102:
Endurance exercises such as running or swimming can affect the reproductive physiology of female athletes. Female runners, swimmers and ballet dancers either menstruate infrequently in comparison to non-athletic females of comparable age or exhibit
107:. A more recent study shows that athletes competing in sports that emphasise thinness or a specific weight exhibit a higher rate of menstrual dysfunction than either athletes competing in sports with less focus on these or control subjects.
67:. Generally the menstrual periods occur at intervals of greater than 35 days, with less than 9 periods in a year, where previously there had been a regularly established pattern. The period may be light or short in duration, and irregular.
136:
may also result in oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. There is some controversy regarding the mechanism for the menstrual dysregulation, since amenorrhea may sometimes precede substantial weight loss in some anorexics.
466:
451:
531:
125:. People with PCOS show menstrual irregularities that range from oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea, to very heavy, irregular periods. The condition affects about 6% of premenopausal females.
40:
186:
524:
288:
Frisch RE, Gotz-Welbergen AV, McArthur JW, et al. (1981). "Delayed menarche and amenorrhea of college athletes in relation to age of onset of training".
360:"Participation in leanness sports but not training volume is associated with menstrual dysfunction: a national survey of 1276 elite athletes and controls"
517:
1500:
1355:
1478:
1468:
1624:
1318:
962:
409:"Perspectives on adolescent girls' health-seeking behaviour in relation to reproductive health in Rohats, Bihar, India"
1132:
651:
1647:
837:
1634:
746:
128:
Eating disorders can result in oligomenorrhea. Although menstrual disorders are most strongly associated with
1348:
1804:
1668:
1619:
145:
A study of 140 participants aged 15-18 years found oligomenorrhea to be prevalent in 11.7% of the girls.
1259:
788:
323:
Warren MP (1980). "The effects of exercise on pubertal progression and reproductive function in girls".
110:
Breastfeeding has been linked to irregularity of menstrual cycles due to hormones that delay ovulation.
1254:
987:
684:
1563:
1473:
1303:
872:
114:
92:
820:
1778:
1758:
1720:
1341:
639:
481:
1187:
1137:
1093:
751:
1548:
1505:
1437:
1165:
741:
580:
540:
1748:
1733:
1710:
1642:
1492:
1170:
1024:
967:
892:
830:
691:
509:
1182:
607:
8:
1683:
1652:
1614:
1463:
1293:
1232:
1088:
470:
1515:
1160:
1117:
1083:
1019:
982:
887:
778:
679:
634:
590:
585:
384:
359:
96:
475:
117:(PCOS) are also likely to have oligomenorrhea. PCOS is a condition in which excessive
1175:
1073:
756:
644:
492:
389:
340:
305:
270:
265:
248:
229:
225:
194:
47:
212:
Dale E, Gerlach DH, Wilhite AL (1979). "Menstrual dysfunction in distance runners".
1763:
1743:
1703:
1673:
1609:
1553:
1383:
1298:
1227:
1029:
857:
624:
563:
408:
379:
371:
332:
297:
260:
221:
129:
1753:
1738:
1588:
1573:
1533:
1364:
1105:
1048:
957:
921:
862:
803:
661:
572:
486:
133:
1773:
1583:
1280:
1142:
1034:
994:
972:
671:
656:
600:
497:
84:
1442:
460:
1798:
1698:
1693:
1678:
1593:
1543:
1447:
1288:
813:
798:
761:
696:
614:
375:
301:
287:
88:
1568:
1538:
1393:
1378:
1207:
1060:
939:
847:
825:
766:
701:
629:
544:
393:
336:
198:
64:
344:
309:
274:
1558:
1528:
1212:
1127:
1100:
1064:
1010:
931:
916:
842:
729:
706:
595:
233:
160:
154:
443:
1783:
1523:
1313:
1197:
1147:
1069:
977:
908:
793:
619:
104:
52:
1728:
1414:
1388:
1202:
1192:
1078:
548:
118:
80:
1409:
1308:
1014:
76:
39:
1333:
122:
1768:
1688:
949:
720:
455:
539:
249:"Reproductive system function in women cross-country runners"
433:
211:
246:
75:Oligomenorrhea can be a result of prolactinomas (
1796:
1501:Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive
1349:
525:
357:
157:: a total cessation of the menstrual period
1356:
1342:
532:
518:
184:
180:
178:
176:
38:
383:
322:
264:
121:(male sex hormones) are released by the
247:Wakat DK, Sweeney KA, Rogol AD (1982).
