33:
1113:'s slow movements, brightly coloured and layered clothing, and lacquered hair provided a source of titillation for "the implications of Edo life so devoid of women." As a larger than life figure, historical accounts of the oiran recall the transferral of respectable house names as tangible products for potential clients, as well as signifiers of rank for established providers. This resulted in a widespread desire for anonymity for the mostly male population within Yoshiwara. Specialized products, such as
1460:
1014:
55:
1143:", a Buddhist word that meant suffering world, which, when written in new characters, came to mean "floating world". This would also later influence the creation of ukiyo-e woodblock prints. Laura W. Allen, the curator of Japanese art at the Asian Art Museum describes the aesthetic intervention as "ignoring the problems that might have existed in a very strictly regulated society and abandoning yourself, bobbing along on the current of pleasure."
1535:
59:
57:
63:
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became steadily more traditional, outdated and ritualised, further and further removed from popular society and bound by their strict rules of etiquette, behaviour and speech. This, combined with their relative financial inaccessibility to most people, created a vacuum of entertainment for the rising
1138:
This had a profound impact on the economy, while also reflecting a point of contention between the upper and lower classes of Edo. Yoshiwara, known as "the place without night", represented one of the new places in which "high" culture was able to mingle with that of the lower classes, forging a new
1073:
in roughly 1600, sometimes restricting brothels to literal walled-in districts. These quarters were often placed at some distance from the centre of the attached town or city, and the legal status and location of these districts changed on a number of occasions throughout the following centuries; on
564:
not considered to be high ranking or skilled enough to hold an inherited name would instead use a professional name considered elegant enough to be the name of a courtesan; these were typically pseudonyms taken to either protect one's identity or to promote the brothel's image, and were likely to be
2357:
Though the precise reasons for in the public's perception of the
Yoshiwara during the 19th century can only be speculated, the decline was as precipitous as it was undeniable. By the early 20th century, the aura of dignity and élan the courtesans had once exuded was all but lost, and these women,
1178:
also lost their celebrity status in wider society, and came in part to be seen less as highly cultured courtesans reflecting formal, high class standards of speech and appearance, and more as caged women unable to leave the pleasure districts and chained to the debts they owed to their brothel. The
1185:
had also not reflected changes in fashion – as the profession of geisha had evolved and become increasingly popular, the authorities had sought to clamp down on the profligate and wealthy tastes of the merchant classes, leading to a number of dress edicts that changed popular aesthetics and led to
1085:
and
Yoshiwara in Edo (present day Tokyo). Over time, these districts rapidly grew into large and self contained neighbourhoods, containing a number of different forms of entertainment outside of prostitution including performances and festivals. Geisha – whose profession came into existence in the
1289:
did not. Geisha were cheap to patronise, informal to converse with, required few introductions before entertaining a customer and both played and sang the most popular songs of the time. Through various dress edicts aimed at controlling the merchant classes and thus preserving the appearances and
1346:
were unable to leave their pleasure quarters and could be, if not in the highest ranks, forced to entertain whichever customers the head of her brothel demanded she entertain, geisha were allowed to both leave their houses and choose which patrons she wished to entertain, leading to the rise of
1279:
instead; however, during the Edo period, geisha came to represent the tastes of the merchant classes, whose low social status and high financial freedom left them free of social obligations to uphold the status of a samurai family that men of the upper classes were commonly beholden to.
60:
537:
upon gaining promotion to a higher rank; these names, exclusively the property of the brothel owner, typically carried the prestige of the person who held it previously, and brothel owners commonly chose only those of similar countenance and reputation to inherit them.
151:
due to their intensive training in the traditional arts and the fact that they lived and worked in Kyoto, the political capital of Japan, which remained the cultural heart of the country when the seat of political power moved to Tokyo. Though
1306:
did – at times forbidden to work outside of them – as the profession developed, laws regarding the separation of the two professions were passed. This, over time, ironically led to exaggerate and exacerbate the differences between geisha and
2337:
1296:
into popularity, which geisha came to both represent and champion. A geisha's loyalties were also held to be more true, as geisha could choose whom they wished to entertain, and geisha became the subject of many popular romantic stories.
288:, and their more fashionable expressions of contemporary womanhood and companionship for men, which mirrored the tastes of the extremely wealthy, but for lower class merchants, who constituted the majority of their patronage.
