
1151:
must be made for wells shut in and production restrictions. The curve can be expressed mathematically or plotted on a graph to estimate future production. It has the advantage of (implicitly) conflating all reservoir characteristics. It requires a sufficient production history to establish a statistically significant trend, ideally when production is not curtailed by regulatory or other artificial conditions.
211:) in the subsurface of the Earth's crust. All reserve and resource estimates involve uncertainty in volume estimates (expressed below as Low, Mid or High uncertainty), as well as a risk or chance to exist in reality, depending on the level of appraisal or resource maturity that governs the amount of reliable geologic and engineering data available and the interpretation of those data.
86:
1130:
reservoir pressure that depends on the remaining volume of oil & gas. The method requires extensive pressure-volume-temperature analysis and an accurate pressure history of the field. It requires some production to occur (typically 5% to 10% of ultimate recovery), unless reliable pressure history can be used from a field with similar rock and fluid characteristics.
1139:
2513:
reserves are frequently reported as a single Field or prospect or lead volume are defined by a single probability distribution the shape of which defines the most likely volume outcome and the volume uncertainty range (for example P50, P90, P10). Portfolio volumes similarly are estimated by combining
2418:
PRMS, in effect, bridges the gap between western capitalist standards for reserves reporting regulated by SEC and those that serve local national interests. It provides a framework to create an inventory of resources that have the potential of becoming profitable by the implementation of development
1164:
refers to the typical increases (but narrowing range) of estimated ultimate recovery that occur as oil & gas fields are developed and produced. Many oil-producing nations do not reveal their reservoir engineering field data and instead provide unaudited claims for their oil reserves. The numbers
2347:
The SEC reserves have a western / capitalistic emphasis on reporting the subset of in place oil and gas resources that are expected, with high confidence, to be extracted and converted into cash in a project that is going to yield a profit. The
Russian and Chinese reserve systems have an emphasis on
372:
of being recoverable under existing economic and political conditions, and with existing technology. Industry specialists refer to this category as "P90" (that is, having a 90% certainty of producing or exceeding the P90 volume on the probability distribution). Proven reserves are also known in the
132:
Reserve estimates are required by authorities and companies, and are primarily made to support operational or investment decision-making by companies or organisations involved in the business of developing and producing oil and gas. Reserve volumes are necessary to determine the financial status of
2437:
The probabilities associated with the 1P, 2P and 3P reserve categories represent the chance to deliver or exceed the volumes declared. Perhaps counterintuitively these probabilities or chances decrease as the stated volumes increase and as such correspond to a decreasing confidence that the higher
392:
Accounting for production is an important exercise for businesses. Produced oil or gas that has been brought to surface (production) and sold on international markets or refined in-country are no longer reserves and are removed from the booking and company balance sheets. Until
January 2010, "1P"
1150:
is an extrapolation of known production data to fit a decline curve and estimate future oil & gas production. The three most common forms of decline curves are exponential, hyperbolic, and harmonic. It is assumed that the production will decline on a reasonably smooth curve, and so allowances
402:
do not disclose verifying data publicly. Since
January 2010 the SEC now allows companies to also provide additional optional information declaring 2P (both proven and probable) and 3P (proven plus probable plus possible) with discretionary verification by qualified third party consultants, though
314:
in general. However, the level of rigor required in applying these terms varies depending on the resource maturity which informs reporting requirements. Oil & gas reserves are resources that are, or are reasonably certain to be, commercial (i.e. profitable). Reserves are the main asset of an
1129:
for an oil or gas field uses an equation that relates the volume of oil, water and gas that has been produced from a reservoir and the change in reservoir pressure to calculate the remaining oil & gas. It assumes that, as fluids from the reservoir are produced, there will be a change in the
999:
have increased the accuracy of these estimation techniques, significant uncertainties still remain, which are expressed as a range of potential recoverable oil & gas quantities using probabilistic methods. In general, most early estimates of the reserves of an oil or gas field (rather than
436:
additional reserves are attributed to known accumulations that have a lower chance of being recovered than probable reserves. Reasons for assigning a lower probability to recovering
Possible reserves include varying interpretations of geology, uncertainty due to reserve infill (associated with
2399:
with range of uncertainty from L, M, H and further sub-classified below based on project maturity and/or economic status (e.g 1C, 2C, 3C). In addition, each reserve class carries a risk, or chance to exist in reality (POS or COS) which is based on the amount and quality of available evidence.
