1227:
49:
1559:
1286:
In a compromise with dissenters, who had now earned the name "Old
Lutherans", in 1834 Frederick William issued a decree which stated that Union would only be in the areas of governance and liturgy, but the respective congregations could retain their confessional identities. In addition to this,
1534:
and
Anglican Mission Societies were already well established in New Zealand. They therefore took up the suggestion that they move to the Chatham Islands where they arrived on 20 February of that year. As someone said, they had "...faith in their souls and next to nothing in their pockets."
1388:
Upon
Frederick William's death in 1840, persecution of the Old Lutherans eased substantially. However, Old Lutherans continued to find themselves marginalized, especially the clergy who did not have many of the same rights and support accorded to clergy of the Union church.
1320:
Scheibel came to prominence as a leader of the Old
Lutherans in the dissent against the Prussian Union. He spoke, preached and wrote against the Union, which consequently resulted in suspension from his post as theological professor.
1301:
Becoming aware of this defiance, officials sought out those who acted against the decree. Pastors who were caught were suspended from their ministry. If suspended pastors were caught acting in a pastoral role, they were imprisoned.
1549:
In the 1870s other
Lutheran migrants arrived in New Zealand including large numbers from Scandinavia who settled in the Wairarapa, Manawatu and Hawkes Bay regions. Norsewood and Dannevirke owe their origins to these settlers.
1538:
In June of the same year, 1843, a shipload of German migrants arrived in Nelson. They settled in what is now Upper
Moutere and built a church. There is still a thriving Lutheran congregation worshipping on this site.
1185:
was formed, bringing together a group that was majority
Lutheran and minority Reformed. As a result, the government of Prussia had full control over church affairs, with the king recognized as the leading bishop.
1546:. They convinced others from German speaking communities in South Australia to join them. Most initially settled along Pukepapa Road in Marton, which is still the location of the St Martin's Lutheran Church.
1275:
The liturgical agenda was subsequently modified to appease many of the objections of the dissenting
Lutherans, and in 1830 Frederick William ordered all Protestant congregations in Prussia to celebrate the
1412:
By 1835 many dissenting Old
Lutheran groups were looking to emigration as a means to finding religious freedom. Some groups emigrated to Australia and the United States in the years leading up to 1841.
457:
1249:
After more than 20 years of effort, a common liturgical agenda was finally published in 1821. The agenda was not well received by many
Lutherans, as it was seen to compromise in the wording of the
1933:
Meyer, Charles. "'What a terrible thing it is to entrust one's children to such heathen teachers': State and Church Relations Illustrated in the Early Lutheran Schools of Victoria, Australia."
1347:
1272:
congregations were directed in 1822 to use only the newly formulated agenda for worship. This met with strong objections and non-compliance from Lutheran pastors around Prussia.
3332:
1181:, was determined to unify the Protestant churches, homogenize their liturgy, organization, and architecture. In a series of proclamations over several years the
1597:
Thousands of other Old Lutherans settled in the Midwest and Upper Midwest of the United States during this period. In addition to Old Lutherans there were also
1590:. They emigrated to the United States in summer 1839. Grabau and his friends founded the "Synod of Lutherans immigrated from Prussia", afterward known as the
1491:, served there for seven years (1878â1885). When he left for Kaiser-Wilhelmsland in 1885, his cousin, also named Johann Flierl, replaced him at the mission.
2960:
3397:
2144:
1945:
Nineteenth-century Emigration of" Old Lutherans" from Eastern Germany (mainly Pomerania and Lower Silesia) to Australia, Canada, and the United States
1980:
2007:
1371:
491:
1283:
Rather than having the unifying effect that Frederick William desired, the decree created a great deal of dissent among Lutheran congregations.
2110:
203:
2345:
482:
1422:
299:
3382:
1888:
Clark, Christopher. "Confessional policy and the limits of state action: Frederick William III and the Prussian Church Union 1817â40."
1683:
Christopher Clark. "Confessional policy and the limits of state action: Frederick William III and the Prussian Church Union 1817â40".
