2498:
any evil to the inhabitants of Nesa; instead, He made them mothers and fathers. After my father, Pithana, I suppresed a revolt in the same year. Whatever lands rose up in the direction of the sunrise, I defeated each of the aforementioned. Previously, Uhna, the king of
Zalpuwas, had removed our Sius from the city of Nesa to the city of Zalpuwas. But subsequently, I, Anittas, the Great King, brought our Sius back from Zalpuwas to Nesa. But Huzziyas, the king of Zalpuwas, I brought back alive to Nesa. The city of Hattusas Contrived. And I abandoned it. But afterwards, when it suffered famine, My goddess, Halmasuwiz, handed it over to me. And in the night I took it by force; and in its place, I sowed weeds.
90:
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He was dear to the
Stormgod of Heaven, And when he was dear to the Stormgod of Heaven, the king of Nesa to the king of Kussara. The king of Kussara, Pithana, came down out of the city in force, and he took the city of Nesa in the night by force. He took the King of Nesa captive, but he did not do
949:
The limitations of the syllabic script in helping to determine the nature of
Hittite phonology have been more or less overcome by means of comparative etymology and an examination of Hittite spelling conventions. Accordingly, scholars have surmised that Hittite possessed the following phonemes:
630:
succeeded in analyzing the language. He presented his argument that the language is Indo-European in a paper published in 1915 (Hrozný 1915), which was soon followed by a grammar of the language (Hrozný 1917). Hrozný's argument for the Indo-European affiliation of
Hittite was thoroughly modern
778:, the current tendency (as of 2012) is to suppose that Proto-Indo-European evolved and that the "prehistoric speakers" of Anatolian became isolated "from the rest of the PIE speech community, so as not to share in some common innovations". Hittite and the other
1604:. Because of the typological implications of Sturtevant's law, the distinction between the two series is commonly regarded as one of voice. However, there is no agreement over the subject among scholars since some view the series as if they were differenced by
2283:
Hittite syntax shows one noteworthy feature that is typical of
Anatolian languages: commonly, the beginning of a sentence or clause is composed of either a sentence-connecting particle or otherwise a fronted or topicalized form, and a "chain" of fixed-order
2637:: "...The hero of this book is literacy, writing and reading, in the Hittite kingdom in ancient Anatolia, or modern-day Turkey, from roughly 1650 to 1200 bc, give or take several years or perhaps even a decade or two..."
1673:, on the basis of vowel quality in other Indo-European languages, were not preserved as separate sounds in any attested Indo-European language until the discovery of Hittite. In Hittite, the phoneme is written as
1684:
features in the other early Indo-European languages have led some philologists to believe that the
Anatolian languages split from the rest of Proto-Indo-European much earlier than the other divisions of the
666:, Hrozný's decipherment, tentative grammatical analysis and demonstration of the Indo-European affiliation of Hittite were rapidly accepted and more broadly substantiated by contemporary scholars such as
930:
The
Akkadian unvoiced/voiced series (k/g, p/b, t/d) do not express the voiced/unvoiced contrast in writing, but double spellings in intervocalic positions represent voiceless consonants in Indo-European
851:(2019) recognizes two dialectal variants of Hittite: one he calls "Kanišite Hittite", and a second he named "Ḫattuša Hittite" (or Hittite proper). The first is attested in clay tablets from Kaniš/Neša (
631:
although poorly substantiated. He focused on the striking similarities in idiosyncratic aspects of the morphology that are unlikely to occur independently by chance or to be borrowed. They included the
2633:
van den Hout, Theo, (2020). A History of
Hittite Literacy: Writing and Reading in Late Bronze-Age Anatolia (1650–1200 BC), Published online: 18 December 2020, Print publication: 07 January 2021,
546:
had people from many diverse ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, the
Hittite language was used in most secular written texts. In spite of various arguments over the appropriateness of the term,
686:
tablets and inscriptions that were erected by the
Hittite kings. The script formerly known as "Hieroglyphic Hittite" is now termed Hieroglyphic Luwian. The Anatolian branch also includes
600:. Although he had no bilingual texts, he was able to provide a partial interpretation of the two letters because of the formulaic nature of the diplomatic correspondence of the period.
1677:. In that respect, Hittite is unlike any other attested Indo-European language and so the discovery of laryngeals in Hittite was a remarkable confirmation of Saussure's hypothesis.
2767:
Silvia Alaura: "Nach Boghasköi!" Zur Vorgeschichte der Ausgrabungen in Boğazköy-Ḫattuša und zu den archäologischen Forschungen bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg, Benedict Press 2006.
1731:. Notably, Hittite did not have a masculine–feminine gender system. Instead, it had a rudimentary noun-class system that was based on an older animate–inanimate opposition.
468:
Indo-European family tree in order of first attestation. Hittite belongs to the family of Anatolian languages and is among the oldest written Indo-European languages.
771:("loss") Hypothesis in which Hittite (or Anatolian) came from Proto-Indo-European, with its full range of features, but the features became simplified in Hittite.
829:
The Hittite language has traditionally been stratified into Old Hittite (OH), Middle Hittite (MH) and New Hittite or Neo-Hittite (NH, not to be confused with the
764:
hypothesis is that the parent language (Indo-Hittite) lacked the features that are absent in Hittite as well, and that Proto-Indo-European later innovated them.
1818:, and the same noun is sometimes attested in both animacy classes. There is a trend towards distinguishing fewer cases in the plural than in the singular. The
873:
orthography from Northern Syria. The predominantly syllabic nature of the script makes it difficult to ascertain the precise phonetic qualities of some of the
3153:
Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1931). "Hittite glossary: words of known or conjectured meaning, with Sumerian ideograms and Accadian words common in Hittite texts",
5362:
4590:
837:" label as a designation for the later period, which is actually post-Hittite), corresponding to the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms of the Hittite history (
1615:, the language from which the Hittites borrowed the cuneiform script, had voicing, but Hittite scribes used voiced and voiceless signs interchangeably.
