236:
304:, which were often located near the irrigation ditches which ran along the outskirts of these farms. Indoor plumbing was inaccessible to these migrant workers, and so they were forced to resort to using outhouses. Unfortunately, because of the minimal space allotted to the migrant workers, their outhouses were normally located near the irrigation ditches, and some waste would inevitably runoff into the water. These irrigation ditches provided the Okie families with a water supply.
248:
46:
336:
to make even more money. An oil worker wanted to make enough money to go back to
Oklahoma and buy a farm, another family wanted to rent out their farm while they were away to potentially double their earnings. These families that came during the 1940s lived in California's biggest cities, Los Angeles, San Diego and various cities in the San Francisco Bay Area. Other families who moved to California before had usually moved to the valleys and rural areas.
308:
out of the question. However, what native
Californians failed to realize at the time was that these Okie migrant farm workers did not always live in the conditions that the Dust Bowl left them in. In fact, often these families had once owned their own farms and had been able to support themselves. This meant that Okie families often had been in a fairly comfortable situation before the circumstances surrounding the Dust Bowl induced their migration.
279:. Californians began calling all migrants by that name, even though many newcomers were not actually Oklahomans. The migrants included people from Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, Colorado and New Mexico, but were all referred to as "Okies" and "Arkies". More of the migrants were from Oklahoma than any other state, and a total of 15% of the Oklahoma population left for California.
328:
became fascinated with the Okie culture and lifestyle. He travelled back in 1952 to see what the Okies had made of themselves and saw that the difference was astounding. They were not living in roadside encampments anymore or driving run-down cars- they had better living situations and better views on life.
339:
While many families had plans to leave
California after making a good amount of money, they often didn't; the children and grandchildren of Okies also seldom returned to Oklahoma or farming, and are now concentrated in California's cities and suburbs. Long-term cultural impacts include a commitment
327:
envisioned the migrants becoming active unionists and New Deal agitators demanding higher wages and better housing conditions. Steinbeck did not foresee that most Okies would move into well-paid jobs in war industries in the 1940s. When a man named Oliver Carson visited Kern County in the 1930s, he
299:
Once the Okie families migrated from
Oklahoma to California, they often were forced to work on large farms to support their families. Because of the minimal pay, these families were often forced to live on the outskirts of these farms in shanty houses they built themselves. These homes were normally
979:
Thomes Mrs. Agnes Hooks of Thomas with a postal card mailed at
Newcastle, Ind. in 1907, address to a Miss Agness Kirkbridge, with the salutation: "Hello Okie – Will see you next Monday night." Signed: Myrtle M. Pence. Mrs. Hooks says Agness Kirkbridge was an aunt of hers. The Kirkbridge family came
460:
series, the term "Okie" was applied in a similar context to entire cities that, thanks to an anti-gravity device, take flight to the stars in order to escape an economic collapse on Earth. Working as a migrant labor force, these cities act as cultural pollinators, spreading technology and knowledge
343:
It has been said that some
Oklahomans who stayed and lived through the Dust Bowl see the Okie migrants as quitters who fled Oklahoma. Other Oklahoma natives are as proud of their Okies who made good in California as are the Okies themselves – and of the Arkies, West Texans, and others who were cast
335:
began, large amounts of money went flooding to
California to aid the USA in the war. This was highly helpful for the Okies, as jobs of higher quality opened up in larger numbers and they were able to make their lives better over time. Other Okies saw this and decided they wanted to go to California
307:
Due to this lack of sanitation in these camps, disease ran rampant among the migrant workers and their families. Also contributing to disease was the fact that these Shanty Town homes that the Okie migrant workers lived in had no running water, and because of their minimal pay medical attention was
1133:
Friday, June 2, 1970, p. 3. col. 1: "In a release last week, Kennedy charged, the pins were campaign buttons for Gov. Bartlett. He demanded Monday that state employees be instructed to view all Okie-type paraphernalia as political material and that it be treated in accordance with state rules and
1105:
Thursday, 27 October 1955, p. 20, col. 3: "A new type of money, designed to boost
Oklahomans' pride in the Sooner state, soon will be off the press as part of the Greater Oklahoma City Forward committee's program. Known as "Okie Dough," the script will also be useful in braging in the other 47
1092:, p. 107: "Says Jim Young, chancellor of Bakersfield College, 'I'm proud of my folks and everyone else who came out here and were called Okies, and who made new lives for themselves.' Young, of course, symbolizes well why others in the Central Valley are so proud to claim that term Okie.
194:. A study in the 1990s indicated that about 3.75 million Californians were descendants of this population. By 1950, four million individuals, or one quarter of all persons born in Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, or Missouri, lived outside the region, primarily in the West.
290:
in the mid-1930s, to identify migrant farm workers. He noticed the "OK" abbreviation (for
Oklahoma) on many of the migrants' license plates and referred to them in his article as "Oakies". The first known usage was an unpublished private postcard from 1907.
1119:
June 6, 1970, p. 8, col. 1: "Bartlett did not invent the term. He simple recognized its existence in the vocabulary – and gambled that nothing was more likely to erase its stigma than letting outsiders know
Sooners themselves rather liked being called
928:"Okies--They Sank Roots and Changed the Heart of California : History: Unwanted and shunned, the 1930s refugees from the Dust Bowl endured, spawning new generations. Their legacy can be found in towns scattered throughout the San Joaquin Valley"
347:
In the later half of the 20th century, there became increasing evidence that any pejorative meaning of the term Okie was fading; former and present Okies began to apply the label as a badge of honor and symbol of the Okie survivor attitude.