1128:
did not only extend to physical interactions with her, but embodied one's journey through
Yoshiwara itself. Outside of prostitution and the arts, the aesthetic reverence utilised to distinguish different classes of the
1121:
hats, medicinal intervention, and the newly developed medium of kabuki encompassed the centricity of the red-light district economy, while also supporting anonymity of its patrons. Thus, the mythical persona for the
1151:
Because of their isolation, the rigidity of their contracts as courtesans – which often ran for 10–15 years before ending their involvement with the profession – and their inability to leave the pleasure districts,
595:
was markedly different from that of both geisha and the average woman, reflecting the upper class tastes and expectations of their customers; by the height of their profession at the beginning of the Edo period,
58:
1283:
As the merchant classes throughout Edo-period society grew in wealth and profligacy, they became the main source of income for geisha, who represented social and financial accessibility in a way that
1566:). The parade, which takes place in spring, historically re-enacts the walk made by top courtesans around their district in honour of their guests. The modern parade features three women dressed as
1273:
Geisha were, officially-speaking, considered to be a relatively low-class form of entertainment, and as such, were not patronised by the upper classes, who were officially supposed to patronise
1385:, official attitudes towards legalized prostitution within Japan had changed owing to the country's increasing international presence. Towards the end of the 19th century, geisha had replaced
315:
district were allowed to continue practising the cultural and performing arts traditions of their profession, and were declared a "special variety" of geisha. In the present day, a handful of
657:
featured elaborate, traditional and auspicious designs, such as dragons, butterflies, arabesque rondels, pine, plum and bamboo, woven and embroidered in heavy gold and silver thread.
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late 18th century – also occasionally worked within these districts, as edicts passed at various times restricted them from working outside of officially designated red light areas.
260:
Though regarded as trend setting and fashionable women at the historic height of their profession, this reputation was later usurped in the late 18th through 19th centuries by
32:
1101:
eventually became the main source of entertainment, performing and entertaining at parties for guests. Scholar
Jonathan Clements emphasised the striking presence of the
544:
were written in kanji, and were typically more elaborate than the average woman's name of the time, holding meanings taken from poetry, literary history and nature;
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1313:, heightening the popularity of the former and leading to the eventual destruction of the latter. Geisha were forbidden to dress elaborately, in the manner of
131:) for their more refined entertainment skills and training in the traditional arts. Divided into a number of ranks within this category, the highest rank of
2100:
872:
status; a guidebook published in 1688 listed the contemporary numbers of high-ranking courtesans in comparison to all the courtesans listed in one area:
507:'s prestige was based on her beauty, character, education and artistic ability, which was reflected in the number of ranks falling in the category of
2752:
1353:
with square eggs, the punchline being that neither were things that existed. Though many geisha went into debt or held at least some debt with their
1290:
social status of the upper classes, extravagant or obvious displays of wealth had been outlawed and driven underground, bringing aesthetics such as
789:
could weigh in excess of 20 kg (44 lb), often weighing as much as 30 kg (66 lb), and would require great assistance to put on.
2232:"The notes, references, and links listed here are keyed to the new preface "Geisha in the 21st Century" in the 25th anniversary edition of GEISHA"
2666:
1849:
1637:
through the Ōsu Kannon shopping arcade. Thousands of spectators crowd the shopping streets on these days to get close enough to photograph the
2639:
1325:
accused a geisha of stealing a customer, she would be fully investigated, with the potential to be forbidden from working if found guilty.
519:, unlike geisha or common prostitutes, could be promoted or demoted by the owner of her brothel, and commonly inherited a generational name
1592:. Due to the event's popularity in Japan, organizers are often inundated with applications to be part of the parade as one of the three
1334:
were likely to be at least in part indentured to their houses, geisha were not considered to be the same kind of physical property that
660:
This would be worn unbelted over the top of the underkimono, which featured a patterned design only on the lower skirt, and resembled a
2312:
2432:
1405:
continued to see clients within the old pleasure quarters, but were no longer at the cutting edge of fashion, and during the years of
2016:, Kansai University. Quote: 「花魁は、江戸の吉原にしかいません。吉原にも当初は太夫がいたのですが、揚屋が消滅したのにともなって、太夫もいなくなりました。その替わりに出てきたのが、花魁なのです。ですから、花魁は江戸吉原専用の語なのです。」
1729:
In this video, the
Shochiku Costume Company presents a modern reproduction costume for the role of Agemaki, a courtesan in the play
1270:
declined, the geisha profession was born and grew increasingly stronger, contributing in part, if not in majority, to this decline.