729:
Unlike most other Indo-European languages, Hittite does not distinguish between masculine and feminine grammatical gender, and it lacks subjunctive and
5183:
5367:
3988:
1593:, all consonant sounds except for glides could be geminate. It has long been noticed that the geminate series of plosives is the one descending from
2720:
3751:
1627:– " does not show any voice assimilation. However, if the distinction were one of voice, agreement between the stops should be expected since the
2634:
432:. It appears that Luwian was the most widely spoken language in the Hittite capital, Hattusa, in the 13th century BC. After the collapse of the
3797:
1707:
Hittite is the oldest attested Indo-European language, yet it lacks several grammatical features that are exhibited by other early-attested
1838:, but it ceased to be productive by the time of the earliest discovered sources and was subsumed by the nominative in most documents. The
5178:
3708:
2957:
1647:
Hittite preserves some very archaic features lost in other Indo-European languages. For example, Hittite has retained two of the three
5234:
4583:
844:–1500 BC, 1500–1430 BC and 1430–1180 BC, respectively). The stages are differentiated on both linguistic and paleographic grounds.
4795:
3111:
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3322:
3189:
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623:
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4925:
4576:
1567:
1525:
1485:
662:. He also presented a set of regular sound correspondences. After a brief initial delay because of disruption during the
320:
51:
3772:, an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen
2156:-conjugation is similar to the general verbal conjugation paradigm in Sanskrit and can also be compared to the class of
5357:
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3658:
3513:
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1345:
421:
context from as early as the 20th century BC, making it the earliest attested use of the Indo-European languages.
4001:
2745:
Beckman, Gary (2011). S.R. Steadman; G. McMahon (eds.). "The Hittite Language: Recovery and Grammatical Sketch".
1015:
1057:
Long vowels appear as alternates to their corresponding short vowels when they are so conditioned by the accent.
5229:
5213:
2265:
316:
47:
674:
and a glossary. The most up-to-date grammar of the Hittite language is currently Hoffner and Melchert (2008).
5255:
3683:
2568:
1597:
786:
at an early stage. Hittite thus preserved archaisms that would be lost in the other Indo-European languages.
273:
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991:
509:
In multilingual texts found in Hittite locations, passages written in Hittite are preceded by the adverb
17:
3740:
2141:
oppositions as vestiges of a system of grammatical voice ("centripetal voice" vs. "centrifugal voice").
417:) to the 13th centuries BC, with isolated Hittite loanwords and numerous personal names appearing in an
5326:
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3166:
1558:
1412:
1357:
1279:
1267:
1231:
1224:
1044:
4051:
1600:, and the simple plosives come from both voiced and voiced aspirate stops, which is often referred as
5347:
5010:
4825:
4511:
4281:
2257:
639:
3092:
The Making of Empire in Bronze Age Anatolia: Hittite Sovereign Practice, Resistance, and Negotiation
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4199:
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in 1902, in a book devoted to two letters between the king of Egypt and a Hittite ruler, found at
89:
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4481:
4444:
4430:
4229:
4218:
3997:
3932:
3705:"Digital etymological-philological Dictionary of the Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna)"
3467:
Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post-Hittite World: The Bronze Age and Hatti
2588:
2066:
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1293:
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classes: animate (common), and inanimate (neuter). Adjectives and pronouns agree with nouns for
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2501:
Whoever becomes king after me and settles Hattusas again, may the Stormgod of Heaven smite him!
603:
Knudtzon was definitively shown to have been correct when many tablets written in the familiar
3700:(in German; includes text corpora of Hittite texts in various genres with German translations)
2965:
4975:
4527:
4474:
4465:
4458:
4170:
4160:
4141:
4135:
1881:("place") for inanimate are used here to show the Hittite noun declension's most basic form:
1680:
Both the preservation of the laryngeals and the lack of evidence that Hittite shared certain
1670:
1513:
1478:
1188:
1176:
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1143:
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remains the most current term because of convention and the strength of association with the
2382:
Pi-it-ha-a-na-as at-ta-as-ma-as a-ap-pa-an sa-ni-ya ú-et-ti hu-ul-la-an-za-an hu-ul-la-nu-un
5193:
5153:
4632:
4497:
4488:
4253:
2297:
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1110:
3769:
2272:, adjectives and genitives precede the nouns that they modify, adverbs precede verbs, and
8:
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3222:
Die Sprache der Hethiter: ihr Bau und ihre Zugehörigkeit zum indogermanischen Sprachstamm
2558:
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1601:
1594:
932:
789:
Hittite has many loanwords, particularly religious vocabulary from the non-Indo-European
779:
753:
741:
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as well as aspect. Various hypotheses have been formulated to explain these differences.
691:
667:
627:
543:
532:
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is the modern scholarly name for the language, based on the identification of the Hatti (
445:
433:
394:
348:
130:
3835:
3425:
2904:. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. pp. 63–64, 75.
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refers to the indigenous people who preceded the Hittites, speaking a non-Indo-European
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3697:
3448:
Pax Hethitica: Studies on the Hittites and Their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer
290:
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2803:. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. pp. 63–65.
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plosives are known to be adjacent since that word's "u" represents not a vowel but
1620:
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4039:
4032:
3966:
3950:
3940:
3883:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3830:
3743:– a guide to information related to the study of the Ancient Near East on the Web
3734:
3727:
3646:
3501:
3443:
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3047:
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117:
2387:
UTU-az ut-ne-e ku-it ku-it-pat a-ra-is nu-us hu-u-ma-an-du-us-pat hu-ul-la-nu-un
1669:
word-initially). Those sounds, whose existence had been hypothesized in 1879 by
5087:
4559:
4414:
4348:
3616:
Wittmann, Henri (1969). "The Indo-European drift and the position of Hittite".
3497:
3291:
2593:
2578:
2254:
2058:
1712:
1686:
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3336:. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck.
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1608:, which a literal interpretation of the cuneiform orthography would suggest.
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1305:
1247:
973:
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611:
227:
3690:
1619:
also argues that the absence of assimilatory voicing is also evidence for a
880:
The syllabary distinguishes the following consonants (notably, the Akkadian
4892:
4705:
4637:
3746:
3250:
2082:
761:
671:
3581:
Wittmann, Henri (1969). "A note on the linguistic form of Hittite sheep".
