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definition does not provide an explanation of forest function. It just gives a useful number to measure. So, some forests may be excluded from being categorized as old-growth even if they have old-growth attributes just because they are too young. Also, older forests can lack some old-growth attributes and be categorized as old-growth just because they are so old. The idea of using age is also problematic, because human activities can influence the forest in varied ways. For example, after the logging of 30% of the trees, less time is needed for old-growth to come back than after removal of 80% of the trees. Although depending on the species logged, the forest that comes back after a 30% harvest may consist of proportionately fewer hardwood trees than a forest logged at 80% in which the light competition by less important tree species does not inhibit the regrowth of vital hardwoods.
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Thus, each understory tree grows at a different rate. The differences in establishment timing and in growth rate create a population of understory trees that is variable in size. Eventually, some understory trees grow to become as tall as the main canopy trees, thereby filling the gap. This perpetuation process is typical for the old-growth stage. This, however, does not mean that the forest will be old-growth forever. Generally, three futures for old-growth stage forest are possible: 1) The forest will be hit by a disturbance and most of the trees will die, 2) Unfavorable conditions for new trees to regenerate will occur. In this case, the old trees will die and smaller plants will create
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in terms of the species supported. Therefore, for most people, the physical size of the trees is the most recognized hallmark of old-growth forests, even though the ecologically productive areas that support such large trees often comprise only a very small portion of the total area that has been mapped as old-growth forest. (In high-altitude, harsh climates, trees grow very slowly and thus remain at a small size. Such trees also qualify as old growth in terms of how they are mapped, but are rarely recognized by the general public as such.)
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reinitiation stage. Using the stand dynamics definition, old-growth can be easily evaluated using structural attributes. However, in some forest ecosystems, this can lead to decisions regarding the preservation of unique stands or attributes that will disappear over the next few decades because of natural succession processes. Consequently, using stand dynamics to define old-growth forests is more accurate in forests where the species that constitute old-growth have long lifespans and succession is slow.
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amount of carbon stored in the soil, but other research suggests older forests that have trees of many ages, multiple layers, and little disturbance have the highest capacities for carbon storage. As trees grow, they remove carbon from the atmosphere, and protecting these pools of carbon prevents emissions into the atmosphere. Proponents of harvesting the forest argue the carbon stored in wood is available for use as
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652:, and 3) The regenerating understory trees are different species from the main canopy trees. In this case, the forest will switch back to stem-exclusion stage, but with shade-tolerant tree species. 4) The forest in an old-growth stage can be stable for centuries, but the length of this stage depends on the forest's tree composition and the climate of the area. For example, frequent natural fires do not allow
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1062:(RFA) was originally designed to protect much of this natural wealth, many of the RFA old-growth forests protected in Tasmania consist of trees of little use to the timber industry. RFA old-growth and high conservation value forests that contain species highly desirable to the forestry industry have been poorly preserved. Only 22% of Tasmania's original tall-eucalypt forests managed by
1047:. From certain forestry perspectives, fully maintaining an old-growth forest is seen as extremely economically unproductive, as timber can only be collected from falling trees, and also potentially damaging to nearby managed groves by creating environments conducive to root rot. It may be more productive to cut the old growth down and replace the forest with a younger one.
881:, they are not protected by international treaties, because it is generally thought that aging forests cease to accumulate carbon. However, in forests between 15 and 800 years of age, net ecosystem productivity (the net carbon balance of the forest including soils) is usually positive; old-growth forests accumulate carbon for centuries and contain large quantities of it.
134:(2.7 billion acres) of primary forest remaining. Combined, three countries (Brazil, Canada, and Russia) host more than half (61 percent) of the world's primary forest. The area of primary forest has decreased by 81 million ha (200 million acres) since 1990, but the rate of loss more than halved in 2010–2020 compared with the previous decade.
236:, catastrophic disturbances like wildfires minimize opportunities for major accumulations of dead and downed woody material and other structural legacies associated with old growth conditions. Typical characteristics of old-growth forest include the presence of older trees, minimal signs of human disturbance, mixed-age stands, presence of
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1128:. This coarse filter approach to biodiversity conservation recognizes ecological processes and provides for a dynamic distribution of old growth across the landscape. And all seral stages—young, medium and, old—support forest biodiversity. Plants and animals rely on different forest ecosystem stages to meet their habitat needs.
632:, thus competing for the light with neighbors; light competition mortality kills slow-growing trees and reduces forest density, which allows surviving trees to increase in size. Eventually, the canopies of neighboring trees touch each other and drastically lower the amount of light that reaches lower layers. Due to that, the
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deterioration through root rot or insect infestation, and they occupied land that could be used for more productive second-growth stands. In some regions, old growth is not the most commercially viable timber—in
British Columbia, Canada, harvesting in the coastal region is moving to younger second-growth stands.
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where forests are relatively productive, trees live a long time, decomposition is relatively slow, and fires are infrequent. The differences between forests must, therefore, be taken into consideration when determining how they should be managed to store carbon. A 2019 study projected that old-growth
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Stand age can also be used to categorize a forest as old-growth. For any given geographical area, the average time since disturbance until a forest reaches the old growth stage can be determined. This method is useful, because it allows quick and objective determination of forest stage. However, this
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pattern for this stage. New trees regenerate at different times from each other, because each of them has a different spatial location relative to the main canopy, hence each one receives a different amount of light. The mixed age of the forest is an important criterion in ensuring that the forest is
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defines primary forests as naturally regenerated forests of native tree species where there are no clearly visible indications of human activity and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed. One-third (34 percent) of the world's forests are primary forests. Old-growth features include
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Tree species succession may change tree species' composition once the old-growth stage has been achieved. For example, an old boreal forest may contain some large aspen trees, which may die and be replaced by smaller balsam fir or black spruce. Consequently, the forest will switch back to understory
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Old-growth forests are often perceived to be in equilibrium or in a state of decay. However, evidence from analysis of carbon stored above ground and in the soil has shown old-growth forests are more productive at storing carbon than younger forests. Forest harvesting has little or no effect on the
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Additionally, in mountainous, temperate landscapes (such as
Western North America), and specifically in areas of high-quality soil and a moist, relatively mild climate, some old-growth trees have attained notable height and girth (DBH: diameter at breast height), accompanied by notable biodiversity
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that may be far more important to society than their use as a source of raw materials. These services include making breathable air, making pure water, carbon storage, regeneration of nutrients, maintenance of soils, pest control by insectivorous bats and insects, micro- and macro-climate control,
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A 2001 scientific symposium in Canada found that defining old growth in a scientifically meaningful, yet policy-relevant, manner presents some basic difficulties, especially if a simple, unambiguous, and rigorous scientific definition is sought. Symposium participants identified some attributes of
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In logging terms, old-growth stands are past the economic optimum for harvesting—usually between 80 and 150 years, depending on the species. Old-growth forests were often given harvesting priority because they had the most commercially valuable timber, they were considered to be at greater risk of
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Old-growth: Main canopy trees become older and more of them die, creating even more gaps. Since the gaps appear at different times, the understory trees are at different growth stages. Furthermore, the amount of light that reaches each understory tree depends on its position relative to the gap.