1614:
1967:
1400:, seated in Breslau, officially recognised on 23 July 1845), which through various mergers eventually resulted in the present-day
1401:
1209:
3215:
2988:
1397:
1221:
572:
1825:
1145:
774:
3093:
2000:
20:
1294:
In defiance of this decree, a number of Lutheran pastors and congregations continued to use the old liturgical agenda and
1226:
3108:
2427:
3171:
3098:
2120:
1518:
In the early part of the 21st century there has been an influx of people from Africa, Asia and other parts of the world.
3085:
3042:
1812:
1618:
407:
174:
3402:
3240:
3161:
2850:
2267:
1927:
1794:
1609:
and nearly 1100 other Saxon Lutherans left for the United States in November 1838, eventually settling in and around
761:
1908:
Henke, Manfred. "Toleration and Repression: German States, the Law and the âSectsâ in the Long Nineteenth Century."
3387:
3133:
2232:
1235:
1993:
799:
271:
3220:
3302:
1817:
1587:
1438:
1432:
644:
509:
499:
437:
402:
239:
2330:
3357:
2756:
2694:
2402:
442:
355:
3176:
2733:
2712:
794:
3281:
3186:
3118:
2335:
1457:
1367:
908:
669:
397:
2028:
69:
3392:
3327:
2920:
2845:
2644:
2259:
2125:
2115:
1076:
1031:
779:
308:
186:
182:
2517:
1898:
Gerber, David A. "The pathos of exile: Old Lutheran refugees in the United States and South Australia."
1857:
3070:
3050:
2573:
2317:
1795:
Martin O. Westerhaus, "The Confessional Lutheran Emigrations From Prussia And Saxony Around 1839", 1989
1174:
1051:
1016:
629:
317:
135:
753:
718:
619:
3225:
2871:
2272:
2094:
1646:
1591:
1465:
1453:
1306:
1138:
704:
504:
452:
422:
387:
230:
2654:
2613:
1343:
He died at Nuremberg about the time that he was being restored to his post as professor at Breslau.
743:
3352:
3128:
3075:
3055:
2876:
2819:
2814:
2307:
1635:
1469:
1449:
634:
592:
392:
2312:
3153:
3060:
2930:
2866:
2728:
2608:
865:
847:
679:
587:
1807:
3166:
2945:
2935:
2840:
2738:
2707:
2487:
2076:
2056:
2016:
1202:
1036:
880:
875:
532:
432:
2340:
2950:
2669:
2659:
2130:
2081:
2071:
1476:
1378:
1178:
870:
514:
427:
412:
330:
285:
928:
2998:
2940:
2702:
2664:
2628:
2623:
2537:
2468:
2397:
2202:
1971:
1250:
1131:
1046:
1021:
818:
789:
674:
537:
276:
32:
2187:
1061:
8:
3322:
3103:
2968:
2361:
2322:
2182:
2167:
2086:
1610:
1543:
1502:
1170:
1111:
1106:
961:
375:
165:
2603:
1744:
3271:
3123:
3013:
3008:
2983:
2973:
2761:
2552:
2527:
2482:
2412:
2382:
2353:
2277:
2222:
2207:
2162:
2157:
2050:
1976:
1869:
1723:
1523:
1461:
1428:
1246:
congregations. To accomplish this, a commission to prepare a common agenda was formed.
1166:
956:
951:
888:
784:
723:
547:
322:
211:
903:
3065:
2804:
2776:
2649:
2417:
2302:
2227:
1923:
1839:
1831:
1821:
1630:
1602:
1488:
1363:
1329:
1243:
689:
417:
338:
290:
220:
194:
3317:
3312:
3181:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2618:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2547:
2463:
2443:
2422:
2407:
2387:
2287:
2282:
2217:
2197:
2066:
1317:
from 1818 until 1830 when he was suspended from his post for his dissenting views.
1239:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1041:
1011:
996:
981:
913:
827:
699:
664:
542:
145:
48:
1508:
In the 1870s significant numbers arrived from Denmark and the rest of Scandinavia.