2009:
922:, who had, by the time of the guidebook's publication, been dormant, with no courtesans in these roles in Yoshiwara, for 30 years:
739:– 20 cm (7.9 in) tall paulownia wood clogs with three "teeth". Though lightweight for their size, these would prevent an
245:
were expected to be well versed in the traditional arts of singing, classical dance and music, including the ability to play the
2070:
2926:
2398:
2279:
1816:
610:(hair ornaments), typically made from tortoiseshell, silver, gold and gemstones, in their large, elaborate and heavily waxed
2906:
1747:), making the techniques, decoration and fabrics used highly similar, if not entirely, and reliable as a resource for what
783:
socks, with her bare foot considered to be a point of eroticism in her outfit. In total, a formal parade outfit worn by an
614:; these hairstyles, all with different names and meanings, were worn to represent different ranks, seasons and occasions.
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493:
to be well read, able to converse and write with wit and elegance, and able to match them in intellect in conversation.
1916:
1774:
1319:, and were not allowed to sleep with their customers. Geisha were registered at a separate registry office, and if an
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2608:
2581:
2557:
2536:
2515:
2474:
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1899:
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continued to dwindle in popularity as the geisha grew in numbers, accessibility, and appeal. By the beginning of the
1522:, without the sexual aspect, do so as a preservation of cultural heritage rather than as a profession or lifestyle.
1221:, they did not play the popular and contemporary tunes composed for it, and instead stuck to longer ballads such as
1074:
occasion, some were closed and their inhabitants either sent to live or work in another, larger red light district.
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2092:
1643:
and their retinue of male bodyguards and entourage of apprentices (young girls in distinctive red kimono, wearing
1077:
The three best-known districts historically were
Shimabara in Kyoto (which also housed geisha until the 1970s),
382:
meaning "leader" or "first." Though only the highest ranking prostitutes of
Yoshiwara were technically known as
2987:
2652:
1737:. Though kabuki costumes are exaggerated, the costumes used for courtesans are highly similar to those used by
321:, who do not engage in prostitution as part of their role, continue to perform in Kyoto, alongside a number of
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as the entertainer and companion of choice for the wealthiest in
Japanese society, with the central appeal of
2967:
2957:
639:
were also worn by noblewomen and, towards the end of the Meiji period, began to be worn by some brides, the
2952:
1169:, thus leading to the decision to patronise the greatly more accessible and less expensive geisha instead.
1139:
aesthetic environment within Edo society alongside their mingling. Another nickname for the
Yoshiwara was "
1042:(1600–1868), following the introduction of laws restricting brothels to bounded pleasure quarters known as
1841:
2982:
2962:
2757:
1631:
yearly around the beginning of
October. The highlight of this two-day festival is the slow procession of
298:
24:
2600:
1005:
therefore appeared in Yoshiwara as a polite term of address for any remaining woman of courtesan rank.
2977:
2972:
2463:
Swinton, Elizabeth de Sabato; Campbell, Kazue Edamatsu; Dalby, Liza Crihfield; Oshima, Mark (1995).
1659:
2911:
231:
became celebrities both inside and outside of the pleasure quarters, and were commonly depicted in
2133:
1985:
1955:
565:
slightly more elaborate than the average woman's name. These names, alongside the names of both
2358:
many of whom suffered from venereal disease, appeared more like sexual slaves than celebrities.
425:, a woman first had to be educated in a range of skills from a relatively young age, including
627:; the outermost kimono would usually be a heavily decorated silk brocade garment known as the
2675:
2629:
1689:
1416:
432:
2634:
863:, well beyond a labourer's monthly wage and comparable to a shop assistant's annual salary.
327:
reenactors elsewhere in Japan who perform in reenactments of the courtesan parades known as
225:
for their perceived ability to steal the hearts and match the wits of upper-class men. Many
2122:
2062:
257:, and were also expected to converse with clients in upper class and formalised language.
8:
1163:, whose relatively high wealth and relatively low social status left them unable to hire
734:
2804:
2006:
1361:, few found themselves in the same situation of financial domination and ownership that
833:
had sufficient prestige to refuse clients. Their high status also made the services of
185:
in the 1750s, and is applied to all ranks of high level courtesans in historical Japan.
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2293:
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1209:
offered had mostly remained unchanged since generations of courtesans previous. Though
2466:
The women of the pleasure quarter: Japanese paintings and prints of the floating world
2172:. Taylor & Francis. Commentary "APPENDIX III. THE HIERARCHY OF COURTESANS" p. 286.
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slowly growing. The few remaining women still currently practising the arts of the
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favoured and sung by geisha, whose lyrical content was often heartfelt and honest.
1189:
722:, which presented a large, flat surface on which large designs would be decorated.