1079:
Once production has commenced, production rates and pressure data allow a degree of prediction on reservoir performance, which was previously characterized by substituting analog data. Analog data can still be substituted for expected reservoir performance where specific dynamic data may be
1007:
Appropriate external reporting of resources and reserves is required from publicly traded companies, and is an accounting process governed by strict definitions and categorisation administered by authorities regulating the stock market and complying with governmental legal requirements. Other
327:. Contingent and prospective resource estimates are much more speculative and are not booked with the same degree of rigor, generally for internal company use only, reflecting a more limited data set and assessment maturity. If published externally, these volumes add to the perception of
623:
is determined by resource maturity. There are three main categories of technique, which are used through resource maturation to differing degrees: analog (substitution), volumetric (static) and performance-based (dynamic), which are combined to help fill gaps in knowledge or data. Both
335:. The PRMS provides a framework for a consistent approach to the estimation process to comply with reporting requirements of particularly, listed companies. Energy companies may employ specialist, independent, reserve valuation consultants to provide third party reports as part of
108:). These schemes provide management and investors with the means to make quantitative and relative comparisons between assets, before underwriting the significant cost of exploring for, developing and extracting those accumulations. Classification schemes are used to categorize the
349:
Reserves reporting of discovered accumulations is regulated by tight controls for informed investment decisions to quantify differing degrees of uncertainty in recoverable volumes. Reserves are defined in three sub-categories according to the system used in the PRMS: Proven
1196:
are much more tightly bound to rock matrices in excess of capillary forces and therefore require different approaches to both extraction and resource estimation. Unconventional reservoirs or accumulations also require different means of identification and include
1191:
The categories and estimation techniques framed by the PRMS above apply to conventional reservoirs, where oil & gas accumulations are controlled by hydrodynamic interactions between the buoyancy of oil & gas in water versus capillary forces. Oil or gas in
112:
in volume estimates of the recoverable oil and gas and the chance that they exist in reality (or risk that they do not) depending on the resource maturity. Potential subsurface oil and gas accumulations identified during exploration are classified and reported as
2659:
converts volumes at reservoir conditions (high pressure and high temperature) to storage and sale conditions, and is defined the volume of oil (and dissolved gas) at reservoir pressure and temperature required to produce one stock tank barrel of oil at the
632:
calculation methods are commonly used to calculate resource volumes, with deterministic methods predominantly applied to reserves estimation (low uncertainty) and probabilistic methods applied to general resource estimation (high uncertainty).
298:
Estimating and monitoring of reserves provides an insight into, for example, a company's future production and a country's oil & gas supply potential. As such, reserves are an important means of expressing value and longevity of resources.
61:) that can be profitably produced/recovered from an approved development. Oil and gas reserves tied to approved operational plans filed on the day of reserves reporting are also sensitive to fluctuating global market pricing. The remaining
1071:. Static models and dynamic flow models can be populated with analog reservoir performance data to increase the confidence in forecasting as the amount and quality of static geoscientific and dynamic reservoir performance data increase.
437:
variability in seepage towards a production well from adjacent areas) and projected reserves based on future recovery methods. The probabilistic, cumulative sum of proven, probable and possible reserves is referred to in the industry as "
1016:
Analogs are applied to prospective resources in areas where there are little, or sometimes no, existing data available to inform analysts about the likely potential of an opportunity or play segment. Analog-only techniques are called
2348:
creating an inventory of oil and gas in place that have a potential of future exploitation to meet their national needs. Profitable extraction is convenient and appreciated, but not always a requirement for their national interests.
2400:
Naturally the highest chance (lowest risk) is associated with proven reserves (fields with wells and production tests) and the lowest chance (highest risk) is associated with undrilled prospects and leads where data is more sparse
496:
on one or more conditions changing. The uncertainty in the estimates for recoverable oil & gas volumes is expressed in a probability distribution and is sub-classified based on project maturity and/or economic status
524:, being undiscovered, have the widest range in volume uncertainties and carry the highest risk or chance to be present in reality (POS or COS). At the exploration stage (before discovery) they are categorized by the wide
472:, probability, (P95 and often referred to in the industry as F95) of at least volume V1 of economically recoverable oil, and there is a 5% chance (P05 or F05) of at least volume V2 of economically recoverable oil.