670:, who authored the first scientifically acceptable Hittite grammar with a
615:
217:
210:
203:
196:
5311:
5301:
5092:
5024:
4897:
4785:
4599:
3427:
Die Zwei Arzawa-Briefe: Die ältesten Urkunden in indogermanischer Sprache
2754:
2545:
2537:
2118:
1843:
1764:
1724:
985:
968:
834:
596:. Knudtzon argued that Hittite was Indo-European, largely because of its
584:
The first substantive claim as to the affiliation of Hittite was made by
496:), although that name appears to have been applied incorrectly: The term
414:
3712:
3675:
3523:
Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1932). "The Development of the Stops in Hittite".
2885:
2049:
The verbal morphology is less complicated than for other early-attested
4843:
4838:
3354:. Rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951. First edition: 1933.
3049:
The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History
2250:
2243:
2126:
2114:
2062:
1740:
1586:
1035:
978:
622:, the capital of the Hittite state. Based on a study of this extensive
4568:
3775:
3678:
by Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
3573:
3544:
2668:
Güterbock, Hans Gustav; Hoffner, Harry A.; Diamond, Irving L. (1997).
852:
354:
5148:
4833:
4720:
4657:
3679:
2110:
1590:
1548:
1437:
1322:
1009:
870:
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283:
187:
169:
3315:
L'alignement syntaxique dans les langues indo-européennes d'Anatolie
5285:
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4863:
4858:
4765:
4750:
4745:
4700:
3629:
3565:
3536:
3179:
2517:
1585:
Hittite had two series of consonants, one which was written always
806:
802:
798:
498:
464:
449:
441:
390:
100:
3552:
Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1940). "Evidence for voicing in Hittite g".
3465:
Giusfredi, Federico; Pisaniello, Valerio; Matessi, Alvise (2023).
1611:
Supporters of a length distinction usually point to the fact that
5042:
4770:
4760:
4725:
4715:
4247:
1811:
1796:
1792:
1681:
1211:
814:
810:
619:
398:
3484:
Hrozný, Bedřich (1915). "Die Lösung des hethitischen Problems".
2674:. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 188.
528:
4790:
4740:
4662:
4375:
3825:
2882:
Kanišite Hittite: The Earliest Attested Record of Indo-European
2285:
2122:
1589:
in the original script, and another that was always simple. In
647:
402:
59:"Old Hittite" redirects here. For the Old Hittite Kingdom, see
3752:
Hittite basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
869:
Hittite was written in an adapted form of Peripheral Akkadian
5143:
4780:
4775:
4755:
4361:
3845:
2902:
The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective
2884:. Leiden, The Netherlands, Boston: Brill, 2019. p. 246. DOI:
2801:
The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective
2160:-verbs in Ancient Greek. The following example uses the verb
1628:
961:
593:
453:
2615:
682:
Hittite is one of the Anatolian languages and is known from
4730:
3603:
Wittmann, Henri (1969). "The development of K in Hittite".
3367:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
3028:(2nd revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
2369:
Ne-e-sa-as i-da-a-lu na-at-ta ku-e-da-ni-ik-ki tak-ki-is-ta
2302:
The transliteration and translation of the proclamation of
821:
even after Hittite had become the norm for other writings.
531:(Kaneš)", an important city during the early stages of the
3464:
2958:"The Telepenus "Vanishing God" Myth (Anatolian mythology)"
428:, Hittite had started losing ground to its close relative
3128:
Goetze, Albrecht (1954). "Review of: Johannes Friedrich,
3069:
Indo-European Language and Culture : an Introduction
2747:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia 10,000-323 B.C.E.
650:, which are both seen in the alternation in the word for
3728:
The Electronic Edition of the Chicago Hittite Dictionary
3232:
The Hittite Middle Voice: Synchrony, Diachrony, Typology
3141:
Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon
1842:
was subsumed in the later stages of the language by the
855:), and is dated earlier than the findings from Ḫattuša.
2667:
3416:
Sturtevant, Edgar H. A., & George Bechtel (1935).
2101:), two aspects (perfective and imperfective), and two
3594:
Wittmann, Henri (1973) . "Some Hittite etymologies".
2862:
1060:
Phonemically distinct long vowels occur infrequently.
748:, have argued that Hittite should be classified as a
491:
358:
341:
79:
3770:
glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammars online
3653:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 221–237.
3551:
3522:
3508:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 239–256.
2513:
2455:
ma-a-na-as ap-pe-ez-zi-ya-na ki-is-ta-an-zi-at-ta-at
1661:
1652:
3409:Goetze, Albrecht & Edgar H. Sturtevant (1938).
2850:
3996:
3450:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 37–46.
3444:"When Did the Hittites Begin to Write in Hittite?"
3290:
2688:
2649:
2484:Ha-at-tu-sa-an a-ap-pa a-sa-a-si na-an ne-pi-sa-as
2358:Ku-us-sa-ra URU-az kat-ta pa-an-ga-ri-it ú-e-et nu
2728:British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan
409:. The language, now long extinct, is attested in
5339:
3383:
3364:
2700:
2494:Anitta, Son of Pithana, King of Kussara, speak!
2481:ku-is am-me-el a-ap-pa-an LUGAL-us ki-i-sa-ri nu
1858:is found irregularly in earlier texts, as is an
3615:
3602:
3593:
3580:
3483:
3423:
3271:
3219:
3486:Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft
3312:
3180:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
2988:
805:before they were absorbed or displaced by the
797:languages. The latter was the language of the
610:but in an unknown language were discovered by
4584:
3982:
3791:
3688:
3651:A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages
3618:International Journal of American Linguistics
3506:A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages
2744:
2718:
559:
522:
516:
510:
74:
5363:Languages attested from the 16th century BC
5179:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
3560:(2). Linguistic Society of America: 81–87.
3420:. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.
3361:. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.
3352:Comparative Grammar of the Hittite Language
3331:
2471:sa-an is-pa-an-di na-ak-ki-it da-a-ah-hu-un
1814:is rudimentary and generally occurs in the
363:
4591:
4577:
3989:
3975:
3798:
3784:
3644:
2721:"The Arzawa Letters in Recent Perspective"
2621:
2361:Ne-e-sa-an is-pa-an-di na-ak-ki-it da-a-as
1623:distinction. He points out that the word "
88:
3205:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3095:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2476:pe-e-di-is-si-ma ZÀ.AH-LI-an a-ne-e-nu-un
2344:IŠKUR-un-ni-ma ma-a-an a-as-su-us e-es-ta
27:Extinct Bronze Age Indo-European language
5368:Languages extinct in the 13th century BC
3525:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3496:
3249:
3109:
2844:
2832:
2820:
463:
4598:
3805:
3413:. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
3386:Sociolinguistics of the Luwian Language
3228:
3066:
2868:
2783:
2738:
801:, the local inhabitants of the land of
618:, Turkey, which was the former site of
321:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
52:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
5340:
3709:Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
3531:(1). American Oriental Society: 1–12.