173:
1797:
406:
1337:
562:
513:
1363:
1319:Persistent genital arousal disorder
185:Riaz, Yumna; Parekh, Utsav (2023).
13:
364:British Journal of Sports Medicine
14:
1816:
1133:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
652:Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
429:
266:10.1249/00005768-198204000-00002
226:10.1097/00006250-197907000-00013
1648:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
140:
747:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
400:
351:
316:
281:
240:
205:
1:
167:
1669:Menstrual hygiene management
1620:Premenstrual water retention
1594:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
1559:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
843:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
814:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
7:
1260:Pelvic inflammatory disease
148:
10:
1821:
1255:Pelvic congestion syndrome
685:Fallopian tube obstruction
325:J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab
16:Less frequent menstruation
1719:
1661:
1633:
1602:
1564:Metropathia haemorrhagica
1514:
1491:
1474:Billings Ovulation Method
1456:
1430:
1423:
1402:
1371:
1304:Vestibular papillomatosis
1279:
1272:
1247:
1223:
1156:
1114:
1056:
1047:
1003:
948:
930:
907:
883:
873:Metropathia haemorrhagica
775:
737:
728:
719:
670:
571:
555:
437:
193:. StatPearls Publishing.
163:: unusually heavy periods
115:polycystic ovary syndrome
70:
46:
37:
29:
24:
1779:Sustainable menstruation
1759:Menstruation celebration
640:Follicular cyst of ovary
376:10.1136/bjsm.2003.011338
302:10.1001/jama.246.14.1559
1721:In culture and religion
1138:Sexual arousal disorder
1094:Candidal vulvovaginitis
752:Endometrial hyperplasia
416:Ann. Int. Med. Den. Res
83:). It may be caused by
1549:Irregular menstruation
1506:Lactational amenorrhea
1469:Calendar-based methods
1438:Basal body temperature
581:Endometriosis of ovary
358:Torsiveit, MK (2005).
337:10.1210/jcem-51-5-1150
87:, hormonal changes in
1749:Menstrual suppression
1711:Menstrual Hygiene Day
1643:Premenstrual syndrome
1025:Vesicouterine fistula
968:Cervical incompetence
893:Recurrent miscarriage
831:Premenstrual syndrome
692:Fallopian tube cancer
93:Prader–Willi syndrome
1183:Rectovaginal fistula
608:Poor ovarian reserve
253:Med Sci Sports Exerc
1805:Menstrual disorders
1684:Cloth menstrual pad
1653:Menstrual psychosis
1615:Menstrual synchrony
1464:Fertility awareness
1233:Postcoital bleeding
1161:Urogenital fistulas
1089:Bacterial vaginosis
742:Asherman's syndrome
1118:Sexual dysfunction
1084:Atrophic vaginitis
1020:Retroverted uterus
983:Female infertility
963:Cervical dysplasia
888:Female infertility
680:Female infertility
635:Corpus luteum cyst
591:Ovulatory disorder
586:Female infertility
1792:
1791:
1487:
1486:
1372:Events and phases
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1268:
1267:
1243:
1242:
1176:Obstetric fistula
1074:Vaginal discharge
1043:
1042:
988:Cervical stenosis
903:
902:
757:Endometrial polyp
715:
714:
645:Theca lutein cyst
507:
506:
407:Kumari R (2019).
296:(14): 1559–1563.