666:(underkimono; part of kimono underwear) otherwise. The ensemble was belted with an
312:
297:
continued to decline steadily throughout the 19th century, before prostitution was
2395:
2231:
1924:
1504:
for geisha in the late 20th century. However, some still recognize Shimabara as a
1229:, which had refined, but restrained, lyrical content. This was in contrast to the
98:
in Japanese history, who were considered to be above common prostitutes (known as
2689:
2571:
2547:
2526:
2505:
2464:
2402:
2013:
1694:
1611:
1555:
1409:, when any show of luxury was heavily clamped down upon, the culture surrounding
47:
108:
87:
2829:
2694:
2313:"Sex and Suffering: The Tragic Life of the Courtesan in Japan's Floating World"
200:
typically only entertaining the upper classes of society, gaining the nickname
2896:
1977:
1947:
1095:
and their attire bled into other aspects of the Edo period; within Yoshiwara,
866:
Though many courtesans could be registered in one area, extremely few reached
2941:
2699:
2567:
1579:
1419:– after which the profession of courtesan (excluding the performance arts of
1232:
275:
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2289:
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in full traditional attire with approximately 70 accompanying servants. The
2891:
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2724:
2271:
1459:
1406:
1382:
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continue to entertain in a similar manner to geisha, with fewer than five
1089:
Outside of their physical presentation, the traditional aesthetics of the
611:
577:(child attendants and apprentice courtesans respectively) were written in
362:
which translates loosely to "the lass at our (my) place." When written in
2886:
2437:
1013:
900:
were registered in Osaka and Yoshiwara out of 2,790 registered courtesans
444:
2644:
2714:
2709:
2704:
1744:
1116:
1039:
904:
A Yoshiwara guidebook published in 1792 listed the six extant ranks of
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462:
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377:
369:
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2819:
2799:
2486:
Chapter: Courtesan and Geisha: The Real Women of the Pleasure Quarter
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from taking anything other than small, slow footsteps when walking;
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house is located in Shimabara, which lost its official status as a
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283:
248:
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suffered even further, being dealt the final blow in 1957 by the
1224:
470:
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407:, whose primary attraction was the sexual services they offered,
232:
43:
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140:
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1700:
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1583:
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419:, were first and foremost entertainers. In order to become an
1586:, and Bunsui, walk with the distinctive slow gait of wearing
1356:
1300:
Though geisha also worked within the pleasure districts that
1140:
1082:
891:
were registered in Shinmachi out of 983 registered courtesans
882:
were registered in Shimabara out of 329 registered courtesans
680:
became both wider and stiffer, adding weight and discomfort.
363:
308:
2507:
The Nightless City: Or, The History of the Yoshiwara Yūkwaku
2406:
1623:
The Ōsu Street Performers' Festival is an event held around
1708:
778:
158:
by definition also engaged in prostitution, higher-ranking
20:
2462:
1534:
1135:
became a vehicle for other means of aesthetic expression.
2595:
Yoshiwara: The Glittering World of the Japanese Courtesan
2158:
Early Modern Japanese Literature: An Anthology, 1600–1900
2019:
182:
194:
were well known for being exclusive and expensive, with
2625:
Tokyo Ichiyo Sakura Festival Edo Yoshiwara Oiran Parade
2043:
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Niigata Prefecture Bunsui Sakura Festival Oiran Parade
1890:(3rd ed.). London: Random House Vintage. p.
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the rise of subdued and cultivated aesthetics such as
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Category of high ranking courtesan in Japanese history
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having grown increasingly remote from everyday life.
164:
had a degree of choice in which customers they took.
2545:
2175:
2031:
1680:
1658:
parade is held in the Minamishinagawa district near
2412:
2338:"Tongue in Cheek: Erotic Art of 19th Century Japan"
633:, which would feature a heavily padded hem. Though
2592:
2753:Businesses Affecting Public Morals Regulation Act
2187:
1544:in parade wearing distinctive high platform shoes
1340:were considered to be by their employers. Though
145:, who were considered to be set apart from other
2939:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1649:(white face paint) and loose, long black hair).
2546:Longstreet, Stephen; Longstreet, Ethel (1988).
2055:
1811:(1st ed.). Tokyo: Shogakukan. p. 18.