395:, arguing that the restaurant's name insulted Oklahomans; only after protracted controversy and a letter from the Governor of Oklahoma did the agency relent. Since then, the children and grandchildren of Okies in California
478:– written between 1948 and 1949, although not published until 1957 – the term appears to refer to some of the people the main character, a New York author, meets in one of his trips around the United States.
147:, or their descendants. This connection may be residential, historical or cultural. For most Okies, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Oklahoman. While not an
1214:(1997), contended that Steinbeck and his fellow 1930s liberals were elitists who misinterpreted the Okie experience and then imposed that leftist misinterpretation on the American consciousness."
521:
portrays the life, struggle and survival of a single mother and her two children during the days following the Great depression (1929) and Dust Bowls. She and people like her are often termed as
399:
of Okie to a self-title of pride in obtaining success, as well to challenge what they felt was snobbery or "the last group to make fun of" in the state's urban area cultures.
966:
The migrants included people from Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, Colorado and New Mexico, but were all referred to as "Okies" and "Arkies."
172:
537:
is based on the author's first-hand experience. The novel was originally scheduled to be published in 1939, but publication was shelved when Steinbeck's
4133:
4078:
235:
557:
685:
409:
used the phrase "I'm proud to be an Okie from Muskogee" as the successful theme of his 2008 mayoral campaign. He was 19 years old at the time.
1755:
340:
to evangelical Protestantism, a love of country music, political conservatism, and strong support for traditional moral and cultural values.
384:
was a hit on national airwaves. During the 1970s, the term Okie became familiar to most Californians as a prototype of a subcultural group.
155:, Okies, due to various factors, have developed their own distinct culture within larger social groupings both akin to and separate from
1445:
1434:
910:
410:
2872:
3597:
388:
3239:
3223:
3020:
1482:
1805:
1785:
1761:
1383:
268:
126:
2095:
4118:
4108:
4093:
1439:
376:
In 1968, Governor Bartlett made Reddick, the originator of the California usage, an honorary Okie. And in the early 1970s,
88:
3344:
3583:
1182:
4103:
1769:
1721:
2662:
1500:
1415:
1401:
1363:
1349:
1314:
1300:
1286:
811:
797:
783:
717:
148:
1240:
366:
352:
2788:
2655:
2359:
2986:
2815:
2270:
316:
Historian James Gregory has explored the long-term impact of the Okies on California society. He notes that in
3736:
3662:
3011:
1328:
776:
At the Rainbow's End: A Dustbowl Collection of Prose and Poetry of the Okie Migration to the San Joaquin Valley
757:
derisively refers to a farmhand as an Okie in a scene where he is confronted for trespassing in an orange grove
649:
2400:
4113:
4088:
2252:
2210:
1158:
1368:
Ortiz, Roxanne Dunbar. "One or Two Things I Know about Us: Rethinking the Image and Role of the 'Okies',"
4073:
2491:
1522:
946:
Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, "One or Two Things I Know about Us: Rethinking the Image and Role of the 'Okies',"
191:
152:
1342:
Rising in the West: The True Story of an "Okie" Family from the Great Depression through the Regan Years
3467:
1475:
927:
220:
4128:
4083:
2846:
2475:
2071:
1393:
1143:
David Colker, "Los Angeles County News in Brief: Quake Delivers Knockout Punch to Okie Girl Eatery,"
628:
491:, the protagonist (an LA punk-rocker in the early 1980s) thinks of herself and her family as "Okies."
381:
83:
4123:
4007:
607:– Jack Guthrie and His Oklahomans (1947) – considered by many to be the first Rock & Roll song.
156:
2797:
2677:
1789:
1765:
1600:
1010:
Curtis, James (1986). "Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, and the Culture of the Great Depression".
769:
That dumbest Okie, and other short stories: Oklahoma! "The land of honest men and slender women."
533:
105:
59:
182:, the term came to refer to very poor migrants from Oklahoma coming to look for employment. The
3710:
617:
483:
160:
1256:
3642:
1468:
1450:
754:
186:
and the "Okie" migration of the 1930s brought in over a million migrants, many headed to the
179:
131:
20:
1378:
Dust Bowl Migrants in the American Imagination. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997.
908:"A Revolution in the Heartland: Changes in Rural Culture, Family and Communities, 1900–2000"
2895:
2341:
2030:
1635:
1557:
1491:
1321:
Proud to Be an Okie: Cultural Politics, Country Music, and Migration to Southern California
850:
823:
417:, who was born in Oklahoma, frequently referenced her "Okie" roots during campaign events.
355:
8:
3483:
3069:
1696:
834:
539:
507:
436:
318:
264:
215:
1455:
907:
391:
refused to allow the name of the "Okie Girl" restaurant to appear on a roadside sign on
4098:
3893:
2915:
1027:
638:
406:
402:
2856:
2612:
461:
throughout the expanding human civilization. The later novels focus on the travels of
2993:
2194:
1411:
1397:
1379:
1375:
1359:
1345:
1324:
1310:
1296:
1282:
1031:
932:
845:
807:
793:
779:
734:
713:
556:"And the Okies fled. And the great emancipater" (Time-The Revelator – Gillian Welch.
358:
168:
122:
3758:
3742:
3229:
3099:
3083:
2327:
1649:
1584:
1019:
501:
draws attention to today's sons and daughters of the California Okies portrayed in
453:
414:
101:
1062:
James N. Gregory, "Dust Bowl Legacies: The Okie Impact on California, 1939–1989,"
917:. University of Missouri: Department of Rural Sociology. Columbia, Missouri. 2004.