3350:Sturtevant, Edgar H. A. (1933, 1951).
1822:is used when an inanimate noun is the
444:as the main language of the so-called
4572:
3970:
3779:
3441:
3150:. 10 vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
3085:
3052:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3042:
3018:
3004:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3001:Life and Society in the Hittite World
2994:
2886:https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004382107
2694:
2655:
1081:
1074:
889:b, d, g, ḫ, k, l, m, n, p, r, š, t, z
767:Other linguists, however, prefer the
3844:
3365:Watkins, Calvert (2004). "Hittite".
3198:
2856:
2706:
2671:Perspectives on Hittite civilization
2612:Hoffner & Melchert (2008), p. 2)
539:, "in the of the people of Kaneš".
488:
3257:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1870:, which had no case ending at all.
1866:. A few nouns also form a distinct
1690:
413:, in records dating from the 17th (
401:, as well as parts of the northern
24:
3255:Hittite and the Indo-European Verb
373:the language of the people of Neša
110:attested 17th to 12th centuries BC
25:
5379:
3669:
3182:A Grammar of the Hittite Language
2366:Ne-e-sa-as LUGAL-un IṢ-BAT Ù DUMU
2144:
1566:
1557:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1484:
1477:
1444:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1363:
1356:
1344:
1336:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1246:
1239:
1230:
1223:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1149:
1142:
1043:
1025:
1014:
1000:
990:
677:
654:between the nominative singular,
397:who created an empire centred on
382:(Nešite/Neshite, Nessite), is an
323: instead of cuneiform script.
54: instead of cuneiform script.
5317:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
4808:
4250:(unknown further classification)
3403:
3357:Sturtevant, Edgar H. A. (1940).
3334:The Hittite -hi/-mi conjugations
2530:
2516:
1791:: singular, and plural; and two
809:. Sacred and magical texts from
301:
32:
3689:Lauffenburger, Olivier (2006).
3148:Hittite Etymological Dictionary
3122:
2950:
2923:
2914:
2890:
2874:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2789:
2777:
2761:
2432:Za-a-al-pu-wa hu-su-wa-an-ta-an
2167:
923:
908:
900:
579:
564:, and its Anglicized variants (
333:
4874:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
4869:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
3764:Interlinear Morphemic Glossing
3691:"The Hittite Grammar Homepage"
3296:Anatolian Historical Phonology
2712:
2661:
2640:
2627:
2606:
2336:IŠKUR-un-ni a-as-su-us e-es-ta
813:were often written in Hattic,
614:in what is now the village of
440:, Luwian emerged in the Early
13:
1:
5256:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
4653:Tigris–Euphrates river system
3684:University of Texas at Austin
3411:The Hittite Ritual of Tunnawi
3143:. Leiden–Boston: Brill, 2008.
3067:Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004).
2847:, p. 20 with footnote 41
2600:
1830:. Early Hittite texts have a
1696:
1642:
1064:
838:
658:, and the genitive singular,
1042:
1023:
1013:
999:
989:
938:
560:
535:. In one case, the label is
523:
517:
511:
492:
359:
342:
80:
7:
5322:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
5204:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
5199:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
3737:– The University of Chicago
3680:Linguistics Research Center
3435:
3359:The Indo-Hittite laryngeals
3317:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
3229:Inglese, Guglielmo (2020).
3199:Hout, Theo van den (2011).
3112:"The Position of Anatolian"
3110:Melchert, H. Craig (2012).
3025:The Kingdom of the Hittites
2989:Introductions and overviews
2509:
2466:si-i-us-mi-is pa-ra-a pa-is
1580:
891:, combined with the vowels
214: – Middle Hittite
61:Hittites § Old Kingdom
10:
5384:
5327:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
3759:Glossing Ancient Languages
3583:Revue hittite et asianique
3173:
3167:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
3157:7, no. 2, pp. 3–82.,
2982:
2350:Ku-us-sa-ra-as LUGAL-i ...
2295:
1898:
1892:
1700:
1662:
1653:
942:
862:
824:
332:
75:
58:
5358:Extinct languages of Asia
5294:
5248:
5222:
5126:
5023:
4916:
4824:
4817:
4806:
4688:
4615:
4606:
4553:
4413:
4331:
4304:
4272:
4238:
4208:
4183:
4151:
4119:
4110:
4049:
4020:
4009:
3931:
3915:
3813:
3762:(recommendations for the
3645:Yakubovich, Ilya (2020).
3598:. 10, 19: 144–148, 39–43.
3384:Yakubovich, Ilya (2010).
3276:. Munich: Lincom Europa.
2910:10.1017/9781108758666.005
2809:10.1017/9781108758666.005
2487:IŠKUR-as ha-az-zi-e-et-tu
2291:
2237:
2133:verbs and interprets the
2065:according to two general
2037:
2034:
2009:
2006:
1981:
1978:
1964:
1928:
1925:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1554:
1547:
1462:
1443:
1436:
1380:
1335:
1321:
1277:
1229:
1210:
1186:
1148:
1129:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1076:
960:
953:
858:
586:Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon
576:), have never caught on.
281:
268:
255:
242:
225:
185:
167:
162:
146:
114:
106:
96:
87:
73:
68:
3424:Knudtzon, J. A. (1902).
3272:Luraghi, Silvia (1997).
3235:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
3220:Hrozný, Bedřich (1917).
2421:Za-a-al-pu-wa-az a-ap-pa
2407:Za-a-al-pu-wa pe-e-da-as
2374:an-nu-us at-tu-us i-e-et
2129:. Rose (2006) lists 132
2044:
1877:("man") for animate and
1734:
1693:above for more details.