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may be higher or lower in old-growth forests compared to that in second-growth forests, depending on specific circumstances, environmental variables, and geographic variables. Logging in old-growth forests is a contentious issue in many parts of the world. Excessive logging reduces biodiversity,
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28% in North
America, which harvests 10,000 km (3,900 sq mi) of ancient forests every year. Many of the fragmented forests of southern Canada and the United States lack adequate animal travel corridors and functioning ecosystems for large mammals. Most of the remaining old-growth
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Of importance is that while the stand switches from one tree community to another, the stand will not necessarily go through old-growth stage between those stages. Some tree species have a relatively open canopy. That allows more shade-tolerant tree species to establish below even before the
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have been reserved. Ten thousand hectares of tall-eucalypt RFA old-growth forest have been lost since 1996, predominantly as a result of industrial logging operations. In 2006, about 61,000 hectares of tall-eucalypt RFA old-growth forests remained unprotected. Recent logging attempts in the
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understory reinitiation stage. The shade-tolerant trees eventually outcompete the main canopy trees in stem-exclusion stage. Therefore, the dominant tree species will change, but the forest will still be in stem-exclusion stage until the shade-tolerant species reach old-growth stage.
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van der Sande, Masha T.; Arets, Eric J. M. M.; Peña-Claros, Marielos; de Avila, Angela
Luciana; Roopsind, Anand; Mazzei, Lucas; Ascarrunz, Nataly; Finegan, Bryan; AlarcĂłn, Alfredo (1 May 2016). "Old-growth Neotropical forests are shifting in species and trait composition".
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that has not been subjected to significant disturbance by mankind, altering the appearance of the landscape and its ecosystems, has not been subjected to logging (or other types of development such as road networks or housing), and has inherently progressed per natural
435:. As old-growth forest is structurally diverse, it provides higher-diversity habitat than forests in other stages. Thus, sometimes higher biological diversity can be sustained in old-growth forests, or at least a biodiversity that is different from other forest stages.
577:. Different organisms may need certain well-defined soil horizons to live, while many trees need well-structured soils free of disturbance to thrive. Some herbaceous plants in northern hardwood forests must have thick duff layers (which are part of the soil profile).
936:: "In the long term, a sustainable forest management strategy aimed at maintaining or increasing forest carbon stocks, while producing an annual sustained yield of timber, fibre, or energy from the forest, will generate the largest sustained mitigation benefit."
1743:"Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA"
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8% in Africa, which has lost most of its intact forest landscapes in the last 30 years. The timber industry and local governments are responsible for destroying huge areas of intact forest landscapes and continue to be the single largest threat to these
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Dai, Limin; Jia, Juan; Yu, Dapao; Lewis, Bernard J.; Zhou, Li; Zhou, Wangming; Zhao, Wei; Jiang, Linhai (15 July 2013). "Effects of climate change on biomass carbon sequestration in old-growth forest ecosystems on
Changbai Mountain in Northeast China".
1940:
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Ryan, Michael G.; Harmon, Mark E.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Giardina, Christian P.; Heath, Linda S.; Houghton, Richard A.; Jackson, Robert B.; McKinley, Duncan C.; Morrison, James F.; Murray, Brian C.; Pataki, Diane E.; Skog, Kenneth E. (2010).
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A better understanding of natural systems has resulted in new ideas about forest management, such as managed natural disturbances should be designed to achieve the landscape patterns and habitat conditions that are normally maintained in
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representative examples of old-growth forests with their associated characteristics and values. Literature around old growth and its management is inconclusive about the best way to characterize the true essence of an old-growth stand.
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Understory reinitiation: Trees die from low-level mortality, such as windthrow and diseases. Individual canopy gaps start to appear and more light can reach the forest floor. Hence, shade-tolerant species can establish in the
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desire to harvest valuable timber from the forests, destroying the forests in the process, to generate short-term profits, while environmentalists seek to preserve the forests in their pristine state for benefits such as
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introduced a rule, according to which, logging is strongly limited in old growth forests, but permitted in "mature forests", representing a compromise between the logging industry and environmental activists.
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on the forest floor. The trees of old-growth forests develop distinctive attributes not seen in younger trees, such as more complex structures and deeply fissured bark that can harbor rare lichens and mosses.
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only become established in canopy openings, but persist beneath an understory. Openings are a result of tree death due to small impact disturbances such as wind, low-intensity fires, and tree diseases.
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The large trees in old-growth forests are economically valuable, and have been subject to aggressive logging throughout the world. This has led to many conflicts between logging companies and
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of defined "old-growth forests". This led to struggles over what constitutes "old growth". For example, in
Western Australia, the timber industry tried to limit the area of old growth in the
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grow more substantial, the ability of old-growth forests to sequester carbon is affected. Climate change showed an impact on the mortality of some dominant tree species, as observed in the
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Less than 3% in Europe, where more than 150 km (58 sq mi) of intact forest landscapes are cleared every year and the last areas of the region's intact forest landscapes in
991:. Climate change also showed an effect on the composition of species when forests were surveyed over a 10- and 20-year period, which may disrupt the overall productivity of the forest.
1032:, as of January 2009, only 21% of the original old-growth forests that once existed on Earth are remaining. An estimated one-half of Western Europe's forests were cleared before the
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1159:. A small proportion of old-growth forest also exists in South-West Australia, and is protected by federal laws from logging, which has not occurred there for more than 20 years.
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or 'regeneration' until enough time passes for the effects of the disturbance to be no longer evident. Depending on the forest, this may take from a century to several millennia.
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Common cultural definitions and common denominators regarding what comprises old-growth forest, and the variables that define, constitute and embody old-growth forests include:
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213:, Canada, old growth is defined as 120 to 140 years of age in the interior of the province where fire is a frequent and natural occurrence. In British Columbia's coastal
1262:, where the Paradise Forests are being destroyed faster than any other forest on Earth. Much of the large, intact forest landscapes have already been cut down, 72% in
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408:. Thus, uniformly aged stands are less stable ecosystems. Boreal forests are more uniformly aged, as they are normally subject to frequent stand-replacing wildfires.
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late-successional, temperate-zone, old-growth forest types that could be considered in developing an index of "old-growthness" and for defining old-growth forests:
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Old-growth forests often contain rich communities of plants and animals within the habitat due to the long period of forest stability. These varied and sometimes
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Old-growth forests serve as a reservoir for species, which cannot thrive or easily regenerate in younger forests, so they can be used as a baseline for research.