239:
An 18-year-old Okie mother, pictured holding her child, stranded penniless in the
72:
United States, especially Oklahoma and California (primarily of ancestral descent)
3993:
3931:
3143:
2589:
1244:
914:
578:"Dear Okie, if you see Arkie, tell ’im Tex’s got a job for him out in Californy."
457:
252:
240:
3726:
1446:
An "Okie Knowledge" Quiz from the official web page of Oklahoma state government
373:, as a political tool against him, and further degraded the term for some time.
3983:
3772:
3752:
3632:
3603:
3576:
3406:
3396:
3259:
3213:
2830:
2804:
2707:
2498:
2158:
1952:
1875:
1843:
1593:
840:
750:
668:
514:
441:
431:
324:
210:
206:
55:
51:
294:
4067:
3914:
3806:
3503:
3461:
3390:
3195:
2879:
2862:
2565:
2037:
1938:
1910:
1829:
1740:
1689:
1642:
1224:
723:
634:
462:
377:
276:
202:
198:
3686:
977:
Stewart, Roy P. "Postal Card Proves Sooners Were 'Okies' Way Back In 1907,"
164:
16:
Ethnic group in the United States, pejorative term referring to an Oklahoman
3842:
2885:
2419:
2409:
2348:
2238:
2058:
1931:
1820:
603:
596:
494:
475:
392:
332:
272:
2968:
247:
3720:
3326:
2961:
2763:
2700:
2633:
2544:
2530:
2457:
2293:
1945:
1628:
855:
738:
645:
528:
488:
470:
448:
444:
for its characterization of the Okie lifestyle and journey to California.
301:
3383:
1237:
45:
3860:
3814:
3810:
3704:
3539:
3497:
3123:
2936:
2749:
2426:
2389:
2231:
2051:
1917:
1675:
1607:
1279:
American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California
1077:
American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California
1050:
American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California
622:
567:
396:
187:
885:
3886:
3506:
3436:
3360:
3207:
3153:
3045:
2321:
1896:
1849:
1710:
1529:
1408:
Land of Plenty: Oklahomans in the Cotton Fields of Arizona, 1933–1942
828:
502:
260:
224:
183:
4034:
3626:
2909:
2840:
2583:
2375:
2286:
1703:
1550:
1536:
1023:
991:
DeAngelis, Gina (2003). "Baked Out and Broke: The Okie Migration".
144:
109:
1293:
The Other California: The Great Central Valley in Life and Letters
4048:
4027:
4021:
3947:
3830:
3823:
3788:
3620:
3549:
3418:
3253:
3183:
3093:
3000:
2954:
2279:
2014:
2004:
1924:
1859:
1779:
1744:
1621:
1183:"Warren's rivals have tried for years to brand her as an elitist"
705:. Midwest City, OK: CF Cahill, 1991. LoC Control Number: 92179243
282:
Ben Reddick, a free-lance journalist and later publisher of the
4042:
3976:
3924:
3795:
3533:
3353:
3319:
3294:
3063:
2770:
2756:
2735:
2714:
2693:
2606:
2599:
2558:
2537:
2512:
2451:
2314:
2307:
2165:
2144:
2065:
2020:
1984:
1970:
1882:
1865:
1836:
1730:
1682:
1663:
1614:
1460:
980:
to Oklahoma Territory in 1904 and settled south of Custer City.
3968:
3957:
3907:
3876:
3781:
3656:
3590:
3524:
3473:
3443:
3333:
3301:
3109:
3027:
2824:
2742:
2728:
2721:
2551:
2300:
2109:
1998:
1903:
1889:
1799:
1736:
1667:
1656:
1543:
1515:
860:
3869:
3849:
3679:
3613:
3567:
3137:
2224:
2137:
2123:
690:"I’m as Okie as a rose rock, native as the red fern grows."
543:
came out. The title is taken from a legal eviction notice.
370:
295:
Living conditions in California during the Great Depression
900:
369:
used the campaign, and the fact that Bartlett was born in
275:
and Southwest regions to California mostly along historic
3941:
3672:
3649:
3556:
3276:
3269:
2777:
2382:
2368:
1564:
792:. Santa Barbara, California: Peregrine Smith, Inc, 1975.
1420:
Windschuttle, Keith. "Steinbeck's Myth of the Okies".
4013:
usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized
778:. Big Timber, Montana: Seven Buffaloes Press, 1982.
465:
as one such Okie city, though there are many others.
1390:
Fruit Fields in My Blood: Okie Migrants in the West
3835:(sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups)
1435:What Happened to Okies After "The Grapes of Wrath"
1323:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
906:Campbell, Rex R. Campbell, Mary. Hughes, Colleen.
554:April The 14th Part I & Ruination day Part II
4065:
365:as a positive term for Oklahomans; however, the
361:launched a campaign in the 1960s to popularize
1410:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.
1212:Dust Bowl Migrants in the American Imagination
311:
1476:
1335:An American Exodus: A Record of Human Erosion
703:Point Blank Poetry: Okie Country Cowboy Poems
1052:. Oxford University Press. pp. 174–175.
251:Rear view of an Okie's car, passing through
1281:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
722:McDaniel, Wilma Elizabeth. California Okie
197:Prominent Okies included singer/songwriter
1483:
1469:
806:Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1984.