642:in some noun stems (the
438:Late Bronze Age collapse
436:during the more general
221: – New Hittite
207: – Old Hittite
3998:Indo-European languages
3442:Archi, Alfonso (2010).
3313:Patri, Sylvain (2007).
3202:The Elements of Hittite
3184:. Winona: Eisenbrauns.
3132:(Heidelberg: Winter)",
3130:Hethitisches Wörterbuch
2646:Yakubovich 2010, p. 307
2589:Edgar Howard Sturtevant
2415:A-ni-it-ta-as LUGAL.GAL
2051:Indo-European languages
1709:Indo-European languages
926:) signs are introduced.
875:Hittite sound inventory
459:
389:that was spoken by the
5159:Babylonian mathematics
3418:A Hittite Chrestomathy
3146:Puhvel, Jaan (1984–).
2719:J. D. Hawkins (2009).
2503:
2450:sa-an ta-a-la-ah-hu-un
2424:Ne-e-sa pe-e-tah-hu-un
469:
387:Indo-European language
309:This article contains
40:This article contains
3298:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
3071:. Malden: Blackwell.
2938:Assyrianlanguages.org
2920:Coulson 1986, p. xiii
2492:
2435:Ne-e-sa ú-wa-te-nu-un
1834:for a few nouns with
1671:Ferdinand de Saussure
467:
353:'the language of
5154:Babylonian astronomy
4633:Mesopotamian Marshes
3757:Hittite in the wiki
3430:. Leipzig: Hinrichs.
3332:Rose, S. R. (2006).
3224:. Leipzig: Hinrichs.
2896:Kloekhorst, Alwin. "
2795:Kloekhorst, Alwin. "
2429:Hu-uz-zi-ya-na LUGAL
2329:Ku-us-sa-ra QÍ-BÍ-MA
2298:Hittite inscriptions
884:series is dropped),
200: – Hittite
5353:Anatolian languages
5235:Destruction by ISIL
5189:Sumerian literature
5164:Akkadian literature
4600:Ancient Mesopotamia
4424:Proto-Indo-European
3807:Anatolian languages
3715:on 25 February 2017
3139:Kloekhorst, Alwin.
3136:30, pp. 401–5.
2880:Kloekhorst, Alwin.
2347:Ne-e-sa-as LUGAL-us
2326:Pi-it-ha-a-na LUGAL
2310:
2274:subordinate clauses
2248:subject-object-verb
2077:-conjugation), two
1810:The distinction in
1595:Proto-Indo-European
1071:
1070:Consonant phonemes
784:Proto-Indo-European
780:Anatolian languages
756:, rather than as a
754:Proto-Indo-European
742:Edgar H. Sturtevant
692:Hieroglyphic Luwian
668:Edgar H. Sturtevant
544:Hittite New Kingdom
533:Hittite Old Kingdom
479:) kingdom with the
446:Syro-Hittite states
434:Hittite New Kingdom
395:Bronze Age Anatolia
5271:Mesopotamian myths
4505:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4452:Proto-Balto-Slavic
4194:Continental Celtic
3747:Hittite Dictionary
3733:2011-06-05 at the
3292:Melchert, H. Craig
3159:Language Monograph
2624:, p. 221–237.
2569:Johannes Friedrich
2309:
2288:is then appended.
2262:synthetic language
2113:). Verbs have two
1069:
470:
448:, in southwestern
5335:
5334:
5286:Ziggurat (Temple)
5261:Sumerian religion
5019:
5018:
4966:Middle Babylonian
4908:Kish civilization
4804:
4803:
4628:Lower Mesopotamia
4623:Upper Mesopotamia
4566:
4565:
4560:extinct languages
4179:
4178:
4106:
4105:
3964:
3963:
3956:Phrygian alphabet
3911:
3910:
3766:of Hittite texts)
3388:. Leiden: Brill.
3324:978-3-447-05612-0
3191:978-1-57506-119-1
2931:"Hittite Grammar"
2507:
2506:
2412:ap-pe-ez-zi-ya-na
2333:ne-pi-is-za-as-ta
2246:language: it has
2235:
2234:
2073:-conjugation and
2042:
2041:
1578:
1577:
1054:
1053:
945:Hittite phonology
865:Hittite cuneiform
758:daughter language
552:Biblical Hittites
481:Biblical Hittites
407:Upper Mesopotamia
378:), also known as
352:
340:
317:rendering support
297:
296:
157:Hittite cuneiform
48:rendering support
16:(Redirected from
5375:
5348:Hittite language
5184:Sumerian cuisine
5174:Warfare in Sumer
5169:Economy of Sumer
4822:
4821:
4812:
4696:Fertile Crescent
4680:Sinjar Mountains
4675:Hamrin Mountains
4670:Zagros Mountains
4648:Taurus Mountains
4613:
4612:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4512:Proto-Indo-Aryan
4117:
4116:
4018:
4017:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3946:Carian alphabets
3842:
3841:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3711:. Archived from
3694:
3664:
3641:
3612:
3599:
3590:
3577:
3548:
3519:
3493:
3480:
3461:
3431:
3399:
3380:
3347:
3328:
3309:
3287:
3268:
3251:Jasanoff, Jay H.
3246:
3225:
3216:
3195:
3118:
3116:
3106:
3082:
3063:
3044:Bryce, Trevor R.
3039:
3020:Bryce, Trevor R.
3015:
2996:Bryce, Trevor R.
