1072:. This modality is suitable for most patients, although some prefer to use it mainly for older patients. Indications for radioiodine are failed medical therapy or surgery and where medical or surgical therapy are contraindicated. Hypothyroidism may be a complication of this therapy, but may be treated with thyroid hormones if it appears. The rationale for radioactive iodine is that it accumulates in the thyroid and irradiates the gland with its beta and gamma radiations, about 90% of the total radiation being emitted by the beta (electron) particles. The most common method of iodine-131 treatment is to administer a specified amount in microcuries per gram of thyroid gland based on palpation or radiodiagnostic imaging of the gland over 24 hours. Patients who receive the therapy must be monitored regularly with thyroid blood tests to ensure they are treated with thyroid hormone before they become symptomatically hypothyroid.
615:
1214:
761:). Goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland and is of the diffuse type (i.e., spread throughout the gland). Diffuse goiter may be seen with other causes of hyperthyroidism, although Graves' disease is the most common cause of diffuse goiter. A large goiter will be visible to the naked eye, but a small one (mild enlargement of the gland) may be detectable only by physical examination. Occasionally, goiter is not clinically detectable, but may be seen only with
42:
1153:(Needle biopsies are not so accurate at predicting a benign state of the thyroid). No further treatment of the thyroid is required, unless cancer is detected. Radioiodine uptake study may be done after surgery, to ensure all remaining (potentially cancerous) thyroid cells (i.e., near the nerves to the vocal cords) are destroyed. Besides this, the only remaining treatment will be
3789:
388:
943:(surgical excision of the gland). As operating on a hyperthyroid patient is dangerous, prior to thyroidectomy, preoperative treatment with antithyroid drugs is given to render the patient euthyroid. Each of these treatments has advantages and disadvantages, and no single treatment approach is considered the best for everyone.
955:. Side effects of the antithyroid medications include a potentially fatal reduction in the level of white blood cells. Therapy with radioiodine is the most common treatment in the United States, while antithyroid drugs and/or thyroidectomy are used more often in Europe, Japan, and most of the rest of the world.
1284:. Early reports, not widely circulated, of cases of goiter with exophthalmos were published by the Italians Giuseppe Flajani and Antonio Giuseppe Testa, in 1802 and 1810, respectively. Prior to these, Caleb Hillier Parry, a notable provincial physician in England of the late 18th century (and a friend of
1205:
night, dryness will occur â with the risk of a secondary corneal infection, which could lead to blindness. Pressure on the optic nerve behind the globe can lead to visual field defects and vision loss, as well. Prolonged untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to bone loss, which may resolve when treated.
1152:
after complete thyroidectomy. Risks related to anesthesia are many, thus coordination with the anesthesiologist and patient optimization for surgery preoperatively are essential. Removal of the gland enables complete biopsy to be performed to have definite evidence of cancer anywhere in the thyroid.
769:
examination of the thyroid. Another sign of Graves' disease is hyperthyroidism, that is, overproduction of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Normal thyroid levels are also seen, and occasionally also hypothyroidism, which may assist in causing goiter (though it is not the cause of the Graves' disease).
605:
Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins recognize and bind to the TSH receptor, which stimulates the secretion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroxine receptors in the pituitary gland are activated by the surplus hormone, suppressing additional release of TSH in a negative feedback loop.
368:
Graves disease develops in about 0.5% of males and 3.0% of females. It occurs about 7.5 times more often in women than in men. Often, it starts between the ages of 40 and 60, but can begin at any age. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States (about 50 to 80% of cases). The
1179:
For management of clinically active Graves disease, orbitopathy (clinical activity score >2) with at least mild to moderate severity, intravenous glucocorticoids are the treatment of choice, usually administered in the form of pulse intravenous methylprednisolone. Studies have consistently shown
1225:
Graves' disease occurs in about 0.5% of people. Graves' disease data has shown that the lifetime risk for women is around 3% and 0.5% for men. It occurs about 7.5 times more often in women than in men and often starts between the ages of 40 and 60. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in
1168:
Mild cases are treated with lubricant eye drops or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drops. Severe cases threatening vision (corneal exposure or optic nerve compression) are treated with steroids or orbital decompression. In all cases, cessation of smoking is essential. Double vision can be corrected
1105:
This modality is suitable for young people and pregnant females. Indications for thyroidectomy can be separated into absolute indications or relative indications. These indications aid in deciding which people would benefit most from surgery. The absolute indications are a large goiter (especially
946:
Treatment with antithyroid medications must be administered for six months to two years to be effective. Even then, upon cessation of the drugs, the hyperthyroid state may recur. The risk of recurrence is about 40â50%, and lifelong treatment with antithyroid drugs carries some side effects such as
1204:
event). Graves' disease is often accompanied by an increase in heart rate, which may lead to further heart complications, including loss of the normal heart rhythm (atrial fibrillation), which may lead to stroke. If the eyes are proptotic (bulging) enough that the lids do not close completely at
3797:
1086:
Disadvantages of this treatment are a high incidence of hypothyroidism (up to 80%) requiring eventual thyroid hormone supplementation in the form of a daily pill(s). The radioiodine treatment acts slowly (over months to years) to destroy the thyroid gland, and Graves' diseaseâassociated
661:
The infiltrative exophthalmos frequently encountered has been explained by postulating that the thyroid gland and the extraocular muscles share a common antigen, which is recognized by the antibodies. Antibodies binding to the extraocular muscles would cause swelling behind the eyeball.
1114:(to pathologically examine the thyroid), and people with ophthalmopathy and additionally if it is the person's preferred method of treatment or if refusing to undergo radioactive iodine treatment. Pregnancy is advised to be delayed for six months after radioactive iodine treatment.
2981:
Limongi, Roberto
Murillo; FeijĂł, Eduardo Damous; Rodrigues Lopes E Silva, Marlos; Akaishi, PatrĂcia; Velasco E Cruz, AntĂŽnio Augusto; Christian Pieroni-Gonçalves, Allan; Pereira, Filipe; Devoto, Martin; Bernardini, Francesco; Marques, Victor; Tao, Jeremiah P. (February 2020).