300:set up in groups called Squatter Camps or
44:
990:
230:
143:is a person identified with the state of
4134:Internal migrations in the United States
4079:Demographic history of the United States
712:. Cincinnati: David Robert Books, 2005.
672:-by Reba McEntire and Vince Gill (1990).
246:
234:
2613:Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians
1156:
1047:
389:California Department of Transportation
4066:
1009:
962:Little Known Tales in Oklahoma History
585:-- The Lost Dogs (from the 2010 album
286:is credited with first using the term
263:era, large numbers of farmers fleeing
1464:
964:. Stagecoach Publishing. p. 55.
959:
599:and the Oklahoma Night Riders (1947).
420:
209:wrote about Okies moving west in his
1295:. University of Nevada Press, 1993.
1157:Library, C. N. N. (9 January 2015).
1134:regulations governing such matters."
1129:"Democrat Gets In Plug for Donkey,"
1043:
1041:
888:. The Pew Forum on Religion and Life
413:and U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
67:Regions with significant populations
2413:(to Japan-affiliated Korean people)
576:– Doye O’Dell/Rudy Sooter (1948) –
163:influences. Included are their own
13:
2492:American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD)
1309:. Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
886:"U.S. Religious Landscapes Survey"
644:"Okie" – a parody of the above by
14:
4145:
1428:
1333:Lange, Dorothea; Paul S. Taylor.
1307:The Human Tradition in California
1208:The Human Tradition in California
1038:
960:Pryor, Alton (October 27, 2012).
3999:Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia
1490:
1370:Canadian Papers in Rural History
1115:Editorial, "Speaking of Okies,"
948:Canadian Papers in Rural History
411:2020 U.S. Presidential candidate
2987:Cheese-eating surrender monkeys
1249:
1231:
1217:
1210:, p. 144: "Charles Schindo, in
1200:
1175:
1150:
1147:February 2, 1994, Part B, p. 2.
1137:
1123:
1109:
1101:"State to Print 'Okie Dough',"
1095:
1082:
1069:
1056:
733:. Seven Buffaloes Press, 1987.
3584:Jewish-American princess (JAP)
1456:Unidentified Depression Family
1003:
984:
971:
953:
940:
920:
878:
650:Songs that made America Famous
1:
3489:eastern and central europeans
2863:English-speaking Welsh people
1159:"Elizabeth Warren Fast Facts"
866:
259:In the mid-1930s, during the
1424:, Vol. 20, No. 10, June 2002
7:
4119:Central Valley (California)
4109:Stereotypes of rural people
4094:American regional nicknames
3894:Fresh off the boat / F.O.B.
2150:Central and South Americans
1442:(archived 10 February 2010)
1305:Igler, David; Clark Davis.
817:
658:– The Bays Brothers (2004).
525:by the Californian natives.
312:Post-Great Depression usage
153:United States Census Bureau
10:
4150:
1243:February 11, 2012, at the
151:used or recognized by the
18:
4104:Ethnic groups in Oklahoma
3859:
3805:
3771:
3696:
3566:
3523:
3453:
3428:
3370:
3343:
3311:
3286:
3170:
3055:
3037:
3010:
2978:
2946:
2928:
2814:
2787:
2685:
2676:
2647:
2625:
2575:
2522:
2483:
2474:
2443:
2399:
2358:
2269:
2202:
2193:
2186:
1962:
1819:
1720:
1583:
1574:
1507:
1498:
1451:Embrace your "inner Okie"
1394:University of Idaho Press
1358:. New York: Verso, 1997.
1356:Red Dirt: Growing up Okie
1344:. New York: Knopf, 1992.
171:, and Indigenous-derived
121:
116:
99:
94:
89:Native American languages
81:
76:
71:
66:
43:
36:
2504:westernized South Asians
593:Lonesome Okie Goin’ Home
284:Paso Robles Daily Press,
2258:westernized East Asians
2216:westernized East Asians
1601:Black American princess
1440:The Okie Legacy – ezine
1354:Ortiz, Roxanne Dunbar.
1048:Gregory, James (1989).
802:Hudson, Lois Phillips.
790:Okies: Selected Stories
613:– Stompin' Tom Connors.
534:Whose Names Are Unknown
387:In the early 1990s the
60:Florence Owens Thompson
3711:Indigenous Australians
913:March 3, 2016, at the
639:album of the same name
583:Israelites & Okies
256:
244:
231:Great Depression usage
4028:non-Jewish boy or man
3643:Rootless cosmopolitan
1066:(1989) 68#3 pp 74–85.
664:– Doye O'Dell (1949).
250:
238:
201:and country musician
117:Related ethnic groups
21:Okie (disambiguation)
2916:Scottish Highlanders
2847:Welsh-speaking elite
1897:Hillbilly / Hilljack
1852:of European descent)
1406:Weisiger, Marsha L.
1319:La Chapelle, Peter.
1131:The Daily Oklahoman,
1117:The Daily Oklahoman,
1103:The Daily Oklahoman,
1090:The Other California
1012:Winterthur Portfolio
804:Reapers of the Dust.
731:Dustbowl Okie Exodus
682:Southeast Texas Girl
648:from his 1973 album
382:"Okie from Muskogee"
255:, heading west, 1941
213:-winning 1939 novel
149:official demographic
19:For other uses, see
4114:Class-related slurs
4089:Pejorative demonyms
2333:westernized Chinese
1238:•–•Okanagan Okie•–•
774:Cuelho, Artie, Jr.