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layer that is able to nurture certain types of organisms. Mounds provide a place free of leaf inundation and saturation, where other types of organisms thrive.
103:. Virgin or first-growth forests are old-growth forests that have never been logged. The concept of diverse tree structure includes multi-layered canopies and
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Increased understanding of forest dynamics in the late 20th century led the scientific community to identify a need to inventory, understand, manage, and
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Old-growth forests tend to have large trees and standing dead trees, multilayered canopies with gaps that result from the deaths of individual trees, and
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A long natural rotation for catastrophic or stand-replacing disturbance (e.g., a period greater than the maximum longevity of the dominant tree species)
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Long-lived, shade-tolerant tree species associations (e.g., sugar maple, American beech, yellow birch, red spruce, eastern hemlock, white pine)
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Estoque, Ronald C.; Ooba, Makoto; Avitabile, Valerio; Hijioka, Yasuaki; DasGupta, Rajarshi; Togawa, Takuya; Murayama, Yuji (23 April 2019).
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to old-growth forests may someday prove to be invaluable towards curing various human ailments, as has been realized in numerous plants in
1075:, the primary forestry contractor in Tasmania, has been under recent criticism by political and environmental groups over its practice of
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2109:""Old growth in the boreal forest: A dynamic perspective at the stand and landscape level" by Daniel Kneeshaw and Sylvie Gauthier 2003"
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Brothers, Timothy S.; Spingarn, Arthur (1992). "Forest
Fragmentation and Alien Plant Invasion of Central Indiana Old-Growth Forests".
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956:, particulates, and other pollutants, in some cases at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as coal or natural gas.
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Average age of dominant species approaching half the maximum longevity for species (about 150+ years for most shade-tolerant trees)
463:) by the roots pulled out of the ground when trees fall due to natural causes, including being pushed over by animals. Pits expose
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Old-growth forests have the potential to impact climate change, but climate change is also impacting old-growth forests. As the
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217:, old growth is defined as trees more than 250 years, with some trees reaching more than 1,000 years of age. In Australia,
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provide food sources and habitat for many types of organisms. In particular, many species of dead-wood predators, such as
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have sparked a series of protests and media attention over the arrests that have taken place in this area. Additionally,
869:). They collectively represent a very significant store of carbon. Destruction of these forests releases this carbon as
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affecting not only the old-growth forest itself, but also indigenous species that rely upon old-growth forest habitat.
1684:"Carbon storage in old-growth forests of the Mid-Atlantic: toward better understanding the eastern forest carbon sink"
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Old-growth forests are unique, usually having multiple horizontal layers of vegetation representing a variety of tree
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forest requires frequent surface fires to reduce the shade-tolerant species and regenerate the canopy species. In the
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A forest regenerated after a severe disturbance, such as wildfire, insect infestation, or harvesting, is often called
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2161:"B.C. old-growth data 'misleading' public on remaining ancient forest: independent report, June 4, 2020, The Narwhal"
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The debate over old-growth definitions has been inextricably linked with a complex range of social perceptions about
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Intact soils harbor many life forms that rely on them. Intact soils generally have very well-defined horizons, or
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gaps, greatly varying tree heights and diameters, and diverse tree species and classes and sizes of woody debris.
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2641:"Household Air Pollution from Coal and Biomass Fuels in China: Measurements, Health Impacts, and Interventions"
2587:"A synthesis of the science on forests and carbon for U.S. Forests – Forest Service Research & Development"
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is mainly located in Brazil, which clears a larger area of forest annually than any other country in the world.
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Each forest has a different potential to store carbon. For example, this potential is particularly high in the
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Paper
Presented at the Eighth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, Auburn, al, Nov. L-3, 1994
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of much old-growth forest consists of pits and mounds. Mounds are caused by decaying fallen trees, and pits (
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perspective, old-growth forest is in a stage that follows understory reinitiation stage. Those stages are:
3085:"Old-growth definitions and management: A literature review BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management P. 16"
2418:"Old-growth definitions and management: A literature review BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management P. 22"
2201:"Old-growth definitions and management: A literature review BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management P. 17"
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Provincial Non-Spatial Old Growth Order. 2004. Integrated Land
Management Bureau, British Columbia, Canada
1982:
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2519:"Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world's most carbon-dense forests"
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or be a net emitter of greenhouse gases based on deforestation scenarios over the subsequent decades.
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McGarvey, Jennifer; Thompson, Jonathan R.; Epstein, Howard E.; Shugart, Herman H. (1 February 2015).
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944:(displacing fossil fuel use), although using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of
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1879:"Old-growth definitions and management: A literature review BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management"
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preservation, biodiversity, aesthetics, and spirituality, as well as economic or industrial values.
553:, and creating microhabitats by creating relief on the forest floor. In some ecosystems such as the
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272:) and landscapes with a mix of old and younger forest types in the southern part of its range (the
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forests of the eastern United States can develop old-growth characteristics in 150–500 years. In
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3144:"Biden administration moves to protect old-growth forests as climate change brings fires, pests"
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Forest types have very different development patterns, natural disturbances and appearances. A
2716:"U.S. Forest Service A Synthesis of the Science on Forests and Carbon for U.S. Forests Page 4"
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primarily inhabits old-growth forests in the northern part of its range (Canada to southern
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The State of the World's
Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people
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3126:"BC Ministry of Forests Research Program Seral Stages across forested landscapes 1998"
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BC Journal of Ecosystems Old growth definitions and management: A literature review
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The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people
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Labor Government. Old-growth forests in this region have now been placed inside
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Stand-replacing: Disturbance hits the forest and kills most of the living trees.
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Some forests in the old-growth stage have a mix of tree ages, due to a distinct
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reserves in Australia with around 1,239,000 hectares in total. While the local
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and degrades within a relatively short time to result in a new cycle of forest
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Final stages of stand development before a relatively steady state is reached
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Natural Resources Canada Old-growth boreal forests: unraveling the mysteries
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Restoring old-growth characteristics to New England’s and New York’s forests
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Characterized by small-scale disturbances creating gaps in the forest canopy
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gaps are essential in creating and maintaining mixed-age stands. Also, some
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3553:
3528:
3484:
3257:
3237:
2828:
2674:
2570:
2395:
2282:
2054:
1987:
1725:
1312: – Study of interactions between the biota and environment in forests.
1298:
1292:
1259:
1152:
1140:
851:
844:
may depend on the unique environmental conditions created by these forests.
841:
753:
749:
681:
574:
313:
285:
281:
96:
2517:
Keith, Heather; Mackey, Brendan G.; Lindenmayer, David B. (14 July 2009).
1087:
688:, "96 percent of the original old-growth coast redwoods have been logged."