1324:
Undaunted, Scheibel continued in his dissent as he moved to new cities. He was at
918:
837:
3235:
3113:
3033:
2824:
2598:
2542:
2532:
2512:
2504:
2448:
2392:
2297:
2292:
2192:
1494:
There have been five waves of migration into the Lutheran Church in New Zealand:
1382:
1359:
1091:
1086:
1001:
991:
933:
857:
852:
832:
769:
728:
654:
582:
557:
155:
3307:
3297:
3245:
3230:
3018:
2925:
2583:
2568:
2172:
2061:
1922:, David Schubert (trl. and ed.), Highgate, South Australia: H. Schubert, 1995.
1651:
1606:
1355:
1026:
1006:
966:
898:
842:
813:
733:
684:
659:
614:
261:
244:
2915:
1346:
3376:
3276:
3023:
3003:
2905:
2809:
2748:
2522:
2458:
2366:
2152:
1835:
1780:
1759:
In consequence of a polemical sermon, the same year, he was ordered to leave
1706:
1571:
1484:
1269:
1254:
1198:
1116:
1101:
947:
694:
567:
447:
115:
110:
79:
1843:
748:
3266:
3143:
3138:
2910:
2177:
1915:
1598:
1512:
1480:
1445:
1096:
971:
923:
462:
140:
64:
3250:
2993:
2791:
2453:
2212:
2020:
1985:
1641:
1162:
1081:
986:
976:
893:
823:
738:
639:
254:
74:
40:
1955:
1460:. In 1841, a second wave of Prussian immigrants arrived, led by Pastor
1437:
The first Lutherans to come to Australia in any significant number were
1358:
became the leader of Old Lutherans. Other famous Old Lutherans included
1893:
1688:
1295:
808:
804:
649:
624:
1938:
1903:
1314:
2799:
1583:
1337:
1288:
1277:
1262:
1190:
1407:
1531:
1333:
1310:
1189:
Attempted suppression of the Old Lutherans led many to emigrate to
1328:
in 1832 where he was ordered to leave that same year. He moved to
2978:
2897:
1575:
1325:
1242:(service book) to be published, for use in both the Lutheran and
562:
552:
1579:
1501:
In the 1860s a second wave of migrants from Germany settled in
1442:
1258:
1194:
1920:
Because of their beliefs: emigration from Prussia to Australia
1574:
as well during this time period. Among them was a group from
1527:
1393:
125:
100:
1672:
Iron Kingdom: Of the rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947
1522:
In January 1843, just three years after the signing of the
1332:, where likewise he was asked to leave in 1836, then on to
1558:
1222:
Prussian Union of churches § Quarrels over the union
1605:, where there was no evangelical union. Lutheran pastor
1816:. Vol. 3. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1505:
in the Rangitikei. Some had first settled in Australia.
1416:
1705:
Wilhelm, J (1909), "Evangelical Church (in Prussia)",
1542:
In the 1860s a number of German people arrived in the
1201:, resulting in the creation of significant Lutheran
1950:Van Abbe, Derek. "The Germans in South Australia."
1570:Numerous waves of Old Lutherans immigrated to the
1981:Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
1475:The Lutherans in South Australia established the
1408:Immigration to Australia, New Zealand and America
1208:The legacy of Old Lutherans also survives in the
3374:
1448:. These immigrants created three settlements at
1977:Lutherans. II Separate Lutherans. 1. In Prussia
1781:"A little bit of history", SELK website (2007)
1738:
1736:
1441:, who arrived in South Australia in 1838 with
2001:
1526:, the first Lutheran missionaries arrived in
1139:
204:Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope
1872:The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia
1725:The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia
1578:of about 1000 Old Lutherans. They were from
1553:
1733:
1423:History of the Lutheran Church of Australia
1350:Henrik Steffens, scientist and Old Lutheran
1305:Among the leaders of the Old Lutherans was
3398:Christian denominations founded in Germany
2015:
2008:
1994:
1900:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1309:(1783â1843). Scheibel was a professor of
1287:dissenters were forbidden from organizing
1146:
1132:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1557:
1345:
1225:
1177:in the 1830s and 1840s. Prussia's king,
1947:(Genealogical Publishing Company, 2009)
1808:"Auricht, Johann Christian (1832â1907)"
1704:
1402:Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church
1210:Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church
3375:
2318:Council of Trent § Protestant response
1805:
1687:, vol. 39, no. 4 (1996) pp. 985â1004.