662:Okies in California
540:The Grapes of Wrath
508:The Grapes of Wrath
437:The Grapes of Wrath
397:changed the meaning
319:The Grapes of Wrath
265:ecological disaster
216:The Grapes of Wrath
82:English (including
33:
4074:California culture
2244:Chinese and Korean
1780:Redskin/Red Indian
1388:Sonneman, Toby F.
1376:Shindo, Charles J.
1291:Haslam, Gerald W.
1277:Gregory, James N.
1145:Los Angeles Times,
1075:James N. Gregory,
1064:California History
936:. 18 October 1992.
767:Charles, Henry P.
708:Harrison, Pamela.
630:Okie From Muskogee
421:In popular culture
407:John Tyler Hammons
271:migrated from the
257:
245:
29:
4061:
4060:
3519:
3518:
3214:Northern Italians
2672:
2671:
2643:
2642:
2590:Northeast Indians
2470:
2469:
2182:
2181:
2115:Mexican Americans
1422:The New Criterion
1392:. Moscow, Idaho:
1384:978-0-7006-0810-2
1189:. 7 November 2019
933:Los Angeles Times
846:Hillbilly Highway
701:Cahill, Charlie.
359:Dewey F. Bartlett
356:Oklahoma Governor
137:
136:
127:Native Oklahomans
123:White Southerners
84:Oklahoman English
4141:
4129:1920s neologisms
4084:Oklahoma culture
4054:
4053:
4049:non-Jewish woman
4038:
4032:
4017:
4016:
4003:
4002:
3989:
3988:
3972:
3966:
3953:
3952:
3937:
3936:
3920:
3919:
3903:
3902:
3889:
3882:
3881:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3826:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3764:
3763:
3759:Pacific Islander
3748:
3747:
3743:Pacific Islander
3732:
3731:
3716:
3715:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3667:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3637:
3616:
3609:
3608:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3544:
3512:
3511:
3493:
3492:
3479:
3478:
3446:
3439:
3421:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3401:
3386:
3379:
3363:
3356:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3304:
3297:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3264:
3249:
3248:
3235:
3234:
3219:
3218:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3179:
3163:
3162:
3159:Anglophile Irish
3149:
3148:
3133:
3132:
3129:Anglophile Irish
3119:
3118:
3115:Irish Travellers
3105:
3104:
3100:Irish Travellers
3089:
3088:
3084:Irish Protestant
3075:
3074:
3048:
3030:
3023:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2939:
2921:
2920:
2905:
2904:
2891:
2890:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2852:
2851:
2836:
2835:
2807:
2800:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2683:
2682:
2665:
2658:
2648:Southeast Asians
2636:
2618:
2617:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2494:
2481:
2480:
2463:
2462:
2436:
2435:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2336:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2262:
2261:
2248:
2247:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2175:
2174:
2161:
2154:
2153:
2140:
2133:
2132:
2119:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2091:
2090:
2077:
2076:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2010:
2009:
1994:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1839:
1832:
1812:
1811:
1795:
1794:
1775:
1774:
1751:
1749:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1581:
1580:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1265:
1264:
1253:
1247:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1007:
1001:
1000:
988:
982:
975:
969:
968:
957:
951:
944:
938:
937:
924:
918:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
882:
788:Haslam, Gerald.
753:'s character in
454:Cities in Flight
415:Elizabeth Warren
380:'s country song
351:In one example,
269:Great Depression
102:Southern Baptist
48:
34:
28:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4124:Human migration
4064:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4045:
4041:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3992:
3979:
3975:
3960:
3956:
3944:
3940:
3927:
3923:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3872:
3868:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3767:
3755:
3751:
3739:
3735:
3723:
3719:
3707:
3703:
3692:
3685:
3680:Zhyd / Zhydovka
3678:
3671:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3536:
3532:
3515:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3482:
3464:
3460:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3238:
3226:
3222:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3166:
3156:
3152:
3144:Irish Catholics
3140:
3136:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3108:
3096:
3092:
3080:
3078:
3066:
3062:
3051:
3044:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2942:
2935:
2924:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2894:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2859:
2857:Dic Siôn Dafydd
2855:
2843:
2839:
2827:
2823:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2639:
2632:
2621:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2586:
2582:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2518:
2511:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2466:
2454:
2450:
2439:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2265:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2213:
2209:
2178:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2080:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2017:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1969:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1862:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1815:
1806:Native American
1802:
1798:
1786:Native American
1782:
1778:
1770:American Indian
1762:Native American
1758:
1754:
1733:
1729:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1690:Queen / Queenie
1688:
1681:
1674:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1576:
1575:North and South
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1503:
1494:
1489:
1431:
1272:Further reading
1269:
1268:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1245:Wayback Machine
1236:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1046:
1039:
1008:
1004:
989:
985:
976:
972:
958:
954:
945:
941:
926:
925:
921:
915:Wayback Machine
905:
901:
891:
889:
884:
883:
879:
869:
835:Grapes of Wrath
820:
729:Rose, Dorothy.