1159:
Experience shows that initial estimates of the size of newly discovered oil & gas fields are usually too low. As years pass, successive estimates of the ultimate recovery of fields tend to increase. The term
978:
The combination of geological, geophysical and technical engineering constraints means that the quantification of volumes is usually undertaken by integrated technical, and commercial teams composed primarily of
1066:
are also characterized by volumetric methods with analog content and uncertainty distributions before significant production has occurred, where spatial distribution information may be preserved in a static
65:(after the reserves have been accounted) are likely sub-commercial and may still be under appraisal with the potential to be technically recoverable once commercially established. Natural gas is frequently
397:
were the only type the U.S. SEC allowed oil companies to report to investors. Companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges may be called upon to verify their claims confidentially, but many governments and
1943:
2465:
uncertainty is expressed as a probabilistic range, which includes the chance or risk that hydrocarbons are absent. The combined most likely risked volume outcome, or chance-weighted mean, is called
422:
additional reserves are attributed to known accumulations and the probabilistic, cumulative sum of proven and probable reserves (with a probability of P50), also referred to in the industry as "
385:(PUD). PD reserves are reserves that can be produced with existing wells and perforations, or from additional reservoirs where minimal additional investment (operating expense) is required (
2316:
resource holders are the legal owners of subsurface oil and gas resources and are commonly represented by the
Governments of the day who own the mineral rights for oil and/or gas extraction
1645:
217:
Classification summary featuring volumes uncertainty (low, mid or high) with increasing chance for an accumulation to exist and be commercial upwards reflecting greater resource maturity
457:, by definition, does not have to be technically or commercially recoverable and can be represented by a single, or an aggregate of multiple potential accumulations, e.g. an estimated
2338:
the definitions and guidelines contained in this article must not be construed as modifying the interpretation or application of any existing regulatory reporting requirements
544:
again reflecting the degrees of uncertainty. Companies are commonly not required to report publicly their views of prospective resources but may choose to do so voluntarily.
172:(SEC) reporting requirements which shares many elements with PRMS. Attempts have also been made to standardize more generalized methodologies for the reporting of national or
389:
opening a set of perforations already installed). PUD reserves require additional capital investment (e.g., drilling new wells) to bring the oil and/or gas to the surface.
1604:
1292:
629:
73:(BOE). Consequently, both oil and gas reserves, as well as resource estimates, follow the same reporting guidelines, and are referred to collectively hereinafter as
426:" (Proven plus Probable) The P50 designation means that there should be at least a 50% chance that the actual volumes recovered will be equal to or will exceed the
2129:
1936:
2514:
individual probability distributions taking into account interdependencies between portfolio elements (i.e not a simple addition of ‘most likely volume’)
144:), which summarizes a consistent approach to estimating oil and gas quantities within a comprehensive classification framework, jointly developed by the
125:, at the point when a sufficient accumulation of commercial oil and/or gas are proven by drilling, with authorized and funded development plans to begin
1034:
1528:
1364:
1008:
national or industry bodies may voluntarily report resources and reserves but are not required to follow the same strict definitions and controls.
133:
the company, which may be obliged to report those estimates to shareholders and "resource holders" at the various stages of resource maturation.
104:, detailed classification schemes have been devised by industry specialists to quantify volumes of oil and gas accumulated underground (known as
1652:
1788:
Quirk, DG; Howe, MJ; Archer, SG (July 2017). "A Combined
Deterministic-Probabilistic Method of Estimating Undiscovered Hydrocarbon Resources".