1230:
1043:
999:continued to work in Kyoto and Osaka. The word
813:
798:
693:
674:tied at the front. During the Edo period, this
528:
348:
272:, ability to play short, modern songs known as
201:
99:
76:
1806:
1050:
820:
805:
522:
375:
367:
355:
106:
85:
2660:
2549:Yoshiwara: The Pleasure Quarters of Old Tokyo
1825:
1490:left in modern-day Kyoto. The last remaining
975:of Yoshiwara retired, marking the end of the
686:became known for wearing a specific style of
94:is a collective term for the highest-ranking
2374:(2nd ed.). Vermont: Tuttle Publishing.
2363:
1107:outside of their quarters, where a parading
987:ranks in that pleasure quarter, though both
2433:"Shinagawa, a gateway to old and new Tokyo"
2093:"Lower-Ranking Japanese Prostitutes' Names"
1767:
1239:
1200:categorically did not reflect or resemble.
1056:
700:
623:'s outfit consisted of a number of layered
208:
114:
2667:
2653:
2495:Chapter: Reflections on the Floating World
2085:
1945:
1807:Kimino, Rinko; Ichikawa, Somegoro (2016).
1610:, it is also known as the Dream Parade of
1370:
1259:
797:The highest rank of courtesan was that of
2674:
388:, the term is now widely applied to all.
42:sitting with a client and an apprentice.
2259:
1802:
1800:
1533:
1458:
1428:
1012:
651:were far more excessive and loud. These
53:
31:
2528:Beauty & Desire in Edo Period Japan
2492:
2217:
1975:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1554:is an annual event held every April in
845:'s fee for one evening was between one
763:) step, with two manservants (known as
366:, the word consists of two characters:
2940:
2590:
2524:
2503:
2181:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2927:Types of prostitution in modern Japan
2648:
2483:
2430:
2418:
2369:
2347:. Honolulu Museum of Art. p. 102
1883:
1797:
1347:adages comparing the loyalties of an
1027:
2907:Recreation and Amusement Association
2431:Miura, Yoshiaki (30 November 2014).
2151:
1864:
1562:Prefecture (now part of the city of
1510:, with the number and activities of
725:When parading or otherwise walking,
2566:
2335:
2193:
1375:Towards the end of the Edo period,
827:. Unlike courtesans of lower rank,
556:directly down to their apprentice.
396:
13:
2456:
2396:"Courtesans and Geisha – the Tayû"
2160:. Columbia University Press, 2008.
1842:"About Japanese Courtesans' Names"
1203:Similarly, the entertainment that
1179:preservation of the appearance of
14:
3004:
2618:
2531:. National Gallery of Australia.
2229:
2206:Guide to the Quarters of the Land
2103:from the original on 12 July 2020
2073:from the original on 12 July 2020
1948:"OIRAN 花魁 – Japanese Lamp (020L)"
1914:
1852:from the original on 12 July 2020
1551:Bunsui Sakura Matsuri Oiran Dōchū
501:Within the pleasure quarters, an
1809:Photographic Kabuki Kaleidoscope
2591:Seigle, Cecilia Segawa (1993).
2424:
2388:
2329:
2310:
2304:
2253:
2223:
2199:
2163:
2136:from the original on 2021-12-21
2115:
1988:from the original on 2021-12-21
1958:from the original on 2021-12-21
1723:
1367:were almost entirely bound to.
347:comes from the Japanese phrase
264:, who became popular among the
2493:Swinton, Elizabeth de Sabato.
1999:
1969:
1939:
1908:
291:The popularity and numbers of
1:
2630:Yoshino Tayu Hana Kuyo. 2008.
2208:(Shokoku irozato annai), 1688
1760:
1475:of Shimabara, Kyoto on parade
757:with a sliding, figure of 8 (
584:
391:
2170:The life of an amorous woman
1923:. Liza Dalby. Archived from
602:wore upwards of eight large
550:were rarely passed from one
336:
7:
2758:Prostitution Prevention Law
2573:The Blade of the Courtesans
2260:Clements, Jonathan (2018).
1749:
1739:
1731:
1707:
1681:
1669:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1633:
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25:Ouran High School Host Club
10:
3009:
2993:Japanese words and phrases
2601:University of Hawaii Press
2372:Little Songs of the Geisha
2341:(Online museum exhibition)
1452:
1146:
1008:
18:
2874:
2848:
2787:
2766:
2745:
2682:
2504:Becker, J. E. de (2000).
1946:ShinoStore (2015-02-22).
1538:An actress dressed as an
1051:
821:
806:
523:
453:also learned to play the
376:
368:
356:
350:"oira no tokoro no nēsan"
107:
86:
2263:A Short History of Tokyo
1716:
1525:
942:Yobidashi Tsukemawarashi
792:
496:
374:, meaning "flower", and
235:woodblock prints and in
19:Not to be confused with
2948:Social history of Japan
2552:. C.E. Tuttle Company.