82:. Due to this, old-growth forests exhibit unique ecological features. The
4286:
4266:
4259:
4219:
4186:
3767:
3518:
1341:
1033:
988:
878:
769:
Uneven or multi-aged stand structure, or several identifiable age cohorts
757:
488:
225:
2387:
1963:
1147:
forests of the Southern Forests Region; this led to the creation of the
822:
487:, must have standing snags available for feeding. In North America, the
27:
Forest that has developed over a long period of time without disturbance
4281:
4276:
4002:
3623:
2701:
1381:
1248:
1213:
1055:
1013:
775:
Some old trees at close to their maximum longevity (ages of 300+ years)
716:
633:
484:
460:
456:
401:
214:
2900:
2030:"What does "Old-Growth" really mean? It depends. (Installment 1 of 6)"
2004:"What does "Old-Growth" really mean? It depends. (Installment 1 of 6)"
1708:
1683:
4164:
4142:
4043:
3985:
3601:
3467:
3376:
2877:
2656:
1582:
1542:
1387:
1363:
1263:
1132:
969:
562:
228:
stand may grow for centuries without disturbance while an old-growth
100:
3294:
Collection of Google map links of clear cuts in or around old growth
778:
Presence of standing dead and dying trees in various stages of decay
677:
447:
Virgin forest about 2,500 m (8,200 ft) above sea level in
330:
4244:
4214:
4209:
4169:
4115:
4105:
4025:
3413:
3265:
2134:
1532:
1051:
973:
832:
649:
550:
525:, one of the last largely intact primeval forests in Central Europe
206:
178:
119:
92:
1170:, old-growth forests must be maintained in each of the province's
50:
4234:
4130:
4100:
4095:
4083:
4073:
4058:
3611:
3339:
1652:
Wirth, Christian; Gleixner, Gerd; Heimann, Martin (7 July 2009).
1418: – Forests found in areas with warm summers and cool winters
583:
504:
428:
309:
221:
rarely exceed 350 years of age due to frequent fire disturbance.
141:
they provide. This can be a point of contention when some in the
137:
Old-growth forests are valuable for economic reasons and for the
131:
4414:
3344:
3168:
1327: – Management practice for protecting types of environments
1277:
are shrinking rapidly. In the United Kingdom, they are known as
865:
above and below the ground (either as humus, or in wet soils as
625:
Stand-initiation: A population of new trees becomes established.
4068:
3806:
3643:
3591:
3490:
3212:"BOREALFOREST.ORG – Boreal Forests of the World – Introduction"
1237:
1167:
1125:
1104:
862:
699:
The tree species present have long continuity on the same site;
578:
534:
432:
269:
249:
75:
2494:"Old-Growth Forests Can Actually Contribute to Global Warming"
1681:
1430: – Habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature
491:
is well known for needing standing snags for nesting habitat.
91:
diverse tree-related structures that provide diverse wildlife
4400:
4120:
3280:
Provincial Old Growth regulations of British Columbia, Canada
1397:
1144:
499:
464:
3247:
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings
1513:. Eighth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference
30:"Old growth" redirects here. For the Dead Meadow album, see
4179:
4154:
3828:
3382:
2776:
866:
546:
542:
245:
696:
The forest habitat possesses relatively mature, old trees;
2583:
1628:
Nature's Temples: The Complex World of Old-Growth Forests
1036:, and 90% of the old-growth forests that existed in the
3301:– U.S. Geological Survey Biological Science Report (pdf)
684:
in northern California redwood forest: According to the
37:"Virgin forest" redirects here. For the 1985 movie, see
1438:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1408:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1392:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1377:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1368:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
587:
recycling of nutrients back into the entire ecosystem.
2516:
2265:"Old-growth Forests in Canada – A Science Perspective"
1811:
The Appalachian forest: a search for roots and renewal
1575:
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings
1208:
First-growth or virgin forest near Mount Rainier, 1914
154:, weather stability, maintenance of biodiversity, and
78:
that has developed over a long period of time without
4451:
3305:
The State of British Columbia’s Forests Third Edition
1778:"Naturally: wood British Columbia's Forest Diversity"
925:
have been addressed in various studies and journals.
158:. Moreover, old-growth forests are more efficient at
2308:"The Rainforest as a Source For New Pharmaceuticals"
1851:
Williams, Jann; Woinarski, John (13 November 1997).
1651:
1320:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
628:
Stem-exclusion: Trees grow higher and enlarge their
1772:
1770:
2615:
2058:
1813:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 23.
1504:"Defining Old Growth: Implications For Management"
1411:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
672:
396:a relatively stable ecosystem in the long term. A
3377:Archangel Ancient Tree Archive | Old Growth Trees
1850:
1400: – Biome characterized by coniferous forests
1220:are distributed among the continents as follows:
921:The effects of old-growth forests in relation to
4475:
2448:
2358:
2098:Forest Stand Dynamics. 1996. Oliver C.;Larson B.
1938:
1835:"BC Ministry of Forests 2003 Old Growth Forests"
1767:
1428:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1251:, home to the largest boreal forest in the world
1193:
877:. Although old-growth forests serve as a global
2847:. Shaping Forest Management to Climate Change.
2523:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1457:Sometimes considered synonymous with the terms
1344: – Underwater areas highly dense with kelp
1111:. It has the largest uncut watershed in Oregon.
861:Old-growth forests also store large amounts of
2158:
1185:are protected from logging. In December 2023,
252:ecosystem, and presence of indicator species.
3398:
3360:Submissions to XII World Forest Congress 2003
3079:
3077:
2985:Global change program, University of Michigan
2974:
2972:
2841:
1908:
1906:
609:
3270:, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP.
3256: This article incorporates text from a
3236: This article incorporates text from a
1914:"Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry"
1655:Old-Growth Forests: Function, Fate and Value
895:and the storage of a wide variety of genes.
565:, providing a substrate for seedling trees.
162:than newly planted forests and fast-growing
3260:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (
3240:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (
2618:"Proposed biomass plant: Better than coal?"
2361:"Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks"
2330:"Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis"
1422:Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
1384: – Geographic or environmental feature
359:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3405:
3391:
3299:Managing for Biodiversity in Young Forests
3196:. Greenpeace International. Archived from
3074:
2969:
2638:
2283:"Medicines Derived from Rainforest Plants"
1903:
1677:
1675:
1501:
1079:timber harvested from old-growth forests.
166:, thus preserving the forests is vital to
3365:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
3355:Old Growth Forest Definitions for Ontario
3345:Ancient Forest Exploration & Research
2818:
2748:"CARBON MANAGEMENT IN NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS"
2664:
2560:
2542:
1707:
1658:. Springer Science & Business Media.
930:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
595:
379:Learn how and when to remove this message
3011:"Forest Education Foundation | Tasmania"
2779:"The future of Southeast Asia's forests"
1808:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1366: – Climate change mitigation policy
1360: – American non-profit organization
1203:
1086:
1012:
908:
821:
744:
676:
510:
498:
494:
442:
259:
177:
109:
49:
2871:
2053:
1672:
1331:History of the forest in Central Europe
722:
600:
581:ecosystems are essential for efficient
14:
4476:
3161:
2616:Eartha Jane Melzer (26 January 2010).
1980:
1737:
1735:
1624:
1216:identified that the world's remaining
1009:Deforestation § Historical causes
873:, and may increase the risk of global
3386:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3141:
3115:(DeLong 1998; Wong and Iverson 2004).
2978:
2491:
1983:"The world's remaining great forests"
1934:
1932:
1930:
1607:
1390: – Ecosystems found in mountains
1181:, from 2001, around a quarter of the
885:
810:Minimal evidence of human disturbance
400:stand that is uniformly aged becomes
4504:Types of formally designated forests
3035:
2949:"State of the world's forests, 2012"
2027:
2001:
1981:Aldred, Jessica (13 December 2007).
1502:White, David; Lloyd, Thomas (1994).
1424: – Tropical forest habitat type
1404:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
731:
357:adding citations to reliable sources
324:
126:As of 2020, the world has 1.11
4330:
3142:BROWN, MATTHEW (20 December 2023).
1939:Catanzaro, Paul; D'Amato, Anthony.
1732:
1149:Western Australian Forests Alliance
913:Mist condensing over rainforest in
898:
656:to be as old as coastal forests of
296:of plants and animals, such as the
24:
3273:
3179:
2359:Luyssaert, S; Schulze, ED (2008).
2177:. 24 February 2015. Archived from
1927:
1451:
411:
173:
25:
4515:
3679:Global Forest Information Service
3320:
2956:Food and Agriculture Organization
2645:Environmental Health Perspectives
2471:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.610091.x
1625:Maloof, Joan (16 November 2016).
474:
84:Food and Agriculture Organization
4461:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4413:
4399:
4385:
4371:
4357:
4343:
4329:
3251:
3231:
2639:Zhang, J.; Smith, K. R. (2007).
2028:Neff, Chris (18 November 2021).
2002:Neff, Chris (18 November 2021).
1348:List of countries by forest area
1040:in the 1600s have been cleared.
905:Deforestation and climate change
329:
4436:
3204:
3135:
3118:
3109:
3052:
3038:"Tasmania's old growth forests"
3029:
3003:
2941:
2915:
2835:
2770:
2740:
2708:
2681:
2632:
2609:
2577:
2510:
2504:
2485:
2442:
2410:
2352:
2322:
2300:
2275:
2257:
2225:
2193:
2167:
2152:
2127:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2047:
2021:
1995:
1974:
1956:
1871:
1844:
1827:
1802:
1139:(RFA) attempted to prevent the
968:, the majority of which are in
673:Social and cultural definitions
255:
3289:U.S. Regional Ecosystem Office
2923:"State of the World's Forests"
2159:Stephanie Wood (4 June 2020).
1857:. Cambridge University Press.
1645:
1567:
1537:. Rome: FAO. 2020. p. 9.
1525:
1495:
1023:Port Renfrew, British Columbia
915:Danum Valley Conservation Area
590:
13:
1:
4499:Sustainable forest management
3350:Natural Resources Canada 2003
3285:Old-Growth Forest Definitions
2979:Allan, David (1 April 2010).
2845:Forest Ecology and Management
2314:. August 2008. Archived from
1488:
1194:Locations of remaining tracts
1082:
817:
449:Shennongjia Forestry District
438:
280:Old-growth forests are often
60:Biogradska Gora National Park
4494:Forestry and the environment
3412:
3262:license statement/permission
3242:license statement/permission
2865:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.06.046
2233:"Coastal Action Plan page 4"
2175:"What is old-growth forest?"
2135:"Frequently Asked Questions"
2065:. Ten Speed Press. pp.
1305:Conservation-reliant species
1174:to meet biodiversity needs.
545:, providing a substrate for
320:
240:openings due to tree falls,
7:
2492:Power, Matt (19 May 2008).
1416:Temperate coniferous forest
1285:
890:Old-growth forests provide
781:Fallen, coarse woody debris
561:, fallen timber may become
10:
4520:
3790:Growth and yield modelling
3226:
3194:"Intact Forest Landscapes"
3169:"Intact Forest Landscapes"
2803:10.1038/s41467-019-09646-4
1436: – Branch of forestry
1301: – Type of rainforest
1224:35% in South America: The
1200:List of old-growth forests
1197:
1109:Mount Hood National Forest
1101:Willamette National Forest
1006:
1000:
994:
954:volatile organic compounds
902:
756:, British Columbia: Giant
610:Forest dynamics definition
41:. For the 2022 movie, see
36:
29:
4364:Earth sciences portal
4350:Climate change portal
4325:
4202:
4034:
3931:Great Green Wall (Africa)
3876:
3567:
3477:
3420:
3340:Rainforest Action Network
3333:24 September 2008 at the
2927:World Resources Institute
1968:Rainforest Action Network
1358:Old-Growth Forest Network
1353:List of superlative trees
1137:Regional Forest Agreement
1091:Old-growth forest in the
1060:Regional Forest Agreement
1030:World Resources Institute
985:effects of global warming
168:climate change mitigation
43:Virgin Forest (2022 film)
3936:Great Green Wall (China)
3509:Close to nature forestry
3328:Our disappearing forests
1809:Bolgiano, Chris (1998).
1444:
1234:contiguous United States
1218:intact forest landscapes
1038:contiguous United States
503:Downed wood replenishes
242:pit-and-mound topography
3970:Million Tree Initiative
3264:). Text taken from
3244:). Text taken from
3060:"Opal Creek Wilderness"
2544:10.1073/pnas.0901970106
1069:Upper Florentine Valley
850:Plant species that are
789:Compositional features:
764:(right) fill the grove.
702:The forest itself is a
568:
521:on a tree stump in the
312:significant. Levels of
234:boreal forest of Canada
189:, Queensland, Australia
187:Lamington National Park
4392:Environment portal
3824:Sustainable management
3719:Trillion Tree Campaign
3250:, FAO, FAO.
2981:"Global deforestation"
2622:The Michigan Messenger
2593:: 1–16. Archived from
1209:
1187:Biden's administration
1112:
1025:
918:
836:
765:
689:
596:Ecological definitions
557:of the North American
526:
518:Climacocystis borealis
508:
452:
277:
190:
123:
63:
4317:Wood process engineer
4021:Urban forest inequity
3062:. The Cranberry House
2881:Ecological Monographs
2783:Nature Communications
2318:on 17 September 2008.