1024:
No difference in outcome was shown for adding thyroxine to antithyroid medication and continuing thyroxine versus placebo after antithyroid medication withdrawal. However, two markers were found that can help predict the risk of recurrence. These two markers are a positive
657:
of the thyroid gland (the cells that produce thyroid hormone), and the result of chronic stimulation is an abnormally high production of T3 and T4. This, in turn, causes the clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism, and the enlargement of the thyroid gland visible as goiter.
279:
The exact cause of the disease is unclear, but symptoms are a result of antibodies binding to receptors on the thyroid causing over-expression of thyroid hormone. Persons are more likely to be affected if they have a family member with the disease. If one
918:
Typically, the natural history of TAO follows Rundle's curve, which describes a rapid worsening during an initial phase, up to a peak of maximum severity, and then improvement to a static plateau without, however, resolving back to a normal condition.
862:, proptosis, venous congestion leading to chemosis and periorbital edema, and progressive remodeling of the orbital walls. Other distinctive features of TAO include lid retraction, restrictive myopathy, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, and
1148:. The increase in the risk of nerve injury can be due to the increased vascularity of the thyroid parenchyma and the development of links between the thyroid capsule and the surrounding tissues. Reportedly, a 1% incidence exists of permanent
495:
The exact cause is unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. While a theoretical mechanism occurs by which exposure to severe stressors and high levels of subsequent distress such as
1020:
testing single-dose treatment for Graves found methimazole achieved euthyroid state more effectively after 12 weeks than did propylthyouracil (77.1% on methimazole 15 mg vs 19.4% in the propylthiouracil 150 mg groups).
3602:
578:
bears structural similarity with the human thyrotropin receptor and was hypothesized to contribute to the development of thyroid autoimmunity arising for other reasons in genetically susceptible individuals. In the 1990s,
1175:
Orbital decompression can be performed to enable bulging eyes to retreat back into the head. Bone is removed from the skull behind the eyes, and space is made for the muscles and fatty tissue to fall back into the skull.
705:
Another effect of hyperthyroidism is bone loss from osteoporosis, caused by an increased excretion of calcium and phosphorus in the urine and stool. The effects can be minimized if the hyperthyroidism is treated early.
4455:
1257:
independently reported the same constellation of symptoms in 1840. As a result, on the
European continent, the terms "Basedow syndrome", "Basedow disease", or "Morbus Basedow" are more common than "Graves' disease".
4561:
4546:
4531:
4516:
1372:, American sprinter: A doctor considered amputating her feet after she developed blistering and swelling following radiation treatment for Graves' disease, but she went on to recover and win Olympic medals.
2736:"Effects of l-thyroxine administration, TSH-receptor antibodies and smoking on the risk of recurrence in Graves' hyperthyroidism treated with antithyroid drugs: a double-blind prospective randomized study"
2690:
Homsanit M, Sriussadaporn S, Vannasaeng S, Peerapatdit T, Nitiyanant W, Vichayanrat A (March 2001). "Efficacy of single daily dosage of methimazole vs. propylthiouracil in the induction of euthyroidism".
677:
these antibodies (mainly IgG) act as long-acting thyroid stimulants, activating the cells through a slower and more drawn out process compared to TSH, leading to an elevated production of thyroid hormone.
1548:
was an acclaimed
Australian poet whose work was not published until after his death from Graves' disease in 1943. However, Malley's existence and entire biography was actually later revealed to be a
1040:
98%), and a negative TSHR-Ab at the end of antithyroid drug treatment is associated with a 78% chance of remaining in remission. Smoking was shown to have an impact independent to a positive TSHR-Ab.
3847:
814:, as imaging and biochemical tests have improved. Measuring TSH-receptor antibodies with the h-TBII assay has been proven efficient and was the most practical approach found in one study.
2938:
Genovese BM, Noureldine SI, Gleeson EM, Tufano RP, Kandil E (February 2013). "What is the best definitive treatment for Graves' disease? A systematic review of the existing literature".
1049:
4230:
3919:
3767:
500:
could increase the risk of immune disease and cause an aggravation of the autoimmune response that leads to Graves disease, more robust clinical data are needed for a firm conclusion.
4172:
3592:
3316:
3635:
3039:"Efficacy and safety of low dose oral prednisolone as compared to pulse intravenous methylprednisolone in managing moderate severe Graves' orbitopathy: A randomized controlled trial"
1629:
1318:
1160:
A 2013 review article concludes that surgery appears to be the most successful in the management of Graves' disease, with total thyroidectomy being the preferred surgical option.
4447:
2655:
Stathopoulos P, Gangidi S, Kotrotsos G, Cunliffe D (June 2015). "Graves' disease: a review of surgical indications, management, and complications in a cohort of 59 patients".
4145:...in Mr. Monckton's speeches, he cites study after study which give the impression that either climate change is not happening, or if it is, we don't need to worry about it.
1268:
Less commonly, it has been known as Parry disease, Begbie disease, Flajan disease, FlajaniâBasedow syndrome, and Marsh disease. These names for the disease were derived from
2367:
Wallaschofski H, Kuwert T, Lohmann T (April 2004). "TSH-receptor autoantibodies - differentiation of hyperthyroidism between Graves' disease and toxic multinodular goitre".
4073:
973:
and nausea until antithyroid treatments start to take effect. Pure ÎČ-blockers do not inhibit lid retraction in the eyes, which is mediated by alpha adrenergic receptors.
5068:
1332:, Japanese singer, was diagnosed with Graves disease in 2007. After going public with her diagnosis in 2009, she took a two-year hiatus from music to focus on treatment.
365:
may temporarily help people, while other treatments are having effect. Surgery to remove the thyroid is another option. Eye problems may require additional treatments.
284:
is affected, a 30% chance exists that the other twin will also have the disease. The onset of disease may be triggered by physical or emotional stress, infection, or
1180:
that pulse intravenous methylprednisolone is superior to oral glucocorticoids both in terms of efficacy and decreased side effects for managing Graves' orbitopathy.