1498:In the 1840s people came from Germany.
1398:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Prussia
3333:Synodical Conference of North America
1989:
1790:
1788:
1693:
1617:. These were the predecessors to the
1615:Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838â39
1230:King Frederick William III of Prussia
1215:
2341:Controversy on the Descent into Hell
1566:carried some of the Saxon emigrants.
1417:Australian and New Zealand migration
13:
2331:Adiaphoristic controversies (first
1968:Germany, Lutheran Free Churches in
1882:
1813:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1785:
175:Apology of the Augsburg Confession
14:
3414:
3383:History of Lutheranism in Germany
2851:Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette
1961:
1586:and the surrounding area, led by
1238:issued a decree for a new common
1236:Frederick William III of Prussia
221:Distinctive theological concepts
47:
3260:Australia / New Guinea
1863:
16:Prussian religious denomination
1935:History of Education Quarterly
1850:
1818:Australian National University
1799:
1774:
1746:New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia
1715:
1677:
1664:
1619:Lutheran ChurchâMissouri Synod
1433:German settlement in Australia
645:John Christian Frederick Heyer
500:International Lutheran Council
1:
2757:Christoph Friedrich von Ammon
2268:Colloquy of Worms (1540â1541)
1743:"Johann Gottfried Scheibel".
1657:
1392:Old Lutherans formed several
3282:Lutheran Church of Australia
1487:, the pioneer missionary of
1183:Church of the Prussian Union
909:Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder
670:Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder
7:
2846:Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider
2262:Augsburg Confession Variata
2111:DenmarkâNorway and Holstein
1892:39.04 (1996) pp: 985â1004.
1711:, New York: Robert Appleton
1624:
1601:immigrants from the German
309:Priesthood of all believers
10:
3419:
3024:Zillertal Valley expulsion
2734:Friedrich Gottlieb SĂŒskind
2713:Johann Christoph Döderlein
1902:26.03 (1984) pp: 498â522.
1426:
1420:
1219:
1175:Prussian Union of churches
1173:, who refused to join the
1052:Charles Porterfield Krauth
1017:Johannes Andreas Quenstedt
630:Johann Heinrich Callenberg
18:
3345:
3290:
3259:
3208:
3199:
3152:
3084:
3041:
3032:
2959:
2896:
2889:
2872:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
2859:
2833:
2790:
2747:
2721:
2693:
2682:
2637:
2561:
2497:
2481:
2436:
2375:
2348:Greek Augsburg Confession
2252:
2245:
2143:
2103:
2095:Nuremberg Religious Peace
2045:
2038:
2027:
1910:Studies in Church History
1806:Proeve, H. F. W. (1969).
1708:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1647:Persecution of Christians
1554:North American migrations
1307:Johann Gottfried Scheibel
1253:, to the point where the
505:Lutheran World Federation
492:Global Confessional &
231:Theology of Martin Luther
3403:19th-century Lutheranism
3353:Confessional Lutheranism
2877:Friedrich Schleiermacher
2820:Richard Adelbert Lipsius
2815:Ferdinand Christian Baur
2308:Colloquy of Worms (1557)
1749:. 1914. pp. 230â231
1636:Klemzig, South Australia
1381:counter-reaction called
1298:of the Lutheran church.
762:Johann Phillip Fabricius
635:Johann Phillip Fabricius
593:Confessional Lutheranism
494:Missional Lutheran Forum
483:Confessional Evangelical
300:Two states of the Church
70:Start of the Reformation
3388:Christianity in Prussia
2867:Johann Gottfried Herder
2729:Gottlob Christian Storr
1860:. Griffith University.
1464:. His group settled in
1439:immigrants from Prussia
866:Norwegian Bible Society
848:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
754:BartholomÀus Ziegenbalg
680:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
620:BartholomÀus Ziegenbalg
2841:Franz Volkmar Reinhard
2739:Johann Friedrich Flatt
2708:Johann David Michaelis
2518:Colloquy of Mumpelgart
2077:Protestation at Speyer
2057:Heidelberg Disputation
1943:Smith, Clifford Neal.