65:menstrual periods
58:
57:
19:Medical condition
1812:
1764:Menstruation hut
1744:Menstrual stigma
1704:Period underwear
1674:Feminine hygiene
1610:Folliculogenesis
1554:Menometrorrhagia
1428:
1427:
1384:Follicular phase
1358:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1299:Kraurosis vulvae
1294:Bartholin's cyst
1277:
1276:
1228:Vaginal bleeding
1121:
1054:
1053:
1030:Uterine prolapse
858:Menometrorrhagia
782:
735:
734:
726:
725:
625:Ovarian apoplexy
569:
568:
560:
559:
534:
527:
520:
511:
510:
435:
434:
424:
423:
413:
404:
398:
397:
387:
355:
349:
348:
331:(5): 1150–1157.
320:
314:
313:
285:
279:
278:
268:
244:
238:
237:
209:
203:
202:
187:"Oligomenorrhea"
182:
130:anorexia nervosa
79:of the anterior
42:
22:
21:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1754:Menstrual taboo
1739:Menstrual leave
1715:
1657:
1629:
1625:Sexual activity
1598:
1589:Polymenorrhagia
1574:Oligoamenorrhea
1534:Cryptomenorrhea
1510:
1483:
1479:Creighton Model
1452:
1419:
1398:
1367:
1365:Menstrual cycle
1362:
1332:
1323:
1264:
1239:
1219:
1152:
1115:
1110:
1106:Vaginal atresia
1039:
999:
958:Cervical cancer
944:
926:
922:Uterine fibroid
899:
879:
863:Polymenorrhagia
804:Oligoamenorrhea
776:
771:
711:
666:
662:Ovarian torsion
551:
541:Female diseases
538:
508:
503:
502:
446:
432:
427:
411:
405:
401:
356:
352:
321:
317:
286:
282:
245:
241:
210:
206:
183:
174:
170:
151:
143:
134:bulimia nervosa
97:Graves' disease
73:
33:Oligomenorrhoea
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1818:
1808:
1807:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1774:Period poverty
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1603:Related events
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1584:Oligoovulation
1581:
1579:Oligomenorrhea
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1443:Cervical mucus
1440:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1166:Ureterovaginal
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1143:Vaginal cancer
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1067:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1035:Uterine cancer
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
995:Nabothian cyst
992:
991:
990:
980:
975:
973:Cervical polyp
970:
965:
960:
954:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
936:
934:
928:
927:
925:
924:
919:
913:
911:
905:
904:
901:
900:
898:
897:
896:
895:
884:
881:
880:
878:
877:
876:
875:
867:
866:
865:
860:
852:
851:
850:
845:
835:
834:
833:
828:
818:
817:
816:
811:
809:Oligomenorrhea
806:
801:
796:
785:
783:
773:
772:
770:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
738:
732:
723:
717:
716:
713:
712:
710:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
688:
687:
676:
674:
672:Fallopian tube
668:
667:
665:
664:
659:
657:Ovarian cancer
654:
649:
648:
647:
642:
637:
627:
622:
617:
612:
611:
610:
605:
604:
603:
601:Oligoovulation
598:
583:
577:
575:
566:
557:
553:
552:
537:
536:
529:
522:
514:
505:
504:
501:
500:
489:
478:
463:
447:
442:
441:
439:
438:Classification
431:
430:External links
428:
426:
425:
399:
370:(3): 141–147.