993:/PTU. These drugs block the binding of iodine and coupling of iodotyrosines. The most dangerous side effect is agranulocytosis (1/250, more in PTU). Others include
1460:
1338:, American educator and founder of the first publicly funded kindergarten in the United States, was forced to retire and seek treatment for Graves disease in 1884.
1087:
hyperthyroidism is not cured in all persons by radioiodine, but has a relapse rate that depends on the dose of radioiodine which is administered. In rare cases,
1285:
4309:
770:
Hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease is confirmed, as with any other cause of hyperthyroidism, by measuring elevated blood levels of free (unbound) T3 and T4.
665:
The "orange peel" skin has been explained by the infiltration of antibodies under the skin, causing an inflammatory reaction and subsequent fibrous plaques.
2451:
Feldon SE, Muramatsu S, Weiner JM (October 1984). "Clinical classification of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Identification of risk factors for optic neuropathy".
2181:"Increased prevalence of antibodies to enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica virulence proteins in relatives of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease"
828:
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), or thyroid eye disease (TED), is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease. It is a form of
811:
2860:
3843:
1277:
2038:
5547:
4638:
3687:
395:
The signs and symptoms of Graves disease virtually all result from the direct and indirect effects of hyperthyroidism, with main exceptions being
5061:
741:
Fatigue (70%), weight loss (60%) with increased appetite in young people and poor appetite in the elderly, and other symptoms of hyperthyroidism/
710:
can also augment calcium levels in the blood by as much as 25%. This can cause stomach upset, excessive urination, and impaired kidney function.
546:
773:
Other useful laboratory measurements in Graves disease include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, usually undetectable in Graves disease due to
4234:
3927:
3759:
3528:
3232:. (Clinical lectures.) London Medical and Surgical Journal (Renshaw), 1835; 7 (part 2): 516â517. Reprinted in Medical Classics, 1940;5:33â36.
2883:"Painful Radiation Thyroiditis after 131I Therapy for Graves' Hyperthyroidism: Clinical Features and Ultrasonographic Findings in Five Cases"
2308:
1561:
Agents that act as antagonists at thyroid stimulating hormone receptors are under investigation as a possible treatment for Graves' disease.
1069:
3625:
1637:
3108:
757:
Two signs are truly diagnostic of Graves' disease (i.e., not seen in other hyperthyroid conditions): exophthalmos and non-pitting edema (
1839:
5054:
2332:
Carnell NE, Valente WA (July 1998). "Thyroid nodules in Graves' disease: classification, characterization, and response to treatment".
854:
and hyaluronate, causes expansion of the orbital fat and muscle compartments, which within the confines of the bony orbit may lead to
4835:
4697:
4255:
4279:
3225:
1001:. Patients on these medications should see a doctor if they develop sore throat or fever. The most common side effects are rash and
5630:
5625:
5226:
4792:
3665:
382:
296:, are more likely to be affected. Smoking increases the risk of disease and may worsen eye problems. The disorder results from an
5581:
4881:
4077:
1299:
1144:(which can be life-threatening if it compresses the trachea), relapse following medical treatment, infections (less common), and
829:
5403:
3122:
CarlĂ©, Allan; Pedersen, Inge BĂŒlow; Knudsen, Nils; Perrild, Hans; Ovesen, Lars; Rasmussen, Lone Banke; Laurberg, Peter (2011).
1915:
Bunevicius R, Prange AJ (2006). "Psychiatric manifestations of Graves hyperthyroidism: pathophysiology and treatment options".
3746:
Viewers also could not help being amazed by his bulging eyes, which had resulted from a botched operation for Graves' disease.
2230:"Yersinia enterocolitica infection does not confer an increased risk of thyroid antibodies: evidence from a Danish twin study"
4802:
3102:
1899:
3554:
1032:(TSHR-Ab) and smoking. A positive TSHR-Ab at the end of antithyroid drug treatment increases the risk of recurrence to 90% (
4576:
4334:
3829:
1172:
Difficulty closing eyes can be treated with lubricant gel at night, or with tape on the eyes to enable full, deep sleep.
4381:
4356:
2784:
4102:
3352:. In Collezione d'osservazioni e reflessioni di chirurgia. Rome, Michele A Ripa Presso Lino Contedini, 1802;3:270â273.
5620:
5398:
4857:
4421:
3948:
3877:
2288:
1833:
480:
4157:
1121:
and the
Hartley-Dunhill procedure (hemithyroidectomy on one side and partial lobectomy on other side) are possible.
407:(which are caused by the autoimmune processes of the disease). Symptoms of the resultant hyperthyroidism are mainly
5257:
4960:
4301:
5439:
5301:
4126:
3392:
Parry CH (1825). "Enlargement of the thyroid gland in connection with enlargement or palpitations of the heart".
5393:
4404:
1866:
683:
these antibodies bind directly to the TSH receptor and have been implicated in the growth of thyroid follicles.
497:
5296:
2852:
5519:
4754:
4690:
2881:
Mizokami, Tetsuya; Hamada, Katsuhiko; Maruta, Tetsushi; Higashi, Kiichiro; Tajiri, Junichi (September 2016).
1088:
795:
to obtain histiological testing is not normally required, but may be obtained if thyroidectomy is performed.
2853:"Treatment of an Over-active or Enlarged Thyroid Gland with Radioactive Iodine â British Thyroid Foundation"
5667:
5576:
4955:
4945:
4217:
2069:
1441:, an American former actress and fashion model, now spokeswoman for the National Graves' Disease Foundation
536:
520:
DR (especially DR3) appears to play a role. To date, no clear genetic defect has been found to point to a
5478:
5281:
1408:, German folk singer, whose dark sunglasses (worn to hide his symptoms) became part of his trademark look
1402:, Scottish rugby player, discovered he had Graves' disease shortly after retiring from the sport in 2017.