2484:Dalby, Liza Crihfield.
1604:is a shortened form of
1444:
1371:Later years (1850–1957)
1260:Competition with geisha
775:generally did not wear
443:(flower arranging) and
2469:. Hudson Hills Press.
2438:The Japan Times Online
2272:10.2307/j.ctv131bwq1.6
1978:"Oiran 花魁 in New York"
1976:ktodoma (2016-11-20).
1545:
1476:
1024:
301:in 1957. However, the
73:
51:
2988:Prostitution in Japan
2676:Prostitution in Japan
2525:Hickey, Gary (1998).
1690:Prostitution in Japan
1537:
1462:
1417:Anti-Prostitution Law
1016:
839:extremely pricey – a
433:Japanese tea ceremony
268:for their simplified
66:
35:
2968:Gendered occupations
2958:Japanese prostitutes
2849:Types of prostitutes
2409:Retrieved 3-11-2014.
2370:Dalby, Liza (2000).
2028:, pp. 123, 202.
2007:京都・角屋の文化 ―学問の手伝えること―
1884:Dalby, Liza (1983).
1617:Echigo no yume-dōchū
2953:Japanese courtesans
2788:Red-light districts
2266:. Haus Publishing.
1038:arose in the early
751:would thus walk in
487:. Clients expected
413:, and particularly
2983:Sexuality in Japan
2963:Courtesans by type
2730:Men's beauty salon
2401:2015-05-22 at the
2345:honolulumuseum.org
2012:2011-03-21 at the
2005:2006-1-27, 藤田 真一,
1785:on 19 October 2014
1546:
1477:
1425:) became illegal.
1328:Though geisha and
1264:In the years that
1032:The profession of
1028:Rise to prominence
1025:
969:In 1761, the last
589:The appearance of
179:red light district
74:
52:
2935:
2934:
2407:www.lizadalby.com
2317:Collectors Weekly
2281:978-1-912208-97-5
2052:, pp. 26–27.
1818:978-4-09-310843-0
1779:The Kyoto Project
1666:every September.
1598:or as a servant.
769:) assisting her.
299:outlawed in Japan
124:woman of pleasure
64:
3000:
2978:Society of Japan
2973:Culture of Japan
2815:Shimabara, Kyoto
2805:Kabukichō, Tokyo
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2336:Eichman, Shawn.
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1932:
1927:on 11 March 2014
1917:"newgeisha tayu"
1912:
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1861:
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1823:
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1804:
1795:
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1792:
1790:
1781:. Archived from
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1754:
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1742:
1736:
1727:
1712:
1686:
1657:
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1642:
1636:
1619:
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1597:
1591:
1578:, who are named
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1168:
1161:merchant classes
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397:Traditional arts
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266:merchant classes
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199:
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188:The services of
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2999:
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2938:
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2936:
2931:
2912:Sex trafficking
2870:
2844:
2783:
2762:
2741:
2732:
2690:Delivery health
2678:
2673:
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2611:
2584:
2560:
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2518:
2477:
2459:
2457:Further reading
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2417:
2413:
2403:Wayback Machine
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2239:
2238:. lizadalby.com
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2139:
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2126:(Youtube video)
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2020:
2014:Wayback Machine
2004:
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1989:
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1695:Sing-song girls
1672:
1532:
1463:The modern-day
1457:
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239:theatre plays.
220:
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126:
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83:
54:
48:Suzuki Harunobu
28:
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2837:
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2830:Tobita Shinchi
2827:
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2695:Fashion health
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2683:Establishments
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2619:External links
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2568:Ryū, Keiichirō
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1755:
1753:actually wore.
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1692:
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1668:
1660:Aomono-Yokochō
1531:
1524:
1453:Main article:
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1010:
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967:
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956:Tsukemawarashi
952:
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902:
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892:
883:
812:, followed by
794:
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710:cutting board
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218:castle toppler
173:originated in
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2421:, p. 64.
2420:
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2394:Dalby, Liza.
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2230:Dalby, Liza.
2226:
2220:, p. 37.
2219:
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2196:, p. 69.
2195:
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2132:. NHK World.
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2123:"Kabuki KOOL"
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2040:, p. 28.
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1921:lizadalby.com
1918:
1915:Dalby, Liza.