415:
An example of a Volume
Uncertainty Distribution, with the P10, P50 and P90 volumes indicated (created using a probabilistic calculation method)
2220:
2066:
1165:
disclosed by some national governments are suspected of being manipulated for political reasons. In order to achieve international goals for
153:
36:
Flaring a flow test, the first outward indication of a new oil or gas discovery, which has the potential to qualify for reserves assessment
1173:
said in 2021 that countries should no longer expand exploration or invest in projects to expand reserves to meet climate goals set by the
468:
Schematic graph illustrating petroleum volumes and probabilities. Curves represent categories of oil in assessment. There is a 95% chance
1498:
1004:. This may be due to the availability of more data and/or the improved matching between predicted and actual production performance.
488:. Contingent resources are those accumulations or fields that are not yet considered mature enough for commercial development, where
157:
1349:
1054:
volumes are calculations when uncertainty distributions are applied as input to all or some of the terms of the equation (see also
2546:
1186:
1042:
Recoverable volume = Gross Rock Volume * Net/Gross * Porosity * Oil or Gas
Saturation * Recovery Factor / Formation Volume Factor
169:
1615:
1354:
1050:
volumes are calculated when single values are used as input parameters to this equation, which could include analog content.
2264:
1689:
1580:
1408:
593:
2248:
CIPC/SPE Gas
Technology Symposium 2008 Joint Conference: Rate Transient Analysis in Naturally Fractured Shale Gas Reservoirs
1272:
2112:
1307:
336:
1468:
1425:
1769:
1729:
2419:
projects. Rather than focusing on in-place volumes, it is focused on the volumes that may ultimately be extracted.
2723:
1567:
453:
Resource estimates are undiscovered volumes, or volumes that have not yet been drilled and flowed to surface. A
458:
328:
161:
145:
441:" (proven plus probable plus possible) where there is a 10% chance of delivering or exceeding the P10 volume.(
2733:
1058:), which preserve dependencies between parameters. These geostatistical methods are most commonly applied to
620:
2396:
1262:
17:
2428:
determined by the legislative requirements and legal framework of the host
Country outwith SEC regulations
2738:
2713:
2708:
2496:
1322:
1267:
1170:
1055:
101:
2456:
e.g. stock market price, financial investment, technical innovations, market innovation or fiscal easing
1983:"Fossil fuel reserves and resources reporting and unburnable carbon: Investigating conflicting accounts"
306:, the terms 'Resources' and 'Reserves' have distinct and specific meaning with respect to oil & gas
196:
2728:
2571:
1297:
2409:
e.g. internal reporting or external, public announcements and balance sheet disclosure to shareholders
122:
2678:
2703:
2672:
525:
307:
70:
1242:
601:
311:
149:
1721:
1569:
United Nations Resource Management System: An overview of concepts, objectives and requirements
1252:
992:
572:
1761:
2718:
2693:
2541:
conventional reservoirs are characterised by buoyancy of oil, gas and water, estimated using
1098:
996:
625:
1831:
1753:
1713:
600:), which is determined by a combination of subsurface geology and the technology applied to
2206:
1797:
1317:
1089:
399:
8:
1068:
984:
557:
136:
Currently, the most widely accepted classification and reporting methodology is the 2018
56:
1801:
2014:
1813:
1302:
1287:
489:
126:
2065:
Jones, A.D.; Denelle, F.R.; Lee, W.J.; MacDonald, D.G.; Seiller, B.J. (19 July 2016).
1575:. Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2021.
2698:
2486:
the technically recoverable volume at a given set of market conditions is called the
2260:
2108:
2033:
2018:
1817:
1765:
1754:
1725:
1714:
1685:
1576:
1404:
513:) and in addition are assigned a risk, or chance, to exist in reality (POS or COS).
2252:
2141:
2078:
2034:"An Estimate of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the World, 2012"
2004:
1994:
1867:
1805:
173:
165:
1981:
Bebbington, Jan; Schneider, Thomas; Stevenson, Lorna; Fox, Alison (January 2020).
1426:"Reserve Recognition Under Production-Sharing and Other Nontraditional Agreements"
168:
that register securities in the U.S. market must report proved reserves under the
2130:"Net Pay — What Is It? What Does It Do? How Do We Quantify It? How Do We Use It?"
1910:
1344:
1334:
1277:
1174:
1166:
592:
of any kind. The ratio between in place and recoverable volumes is known as the
394:
363:
411:
2606:
reservoir rock occupied by pores (typically 5-35% for a conventional reservoir)
2184:
1339:
1312:
1106:
1102:
2523:
the argument being “if it works in this part of the world, then why not here?”