1037:
1033:
301:
345:
by mouth, which is then concentrated in the thyroid and destroys it over weeks to months. The resulting
5509:
5187:
4978:
4830:
4131:
1399:
966:
565:
infection may trigger antibodies, which cross-react with the human TSH receptor, a phenomenon known as
455:
in those especially of Asian descent, and skin warmth and moistness. Further signs that may be seen on
3365:
Bologna, 1810. 2nd edition in 3 volumes, Florence, 1823; Milano 1831; German translation, Halle, 1813.
1200:, bone mineral loss and, in extreme cases, death (e.g. indirectly through complications, or through a
41:
5539:
5362:
5021:
4923:
4779:
4732:
3249:, Berlin, 1840, 6: 197â204; 220â228. Partial English translation in: Ralph Hermon Major (1884â1970):
1129:
807:
623:
273:
136:
119:
1356:, also developed the disease around the same time, which, in her case, produced severe infiltrative
5672:
5453:
5222:
5208:
4683:
4587:
1828:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 69.
1486:, British ambassador to the United States during World War I, died suddenly of the disease in 1918.
1017:
614:
584:
3705:
3520:
2304:
5326:
5089:
4988:
4847:
4749:
1960:"Mechanisms in endocrinology. Role of emotional stress in the pathophysiology of Graves' disease"
1468:
1288:), described a case in 1786. This case was not published until 1825 - ten years ahead of Graves.
1254:
1189:
802:
are also common. Differentiating common forms of hyperthyroidism such as Graves' disease, single
786:
654:
619:
574:
517:
358:
131:
5457:
4983:
4972:
4260:
4111:
1295:
1169:
with prism glasses and surgery (the latter only when the process has been stable for a while).
832:, and although its pathogenesis is not completely understood, autoimmune activation of orbital
594:
4649:
3398:
According to
Garrison, Parry first noted the condition in 1786. He briefly reported it in his
3092:
692:
Some actually act as if TSH itself is binding to its receptor, thus inducing thyroid function.
4965:
4525:
2278:
1823:
1472:
1464:
1002:
823:
626:, forming papillae into the thyroid follicles, and with scalloping of the peripheral colloid.
396:
350:
4048:
4023:
3998:
3973:
3731:
3657:
557:
Since Graves disease is an autoimmune disease that appears suddenly, often later in life, a
5615:
5610:
5594:
5504:
5434:
5291:
5203:
5046:
5016:
4950:
4901:
1538:
1026:
863:
837:
532:
521:
513:
456:
293:
115:
5322:
1688:
Menconi F, Marcocci C, MarinĂČ M (2014). "Diagnosis and classification of Graves disease".
1291:
However, fair credit for the first description of Graves disease goes to the 12th-century
8:
4891:
4565:
4555:
4275:
3597:
3220:
2464:
1345:
1269:
1235:
1079:(absolute), ophthalmopathy (relative; it can aggravate thyroid eye disease), or solitary
762:
476:
370:
334:
330:, low TSH, increased radioiodine uptake in all areas of the thyroid, and TSI antibodies.
181:
5637:
1435:
was an
Egyptian singer, songwriter, and film actress active from the 1920s to the 1970s.
876:
Class 1: Only signs (limited to upper lid retraction and stare, with or without lid lag)
642:- the receptor for thyroid-stimulating hormone. (Antibodies to thyroglobulin and to the
5642:
5524:
5514:
5408:
5306:
5286:
5123:
5081:
4916:
4906:
4896:
4200:
4192:
3630:
3440:
3415:
3065:
3038:
3019:
2963:
2915:
2882:
2826:
2801:
2716:
2433:
2254:
2229:
2205:
2180:
2121:
2094:
1940:
1888:
1495:
1423:
1363:
1149:
1133:
1107:
928:
897:
758:
650:
436:
404:
265:
261:
221:
185:
157:
123:
70:
4570:
3314:
Robinson, Victor, ed. (1939). "Exophthalmic goiter, Basedow disease, Grave disesase".
2588:
2563:
2305:"Thyroid Disease, Osteoporosis and Calcium â Womens Health and Medical Information on"
718:
Graves disease may present clinically with one or more of these characteristic signs:
312:. The diagnosis may be suspected based on symptoms and confirmed with blood tests and
5344:
5339:
5139:
5128:
4825:
4797:
4784:
4722:
4598:
4400:
4204:
3873:
3502:
3445:
3180:
3153:
3145:
3098:
3070:
3023:
3011:
3003:
2955:
2920:
2902:
2831:
2780:
2757:
2708:
2704:
2672:
2628:
2593:
2544:
2503:
2468:
2425:
2384:
2349:
2284:
2259:
2245:
2210:
2196:
2161:
2126:
2061:
2019:
1981:
1932:
1928:
1895:
1862:
1855:
1829:
1795:
1755:
1705:
1483:
1341:
1137:
1010:
851:
774:
566:
472:
164:
58:
3350:
Sopra un tumor freddo nell'anterior parte del collo broncocele. (Osservazione LXVII)
2967:
2720:
2437:
2002:
Tomer Y, Davies TF (February 1993). "Infection, thyroid disease, and autoimmunity".
1944:
1658:
606:
The result is very high levels of circulating thyroid hormones and a low TSH level.
5388:
5239:
5234:
5175:
5102:
5077:
4886:
4762:
4481:
4184:
3435:
3427:
3135:
3060:
3050:
2995:
2947:
2910:
2894:
2821:
2813:
2747:
2700:
2664:
2624:
2620:
2583:
2575:
2534:
2495:
2460:
2415:
2376:
2341:
2249:
2241:
2200:
2192:
2153:
2116:
2106:
2053:
2011:
1971:
1924:
1787:
1747:
1697:
1292:
990:
855:
512:
predisposition for Graves' disease is seen, with some people more prone to develop
468:
428:
317:
309:
253:
99:
4660:
3124:"Epidemiology of subtypes of hyperthyroidism in Denmark: a population-based study"
3097:(3 ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. p. 636.