1207:
1103:in the U.S. state of
1093:Opal Creek Wilderness
1090:
1016:
1001:Further information:
912:
903:Further information:
825:
748:
686:National Park Service
680:
658:western North America
555:temperate rain forest
514:
502:
495:Decaying ground layer
446:
263:
181:
113:
70:(also referred to as
53:
3980:Shifting cultivation
3921:Forest fragmentation
3891:Carbon sequestration
3761:Woodland Carbon Code
3726:Forest certification
3634:Even-aged management
3549:Sustainable forestry
2690:Archives of Virology
2451:Conservation Biology
2340:on 29 September 2007
2287:worldrainforests.com
1325:Habitat conservation
1045:environmental groups
856:tropical rainforests
741:Structural features:
723:Economic definitions
704:remnant natural area
601:Stand age definition
353:improve this section
298:northern spotted owl
282:biologically diverse
266:northern spotted owl
116:temperate rainforest
4489:Forest conservation
3785:Formally designated
3629:Ecological thinning
3539:Plantation forestry
3447:Research institutes
3370:17 May 2019 at the
2893:2016EcoM...86..228V
2857:2013ForEM.300..106D
2795:2019NatCo..10.1829E
2628:on 5 February 2010.
2535:2009PNAS..10611635K
2529:(28): 11635–11640.
2463:1992ConBi...6...91B
2388:10.1038/nature07276
2380:2008Natur.455..213L
1700:2015Ecol...96..311M
1577:. Rome: FAO. 2020.
1475:first-growth forest
1434:Woodland management
1107:, on the border of
879:carbon dioxide sink
636:dies and only very
531:coarse woody debris
455:The characteristic
284:, and home to many
195:coarse woody debris
160:sequestering carbon
95:that increases the
4484:Old-growth forests
4378:Ecology portal
3911:Forest degradation
3906:Ecosystem services
3514:Community forestry
2702:10.1007/BF01319012
2696:(1–2): 225. 1993.
2034:New Jersey Audubon
2008:New Jersey Audubon
1964:"Forests Archives"
1950:Vermont Land Trust
1210:
1113:
1026:
919:
892:ecosystem services
886:Ecosystem services
837:
828:Eucalyptus regnans
766:
690:
529:Fallen timber, or
527:
509:
453:
294:endangered species
290:threatened species
278:
191:
164:timber plantations
148:water purification
139:ecosystem services
124:
64:
32:Old Growth (album)
4449:
4448:
4406:Plants portal
4192:green woodworking
3218:. 30 August 2022.
3173:intactforests.org
3097:on 3 October 2011
3017:on 24 August 2011
2901:10.1890/15-1815.1
2758:on 31 August 2021
2430:on 3 October 2011
2213:on 3 October 2011
2181:on 4 October 2022
2076:978-1-58008-579-3
1891:on 3 October 2011
1709:10.1890/14-1154.1
1665:978-3-540-92706-8
1638:978-1-60469-728-5
1592:978-92-5-132581-0
1552:978-92-5-132707-4
1467:late seral forest
1279:ancient woodlands
1226:Amazon rainforest
1064:Forestry Tasmania
1028:According to the
961:Pacific Northwest
799:Process features:
732:Other definitions
523:Białowieża Forest
421:herbaceous plants
389:
388:
381:
68:old-growth forest
18:Old growth forest
16:(Redirected from
4511:
4466:
4465:
4457:
4439:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4420:Trees portal
4418:
4417:
4404:
4403:
4390:
4389:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4333:
4332:
4054:Forest gardening
4011:Timber recycling
3958:Invasive species
3846:Tree measurement
3407:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3255:
3235:
3220:
3219:
3216:borealforest.org
3208:
3202:
3201:
3190:
3177:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3090:. Archived from
3089:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3048:on 9 April 2011.
3044:. Archived from
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3013:. Archived from
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2987:. Archived from
2976:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2953:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2929:. 8 January 2009
2919:
2913:
2912:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2754:. Archived from
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2721:. Archived from
2720:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2688:"Announcement".
2685:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2657:10.1289/ehp.9479
2636:
2630:
2629:
2624:. Archived from
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2597:on 30 April 2017
2581:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2546:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2446:
2440:
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2437:
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2429:
2423:. Archived from
2422:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2365:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2336:. Archived from
2326:
2320:
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2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2272:
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2255:
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2250:
2244:
2238:. Archived from
2237:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2206:. Archived from
2205:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
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2171:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2111:. Archived from
2105:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2064:
2061:Mycelium Running
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1978:
1972:
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1960:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1936:
1925:
1924:
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1910:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1884:. Archived from
1883:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1854:Eucalypt Ecology
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1783:. Archived from
1782:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1755:on 4 August 2009
1754:
1748:. Archived from
1747:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1711:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1631:. Timber Press.
1622:
1605:
1604:
1583:10.4060/ca8753en
1571:
1565:
1564:
1543:10.4060/ca8985en
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1508:
1499:
1482:
1455:
1439:
1412:
1409:
1393:
1378:
1369:
1321:
1316:Forest migration
1268:Papua New Guinea
1172:ecological units
1164:British Columbia
978:sequester carbon
899:Climatic impacts
871:greenhouse gases
640:species survive.
541:directly to the
384:
377:
373:
370:
364:
333:
325:
302:marbled murrelet
276:and California).
211:British Columbia
156:nutrient cycling
143:logging industry
99:of the forested
21:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4460:
4452:
4450:
4445:
4412:
4398:
4384:
4372:
4370:
4358:
4356:
4344:
4342:
4321:
4198:
4175:spruce-pine-fir
4148:Christmas trees
4030:
3946:Illegal logging
3878:
3872:
3587:Controlled burn
3572:
3563:
3544:Social forestry
3524:Energy forestry
3504:Bamboo forestry
3499:Analog forestry
3473:
3416:
3411:
3381:
3372:Wayback Machine
3335:Wayback Machine
3323:
3276:
3274:Further reading
3229:
3224:
3223:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3200:on 18 May 2020.
3192:
3191:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3036:Majewski, Ula.
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2991:on 15 June 2011
2977:
2970:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2876:
2872:
2840:
2836:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2637:
2633:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2582:
2578:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2490:
2486:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2374:(7210): 213–5.