1937:40.3 (2000): 302â319.
1567:
1530:. They found that the
1515:many came from Europe.
1479:(Bethesda) Station at
1351:
1280:using the new agenda.
1231:
1037:August Hermann Francke
881:Stanislovas Rapolionis
876:Samuel Ludwik Zasadius
744:Kristian Osvald ViderĂž
533:History of Lutheranism
2260:Dissemination of the
2082:Articles of Schwabach
2072:Diet of Speyer (1529)
1674:. (2006) pp. 412â419.
1561:
1477:Killalpaninna Mission
1379:confessional Lutheran
1349:
1229:
1179:Frederick William III
871:Swedish Bible Society
795:GuĂ°brandur ĂorlĂĄksson
588:High church Lutherans
515:Lutheranism by region
413:Anointing of the Sick
348:Other relevant topics
331:Theology of the Cross
93:Doctrine and theology
3109:J. C. K. von Hofmann
3094:G. C. A. von Harless
2999:Lars Levi Laestadius
2703:Johann Salomo Semler
2665:Salzburg Protestants
2538:Matthias Hafenreffer
2428:John the Magnanimous
2398:Cyriacus Spangenberg
2346:Presentation of the
2203:Nicolaus von Amsdorf
2087:Presentation of the
1972:Christian Cyclopedia
1952:Australian Quarterly
1377:Union also caused a
1265:was not proclaimed.
1251:Words of Institution
1205:in those countries.
1169:, especially in the
1047:Lars Levi Laestadius
1022:Johann Wilhelm Baier
819:Nils Vibe Stockfleth
790:Johannes Avetaranian
675:Lars Olsen Skrefsrud
453:Lutheran hymnwriters
19:For other uses, see
3216:Old Lutheran schism
3172:A. F. O. MĂŒnchmeyer
3104:Gottfried Thomasius
2722:Old TĂŒbingen school
2362:Liturgical struggle
2325:Magdeburg Centuries
2323:Publication of the
2313:Counter-Reformation
2183:Argula von Grumbach
2168:Johannes Bugenhagen
2089:Augsburg Confession
1912:56 (2020): 338â361.
1670:Christopher Clark.
1611:St. Louis, Missouri
1511:In the years after
1212:in modern Germany.
1171:Province of Silesia
1112:Wolfhart Pannenberg
1107:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
962:Johannes Bugenhagen
800:Ludvig Olsen Fossum
485:Lutheran Conference
458:Normative principle
438:Liturgical calendar
166:Augsburg Confession
21:Old Lutheran Church
3393:History of Silesia
3272:Gotthard Fritzsche
3134:F. H. R. von Frank
3124:Theodosius Harnack
3051:E. W. Hengstenberg
3014:N. F. S. Grundtvig
3009:Carl Olof Rosenius
2984:Paavo Ruotsalainen
2974:Hans Nielsen Hauge
2762:Julius Wegscheider
2553:Stephan Praetorius
2528:Nikolaus Selnecker
2505:Acceptance of the
2413:Victorinus Strigel
2383:Philip Melanchthon
2356:Formula of Concord
2278:Regensburg Interim
2273:Diet of Regensburg
2233:Frederick the Wise
2223:Stephan Praetorius
2208:Laurentius Andreae
2163:Philip Melanchthon
2158:Katharina von Bora
2051:Ninety-five Theses
1890:Historical Journal
1728:, 1909, p. 81
1685:Historical Journal
1568:
1524:Treaty of Waitangi
1462:Gotthard Fritzsche
1429:German Australians
1396:(e.g. in 1841 the
1352:
1232:
1216:The Prussian Union
1167:Kingdom of Prussia
957:Philip Melanchthon