1999:
1982:
32:
2687:
2570:
is defined as the volume of rock contained geometrically within conventional
2067:"The Use of Reservoir Simulation in Deterministic Proved-Reserves Estimation"
1716:
Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production
1234:
980:
639:
Estimation techniques applied with decreasing resource maturity to the right
484:
Once a discovery has been made, prospective resources can be reclassified as
403:
many companies choose to use 2P and 3P estimates only for internal purposes.
324:
66:
995:
must be used to estimate the size and recoverability of the resource. While
2542:
1247:
1114:
584:), and it is only this producible fraction that is considered to be either
566:
561:
332:
2107:(2 ed.). UK, USA & Australia: Blackwell Publishing. p. 153.
464:
1359:
1257:
316:
109:
105:
52:
2675:, including many charts and graphs on the world's energy supply and use
2630:) is defined as the percentage of pore space occupied by oil and/or gas
2171:
Guidelines for Application of the Petroleum Resources Management System
2009:
608:, in order to avoid confusion, it should be clarified whether they are
532:). In the PRMS the range of volumes is classified by the abbreviations
2256:
2145:
2082:
1809:
48:
2246:
27:
Industry concept of crude oil and natural gas reserves and resources
2395:
Estimates for recoverable oil & gas volumes are expressed as a
1282:
90:
2646:) is defined as the ratio between in-place and recoverable volumes
1228:
988:
2295:
a term commonly used to identify discoveries or producing fields
2590:
that has the lithological potential for being a productive zone
2307:
whether proven (low uncertainty) or unproven (high uncertainty)
2221:"End new oil, gas and coal funding to reach net zero, says IEA"
1980:
94:
85:
1865:
331:, which in turn can influence oil & gas company share or
2655:
Oil shrinks and gas expands when brought to the surface. The
2532:
the larger the segment, the greater the degree of speculation
1913:. SPEE. Society of Petroleum Evaluators Engineers. p. 46
1403:(1.01 ed.). Society of Petroleum Engineers. p. 52.
1110:
1756:
Standard Handbook Of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering
1370:
1142:
Example of a production decline curve for an individual well
1138:
2245:
Bello, Rasheed O.; Wattenbarger, Robert A. (16 June 2008).
2673:
Energy Supply page on the Global Education Project website
1293:
List of acronyms in oil and gas exploration and production
69:
with oil directly and gas reserves are commonly quoted in
1911:"Annual Survey of Parameters Used in Property Evaluation"
368:
Proven reserves are discovered volumes claimed to have a
2064:
1646:"Glossary of Terms Used in Petroleum Reserves/Resources"
1499:"Global Resource Classification Systems for Oil and Gas"
1401:
Petroleum Resource Management System (revised June 2018)
2477:
SEC does not allow reporting of undiscovered resources
1679:
1651:. Society of Petroleum Engineers. 2005. Archived from
1614:. Society of Petroleum Engineers. 1997. Archived from
1937:"The Intricate Puzzle of Oil and Gas Reserves Growth"
1506:
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
1469:"Petroleum Resources Classification and Definitions"
1224:
2447:NOTE: SEC discourages the aggregation of estimates
1934:
1435:. Society of Petroleum Engineers. pp. 111–130
1133:
1080:missing, representing a "best technical" outcome.
179:
2244:
1000:resource estimates) are conservative and tend to
987:, surface engineers and economists. Because the
406:
341:filings for either reserves or resource booking.
2685:
1365:List of countries by natural gas proven reserves
1062:that still need to be tested by the drill bit.
2102:
1787:
1680:Wright, Charlotte J.; Rebecca A Gallun (2008).
1640:
1638:
1636:
1508:. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
1478:. Society of Petroleum Engineers. pp. 7–11
991:of the subsurface cannot be examined directly,
476:There are two non-reserve resource categories:
2173:. Society of Petroleum Engineers. p. 222.
2103:Gluyas, Jon G.; Swarbrick, Richard E. (2021).