2363:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2312:Network Science
2306:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2245:on 17 June 2011
2242:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2000:
1996:
1979:
1975:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1945:
1937:
1928:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1790:on 8 April 2020
1787:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1623:
1608:
1593:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1553:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1471:primeval forest
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1410:
1407:
1391:
1376:
1367:
1336:Illegal logging
1319:
1288:
1275:European Russia
1232:forests in the
1202:
1196:
1183:federal forests
1099:located in the
1097:wilderness area
1085:
1011:
1005:
997:
950:nitrogen oxides
946:carbon monoxide
907:
901:
888:
820:
734:
725:
675:
616:forest dynamics
612:
603:
598:
593:
571:
497:
477:
441:
414:
412:Canopy openings
385:
374:
368:
365:
350:
334:
323:
258:
183:Antarctic beech
176:
174:Characteristics
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4517:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4471:
4470:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4433:
4423:
4409:
4395:
4381:
4367:
4353:
4339:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4307:Timber cruiser
4304:
4302:Shingle weaver
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4140:
4138:Rail transport
4135:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4079:pulp and paper
4076:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4049:Forest farming
4046:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3997:slash-and-char
3994:
3992:slash-and-burn
3989:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3916:Forest dieback
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3559:Urban forestry
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3324:
3322:
3321:External links
3319:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3291:
3282:
3275:
3272:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3203:
3178:
3160:
3134:
3117:
3108:
3073:
3051:
3028:
3002:
2968:
2940:
2914:
2887:(2): 228–243.
2870:
2834:
2769:
2739:
2728:on 11 May 2012
2707:
2680:
2651:(6): 848–855.
2631:
2608:
2576:
2509:
2503:
2484:
2441:
2409:
2351:
2321:
2299:
2274:
2256:
2224:
2192:
2166:
2151:
2126:
2115:on 1 July 2012
2100:
2091:
2082:
2075:
2046:
2020:
1994:
1973:
1955:
1926:
1902:
1870:
1863:
1843:
1826:
1819:
1801:
1766:
1731:
1694:(2): 311–317.
1671:
1664:
1644:
1637:
1606:
1591:
1566:
1551:
1524:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1459:primary forest
1449:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1401:
1395:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1310:Forest ecology
1307:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1271:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1229:
1198:Main article:
1195:
1192:
1157:national parks
1084:
1081:
1050:The island of
996:
993:
976:, are able to
966:Southeast Asia
942:biomass energy
923:global warming
900:
897:
887:
884:
883:
882:
875:climate change
859:
848:
845:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
808:
805:
796:
795:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
733:
730:
724:
721:
709:
708:
700:
697:
674:
671:
662:
661:
654:boreal forests
645:
641:
638:shade-tolerant
626:
623:
611:
608:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
570:
567:
539:organic matter
533:, contributes
496:
493:
476:
475:Standing snags
473:
451:, Hubei, China
440:
437:
413:
410:
387:
386:
337:
335:
328:
322:
319:
308:, making them
274:Klamath region
257:
254:
230:ponderosa pine
219:eucalypt trees
185:old growth in
175:
172:
88:United Nations
72:primary forest
56:European beech
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4516:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4442:
4434:
4432:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:Rubber tapper
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:Choker setter
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4064:Manufacturing
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Deforestation
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:Environmental
3875:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3778:reforestation
3776:
3774:
3773:afforestation
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Arboriculture
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:Permaforestry
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3127:
3121:
3112:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3061:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2724:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:(1): 91–100.
2456:
2452:
2445:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2162:
2155:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2055:Stamets, Paul
2050:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1864:9780521497404
1860:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1836:
1830:
1822:
1820:0-8117-0126-3
1816:
1812:
1805:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1617:
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1528:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1480:
1479:mature forest
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:virgin forest
1460:
1454:
1450:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1406: – Biome
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:Sacred groves
1371:
1365:
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1359:
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1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:, and 60% in
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:northern Asia
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1223:
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1221:
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1201:
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1179:United States
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1073:Gunns Limited
1070:
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1057:
1053:
1048:
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1024:
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1003:Deforestation
999:
992:
990:
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619:
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588:
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585:
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576:
575:soil profiles
566:
564:
560:
559:Pacific coast
556:
552:
549:, fungi, and
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
524:
520:
519:
513:
507:as it decays.
506:
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418:
417:Forest canopy
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369:December 2022
362:
358:
354:
348:
347:
343:
338:This section
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204:
203:second-growth
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153:
152:flood control
149:
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98:
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52:
48:
44:
40:
39:Virgin Forest
33:
19:
4411:
4397:
4383:
4369:
4355:
4341:
4334:
4312:Tree planter
4292:Resin tapper
4272:Truck driver
4267:River driver
4016:Tree hugging
4001:
3984:
3951:timber mafia
3941:High grading
3926:Ghost forest
3896:Clearcutting
3819:Silviculture
3795:Horticulture
3683:
3639:Fire ecology
3554:Urban forest
3529:Mycoforestry
3489:
3485:Agroforestry
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3433:Forest areas
3431:
3424:
3266:
3258:free content
3246:
3238:free content
3230:
3215:
3206:
3198:the original
3172:
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3147:
3137:
3120:
3111:
3099:. Retrieved
3092:the original
3064:. Retrieved
3054:
3046:the original
3041:
3031:
3019:. Retrieved
3015:the original
3005:
2993:. Retrieved
2989:the original
2984:
2960:, retrieved
2958:, p. 11
2955:
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2926:
2917:
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2880:
2873:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2786:
2782:
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2760:. Retrieved
2756:the original
2751:
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2730:. Retrieved
2723:the original
2710:
2693:
2689:
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2648:
2644:
2634:
2626:the original
2621:
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2599:. Retrieved
2595:the original
2590:
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2512:
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2497:
2487:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2425:the original
2412:
2371:
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2354:
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2338:the original
2333:
2324:
2316:the original
2311:
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2286:
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2259:
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2240:the original
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2208:the original
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2179:the original
2169:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2113:the original
2103:
2094:
2085:
2060:
2049:
2039:12 September
2037:. Retrieved
2033:
2023:
2013:12 September
2011:. Retrieved
2007:
1997:
1988:The Guardian
1986:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1941:
1920:
1893:. Retrieved
1886:the original
1873:
1853:
1846:
1829:
1810:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1785:the original
1757:. Retrieved
1750:the original
1691:
1687:
1654:
1647:
1627:
1574:
1569:
1533:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1510:
1497:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1299:Cloud forest
1293:Clearcutting
1260:Asia Pacific
1258:7% in South
1211:
1176:
1161:
1141:clearfelling
1130:
1122:
1114:
1077:woodchipping
1049:
1042:
1027:
998:
982:
958:
938:
932:said in its
927:
920:
889:
842:rare species
826:
798:
797:
788:
787:
758:Douglas firs
754:Port Renfrew
750:Avatar Grove
740:
739:
735:
726:
714:
710:
691:
682:Redwood tree
667:
663:
613:
604:
582:
572:
528:
516:
478:
454:
426:
415:
393:regeneration
390:
375:
366:
351:Please help
339:
314:biodiversity
310:ecologically
286:rare species
279:
256:Biodiversity
248:, a healthy
223:
200:
192:
136:
125:
97:biodiversity
71:
67:
65:
62:, Montenegro
47:
4468:Environment
4336:WikiProject
4260:smokejumper
4240:Firefighter
4203:Occupations
4187:Woodworking
3768:Forestation
3699:restoration
3654:informatics
3519:Ecoforestry
3153:24 December
2851:: 106–116.