1454:
5529:
5499:
5383:
5311:
5165:
5118:
4817:
4706:
4592:
4492:
4106:
4052:
4027:
4002:
3977:
3893:
3578:
Movers and
Shakers, Scalawags and Suffragettes: Tales from Bellefontaine Cemetery
3550:
3375:
3229:
2999:
2420:
2403:
1701:
1448:
1411:
1349:
1281:
1239:
1218:
998:
948:
803:
643:
452:
289:
229:
3952:
3463:
3203:
785:
detected thyroid-stimulating antibodies, radioactive iodine uptake, or thyroid
300:, called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), that has a similar effect to
5413:
5367:
5160:
5033:
5028:
5011:
4842:
4714:
3468:
3431:
3380:
3294:
3289:
3208:
3172:
2668:
1778:
Burch HB, Cooper DS (December 2015). "Management of Graves
Disease: A Review".
1513:
1427:
1157:, or thyroid replacement pills to be taken for the rest of the patient's life.
1080:
799:
742:
707:
459:
are most commonly a diffusely enlarged (usually symmetric), nontender thyroid,
424:
346:
281:
4911:
4663:
4603:
4540:
4330:
3819:
3626:"The Doctor's World â A White House Puzzle: Immunity Ailments-Science Section"
2951:
2817:
2486:
Gorman CA (June 1998). "The measurement of change in Graves' ophthalmopathy".
1352:
due to the disease and treated with radioactive iodine. The president's wife,
387:
5661:
5588:
5180:
4852:
4744:
3332:
3149:
3055:
3037:
Roy A, Dutta D, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay P, Mukhopadhyay S, Chowdhury S (2015).
3007:
2906:
2579:
1549:
1477:
1438:
1393:
1381:
1375:
1321:
1201:
1154:
1118:
1100:
1068:
Radioiodine (radioactive iodine-131) was developed in the early 1940s at the
952:
940:
908:
528:
416:
354:
338:
305:
193:
63:
4099:
2983:
1791:
1213:
618:
Histopathology of a case of Grave's disease. It shows marked hyperplasia of
5483:
5273:
5155:
5144:
4767:
3184:
3157:
3074:
3015:
2959:
2924:
2835:
2761:
2712:
2676:
2632:
2597:
2548:
2499:
2429:
2388:
2345:
2263:
2214:
2130:
2065:
1985:
1936:
1799:
1759:
1709:
1519:
1501:
1489:
1444:
1417:
1357:
1353:
1273:
1193:
958:
847:
735:
639:
631:
484:
269:
264:. Other symptoms may include thickening of the skin on the shins, known as
237:
189:
107:
79:
50:
3844:"Crossover Crooner: The Strange Comeback of Germany's Wannabe Johnny Cash"
3506:
3449:
2980:
2752:
2735:
2689:
2539:
2522:
2507:
2472:
2380:
2353:
2165:
2111:
2057:
2023:
2015:
1751:
5170:
5150:
5134:
4937:
4644:
2523:"Radiologic Parameters of Orbital Bone Remodeling in Thyroid Eye Disease"
2179:
Strieder TG, Wenzel BE, Prummel MF, Tijssen JG, Wiersinga WM (May 2003).
1533:
1432:
1414:, British composer; the first person to be treated with radium injections
1369:
1197:
1061:
994:
986:
982:
970:
962:
932:
884:
843:
649:
These antibodies cause hyperthyroidism because they bind to the TSHr and
448:
432:
362:
313:
249:
170:
151:
95:
91:
4218:
https://www.king.org/event/the-esoterics-parnok-in-that-infinite-moment/
3253:. Springfield, C. C. Thomas, 1932. 2nd edition, 1939; 3rd edition, 1945.
3140:
3123:
1976:
1959:
4399:(1st Vintage International ed.). Vintage Books. pp. 315â321.
4196:
1545:
1335:
1048:
869:
Severity of eye disease may be classified by the mnemonic: "NO SPECS":
833:
766:
444:
373:, who described it in 1835. A number of prior descriptions also exist.
342:
285:
2898:
2157:
4727:
4655:
4609:
4550:
3337:
2144:
Toivanen P, Toivanen A (1994). "Does
Yersinia induce autoimmunity?".
1821:
1507:
1324:
used his bulging eyes, caused by Graves' disease, for comedic effect.
1125:
1076:
891:
324:
276:. About 25 to 30% of people with the condition develop eye problems.
4508:
4188:
2654:
2521:
Tan NY, Leong YY, Lang SS, Htoon ZM, Young SM, Sundar G (May 2017).
689:
these antibodies inhibit the normal union of TSH with its receptor.
4739:
1145:
1141:
1029:
1006:
901:
859:
782:
635:
562:
509:
440:
420:
408:
297:
257:
245:
241:
87:
83:
4675:
4614:
3920:"Revolutionary First Lady: the life and struggles of Lenin's wife"
3317:
The Modern Home
Physician, A New Encyclopedia of Medical Knowledge
2984:"Orbital Bone Decompression for Non-Thyroid Eye Disease Proptosis"
5093:
3824:
3243:
Exophthalmus durch Hypertrophie des Zellgewebes in der Augenhöhle
460:
225:
103:
4581:
3394:
Collections from the unpublished medical writings of C. H. Parry
1822:
Nikiforov YE, Biddinger PW, Nikiforova LD, Biddinger PW (2012).
1317:
5462:
5006:
4633:
4535:
4520:
3524:
3416:"Caleb Hillier Parry 1755-1822: a notable provincial physician"
2937:
1396:, Italian-American former underboss of the Gambino crime family
1111:
880:
792:
778:
541:
412:
400:
233:
111:
75:
1298:, who noted the association of goiter and exophthalmos in his
997:(dose-dependent, which improves on cessation of the drug) and
5429:
5097:
4772:
4357:"Wendy Williams announces show hiatus due to Graves' disease"
3688:"Update: Missy Elliott 'completely managing' Graves' disease"
3363:
Delle malattie del cuore, loro cagioni, specie, segni e cura.
1405:
1329:
1238:, who described a case of goiter with exophthalmos in 1835. (
936:
789:
all can independently confirm a diagnosis of Graves disease.