710:Okie Chronicles
637:(from the 1969
564:California Okie
458:science fiction
423:
314:
297:
241:Imperial Valley
233:
130:
87:
62:
39:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4147:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4039:
4018:
4004:
3990:
3973:
3954:
3938:
3921:
3904:
3890:
3883:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3827:
3819:
3817:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3749:
3733:
3717:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3617:
3610:
3604:Ashkenazi Jews
3594:
3587:
3580:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3494:
3480:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3403:
3387:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3260:South Italians
3250:
3236:
3220:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3150:
3134:
3120:
3106:
3090:
3076:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2906:
2892:
2876:
2869:
2853:
2837:
2831:English people
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2805:Turco-Albanian
2801:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2687:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2603:
2596:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2524:
2523:Bengali Hindus
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2423:
2416:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2249:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2162:
2155:
2141:
2134:
2120:
2106:
2092:
2078:
2072:Newfoundlander
2062:
2055:
2048:
2034:
2027:
2011:
1995:
1981:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1856:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1796:
1776:
1752:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1594:Alligator bait
1589:
1587:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1429:External links
1427:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1404:
1386:
1373:
1372:1996 10: 15–43
1366:
1352:
1338:
1331:
1317:
1303:
1289:
1267:
1266:
1248:
1230:
1216:
1199:
1174:
1149:
1136:
1122:
1108:
1094:
1081:
1068:
1055:
1037:
1024:10.1086/496257
1002:
983:
970:
952:
950:1998 10: 15–43
939:
919:
899:
876:
875:
868:
865:
864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
841:Migrant worker
838:
831:
826:
819:
816:
815:
814:
800:
786:
772:
771:Wetzel, c1952.
759:
758:
751:Jack Nicholson
742:
741:
727:
720:
706:
693:
692:
679:
673:
669:Oklahoma Swing
665:
659:
653:
642:
626:
614:
608:
600:
590:
580:
571:
561:
558:Welch/Rawlings
545:
544:
531:'s 2004 novel
526:
519:The Four Winds
517:'s 2021 novel
515:Kristin Hannah
512:
497:'s 2011 novel
492:
484:Paint it Black
479:
466:
445:
442:Pulitzer Prize
434:'s 1939 novel
432:John Steinbeck
422:
419:
344:in with them.
325:John Steinbeck
313:
310:
296:
293:
232:
229:
221:filmed in 1940
211:Pulitzer Prize
207:John Steinbeck
192:Central Valley
135:
134:
119:
118:
114:
113:
100:Predominantly
97:
96:
92:
91:
79:
78:
74:
73:
69:
68:
64:
63:
56:Dorothea Lange
52:Migrant Mother
49:
41:
40:
37:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4146:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3761:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:Christ killer
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3462:Bulgarophiles
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3240:Sheep shagger
3237:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2880:Sheep shagger
2877:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2172:
2167:
2166:Yank / Yankee
2163:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:Trailer trash
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:First Nations
1787:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1766:First Nations
1763:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:Black Diamond
1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:0-8061-2696-5
1413:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1402:0-89301-152-5
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1364:1-85984-856-7
1361:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1350:0-394-57453-2
1347:
1343:
1340:Morgan, Dan.
1339:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:0-8420-5027-2
1312:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1301:0-87417-225-X
1298:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1287:0-19-504423-1
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
998:
994:
987:
981:
974:
967:
963:
956:
949:
943:
935:
934:
929:
923:
916:
912:
909:
903:
887:
881:
877:
874:
873:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
836:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
813:
812:0-87351-177-8
809:
805:
801:
799:
798:0-87905-042-X
795:
791:
787:
785:
784:0-916380-25-4
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
765:
764:
763:
762:Other fiction
756:
752:
749:
748:
747:
746:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:
724:Poet Laureate
721:
719:
718:1-932339-87-6
715:
711:
707:
704:
700:
699:
698:
697:
691:
687:
686:Jeremy Castle
683:
680:
678:– Terry Fell.
677:
676:Ramblin' Okie
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
647:
643:
640:
636:
635:Merle Haggard
632:
631:
627:
624:
620:
619:
615:
612:
611:Okanagan Okie
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
594:
591:
588:
584:
581:
579:
575:
572:
569:
565:
562:
559:
555:
552:
551:
550:
549:
542:
541:
536:
535:
530:
527:
524:
520:
516:
513:
510:
509:
504:
500:
499:Jesse's Ghost
496:
493:
490:
486:
485:
481:In the novel
480:
477:
473:
472:
468:In the novel
467:
464:
463:New York City
459:
456:
455:
450:
446:
443:
439:
438:
433:
430:
429:
428:
427:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
378:Merle Haggard
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
329:
326:
322:
320:
309:
305:
303:
292:
289:
285:
280:
278:
277:U.S. Route 66
274:
270:
266:
262:
254:
249:
242:
237:
228:
226:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
204:
203:Merle Haggard
200:
199:Woody Guthrie
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
133:
128:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
93:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
35:
32:
22:
4047:
4026:
4012:
3998:
3994:Reffo / Balt
3981:
3963:non-believer
3962:
3946:
3929:
3912:
3898:
3874:
3834:
3757:
3741:
3725:
3709:
3661:
3631:
3625:
3602:
3538:
3502:
3488:
3472:
3466:
3410:
3394:
3258:
3244:
3228:
3212:
3158:
3142:
3128:
3114:
3098:
3082:
3068:
2914:
2901:Welsh people
2900:
2886:Welsh people
2884:
2861:
2845:
2829:
2611:
2588:
2503:
2476:South Asians
2456:
2432:also Chinese
2431:
2420:Gaoli bangzi
2410:Ban-jjokbari
2332:
2326:
2257:
2243:
2215:
2170:
2149:
2128:
2114:
2100:
2086:
2081:
2070:
2042:
2019:
2003:
1989:
1975:
1932:Swamp Yankee
1864:
1847:
1804:
1784:
1760:
1756:Indian/Injun
1735:
1501:by ethnicity
1492:Ethnic slurs
1421:
1407:
1389:
1369:
1355:
1341:
1334:
1320:
1306:
1292:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1251:
1233:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1191:. Retrieved
1186:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1018:(21): 1–20.