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2964:. Archived from
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2935:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2894:
2888:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2574:Alwin Kloekhorst
2564:Harry A. Hoffner
2540:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2524:Languages portal
2521:
2520:
2395:U-uh-na-as LUGAL
2314:Transliteration
2311:
2308:
2172:
2171:
2061:. Hittite verbs
1987:Dative/Locative
1884:
1883:
1873:The examples of
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1617:Alwin Kloekhorst
1602:Sturtevant's law
1570:
1561:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1448:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1360:
1348:
1340:
1331:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1250:
1243:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1072:
1068:
1047:
1029:
1018:
1004:
994:
958:
957:
933:Sturtevant's law
925:
922:= GEŠTIN :
910:
902:
895:. Additionally,
849:Alwin Kloekhorst
843:
840:
688:Cuneiform Luwian
608:cuneiform script
563:
526:
520:
514:
495:
490:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
347:
345:
339:romanized:
338:
336:
335:
311:cuneiform script
305:
304:
293:
276:
263:
250:
237:
220:
213:
206:
199:
190:
181:
180:
172:
152:
120:
92:
83:
78:
77:
66:
65:
42:cuneiform script
36:
35:
21:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5290:
5244:
5218:
5127:Culture/society
5122:
5015:
5011:Muslim conquest
4981:Fall of Babylon
4912:
4813:
4800:
4684:
4602:
4597:
4567:
4562:
4549:
4544:Proto-Tocharian
4438:Proto-Anatolian
4415:Proto-languages
4409:
4327:
4300:
4282:Latino-Faliscan
4268:
4234:
4204:
4175:
4147:
4102:
4045:
4005:
3995:
3965:
3960:
3951:Lycian alphabet
3941:Lydian alphabet
3927:
3923:Proto-Anatolian
3916:Reconstructions
3907:
3840:
3809:
3804:
3735:Wayback Machine
3718:
3716:
3703:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3516:
3498:Melchert, Craig
3477:
3458:
3438:
3406:
3396:
3377:
3344:
3325:
3306:
3284:
3265:
3243:
3213:
3192:
3176:
3125:
3114:
3103:
3079:
3060:
3036:
3012:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2940:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2895:
2891:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2823:, pp. 2–5.
2819:
2815:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2766:
2762:
2743:
2739:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2632:
2628:
2622:Yakubovich 2020
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2584:Archibald Sayce
2554:Albrecht Goetze
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2323:A-ni-it-ta DUMU
2300:
2294:
2240:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2170:
2150:
2095:indicative mood
2047:
1828:transitive verb
1816:nominative case
1737:
1717:Classical Latin
1705:
1703:Hittite grammar
1699:
1691:#Classification
1645:
1598:voiceless stops
1583:
1503:
1468:
1372:
1327:
1259:
1216:
1168:
1135:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1067:
956:
947:
941:
920:
867:
861:
841:
827:
782:split off from
750:sister language
740:, most notably
680:
664:First World War
582:
527:), "in the of
504:Hattic language
485:Biblical Hebrew
462:
426:Late Bronze Age
375:
372:
369:
366:
326:
325:
324:
315:Without proper
306:
302:
289:
272:
259:
246:
233:
230:
216:
215:
209:
208:
202:
201:
195:
194:
186:
176:
175:
168:
153:
148:
142:
121:
118:Language family
116:
64:
57:
56:
55:
46:Without proper
37:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5381:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5307:Assyriologists
5304:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5214:List of rulers
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5103:Proto-Armenian
5100:
5095:
5090:
5088:Middle Persian
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4976:Neo-Babylonian
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4956:Old Babylonian
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4926:Early Dynastic
4922:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4501:
4498:Proto-Hellenic
4494:
4493:
4492:
4482:Proto-Germanic
4478:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4448:
4445:Proto-Armenian
4441:
4434:
4431:Proto-Albanian
4427:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4225:North Germanic
4222:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4200:Insular Celtic
4197:
4189:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4138:
4133:
4130:Dnieper Baltic
4125:
4123:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4055:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4021:
4015:
4007:
4006:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3725:
3701:
3695:
3686:
3676:Hittite Online
3671:
3670:External links
3668:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3642:
3630:10.1086/465065
3624:(3): 266–268.
3613:
3600:
3591:
3578:
3566:10.2307/408942
3549:
3537:10.2307/593573
3520:
3514:
3494:
3481:
3475:
3462:
3456:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3414:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3381:
3375:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3329:
3323:
3310:
3304:
3288:
3282:
3269:
3263:
3247:
3241:
3226:
3217:
3211:
3196:
3190:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3101:
3087:Glatz, Claudia
3083:
3077:
3064:
3058:
3040:
3034:
3016:
3010:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2949:
2922:
2913:
2889:
2873:
2861:
2859:, p. 2-3.
2849:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2788:
2776:
2760:
2737:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2680:
2660:
2648:
2639:
2635:"Introduction"
2626:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2594:Henri Wittmann
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:Craig Melchert
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:Bedřich Hrozný
2556:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2527:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2490:
2463:Hal-ma-su-i-iz
2418:Si-ú-sum-mi-in
2401:Si-ú-sum-mi-in
2319:
2318:
2315:
2296:Main article:
2293:
2290:
2255:split ergative
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2199:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2149:
2143:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1736:
1733:
1701:Main article:
1698:
1695:
1687:proto-language
1644:
1641:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1391:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1005:
998:
995:
988:
982:
981:
976:
971:
965:
964:
955:
952:
943:Main article:
940:
937:
928:
927:
918:
899:(= I.A :
863:Main article:
860:
857:
847:Hittitologist
826:
823:
776:Craig Melchert
746:Warren Cowgill
731:optative moods
679:
678:Classification
676:
646:) and vocalic
628:Bedřich Hrozný
581:
578:
461:
458:
393:, a people of
319:, you may see
307:
300:
299:
298:
295:
294:
287:
279:
278:
270:
266:
265:
264:Middle Hittite
257:
253:
252:
244:
240:
239:
231:
226:
223:
222:
191:
183:
182:
173:
165:
164:
163:Language codes
160:
159:
154:
150:Writing system
147:
144:
143:
141:
140:
139:
138:
124:
122:
115:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
85:
84:
71:
70:
50:, you may see
38:
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5380:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:Syrian Desert
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4535:Proto-Romance
4532:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4519:Proto-Iranian
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4230:West Germanic
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4219:East Germanic
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3662:
3660:9781119193296
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3515:9781119193296
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3476:9789004548602
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3457:9783447061193
3453:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3404:Text editions
3397:
3395:9789004177918
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3376:0-521-56256-2
3372:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3343:3-85124-704-3
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3305:90-5183-697-X
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3283:3-89586-076-X
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3264:0-19-924905-9
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3242:9789004432307
3238:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3212:9781139501781
3208:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3102:9781108491105
3098:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3078:1-4051-0316-7
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3059:9780191505027
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3035:9780199279081
3031:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3011:9780199241705
3007:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2968:on 2016-07-03
2967:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2939:
2932:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2871:, p. 61.