952:Katharina von Bora
929:Johann Ernst GlĂŒck
889:Laurentius Andreae
780:George Constantine
724:Casiodoro de Reina
548:Lutheran orthodoxy
443:Calendar of saints
212:Formula of Concord
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3341:
3340:
3241:H. E. F. Guericke
3195:
3194:
3066:Carl Paul Caspari
2989:Finnish Awakening
2885:
2884:
2805:Philip Marheineke
2777:Adolf von Harnack
2678:
2677:
2650:Christian Scriver
2629:Thirty Years' War
2477:
2476:
2418:Johannes Agricola
2303:Peace of Augsburg
2241:
2240:
2228:Johann Pfeffinger
2188:Petrus SĂ€rkilahti
2139:
2138:
1827:978-0-522-84459-7
1631:German Australian
1603:Kingdom of Saxony
1489:German New Guinea
1364:H. E. F. Guericke
1296:sacramental rites
1240:liturgical Agenda
1156:
1155:
1062:SĂžren Kierkegaard
712:Bible Translators
690:Paul Olaf Bodding
573:Finnish Awakening
363:
362:
339:Sacramental Union
318:Divine Providence
195:Smalcald Articles
3410:
3318:C. F. W. Walther
3313:F. C. D. Wyneken
3246:G. P. E. Huschke
3206:
3205:
3182:Theodor Kliefoth
3099:J. W. F. Höfling
3039:
3038:
2894:
2893:
2782:Wilhelm Herrmann
2772:Albrecht Ritschl
2767:Wilhelm Gesenius
2691:
2690:
2619:Johannes Musaeus
2604:Johann HĂŒlsemann
2594:Jesper Brochmand
2589:Nicolaus Hunnius
2579:Abraham Calovius
2548:Aegidius Hunnius
2495:
2494:
2469:Crypto-Lutherans
2464:Gnesio-Lutherans
2444:Crypto-Calvinism
2423:Andreas Osiander
2408:Andreas Musculus
2403:Joachim Westphal
2388:Matthias Flacius
2288:Augsburg Interim
2283:Schmalkaldic War
2250:
2249:
2218:Laurentius Petri
2198:Stephan Agricola
2067:Marburg Colloquy
2043:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1756:
1754:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1691:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1638:, a major colony
1354:After Scheibel,
1148:
1141:
1134:
1072:Wilhelm Herrmann
1067:Albrecht Ritschl
1057:C. F. W. Walther
1042:Henry Muhlenberg
1012:Abraham Calovius
997:Matthias Flacius
982:Laurentius Petri
919:MikoĆaj Jakubica
914:Antonio Brucioli
828:Laurentius Petri
705:Jens Christensen
700:Christian Keyser
665:F. C. D. Wyneken
543:Gnesio-Lutherans
538:Crypto-Lutherans
146:Athanasian Creed
97:
96:
51:
28:
27:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3362:
3337:
3328:F. W. Stellhorn
3303:J. A. A. Grabau
3286:
3255:
3236:Henrik Steffens
3191:
3187:Heinrich Hansen
3162:A. F. C. Vilmar
3148:
3119:K. F. A. Kahnis
3114:Franz Delitzsch
3080:
3028:
2955:
2881:
2855:
2829:
2825:Otto Pfleiderer
2786:
2743:
2717:
2674:
2633:
2609:J. C. Dannhauer
2599:Salomo Glassius
2574:J. A. Quenstedt
2557:
2543:Leonhard Hutter
2533:David Chytraeus
2513:Martin Chemnitz
2507:Book of Concord
2490:
2486:
2473:
2449:Sacramentarians
2432:
2393:Nicolaus Gallus
2371:
2354:Signing of the
2298:Peace of Passau
2293:Leipzig Interim
2237:
2193:Mikael Agricola
2135:
2099:
2030:
2023:
2014:
1964:
1954:(1956): 69â79.