1015:
1011:
1005:
996:
992:
986:
978:
973:
965:
961:
955:
947:
942:
931:
922:
902:
890:. Retrieved
880:
871:
870:
833:
824:Black Sunday
803:
789:
775:
768:
761:
760:
744:
743:
730:
726:. All works.
709:
702:
695:
694:
689:
681:
675:
667:
661:
655:
629:
616:
610:
604:Oakie Boogie
602:
597:Merl Lindsay
592:
586:
582:
577:
573:
563:
553:
547:
546:
538:
532:
522:
518:
506:
498:
495:Frank Bergon
482:
476:Jack Kerouac
469:
452:
435:
425:
424:
401:
393:Interstate 5
386:
375:
362:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:World War II
330:
317:
315:
306:
302:Shanty Towns
298:
287:
283:
281:
273:Great Plains
258:
219:, which was
214:
196:
190:jobs in the
177:
140:
138:
132:Appalachians
54:" (1936) by
30:
26:Ethnic group
3663:German Jews
3633:Crypto-Jews
3468:Macedonians
3411:(Mercheros)
3070:Republicans
2962:China Swede
2545:Danchi babu
2458:Benshengren
2294:Ching chong
2195:East Asians
1946:White trash
1629:House Negro
1225:"Old Angel"
993:Cobblestone
856:Will Rogers
646:Patrick Sky
529:Sanora Babb
489:Janet Fitch
471:On the Road
449:James Blish
4068:Categories
3705:Blackfella
3687:Żydokomuna
3498:Yestonians
3429:Ukrainians
3245:Sardinians
3230:Sardinians
3224:Sardegnolo
3190:Greaseball
2937:Cheesehead
2750:Mat Salleh
2663:Vietnamese
2626:Pakistanis
2427:Sangokujin
2390:Xiao Riben
2232:Sangokujin
2087:Oklahomans
2052:Half-breed
1918:Peckerwood
1722:Indigenous
1676:Pickaninny
1608:Black Buck
1329:0520248899
1193:2019-11-15
1168:2019-11-15
867:References
656:Okie Skies
623:J. J. Cale
568:Buck Owens
353:Republican
188:farm labor
180:California
157:Midwestern
112:minorities
58:featuring
4099:Dust Bowl
3899:immigrant
3887:Barbarian
3861:Outsiders
3697:Oceanians
3627:Conversos
3507:Estonians
3504:Russified
3371:Spaniards
3361:Serbomans
3208:Polentone
3154:West Brit
3046:Grecomans
2969:Finnjävel
2789:Albanians
2678:Europeans
2656:Filipinos
2444:Taiwanese
2322:Jook-sing
2171:Americans
2101:Americans
1990:Canadians
1850:Bahamians
1711:Uncle Tom
1577:Americans
1530:Boerehaat
1032:162347932
892:April 22,
829:Dust Bowl
755:Chinatown
688:(2021) –
587:Old Angel
574:Dear Okie
503:Steinbeck
367:Democrats
323:novelist
261:Dust Bowl
225:John Ford
184:Dust Bowl
106:Methodist
77:Languages
38:Oklahoman
4035:Shkutzim
3932:Japanese
3540:Shi'ites
3397:Catalans
3384:Gachupín
3312:Russians
3171:Italians
2910:Teuchter
2841:Crachach
2764:Wasi'chu
2376:Jjokbari
2360:Japanese
2328:overseas
2287:Chinaman
2129:Chileans
2005:Mestizos
1976:Mexicans
1704:Tar-Baby
1636:Jim Crow
1551:Golliwog
1537:Choc ice
1508:Africans
1396:, 1992.
1257:"Quotes"
1241:Archived
1187:POLITICO
1106:states."
1088:Haslam,
911:Archived
818:See also
739:15689360
440:won the
403:Muskogee
267:and the
253:Amarillo
173:folklore
161:Southern
145:Oklahoma
110:Lutheran
95:Religion
4022:Shegetz
3984:Chinese
3948:non-Jew
3831:Gypsies
3824:Didicoy
3753:Coconut
3621:Marrano
3550:Raghead
3437:Khokhol
3419:Xarnego
3407:Quinqui
3254:Terrone
3184:Goombah
3124:Shoneen
3094:Knacker
3012:Germans
3001:Gabacho
2955:Chukhna
2816:British
2708:Cracker
2686:General
2576:Indians
2499:Coconut
2484:General
2401:Koreans
2280:Ah Beng
2271:Chinese
2253:Twinkie
2203:General
2159:Wetback
2031:Greaser
2015:Coonass
1925:Redneck
1876:Cracker
1860:Coonass
1745:Unangan
1622:Colored
1337:. 1939.
1206:Igler,
1120:Okies."
851:Redneck
625:(1974).
570:(1976).
560:(2001).