2870:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2845:Jasanoff 2003
2841:
2834:
2833:Melchert 2012
2829:
2822:
2821:Melchert 2012
2817:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2784:Fortson (2004
2780:
2774:
2773:3-00-019295-6
2770:
2764:
2756:
2755:2027.42/86652
2752:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2697:, p. 35.
2696:
2691:
2683:
2681:9781885923042
2677:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2658:, p. 73.
2657:
2652:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2514:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2398:Za-a-al-pu-wa
2396:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2268:follow their
2267:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:Hittite is a
2231:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2200:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:medio-passive
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:Ancient Greek
2052:
2032:Instrumental
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:. An archaic
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:vocative case
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:ergative case
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:Ancient Greek
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1637:labialization
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
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1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
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1474:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1461:
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1452:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
987:
984:
983:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
963:
959:
951:
946:
936:
934:
921:
914:
907:(= PI :
906:
898:
894:
890:
887:
886:
885:
883:
878:
876:
872:
866:
856:
854:
850:
845:
836:
832:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
774:According to
772:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:heteroclitics
641:
638:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Hugo Winckler
609:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
577:
575:
571:
567:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:Although the
540:
538:
534:
530:
525:
519:
513:
507:
505:
501:
500:
494:
486:
482:
478:
474:
466:
457:
455:
452:and northern
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:
381:
361:
356:
350:
344:
330:
322:
318:
314:
312:
292:
288:
286:
285:
280:
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
236:
232:
229:
228:Linguist List
224:
219:
212:
205:
198:
192:
189:
184:
179:
174:
171:
166:
161:
158:
155:
151:
145:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
126:Indo-European
123:
119:
113:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
72:
67:
62:
53:
49:
45:
43:
19:
5209:Royal titles
5134:Architecture
5062:
4971:Neo-Assyrian
4818:(Pre)history
4638:Persian Gulf
4555:
4542:
4533:
4528:Proto-Italic
4526:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4487:
4480:
4475:Proto-Celtic
4473:
4466:Proto-Slavic
4464:
4459:Proto-Baltic
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4320:
4315:
4305:
4295:Osco-Umbrian
4293:
4240:Indo-Iranian
4217:
4192:
4166:South Slavic
4140:
4128:
4112:Balto-Slavic
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4050:
4038:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4010:
3820:
3758:
3717:. Retrieved
3713:the original
3698:Portal Mainz
3650:
3621:
3617:
3608:
3604:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3557:
3553:
3528:
3524:
3505:
3489:
3485:
3466:
3447:
3426:
3417:
3410:
3385:
3366:
3358:
3351:
3333:
3314:
3295:
3273:
3254:
3231:
3221:
3201:
3181:
3165:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3129:
3123:Dictionaries
3091:
3068:
3048:
3024:
3000:
2970:. Retrieved
2966:the original
2961:
2952:
2941:. Retrieved
2937:
2925:
2916:
2901:
2892:
2881:
2876:
2869:Inglese 2020
2864:
2852:
2840:
2835:, p. 7.
2828:
2816:
2800:
2791:
2779:
2763:
2746:
2740:
2731:
2727:
2714:
2709:, p. 2.
2702:
2690:
2670:
2663:
2651:
2642:
2629:
2617:
2608:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2445:tak-ki-is-ta
2444:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2317:Translation
2301:
2282:
2278:main clauses
2241:
2168:Active voice
2161:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2148:-conjugation
2145:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2074:
2070:
2067:conjugations
2048:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1860:instrumental
1855:
1835:
1809:
1785:instrumental
1738:
1706:
1679:
1674:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1624:
1610:
1584:
948:
929:
916:
912:
904:
896:
892:
888:
881:
879:
868:
846:
828:
788:
773:
768:
766:
762:Indo-Hittite
735:
728:
681:
672:chrestomathy
659:
655:
651:
636:
632:
602:
583:
580:Decipherment
573:
569:
565:
547:
541:
536:
508:
497:
476:
472:
471:
423:
419:Old Assyrian
379:
328:
327:
308:
282:
135:
39:
5312:Hittitology
5302:Assyriology
5223:Archaeology
5093:Old Persian
4903:Jemdet Nasr
4489:Proto-Norse
4316:Tocharian A
4171:West Slavic
4161:East Slavic
4142:West Baltic
4136:East Baltic
3896:Cappadocian
3719:18 February
3596:Die Sprache
3369:: 551–575.
2749:: 518–519.
2546:Hittitology
2538:Asia portal
2440:Ha-at-tu-sa
2266:adpositions
2260:, and is a
2180:Imperative
2177:Indicative
2119:verbal noun
1934:Accusative
1917:Nominative
1729:Old Avestan
1725:Old Persian
1682:grammatical
842: 1750
835:Neo-Hittite
640:alternation
537:Kanisumnili
415:Anitta text
331:(natively:
277:New Hittite
251:Old Hittite
18:Old Hittite
5342:Categories
5276:Divination
4986:Achaemenid
4951:Isin-Larsa
4844:Trialetian
4839:Mousterian
4826:Prehistory
4254:Indo-Aryan
3589:: 117–118.
2972:2017-01-17
2962:Utexas.edu
2943:2017-01-17
2695:Glatz 2020
2656:Bryce 2012
2601:References
2404:Ne-e-sa-az
2270:complement
2251:word order
2244:head-final
2216:Preterite
2127:participle
2115:infinitive
2099:imperative
1896:Inanimate
1862:plural in
1757:accusative
1749:nominative
1697:Morphology
1649:laryngeals
1643:Laryngeals
1625:e-ku-ud-du
1065:Consonants
893:a, e, i, u
598:morphology
357:', or
193:Variously:
5149:Cuneiform
5025:Languages
4834:Acheulean
4721:Babylonia
4658:Euphrates
4608:Geography
4558:indicate
4307:Tocharian
4264:Nuristani
4012:Anatolian
3933:Alphabets
3902:Lycaonian
3836:Kalasmaic
3814:Languages
3647:"Hittite"
3638:106405518
3469:. Brill.
3022:(2005) .
2898:Anatolian
2857:Hout 2011
2797:Anatolian
2707:Hout 2011
2258:alignment
2164:"to be".