1911:
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1746:
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479:
475:(hand drum),
473:
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405:
389:
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307:remaining in
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72:dancing, 2023
70:
49:
45:
40:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2892:Karayuki-san
2865:
2861:Onsen geisha
2725:No-pan kissa
2594:
2576:. Vertical.
2572:
2548:
2527:
2510:. ICG Muse.
2506:
2494:
2485:
2465:
2444:23 September
2442:. Retrieved
2436:
2426:
2414:
2390:
2371:
2365:
2356:
2349:. Retrieved
2344:
2331:
2320:. Retrieved
2316:
2306:
2290:j.ctv131bwq1
2262:
2255:
2247:
2240:. Retrieved
2235:
2225:
2218:Swinton 1995
2213:
2205:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2138:. Retrieved
2129:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2099:. Issendai.
2097:issendai.com
2096:
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2069:. Issendai.
2067:issendai.com
2066:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2001:
1990:. Retrieved
1981:
1971:
1960:. Retrieved
1951:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:the original
1920:
1910:
1886:
1854:. Retrieved
1848:. Issendai.
1846:issendai.com
1845:
1808:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:the original
1778:
1769:
1725:
1699:
1651:
1622:
1547:
1478:
1407:World War II
1399:
1383:Meiji period
1374:
1327:
1299:
1282:
1272:
1263:
1249:little songs
1202:
1171:
1150:
1137:
1088:
1076:
1031:
968:
963:Zashikimochi
910:, including
903:
865:
796:
724:
659:
616:
588:
558:
500:
401:Compared to
400:
340:
290:
259:
187:
166:
78:
75:
29:
2897:Mizu shōbai
2746:Legislation
2733: [
2311:Hix, Lisa.
2182:Seigle 1993
2130:youtube.com
2050:Hickey 1998
2038:Hickey 1998
2026:Seigle 1993
1931:15 November
1655:oiran dōchū
1607:oiran-dōchū
1215:played the
1172:Over time,
1017:Picture of
695:manaita obi
445:calligraphy
330:oiran dōchū
2942:Categories
2882:Enjo kōsai
2715:Pink salon
2710:Love hotel
2705:Image club
2419:Dalby 1995
2322:2022-04-07
2236:Liza Dalby
1992:2018-08-13
1962:2018-08-13
1761:References
1745:Edo period
1627:Temple in
1625:Ōsu Kannon
1066:playground
1040:Edo period
612:hairstyles
585:Appearance
463:shakuhachi
392:Traditions
96:courtesans
2835:Yoshiwara
2820:Shinmachi
2298:217810020
2242:9 January
2140:9 January
1664:Shinagawa
1589:koma geta
1507:hanamachi
1500:hanamachi
1079:Shinmachi
766:wakaimono
760:suri-ashi
754:koma geta
735:koma geta
357:おいらの所の姉さん
341:The word
337:Etymology
313:Shimabara
175:Yoshiwara
167:The term
137:were the
46:print by
2922:Telekura
2825:Susukino
2779:Takao II
2774:Sada Abe
2720:Soapland
2570:(2008).
2399:Archived
2194:Ryū 2008
2134:Archived
2101:Archived
2071:Archived
2063:"Kamuro"
2010:Archived
1986:Archived
1956:Archived
1850:Archived
1789:30 March
1733:Sukeroku
1670:See also
1218:shamisen
1194:, which
857:, three
851:and one
654:uchikake
645:worn by
642:uchikake
636:uchikake
630:uchikake
606:kanzashi
579:hiragana
478:shamisen
284:shamisen
270:clothing
253:and the
2902:Mizuage
2248:Note 12
2146:(25:33)
2107:14 July
2077:14 July
1982:YouTube
1952:YouTube
1856:14 July
1775:"Oiran"
1683:Kisaeng
1646:oshiroi
1580:Shinano
1564:Tsubame
1560:Niigata
1429:Modern
1243:
1225:nagauta
1147:Decline
1060:
1023:in 1917
1009:History
704:
547:myōseki
541:Myōseki
530:myōseki
471:tsuzumi
439:ikebana
280:on the
233:ukiyo-e
212:
118:
50:(1765).