2060:
2058:
1423:
556:) of oil and/or gas contained in a subsurface
323:is the process by which they are added to the
2105:Petroleum Geoscience, 2nd edition (paperback)
580:oil & gas can be brought to the surface (
2618:(inversely measured as the water saturation
1930:
1928:
1633:
1180:
1074:
154:American Association of Petroleum Geologists
2164:
2162:
2127:
2055:
1120:
1037:can be calculated using a volume equation:
576:respectively). However, only a fraction of
2374:uccess (POS) sometimes called the COS or
2071:SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering
1942:. U.S. Energy Information Administration.
1684:(5 ed.). PenWell Books. p. 750.
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
2545:flow in subsurface, which contrasts with
2008:
1998:
1925:
1760:. Gulf Professional Publishing. pp.
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1675:
1673:
1424:McMichael, Claude L; Young, E.D. (2001).
1371:References, notes and working definitions
1113:(typically, oil, water, and gas) through
377:. Proven reserves may be referred to as
158:Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers
2586:discounts non-reservoir portions of the
2218:
2159:
1868:"MODERNIZATION OF OIL AND GAS REPORTING"
1682:Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Accounting
1529:"World Oil and Gas Resource Assessments"
1350:List of countries by proven oil reserves
1187:Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir
1137:
547:
516:
463:
410:
176:level oil and gas resource assessments.
84:
31:
1832:"Petroleum Resources Management System"
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1381:
1083:
479:
14:
2686:
2555:
1834:. Society of Petroleum Engineers. 2007
1783:
1781:
1738:
1670:
1355:World energy resources and consumption
1011:
2679:Oil reserves (most recent) by country
2128:Worthington, Paul F. (October 2010).
1751:
1612:Petroleum Resources Management System
1205:(low permeability), low permeability
448:
138:petroleum resources management system
2602:is defined as the percentage of the
2358:
2356:
2354:
1908:
1866:Securities and Exchange Commission.
1824:
1711:
1698:
1466:
1028:
2168:
1987:Critical Perspectives on Accounting
1778:
1398:
1273:Global strategic petroleum reserves
24:
2031:
1949:from the original on 6 August 2010
1308:List of oilfield service companies
1154:
357:
170:Securities and Exchange Commission
129:within a recommended five years.
25:
2750:
2666:
2351:
2041:World Petroleum Resources Project
1720:. PennWell Corporation. pp.
636:
560:, is called oil or gas initially
214:
117:. Resources are re-classified as
80:
1605:"Petroleum Reserves Definitions"
1533:United States Geological Society
1526:
1227:
604:. When reporting oil & gas
2649:
2633:
2609:
2593:
2577:
2561:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2507:
2480:
2471:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2431:
2422:
2412:
2403:
2389:
2341:
2238:
2212:
2199:
2177:
2121:
2096:
2025:
1974:
1961:
1902:
1889:
1859:
1846:
1597:
1560:
1547:
1520:
1496:
1490:
1134:Production decline curve method
180:Reserves and resource reporting
2332:
2319:
2310:
2298:
2289:
2219:Chestney, Nina (18 May 2021).
1460:
1447:
1417:
619:The appropriate technique for
552:The total estimated quantity (
407:Probable and possible reserves
162:Society of Economic Geologists
146:Society of Petroleum Engineers
13:
1:
2549:dominated by capillary forces
1375:
526:range of volume uncertainties
1790:Journal of Petroleum Geology
1553:McMichael and Young (2001),
1263:Probability density function
853:Dynamic reservoir simulation
289:
284:
279:
269:
264:
259:
249:
244:
239:
188:refers to known (discovered
7:
2497:Estimated ultimate recovery
1935:David F. Morehouse (1997).
1323:Estimated ultimate recovery
1268:Copula (probability theory)
1220:
1213:) and tight oil (including
1171:International Energy Agency
1056:Copula (probability theory)
1033:Oil & gas volumes in a
344:
102:mineral resource estimation
10:
2755:
1752:Lyons, William C. (2005).
1298:List of natural gas fields
1184:
1087:
941:
911:
882:
851:
817:
781:
745:
713:
682:
361:
2547:unconventional reservoirs
2438:volumes can be delivered.