350:
315:
280:
239:
214:Obstet Gynecol
204:
171:
169:
166:
165:
164:
158:
150:
147:
142:
139:
85:thyrotoxicosis
72:
69:
63:is infrequent
61:Oligomenorrhea
56:
55:
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
25:Oligomenorrhea
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1817:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Menstrual pad
1697:
1695:
1694:Menstrual cup
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Menstrual pad
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1635:Mental health
1632:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Hypomenorrhea
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1448:Mittelschmerz
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Vulvar cancer
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1171:Vesicovaginal
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
989:
986:
985:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
951:
947:
941:
938:
937:
935:
933:
929:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
912:
910:
906:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
874:
871:
870:
868:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
853:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
836:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
822:
819:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
799:Hypomenorrhea
797:
795:
792:
791:
790:
787:
786:
784:
781:
780:
774:
768:
765:
763:
762:Endometriosis
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
736:
733:
731:
727:
724:
722:
718:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
697:Hematosalpinx
695:
693:
690:
686:
683:
682:
681:
678:
677:
675:
673:
669:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
615:Mittelschmerz
613:
609:
606:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
592:
589:
588:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
576:
574:
570:
567:
565:
561:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
535:
530:
528:
523:
521:
516:
515:
512:
499:
495:
494:
490:
488:
484:
483:
479:
477:
473:
472:
468:
464:
462:
458:
457:
453:
449:
448:
445:
440:
436:
421:
417:
410:
403:
395:
391:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
354:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
319:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
284:
276:
272:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
243:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
208:
200:
196:
192:
188:
181:
179:
177:
172:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
146:
138:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
111:
108:
106:
100:
98:
94:
90:
89:perimenopause
86:
82:
78:
68:
66:
62:
54:
51:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
1578:
1569:Metrorrhagia
1539:Dysmenorrhea
1394:Luteal phase
1379:Menstruation
1208:Sigmoidocele
1116:
1061:Hematocolpos
940:Parametritis
848:Metrorrhagia
826:Dysmenorrhea
808:
779:Menstruation
777:
767:Endometritis
702:Hydrosalpinx
630:Ovarian cyst
491:
480:
465:
450:
419:
415:
402:
367:
363:
353:
328:
324:
318:
293:
289:
283:
259:(4): 263–9.
256:
252:
242:
220:(1): 47–53.
217:
213:
207:
190:
144:
141:Epidemiology
127:
113:People with
112:
109:
101:
74:
60:
59:
1529:Anovulation
1493:Suppression
1403:Life stages
1213:Urethrocele
1128:Dyspareunia
1101:Hydrocolpos
1065:Hydrocolpos
1011:Hematometra
932:Parametrium
917:Adenomyosis
730:Endometrium
707:Salpingitis
596:Anovulation
422:(3): 17–20.
161:Menorrhagia
30:Other names
1784:Tampon tax
1524:Amenorrhea
1314:Vulvodynia
1198:Enterocele
1148:Vaginismus
1070:Leukorrhea
978:Cervicitis
909:Myometrium
794:Amenorrhea
620:Oophoritis
493:DiseasesDB
191:StatPearls
168:References
155:Amenorrhea
105:amenorrhea
53:Gynecology
1729:Chhaupadi
1516:Disorders
1415:Menopause
1389:Ovulation
1203:Rectocele
1193:Cystocele
1079:Vaginitis
119:androgens
81:pituitary
48:Specialty
1799:Category
1734:In Islam
1424:Tracking
1410:Menarche
1309:Vulvitis
1273:External
1188:Prolapse
1015:Pyometra
556:Internal
549:genitals
394:15728691
199:32809410
149:See also
77:adenomas
1662:Hygiene
1457:Systems
1004:General
543:of the
487:D009839
385:1725151
345:6775000
310:7277629
275:7132642
123:ovaries
1769:Niddah
1689:Tampon
1049:Vagina
950:Cervix
869:Other
854:Mixed
838:Timing
721:Uterus
564:Adnexa
545:pelvis
392:
382:
343:
308:
273:
234:313033
232:
197:
95:, and
71:Causes
1431:Signs
1281:Vulva
1248:Other
573:Ovary
498:14843
476:626.1
461:N91.5
412:(PDF)
821:Pain
789:Flow
547:and
482:MeSH
471:9-CM
390:PMID
341:PMID
306:PMID
290:JAMA
271:PMID
230:PMID
195:PMID
467:ICD
452:ICD
380:PMC
372:doi
333:doi
298:doi
294:246
261:doi
222:doi
1801::
1072:/
1063:/
1013:/
496::
485::
474::
459::
456:10
418:.
414:.
388:.
378:.
368:39
366:.
362:.
339:.
329:51
327:.
304:.
292:.
269:.
257:14
255:.
251:.
228:.
218:54
216:.
189:.
175:^
132:,
99:.
91:,
1357:e
1350:t
1343:v
533:e
526:t
519:v
469:-
454:-
444:D
420:5
396:.
374::
347:.
335::
312:.
300::
277:.
263::
236:.
224::
201:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