44:Ukiyo-e
2917:Sumata
2856:Kagema
2840:Yūkaku
2810:Nakasu
2795:Akasen
2767:People
2607:
2580:
2556:
2535:
2514:
2473:
2378:
2351:30 May
2296:
2288:
2278:
1898:
1887:Geisha
1815:
1701:Tawaif
1676:Geisha
1629:Nagoya
1612:Echigo
1584:Sakura
1556:Bunsui
1045:yūkaku
949:Sancha
625:kimono
574:shinzō
568:kamuro
262:geisha
237:kabuki
203:keisei
177:, the
2875:Other
2866:Oiran
2737:]
2294:S2CID
2286:JSTOR
1750:oiran
1740:oiran
1717:Notes
1640:oiran
1634:oiran
1601:Dōchū
1595:oiran
1575:oiran
1569:oiran
1541:oiran
1528:Oiran
1472:okiya
1432:oiran
1412:oiran
1402:Oiran
1394:oiran
1388:oiran
1378:oiran
1364:oiran
1357:okiya
1350:oiran
1343:oiran
1337:oiran
1331:oiran
1322:oiran
1316:oiran
1310:oiran
1303:oiran
1286:oiran
1267:oiran
1233:kouta
1212:oiran
1206:oiran
1197:oiran
1182:oiran
1175:oiran
1166:oiran
1155:oiran
1141:ukiyo
1132:oiran
1125:oiran
1110:oiran
1104:oiran
1098:oiran
1092:oiran
1083:Osaka
1052:遊廓/遊郭
1035:oiran
1020:oiran
1002:oiran
996:kōshi
984:kōshi
935:Kōshi
919:kōshi
907:oiran
815:kōshi
793:Ranks
786:oiran
772:Oiran
748:oiran
742:oiran
731:wore
728:oiran
683:Oiran
663:juban
648:oiran
620:oiran
599:oiran
592:oiran
561:Oiran
553:oiran
516:oiran
513:. An
510:oiran
504:oiran
497:Names
490:oiran
484:kokyū
450:Oiran
422:oiran
410:oiran
385:oiran
364:kanji
344:oiran
324:oiran
309:Kyoto
294:oiran
276:kouta
249:kokyū
242:Oiran
228:oiran
197:oiran
191:oiran
170:oiran
161:oiran
155:oiran
148:oiran
134:oiran
79:Oiran
69:Oiran
39:oiran
2800:Jūsō
2605:ISBN
2578:ISBN
2554:ISBN
2533:ISBN
2512:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2446:2018
2376:ISBN
2353:2020
2276:ISBN
2244:2020
2142:2020
2109:2020
2079:2020
1933:2020
1896:ISBN
1858:2020
1813:ISBN
1791:2018
1709:Yiji
1548:The
1519:tayū
1513:tayū
1493:tayū
1487:tayū
1481:Tayū
1466:tayū
1455:Tayū
1447:Tayū
1438:tayū
1435:and
1422:tayū
1276:tayū
1240:lit.
1117:kasa
1057:lit.
993:and
990:tayū
981:and
978:tayū
972:tayū
928:Tayū
916:and
913:tayū
897:tayū
888:tayū
879:tayū
869:tayū
842:tayū
836:tayū
830:tayū
800:tayū
779:tabi
701:lit.
571:and
481:and
456:koto
428:sadō
416:tayū
404:yūjo
318:tayū
304:tayū
255:koto
209:lit.
141:tayū
115:lit.
101:yūjo
21:Oran
2268:doi
1652:An
1620:).
1293:iki
1190:iki
1081:in
876:13
854:ryo
848:ryo
713:obi
689:obi
677:obi
670:obi
617:An
435:),
311:'s
183:Edo
181:of
36:An
23:or
2944::
2887:JK
2735:Ja
2603:.
2599:.
2435:.
2405:.
2355:.
2343:.
2315:.
2292:.
2284:.
2274:.
2246:.
2234:.
2144:.
2128:.
2095:.
2065:.
1984:.
1980:.
1954:.
1950:.
1919:.
1894:.
1892:59
1866:^
1844:.
1827:^
1799:^
1777:.
1662:,
1582:,
1558:,
1055:,
894:3
885:7
860:bu
822:格子
807:太夫
581:.
527:,
524:名跡
467:,
459:,
447:.
333:.
113:,
109:遊女
88:花魁
2668:e
2661:t
2654:v
2613:.
2586:.
2562:.
2541:.
2520:.
2497:.
2488:.
2479:.
2448:.
2384:.
2325:.
2300:.
2270::
2111:.
2081:.
1995:.
1965:.
1935:.
1904:.
1860:.
1821:.
1793:.
1614:(
1254:)
1252:'
1246:'
1238:(
1071:)
1069:'
1063:'
1049:(
825:)
819:(
810:)
804:(
720:)
718:'
707:'
699:(
534:)
521:(
431:(
378:魁
370:花
360:)
354:(
223:)
221:'
215:'
207:(
129:)
127:'
121:'
105:(
92:)
84:(
27:.
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