726:
558:
464:
106:, tremor of hands or fingers, warm and moist skin, increased
5076:
3760:"Facts About Sia Furler | Popsugar Celebrity Australia"
2280:
Advances in Graves' Disease and Other Hyperthyroid Disorders
2178:
1852:
4231:"This memorial is poetic justice for Sir Cecil Spring Rice"
3121:
2880:
2802:"Hormone replacement after thyroid and parathyroid surgery"
1958:
Falgarone G, Heshmati HM, Cohen R, Reach G (January 2013).
1957:
738:(protuberance of one or both eyes), periorbital edema (25%)
228:. It frequently results in and is the most common cause of
2779:(5 ed.). Springer-Verlag New York, LLC. p. 342.
2366:
1825:
Diagnostic pathology and molecular genetics of the thyroid
1738:
Brent GA (June 2008). "Clinical practice. Grave disease".
669:
The three types of autoantibodies to the TSH receptor are:
118:, reduced libido, frequent bowel movements, bulging eyes (
4422:"Il morbo di Basedow: lo sfinimento tra Zeno e la realtĂ "
3036:
2228:
Hansen PS, Wenzel BE, Brix TH, HegedĂŒs L (October 2006).
1387:
699:
TSI and TSH from binding to and stimulating the receptor.
4173:"Sophia Parnok and the Writing of a Lesbian Poet's Life"
3222:
Newly observed affection of the thyroid gland in females
2561:
3658:"Thyroid gland â Hyperplasia / goiter â Graves disease"
3593:"Bush's Thyroid Condition Diagnosed As Graves' Disease"
3094:
Principles and practice of endocrinology and metabolism
2657:
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
2227:
1124:
Advantages are immediate cure and potential removal of
1013:
may be used to block hormone synthesis before surgery.
798:
The goiter in Graves disease is often not nodular, but
2369:
Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes
2450:
1894:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1687:
695:
Other types may not stimulate the thyroid gland, but
4498:
4382:"Act Yasukawa Returns To Ring After Five Years Away"
3402:, 1815. Reprinted in Medical Classics, 1940, 5: 8â30
914:
Class 6: Sight loss (due to optic nerve involvement)
236:. Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism may include
1997:
1995:
2847:
2845:
2733:
1887:
1854:
587:with Graves' disease. More recently, the role for
3820:"Hamilton talks about his disease on his podcast"
2611:Bartley GB (March 2011). "Rundle and his curve".
2520:
1234:Graves disease owes its name to the Irish doctor
812:differentiation among these entities has advanced
5659:
5548:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
4256:"Daisy Ridley Reveals Graves' Disease Diagnosis"
4127:"The chief troupier: the follies of Mr Monckton"
3313:
2527:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
2146:International Archives of Allergy and Immunology
2143:
1992:
1914:
810:is important to determine proper treatment. The
777:from the elevated T3 and T4), and protein-bound
687:Thyrotrophin binding-inhibiting immunoglobulins:
527:Genes believed to be involved include those for
288:. Those with other autoimmune diseases, such as
3580:. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri History Museum.
3179:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2842:
2327:
2325:
2092:
1880:
1878:
931:that reduce the production of thyroid hormone,
907:Class 5: Corneal involvement (primarily due to
516:-activating antibodies due to a genetic cause.
122:), thick red skin on shins or the top of foot (
4493:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=graves
3043:Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
2562:Cawood T, Moriarty P, O'Shea D (August 2004).
2331:
1885:
1226:the United States (about 50 to 80% of cases).
5062:
4691:
3170:
2988:Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
2360:
1853:N Burrow G, H Oppenheimer J, Volpé R (1989).
1070:Mallinckrodt General Clinical Research Center
453:periodic partial muscle weakness or paralysis
316:uptake. Typically, blood tests show a raised
114:, changes in menstrual cycle, easy bruising,
3553:(in Japanese). CDJournal. December 1, 2011.
2727:
2683:
2564:"Recent developments in thyroid eye disease"
2555:
2404:"The pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease"
2322:
2036:
1875:
1304:, the major medical dictionary of its time.
2401:
2001:
1777:
1384:, British comedy writer, comedian and actor
830:idiopathic lymphocytic orbital inflammation
653:stimulate it. The TSHr is expressed on the
547:cytotoxic T-lymphocyteâassociated antigen 4
5069:
5055:
4698:
4684:
3729:
3086:
3084:
2276:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1447:, Japanese singer and one-half of the duo
40:
4836:Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia
3685:
3521:"æ°Žć¶ăăă»ç”ąéŠă2ă·ă§ăăäŒèŠă§ç”ć©ć ±ć 甹éŠăŻăă»ăăŠç
ăćçœăćčŽć
ă§äŒæ„ăž"
3492:
3439:
3139:
3064:
3054:
2914:
2825:
2799:
2751:
2734:Glinoer D, de Nayer P, Bex M (May 2001).
2587:
2538:
2419:
2253:
2204:
2120:
2110:
1975:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
4419:
3420:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
3264:Wochenschrift fĂŒr die gesammte Heilkunde
3247:Wochenschrift fĂŒr die gesammte Heilkunde
2030:
1316:
1250:are variant stylings of the same term.)
1212:
1047:
613:
386:
5582:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
4124:
3575:
3320:. WM. H. Wise & Company (New York).
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3297:â the history and naming of the disease
3081:
2610:
1716:
1344:, former U.S. president, developed new
1242:are often styled nonpossessively; thus
887:and lids, conjunctival injection, etc.)
369:condition is named after Irish surgeon
5660:
4170:
3867:
3623:
3400:Elements of Pathology and Therapeutics
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3171:Pokhrel, Binod; Bhusal, Kamal (2020),
3090:
2485:
2093:Desailloud R, Hober D (January 2009).
1806:
1766:
1676:
1571:
1307:
357:may control some of the symptoms, and
341:. Radioiodine therapy involves taking
304:(TSH). These TSI antibodies cause the
5404:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
5050:
4679:
4394:
4354:
4228:
3790:"Rare Disease Could Whack Sammy Bull"
3787:
3655:
3557:from the original on October 15, 2015
3531:from the original on December 8, 2015
3391:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
1737:
1542:, character Ada develops the disease.