2117:forms, a
2111:preterite
2015:Allative
2004:Ablative
1976:Genitive
1962:Vocative
1957:pēdantēš
1951:pišnantēš
1945:Ergative
1743:for nine
1591:cuneiform
1438:Affricate
1323:Fricative
939:Phonology
871:cuneiform
831:polysemic
738:linguists
684:cuneiform
590:El-Amarna
556:endonymic
411:cuneiform
360:nešumnili
284:Glottolog
188:ISO 639-3
170:ISO 639-2
131:Anatolian
5295:Academia
5249:Religion
5118:Urartian
5113:Sumerian
5098:Parthian
5033:Akkadian
5006:Sasanian
4996:Parthian
4991:Seleucid
4941:Simurrum
4931:Akkadian
4864:Khiamian
4854:Natufian
4766:Simurrum
4751:Kassites
4746:Hittites
4701:Adiabene
4404:Thracian
4397:Phrygian
4390:Paeonian
4369:Illyrian
4344:Armenian
4339:Albanian
4210:Germanic
4090:Pisidian
3890:Isaurian
3879:Pisidian
3731:Archived
3611:: 22–26.
3554:Language
3502:"Luwian"
3500:(2020).
3492:: 17–50.
3436:Articles
3294:(1994).
3253:(2003).
3155:Language
3134:Language
3089:(2020).
3046:(2012).
2998:(2002).
2734:: 73–83.
2510:See also
2341:na-as-ta
2276:precede
2185:Present
2125:, and a
1948:pišnanza
1909:Singular
1903:Singular
1890:Animate
1868:locative
1852:genitive
1848:locative
1840:allative
1781:allative
1777:ergative
1773:ablative
1769:locative
1761:genitive
1753:vocative
1741:inflects
1739:Hittite
1711:such as
1633:alveolar
1631:and the
1613:Akkadian
1587:geminate
1581:Plosives
1083:Alveolar
833:use of "
807:Hittites
799:Hattians
760:. Their
724:Isaurian
716:Pisidian
624:material
616:Boğazköy
605:Akkadian
450:Anatolia
442:Iron Age
391:Hittites
334:𒌷𒉌𒅆𒇷
291:hitt1242
101:Anatolia
76:𒌷𒉌𒅆𒇷
5281:Prayers
5266:Deities
5230:Looting
5073:Kassite
5068:Hurrian
5063:Hittite
5053:Elamite
5048:Eblaite
5043:Aramaic
5038:Amorite
4961:Kassite
4936:Gutians
4918:History
4883:Samarra
4879:Hassuna
4849:Zarzian
4771:Subartu
4761:Mitanni
4726:Chaldea
4716:Assyria
4689:Ancient
4556:Italics
4376:Moesian
4362:Getaean
4322:Kuchean
4287:Romance
4259:Iranian
4248:Badeshi
4097:Sidetic
4026:Hittite
3874:Sidetic
3821:Hittite
3682:at the
3274:Hittite
3174:Grammar
2983:Sources
2900:". In:
2799:". In:
2392:ka-ru-ú
2286:clitics
2211:ašantu
2207:ēšuwani
2198:ašanzi
2196:*eštani
2194:ešuwani
2162:ēš-/aš-
2107:present
2089:), two
2063:inflect
1954:pēdanza
1940:pišnuš
1912:Plural
1893:
1887:
1854:plural
1824:subject
1812:animacy
1797:animacy
1793:animacy
1789:numbers
1212:Plosive
1088:Palatal
1050:
1040:
1021:
997:
974:Central
853:Kültepe
825:History
815:Hurrian
811:Hattusa
791:Hurrian
769:Schwund
720:Sidetic
660:wedenas
620:Hattusa
574:Neshite
570:Nessite
548:Hittite
499:Hattian
487:: *
473:Hittite
424:By the
399:Hattusa
384:extinct
367:
351:
329:Hittite
238:Hittite
136:Hittite
69:Hittite
5108:Sutean
5083:Median
5078:Luwian
5058:Gutian
4946:Ur III
4859:Nemrik
4796:Cities
4791:Urartu
4741:Hamazi
4736:Gutium
4711:Armani
4663:Tigris
4616:Modern
4383:Mysian
4355:Dacian
4332:Others
4274:Italic
4185:Celtic
4153:Slavic
4121:Baltic
4083:Milyan
4076:Lycian
4069:Luwian
4062:Carian
4040:Palaic
4033:Lydian
3884:Trojan
3869:Carian
3864:Milyan
3859:Lycian
3854:Luwian
3831:Lydian
3826:Palaic
3657:
3636:
3605:Glossa
3574:408942
3572:
3545:593573
3543:
3512:
3473:
3454:
3392:
3373:
3340:
3321:
3302:
3280:
3261:
3239:
3209:
3188:
3161:No. 9.
3099:
3075:
3056:
3032:
3008:
2771:
2678:
2304:Anitta
2292:Corpus
2238:Syntax
2225:ēšuwen
2201:ašallu
2123:supine
2103:tenses
2083:active
2079:voices
2038:pēdit
2035:pišnit
2010:pēdaz
2007:pišnaz
1999:pēdaš
1993:pišnaš
1982:pēdaš
1979:pišnaš
1937:pišnan
1923:pišnēš
1920:pišnaš
1906:Plural
1875:pišna-
1844:dative
1803:, and
1801:number
1787:; two
1783:, and
1765:dative
1689:. See
1621:length
1606:length
1505:fortis
1464:Liquid
1374:fortis
1261:fortis
1170:fortis
1123:labial
1111:labial
1098:Uvular
1078:Labial
962:Vowels
954:Vowels
911:) and
859:Script
819:Luwian
795:Hattic
712:Carian
708:Lydian
704:Milyan
700:Lycian
696:Palaic
648:ablaut
566:Nesite
561:nešili
554:. The
524:nisili
518:nasili
512:nesili
493:Ḥittim
430:Luwian
403:Levant
380:Nesite
343:nešili
269:
256:
243:
97:Region
81:nešili
5194:Music
5144:Akitu
5001:Roman
4893:Ubaid
4888:Halaf
4786:Tukri
4781:Sumer
4776:Suhum
4756:Media
4706:Akkad
4349:Greek
4052:Luwic
3846:Luwic
3634:S2CID
3570:JSTOR
3541:JSTOR
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