1885:
1883:Further reading
1880:
1879:
1868:
1864:
1856:Regina Ganter,
1855:
1851:
1828:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1694:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1627:
1588:J. A. A. Grabau
1556:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1383:Neo-Lutheranism
1360:Henrik Steffens
1224:
1218:
1152:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1092:Rudolf Bultmann
1087:Ernst Troeltsch
1077:F. W. Stellhorn
1002:Martin Chemnitz
992:Mikael Agricola
938:
934:William F. Beck
904:Jonas Bretkƫnas
862:
858:Mikael Agricola
853:Sebastian Krelj
833:Martti Rautanen
770:William Tyndale
758:
729:Kjell Magne Yri
709:
655:Martti Rautanen
606:
598:
597:
558:Radical Pietism
528:
520:
519:
496:
493:
487:
484:
477:
469:
468:
467:
382:
381:
365:
364:
343:
327:
323:Marian theology
313:
304:
295:
281:
267:
249:
235:
215:
208:
199:
187:Large Catechism
179:
170:
156:Book of Concord
150:
136:Apostles' Creed
120:
94:
86:
85:
84:
59:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3416:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Wilhelm Sihler
3305:
3300:
3298:Martin Stephan
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Eduard Huschke
3228:
3226:J. G. Scheibel
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3129:C. E. Luthardt
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:F. A. Philippi
3053:
3047:
3045:
3043:Repristination
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:August Tholuck
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2931:J. W. Petersen
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
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2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2584:Georg Calixtus
2581:
2576:
2571:
2569:Johann Gerhard
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2256:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Johannes Brenz
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2104:Reformation in
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:Leipzig Debate
2059:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1974:
1963:
1962:External links
1960:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1941:
1931:
1913:
1906:
1896:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1862:
1849:
1826:
1798:
1784:
1773:
1763:, and went to
1732:
1714:
1692:
1676:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1652:Wends of Texas
1649:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1607:Martin Stephan
1555:
1552:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1499:
1481:Cooper's Creek
1421:Main article:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1372:Rudolf Rocholl
1356:Eduard Huschke
1220:Main article:
1217:
1214:
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1034:
1029:
1027:Philipp Spener
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1007:Johann Gerhard
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
967:Johannes Brenz
964:
959:
954:
944:
937:
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931:
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911:
906:
901:
899:Olaf M. Norlie
896:
891:
885:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
861:
860:
855:
850:
845:
843:Jurij Dalmatin
840:
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830:
821:
816:
814:Otto Fabricius
811:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
766:
765:
764:
757:
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751:
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736:
734:Onesimos Nesib
731:
726:
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715:
708:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
685:Onesimos Nesib
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
660:Wilhelm Sihler
657:
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615:John Campanius
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423:Divine Service
420:
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277:Sanctification
274:
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262:Sola scriptura
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245:Law and Gospel
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183:Luther's Small
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3401:
3399:
3396:
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3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3359:
3358:Homosexuality
3356:
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3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
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3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:United States
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Johann Flierl
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3251:Free churches
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:J. K. W. Löhe
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
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3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3076:L .A. Gotwald
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:F. G. Hedberg
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Laestadianism
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:J. F. Buddeus
2939:
2937:
2936:A. H. Francke
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:J. V. Andreae
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:Martin Moller
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:David Strauss
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
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2750:
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2740:
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2735:
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2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2685:or critical
2683:Speculative
2681:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:V. E. Löscher
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:David Hollatz
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
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2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:Jakob Andreae
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Ubiquitarians
2457:
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2255:
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2248:
2246:Early turmoil
2244:
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2231:
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2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Martin Luther
2151:
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2117:
2114:
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2018:
2011:
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1997:
1992:
1991:
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1966:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:0-646-25324-7
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:Iwan, William
1914:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1874:, 1909, p. 89
1873:
1870:"Lutherans",
1866:
1859:
1858:Johann Flierl
1853:
1845:
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1837:
1833:
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1727:
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1722:"Lutherans",
1718:
1710:
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1701:
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1680:
1673:
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3267:August Kavel
3201:Old Lutheran
3200:
3144:Werner Elert
3139:Paul Althaus
3071:C. P. Krauth
3034:Neo-Lutheran
2969:J. G. Hamann
2946:J. A. Bengel
2926:P. J. Spener
2911:Johann Arndt
2860:Transitional
2684:
2506:
2355:
2347:
2324:
2261:
2178:Justus Jonas
2088:
2049:
2029:Start of the
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1944:
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1909:
1899:
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1753:14 September
1751:. Retrieved
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1599:Neo-Lutheran
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1569:
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1548:
1541:
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1521:
1513:World War II
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1474:
1446:August Kavel
1436:
1411:
1391:
1387:
1376:
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1323:
1319:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1248:
1233:
1207:
1188:
1182:
1161:were German
1158:
1157:
1097:Paul Tillich
1032:David Hollaz
972:Justus Jonas
950: /
940:
939:
924:Matthias Bel
826: /
807: /
711:
710:
609:Missionaries
608:
577:
476:Organization
463:Lutheran art
403:Confirmation
286:Two kingdoms
260:
253:
185: /
141:Nicene Creed
65:Christianity
25:
3323:H. A. Preus
3167:F. J. Stahl
3154:High Church
2994:Claus Harms
2951:G. C. Knapp
2916:Jakob Böhme
2660:J. M. Goeze
2624:J. W. Baier
2614:J. F. König
2454:Philippists
2213:Olaus Petri
2031:Reformation
2021:Lutheranism
1642:Kulturkampf
1458:Glen Osmond
1082:Rudolf Otto
987:Olaus Petri
977:Hans Tausen
941:Theologians
894:Hans Tausen
824:Olaus Petri
775:John Rogers
739:Aster Ganno
640:Paul Henkel
605:Key figures
568:Laestadians
418:Holy Orders
378:and worship
291:catholicity
272:Christology
255:Sola gratia
75:Reformation
41:Lutheranism
3377:Categories
3221:Background
2979:Haugeanism
2687:theologies
2488:Scholastic
1768:, near by.
1658:References
1544:Rangitikei
1427:See also:
1270:Protestant
1197:, and the
809:Paul Egede
805:Hans Egede
749:JĂĄkup Dahl
650:Karl Graul
625:Hans Egede
398:Confession
376:Sacraments
58:Background
2961:Awakening
2800:Karl Daub
2145:Reformers
1836:1833-7538
1766:Hermsdorf
1584:Magdeburg
1470:Bethanien
1338:Nuremberg
1330:Hermsdorf
1289:sectarian
1263:Eucharist
1191:Australia
1163:Lutherans
527:Movements
408:Matrimony
393:Eucharist
3086:Erlangen
2890:Revivals
2834:Moderate
2792:Hegelian
2695:Wolffian
2670:Landlers
2483:Orthodox
2437:Factions
1956:in JSTOR
1894:in JSTOR
1844:70677943
1689:in JSTOR
1625:See also
1532:Wesleyan
1466:Lobethal
1454:Hahndorf
1404:(SELK).
1334:Glauchau
1311:theology
1291:groups.
1244:Reformed
563:Haugeans
553:Pietists
33:a series
31:Part of
3346:Present
3209:Germany
2898:Pietist
2749:Kantian
2491:periods
2336:second)
2126:Iceland
2121:Germany
2116:Finland
2017:History
1761:Dresden
1613:in the
1576:Prussia
1450:Klemzig
1326:Dresden
1315:Breslau
1261:in the
1165:in the
433:Vespers
388:Baptism
2376:People
2253:Events
2131:Sweden
2039:Events
1939:online
1926:
1904:online
1842:
1834:
1824:
1580:Erfurt
1564:Olbers
1503:Marton
1456:, and
1443:Pastor
1394:synods
1368:Kahnis
1259:Christ
1195:Canada
428:Matins
126:Creeds
2498:Early
1979:from
1970:from
1528:Otago
101:Bible
2638:Late
2562:High
1924:ISBN
1840:OCLC
1832:ISSN
1822:ISBN
1755:2013
1562:The
1468:and
1431:and
1370:and
1336:and
1268:The
2485:and
2019:of
1313:in
1257:of
3379::
1918:,
1838:.
1830:.
1820:.
1810:.
1787:^
1757:.
1735:^
1695:^
1621:.
1594:.
1582:,
1483:.
1472:.
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1385:.
1374:.
1366:,
1362:,
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1193:,
35:on
2009:e
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1930:.
1846:.
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23:.
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