2000:10.1016/j.cpa.2019.04.004
1194:unconventional reservoirs
1181:Unconventional reservoirs
1075:Performance-based methods
717:(With segment production)
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
231:
228:
225:
222:
71:barrels of oil equivalent
2628:1-hydrocarbon saturation
2397:probability distribution
2283:
2187:. moneyterms.co.uk. 2008
1712:Hyne, Norman J. (2001).
1127:materials balance method
1121:Materials balance method
1105:are used to predict the
939:Unconventional reservoir
1467:Ross, James G. (2001).
1243:Extraction of petroleum
819:Static reservoir models
686:(No segment production)
312:hydrocarbon exploration
150:World Petroleum Council
2724:Industries (economics)
2616:hydrocarbon saturation
2209:, 2011, Harper Collins
2134:SPE Res Eval & Eng
1585:. ECE Energy Series 68
1253:Decline curve analysis
1143:
1045:
1035:conventional reservoir
913:Decline curve analysis
473:
416:
400:national oil companies
97:
37:
2185:"Proven Oil Reserves"
1329:Energy and resources:
1141:
1099:reservoir engineering
1060:prospective resources
1039:
548:Estimation techniques
522:Prospective resources
517:Prospective resources
467:
414:
317:oil & gas company
277:Prospective Resources
115:prospective resources
88:
35:
2734:Petroleum production
2207:Leah McGrath Goodman
1318:Stranded gas reserve
1148:decline curve method
1095:Reservoir simulation
1090:Reservoir simulation
1084:Reservoir simulation
1064:Contingent resources
985:subsurface engineers
783:Probabilistic models
621:resource estimations
486:contingent resources
480:Contingent resources
455:non-reserve resource
370:reasonable certainty
257:Contingent Resources
41:Oil and gas reserves
2556:Working definitions
1802:2017JPetG..40..217Q
1012:Analog (YTF) method
993:indirect techniques
641:
219:
199:of oil and/or gas (
2739:Natural gas fields
2714:Petroleum industry
2709:Resource economics
1909:SPEE (June 2019).
1303:List of oil fields
1288:Petroleum Industry
1203:basin-centered gas
1144:
474:
449:Resource estimates
417:
383:proven undeveloped
98:
63:resource estimates
38:
2729:Petroleum geology
2488:ultimate recovery
2266:978-1-55563-179-6
2257:10.2118/114591-MS
2146:10.2118/123561-PA
2083:10.2118/170669-PA
1810:10.1111/jpg.12674
1691:978-1-59370-137-6
1582:978-92-1-117259-1
1410:978-1-61399-660-7
1029:Volumetric method
976:
975:
849:Performance-based
640:
296:
295:
218:
16:(Redirected from
2746:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2613:
2607:
2597:
2591:
2581:
2575:
2565:
2550:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2360:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2251:. Calgary: SPE.
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2002:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1906:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1872:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1759:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1719:
1709:
1696:
1695:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1609:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1574:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1237:
1232:
1231:
997:new technologies
945:(rate transient)
884:Material balance
642:
638:
635:
459:geological basin
379:proven developed
220:
216:
213:
166:Public companies
21:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2704:Oil exploration
2684:
2683:
2669:
2664:
2654:
2650:
2640:Recovery Factor
2638:
2634:
2614:
2610:
2598:
2594:
2582:
2578:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2390:
2362:expressed as a
2361:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2327:proved reserves
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2167:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2063:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2026:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1750:
1739:
1732:
1710:
1699:
1692:
1678:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1397:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1345:Energy security
1335:Proven reserves
1278:Oil exploration
1233:
1226:
1223:
1199:coalbed methane
1189:
1183:
1175:Paris Agreement
1167:decarbonisation
1157:
1155:Reserves growth
1136:
1123:
1103:computer models
1092:
1086:
1077:
1069:reservoir model
1031:
1014:
594:recovery factor
550:
519:
482:
451:
409:
395:proven reserves
366:
364:Proven reserves
360:
358:Proven reserves
347:
223:RESOURCE CLASS
182:
160:(SPEE) and the
83:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2667:External links
2665:
2663:
2662:
2648:
2632:
2608:
2592:
2576:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2506:
2479:
2470:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2430:
2421:
2411:
2402:
2388:
2350:
2340:
2331:
2318:
2309:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2265:
2237:
2211:
2198:
2176:
2158:
2140:(5): 812–822.