2789:(1): 1829.
2185:19 November
2144:11 February
1517:23 November
1342:Kelp forest
1242:public land
1034:Middle Ages
1021:stump near
1017:Old-growth
989:Korean pine
964:forests in
934:2007 report
835:, Australia
760:(left) and
707:tendencies.
644:understory.
591:Definitions
489:spotted owl
485:woodpeckers
461:tree throws
433:fungal nets
226:Douglas-fir
215:rainforests
122:, Australia
80:disturbance
54:Old-growth
4478:Categories
4282:Lumberjack
4277:Log scaler
4160:engineered
4111:non-timber
4084:sawmilling
4036:Industries
4003:svedjebruk
3714:transition
3694:protection
3684:old-growth
3669:governance
3624:Dendrology
3574:management
3440:Ministries
3042:foe.org.au
3021:17 October
2292:23 January
1921:Ontario.ca
1489:References
1382:Sky island
1214:Greenpeace
1083:Management
1056:rainforest
1007:See also:
917:, Malaysia
831:forest in
818:Importance
762:red cedars
717:wilderness
634:understory
563:nurse logs
457:topography
439:Topography
406:succession
58:forest in
4230:Ecologist
4143:Tree farm
4044:Coppicing
3986:chitemene
3886:Acid rain
3834:allometry
3756:SmartWood
3704:secondary
3689:pathology
3664:inventory
3602:driftwood
3468:Arbor Day
3066:20 August
2909:1557-7015
2811:2041-1723
2591:Fs.fed.us
2553:0027-8424
2479:1523-1739
1718:1939-9170
1601:130116768
1561:241416114
1388:Subalpine
1364:REDD-plus
1264:Indonesia
1212:In 2006,
1133:Australia
1019:red cedar
970:Indonesia
551:seedlings
479:Standing
402:senescent
340:does not
321:Mixed age
101:ecosystem
4431:Category
4245:handcrew
4215:Arborist
4210:Forester
4170:mahogany
4116:palm oil
4106:charcoal
4091:Products
4026:Wildfire
3839:breeding
3800:GM trees
3649:dynamics
3461:Journals
3454:Colleges
3414:Forestry
3368:Archived
3331:Archived
3101:25 April
2829:31015425
2752:grida.no
2732:25 April
2675:17589590
2601:25 April
2571:19553199
2434:25 April
2396:18784722
2344:21 April
2334:grida.no
2249:25 April
2217:25 April
2119:25 April
2057:(2005).
1895:25 April
1794:25 April
1759:25 April
1726:26240851
1286:See also
1117:conserve
1052:Tasmania
974:Malaysia
833:Tasmania
650:woodland
207:Hardwood
120:Tasmania
93:habitats
4441:Outline
4255:lookout
4250:hotshot
4131:tanbark
4101:biomass
4096:biochar
4074:plywood
4059:Logging
3963:wilding
3612:log jam
3569:Ecology
3227:Sources
3148:AP News
2889:Bibcode
2853:Bibcode
2820:6478739
2791:Bibcode
2762:1 March
2666:1892127
2562:2701447
2531:Bibcode
2459:Bibcode
2404:4424430
2376:Bibcode
2269:fao.org
2139:nps.gov
1696:Bibcode
1688:Ecology
1247:19% in
1240:are on
1177:In the
995:Logging
614:From a
584:in-situ
515:Fungus
505:topsoil
469:organic
429:species
361:removed
346:sources
128:billion
86:of the
74:) is a
4454:Portal
4287:Ranger
4235:Feller
4220:Bucker
4126:rubber
4069:lumber
3879:topics
3866:volume
3861:height
3807:i-Tree
3644:Forest
3597:coarse
3592:Debris
3491:dehesa
2995:24 May
2962:24 May
2933:24 May
2907:
2827:
2817:
2809:
2673:
2663:
2569:
2559:
2551:
2477:
2402:
2394:
2368:Nature
2073:
1861:
1817:
1724:
1716:
1662:
1635:
1599:
1589:
1559:
1549:
1477:, and
1394:forest
1255:areas.
1238:Alaska
1168:Canada
1153:Gallop
1135:, the
1126:nature
1105:Oregon
863:carbon
852:native
630:canopy
579:Fungal
547:mosses
537:-rich
535:carbon
398:climax
306:fisher
292:, and
270:Oregon
250:fungal
238:canopy
130:
105:canopy
76:forest
4121:rayon
3856:girth
3851:crown
3812:urban
3709:stand
3617:slash
3607:large
3478:Types
3426:Index
3287:from
3129:(PDF)
3095:(PDF)
3088:(PDF)
2952:(PDF)
2726:(PDF)
2719:(PDF)
2498:Wired
2428:(PDF)
2421:(PDF)
2400:S2CID
2364:(PDF)
2243:(PDF)
2236:(PDF)
2211:(PDF)
2204:(PDF)
1946:(PDF)
1917:(PDF)
1889:(PDF)
1882:(PDF)
1838:(PDF)
1788:(PDF)
1781:(PDF)
1753:(PDF)
1746:(PDF)
1597:S2CID
1557:S2CID
1507:(PDF)
1445:Notes
1398:Taiga
1145:karri
752:near
481:snags
465:humus
246:soils
114:Cool
4180:teak
4165:fuel
4155:Wood
3975:REDD
3829:Tree
3746:PEFC
3731:ATFS
3155:2023
3103:2011
3068:2007
3023:2011
2997:2013
2964:2013
2935:2013
2905:ISSN
2825:PMID
2807:ISSN
2764:2012
2734:2011
2671:PMID
2603:2011
2567:PMID
2549:ISSN
2475:ISSN
2436:2011
2392:PMID
2346:2007
2294:2024
2251:2011
2219:2011
2187:2018
2146:2009
2121:2011
2071:ISBN
2041:2024
2015:2024
1897:2011
1859:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1796:2011
1761:2011
1722:PMID
1714:ISSN
1660:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1519:2009
1236:and
1095:, a
972:and
928:The
867:peat
569:Soil
543:soil
344:any
342:cite
304:and
264:The
3751:SFI
3741:FSC
3736:CFS
3674:law
3659:IPM
3571:and
2897:doi
2861:doi
2849:300
2815:PMC
2799:doi
2698:doi
2694:130
2661:PMC
2653:doi
2649:115
2557:PMC
2539:doi
2527:106
2467:doi
2384:doi
2372:455
1704:doi
1579:doi
1539:doi
1162:In
1131:In
355:by
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