927:Treatment of Graves disease includes
840:, is thought to play a central role.
725:Diffuse palpable goiter with audible
634:disorder, in which the body produces
552:
383:Signs and symptoms of Graves' disease
376:
53:and lid retraction in Graves' disease
4882:Abadie's sign of exophthalmic goiter
4488:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4458:from the original on 4 November 2016
4312:from the original on August 10, 2016
4299:
4076:. www3.bigcosmic.com. Archived from
3706:"Famous People with Graves' Disease"
3605:from the original on January 7, 2018
3590:
3413:
3300:
2774:
2465:10.1001/archopht.1984.01040031189015
2234:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
2185:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
2095:"Viruses and thyroiditis: an update"
2037:Smith TJ, HegedĂŒs L (October 2016).
1890:Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series)
1261:Graves disease has also been called
976:
675:Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins:
4705:
4420:Scarponi, Mattia (19 August 2017).
3269:
3262:Von Basedow, KA. "Die Glotzaugen".
2046:The New England Journal of Medicine
1740:The New England Journal of Medicine
1150:recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis
1110:), suspicious nodules or suspected
1091:has been linked to this treatment.
13:
4135:. The Conversation Media Group Ltd
4049:"ææ ćąç°æ”ćăăăă»ăăŒç
ïŒïŒïŒç
æ°ć
ŹèĄš çĄçăăææ
ąăă"
4024:"ææ ćąç°æ”ćăăăă»ăăŒç
ïŒïŒïŒăăąăŒäžăçČç¶è
șè
«ăäžăă"
2806:Deutsches Ărzteblatt International
2639:
1471:politician; notorious promoter of
1390:, Australian singer and songwriter
1196:in pregnancy, increased risk of a
879:Class 2: Soft tissue involvement (
609:
481:premature ventricular contractions
14:
5684:
5621:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
4858:Amiodarone induced thyrotoxicosis
4474:
4302:"There is Nothing Like This Dame"
4233:. telegraph.co.uk. Archived from
3999:"ææ ćąç°æ”ćăăăă»ăăŒç
ïŒïŒïŒćăç
ć§ăźććšăæŻăă«"
3894:"Yayoi Kusama by Grady T. Turner"
3481:Thesaurus of the Shah of Khwarazm
3128:European Journal of Endocrinology
2740:European Journal of Endocrinology
2402:Shan SJ, Douglas RS (June 2014).
1964:European Journal of Endocrinology
1651:
1636:. August 10, 2012. Archived from
1301:Thesaurus of the Shah of Khwarazm
1052:Scan of affected thyroid before (
1009:and are secreted in breast milk.
646:T3 and T4 may also be produced.)
5258:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
4397:Zeno's conscience : a novel
4158:"Sophia Parnok, Russia's Sappho"
3832:from the original on 2017-09-08.
3757:
3732:"Marty Feldman versus the Suits"
3493:Ljunggren JG (August 1983). "".
3111:from the original on 2017-09-08.
3091:Becker, Kenneth L., ed. (2001).
2777:Fundamentals of Nuclear Pharmacy
2705:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01239.x
2246:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03183.x
2197:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02139.x
1929:10.2165/00023210-200620110-00003
1842:from the original on 2017-09-08.
1522:, Japanese professional wrestler
1426:, Russian Communist and wife of
1312:
1188:If left untreated, more serious
850:, and deposition of nonsulfated
333:The three treatment options are
5440:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
5302:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
4440:
4413:
4388:
4374:
4348:
4337:from the original on 2015-07-16
4323:
4293:
4282:from the original on 2016-04-17
4268:
4248:
4222:
4211:
4164:
4150:
4118:
4092:
4066:
4041:
4016:
3991:
3974:"ææ ćąç°æ”ćăăăă»ăăŒç
ïŒïŒïŒăă€ăŻæă€æăéăă"
3966:
3951:. Home.rmci.net. Archived from
3941:
3912:
3886:
3872:. Bridgend: Seren. p. 44.
3861:
3850:from the original on 2014-11-19
3836:
3812:
3781:
3770:from the original on 2015-02-09
3751:
3723:
3698:
3679:
3668:from the original on 2016-12-14
3649:
3638:from the original on 2013-05-08
3617:
3584:
3576:Shepley, Carol Ferring (2008).
3569:
3543:
3513:
3486:
3473:
3456:
3407:
3385:
3368:
3355:
3342:
3325:
3256:
3251:Classic Descriptions of Disease
3235:
3213:
3196:
3164:
3115:
3030:
2974:
2931:
2874:
2863:from the original on 2016-09-02
2793:
2768:
2604:
2514:
2479:
2444:
2395:
2311:from the original on 2013-03-07
2307:. Medicinenet.com. 2006-12-07.
2297:
2270:
2221:
2172:
2137:
2086:
1951:
1886:Agabegi ED, Agabegi SS (2008).
1348:and was diagnosed in 1991 with
1208:
981:The main antithyroid drugs are
681:Thyroid growth immunoglobulins:
467:due to Graves' ophthalmopathy,
4229:Simon, Bernard (31 May 2013).
4125:Abraham, John (22 June 2011).
3730:Kuhlenbeck M (June 29, 2016).
2625:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.29
2408:Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology
1908:
1857:Thyroid function & disease
1846:
1128:. Its risks are injury of the
1043:
817:
597:is another potential trigger.
498:post-traumatic stress disorder
232:. It also often results in an
35:FlajaniâBasedowâGraves disease
1:
5520:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
4355:Melas C (February 21, 2018).
2800:SchÀffler A (November 2010).
1564:
1526:
1366:, American comedian and actor
1089:radiation induced thyroiditis
1075:Contraindications to RAI are
1005:. These drugs also cross the
965:) may be used to inhibit the
922:
873:Class 0: No signs or symptoms
583:was suggested to be possibly
5577:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
4171:Burgin, Diana Lewis (1992).