2120:
2114:978-1405199605
2113:
2095:
2077:(3): 358–366.
2054:
2024:
1973:
1960:
1924:
1901:
1888:
1858:
1845:
1823:
1796:(3): 217–248.
1777:
1770:
1737:
1730:
1697:
1690:
1669:
1658:on 27 May 2008
1632:
1621:on 27 May 2008
1596:
1581:
1559:
1546:
1519:
1497:UNECE (2019).
1489:
1459:
1446:
1416:
1409:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1340:Resource curse
1337:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:Petroleum play
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1222:
1219:
1185:Main article:
1182:
1179:
1162:reserve growth
1156:
1153:
1135:
1132:
1122:
1119:
1097:is an area of
1088:Main article:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1030:
1027:
1013:
1010:
1002:grow with time
974:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
940:
936:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
918:
915:
910:
907:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
889:
886:
881:
878:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
850:
846:
845:
843:
841:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
816:
813:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
780:
777:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
744:
740:
739:
736:
733:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
712:
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
681:
677:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
549:
546:
518:
515:
481:
478:
450:
447:
408:
405:
362:Main article:
359:
356:
346:
343:
294:
293:
288:
283:
278:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
254:
253:
248:
243:
238:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
184:An oil or gas
181:
178:
100:As with other
82:
81:Quantification
79:
47:quantities of
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2751:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2510:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2434:
2425:
2415:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2344:
2335:
2328:
2325:usually only
2322:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2186:
2180:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1967:Ross (2001),
1964:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1771:9780750677851
1767:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1731:9780878148233
1727:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:Energy portal
1230:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1152:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:Probabilistic
1049:
1048:Deterministic
1044:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1009:
1005:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:geoscientists
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
938:
937:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
919:
916:
914:
909:
908:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
890:
887:
885:
880:
879:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
854:
848:
847:
844:
842:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
820:
815:
814:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
784:
779:
778:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
748:
747:Deterministic
742:
741:
737:
734:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
716:
711:
710:
706:
703:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
685:
679:
678:
643:
634:
631:
630:deterministic
627:
626:probabilistic
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:
569:
568:
563:
559:
555:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
491:
487:
477:
471:
466:
462:
460:
456:
446:
444:
440:
435:
431:
429:
425:
421:
413:
404:
401:
396:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
365:
355:
353:
342:
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
325:balance sheet
322:
318:
313:
309:
308:accumulations
305:
300:
292:
287:
282:
276:
275:
272:
267:
262:
256:
255:
252:
247:
242:
236:
235:
221:
212:
210:
206:
203:undiscovered
202:
198:
197:accumulations
195:
191:
187:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
107:
103:
96:
92:
87:
78:
76:
75:oil & gas
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
2719:Fossil fuels
2694:Oil reserves
2656:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2584:Net to Gross
2583:
2579:
2567:
2563:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2433:
2424:
2414:
2405:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2343:
2334:
2329:are reported
2326:
2321:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2270:. Retrieved
2247:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2224:
2214:
2205:The Asylum,
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2179:
2170:
2169:SPE (2011).
2149:. Retrieved
2137:
2133:
2123:
2104:
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2074:
2070:
2045:. Retrieved
2040:
2027:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1968:
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1019:yet-to-find
614:recoverable
582:recoverable
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490:development
381:(PD) or as
333:stock value
329:asset value
152:(WPC), the
148:(SPE), the
110:uncertainty
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2688:Categories
2574:boundaries
1993:: 102083.
1376:References
743:Volumetric
648:Technique
602:extraction
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127:production
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106:subsurface
67:associated
45:discovered
2019:155591371
1953:19 August
1875:SEC rules
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1207:tight gas
1101:in which
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205:prospects
194:potential
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2699:Peak oil
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2191:17 April
2032:Schenk.
1969:Op. Cit.
1944:Archived
1897:Op. Cit.
1877:. US Gov
1854:Op. Cit.
1838:20 April
1662:20 April
1625:20 April
1589:28 April
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1283:Peak oil
1221:See also
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1917:30 June
1881:19 June
1798:Bibcode
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