165:dialect
104:, with
4043:Shiksa
4008:Savage
3977:Laowai
3969:Kuffar
3925:Gaijin
3915:Romani
3813:, and
3807:Romani
3796:Kanake
3789:Mongol
3737:Kanaka
3598:Khazar
3534:Rafida
3454:Others
3391:Polaco
3354:Shkije
3320:Moskal
3295:Polack
3202:Guinea
3064:Fenian
3038:Greeks
2979:French
2798:Šiptar
2771:Wigger
2757:Redleg
2736:Gweilo
2715:Farang
2694:Ang mo
2607:Keling
2600:Coolie
2584:Chinki
2566:Mayang
2559:Malaun
2538:Bongal
2513:Coolie
2452:Tai Ke
2342:Locust
2315:Coolie
2308:Chinky
2239:Toku-A
2211:Banana
2187:Asians
2145:Sudaca
2096:Pindos
2066:Newfie
2043:Cubans
2038:Gusano
2021:Cajuns
1985:Canuck
1971:Beaner
1963:Others
1953:Whitey
1883:Gringo
1866:Cajuns
1837:Buckra
1821:Whites
1731:Eskimo
1683:Rastus
1664:Nigger
1643:Macaca
1615:Cocolo
1558:Kaffir
1414:
1400:
1382:
1362:
1348:
1327:
1313:
1299:
1285:
1079:(1998)
1030:
810:
796:
782:
737:
716:
696:Poetry
426:Novels
405:Mayor
288:Oakie,
243:, 1937
4033:(pl.
3967:(pl.
3958:Kafir
3908:Gadjo
3877:Arabs
3843:Nawar
3782:Kebab
3773:Turks
3727:Māori
3657:Yekke
3591:Kafir
3525:Arabs
3484:Hunky
3474:Serbs
3444:Ukrop
3345:Serbs
3334:Tibla
3302:Pshek
3287:Poles
3196:Guido
3110:Pikey
3056:Irish
3028:Kraut
2947:Finns
2929:Dutch
2896:Taffy
2825:Limey
2743:Honky
2729:Guizi
2722:Guiri
2552:Dkhar
2349:Shina
2301:Chink
2110:Pocho
1999:Cholo
1911:Karen
1904:Honky
1890:Haole
1844:Conch
1830:Becky
1808:women
1800:Squaw
1741:Yupik
1737:Inuit
1697:Sambo
1668:Nigga
1657:Negro
1650:Mammy
1585:Black
1544:Cushi
1516:Abeed
1028:S2CID
872:Notes
861:Yokel
548:Music
523:Okies
331:When
169:music
3982:non-
3930:non-
3913:non-
3875:non-
3870:Ajam
3850:Zott
3721:Hori
3614:Kike
3568:Jews
3471:and
3378:Dago
3178:Dago
3138:Taig
2994:Frog
2701:Bule
2634:Paki
2531:Bong
2225:Gook
2138:Spic
2124:Roto
2082:Okie
2059:Naco
1412:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1261:IMDb
999:(4).
894:2008
808:ISBN
794:ISBN
780:ISBN
745:Film
735:OCLC
714:ISBN
618:Okie
371:Ohio
363:Okie
159:and
141:Okie
31:Okie
3942:Goy
3815:Lom
3811:Dom
3673:Yid
3650:Wog
3557:Wog
3327:Orc
3277:Wog
3270:Wop
3079:Hun
3021:Hun
2873:Pom
2778:Wog
2383:Nip
2369:Jap
1565:Wog
1163:CNN
1020:doi
505:'s
487:by
474:by
451:'s
447:In
223:by
178:In
139:An
4070::
4031:)
3965:)
3809:,
3630:/
2331:/
1788:/
1768:/
1764:/
1743:/
1739:/
1259:.
1185:.
1161:.
1040:^
1026:.
1014:.
997:24
995:.
930:.
684:–
641:).
633:–
621:–
595:–
589:).
566:–
227:.
205:.
175:.
167:,
125:,
108:,
86:),
4052:)
4046:(
4037:)
4025:(
4015:)
4011:(
4001:)
3997:(
3987:)
3980:(
3971:)
3961:(
3951:)
3945:(
3935:)
3928:(
3918:)
3911:(
3901:)
3897:(
3880:)
3873:(
3762:)
3756:(
3746:)
3740:(
3730:)
3724:(
3714:)
3708:(
3666:)
3660:(
3636:)
3624:(
3607:)
3601:(
3543:)
3537:(
3510:)
3501:(
3491:)
3487:(
3477:)
3465:(
3399:)
3395:(
3263:)
3257:(
3247:)
3243:(
3233:)
3227:(
3217:)
3211:(
3161:)
3157:(
3147:)
3141:(
3131:)
3127:(
3117:)
3113:(
3103:)
3097:(
3087:)
3081:(
3073:)
3067:(
2919:)
2913:(
2903:)
2899:(
2889:)
2883:(
2866:)
2860:(
2850:)
2844:(
2834:)
2828:(
2616:)
2610:(
2593:)
2587:(
2506:)
2502:(
2461:)
2455:(
2434:)
2430:(
2335:)
2325:(
2260:)
2256:(
2246:)
2242:(
2218:)
2214:(
2173:)
2169:(
2152:)
2148:(
2131:)
2127:(
2117:)
2113:(
2103:)
2099:(
2089:)
2085:(
2075:)
2069:(
2045:)
2041:(
2024:)
2018:(
2008:)
2002:(
1992:)
1988:(
1978:)
1974:(
1869:)
1863:(
1848:(
1810:)
1803:(
1793:)
1783:(
1773:)
1759:(
1750:,
1748:)
1734:(
1670:)
1666:(
1484:e
1477:t
1470:v
1263:.
1227:.
1196:.
1171:.
1034:.
1022::
1016:1
896:.
652:.
511:.
321:,
129:,
50:"
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