3788:Guart, Al (March 31, 2002).
3591:Okie, Susan (May 10, 1991).
3551:"甹éŠăćăźă»ă«ăă»ăăăă„ăŒăčă»ăąă«ăă ăçșćŁČæ±șćźïŒ"
3396:. London. pp. 111â129.
3000:10.1097/IOP.0000000000001435
2421:10.1097/wno.0000000000000132
1702:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.013
1498:, English Victorian-era poet
1183:
846:of the extraocular muscles,
713:
600:
537:protein tyrosine phosphatase
16:Autoimmune endocrine disease
7:
5643:Systemic autoimmune disease
5479:Allergic contact dermatitis
5399:Hypersensitivity vasculitis
5282:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
4100:"Meet the Climate Sceptics"
3290:Basedow syndrome or disease
2940:Annals of Surgical Oncology
2277:Moore EA, Moore LM (2013).
1556:
1510:, British novelist and poet
856:dysthyroid optic neuropathy
836:, which in TAO express the
503:
302:thyroid stimulating hormone
10:
5689:
5149:common allergies include:
4831:Thyroid hormone resistance
3846:. Spiegel.de. 2013-02-07.
3686:Oldenburg A (2011-06-24).
3479:Sayyid Ismail Al-Jurjani.
3432:10.1177/014107689809100618
2669:10.1016/j.ijom.2015.02.007
1229:
1098:
1094:
967:sympathetic nervous system
900:involvement (usually with
821:
380:
351:synthetic thyroid hormones
203:0.5% (males), 3% (females)
5603:
5569:
5560:
5538:
5492:
5471:
5452:
5422:
5376:
5361:
5320:
5272:
5265:
5251:
5221:
5196:
5111:
5088:
5022:Toxic multinodular goiter
4999:
4936:
4869:
4816:
4780:Thyroid dyshormonogenesis
4755:Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome
4733:Congenital hypothyroidism
4713:
4624:
4502:
4300:Wolf M (March 18, 1990).
3322:, pages 82, 294, and 295.
2952:10.1245/s10434-012-2606-x
2818:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0827
2613:Archives of Ophthalmology
2453:Archives of Ophthalmology
2283:. McFarland. p. 77.
1378:, American hip-hop artist
1130:recurrent laryngeal nerve
808:toxic multinodular goiter
624:toxic multinodular goitre
622:, generally more so than
262:unintentional weight loss
199:
177:
163:
150:
142:
130:
69:
57:
48:
39:
29:
24:
5394:HenochâSchönlein purpura
5209:Eosinophilic esophagitis
3624:Altman LK (1991-05-28).
3266:, Berlin, 1848: 769â777.
3056:10.4103/2230-8210.152770
2887:European Thyroid Journal
2580:10.1136/bmj.329.7462.385
1457:, Japanese voice actress
1296:Sayyid Ismail al-Jurjani
1192:could result, including
1117:Both bilateral subtotal
1018:randomized control trial
655:thyroid follicular cells
620:thyroid follicular cells
490:
272:, a condition caused by
5510:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
5297:GuillainâBarrĂ© syndrome
4848:Thyrotoxicosis factitia
4750:Euthyroid sick syndrome
4486:Genetics Home Reference
1792:10.1001/jama.2015.16535
1663:Autoimmune Registry Inc
1516:, American TV show host
1255:Karl Adolph von Basedow
1163:
1136:(due to removal of the
787:ultrasound with Doppler
638:that are specific to a
575:Yersinia enterocolitica
518:Human leukocyte antigen
419:, hair loss, excessive
391:Graves disease symptoms
359:antithyroid medications
49:The classic finding of
5611:Autoimmune adrenalitis
4924:Graves' ophthalmopathy
4261:The Hollywood Reporter
3656:Islam S (2017-01-23).
2693:Clinical Endocrinology
2500:10.1089/thy.1998.8.539
2346:10.1089/thy.1998.8.571
1325:
1222:
1217:Most common causes of
1065:
747:Heat intolerance (55%)
630:Graves' disease is an
627:
471:of the heart, such as
392:
353:. Medications such as
274:Graves' ophthalmopathy
254:poor tolerance of heat
156:Family history, other
137:Graves' ophthalmopathy
120:Graves' ophthalmopathy
100:poor tolerance of heat
33:Toxic diffuse goiter,
4862:Hyperthyroid myopathy
4789:Hypothyroid myopathy
4395:Svevo, Italo (2003).
4278:. Poetry Foundation.
3662:Pathologyoutlines.com
3333:Goiter, Diffuse Toxic
2753:10.1530/eje.0.1440475
2540:10.1167/iovs.16-21035
2381:10.1055/s-2004-817930
2112:10.1186/1743-422X-6-5
2058:10.1056/NEJMra1510030
2016:10.1210/edrv-14-1-107
1752:10.1056/NEJMcp0801880
1484:Sir Cecil Spring Rice
1473:climate change denial
1320:
1216:
1106:when compressing the
1099:Further information:
1051:
860:intraocular pressures
824:Graves ophthalmopathy
822:Further information:
722:Rapid heartbeat (80%)
617:
539:nonreceptor type 22 (
397:Graves ophthalmopathy
390:
5616:Autoimmune hepatitis
5595:Transplant rejection
5505:Giant cell arteritis
5435:Rheumatoid arthritis
5292:Goodpasture syndrome
5204:Autoimmune urticaria
5017:Toxic nodular goiter
4961:Subacute lymphocytic
4495:about graves on ncbi
4276:"Christina Rossetti"
3414:Hull G (June 1998).
1690:Autoimmunity Reviews
1336:Susan Elizabeth Blow
1286:Edward Miller-Gallus
935:(radioactive iodine
864:exposure keratopathy
533:thyrotropin receptor
457:physical examination
294:rheumatoid arthritis
214:toxic diffuse goiter
116:erectile dysfunction
5668:Autoimmune diseases
5082:autoimmune diseases
4878:Signs and symptoms
4759:Signs and symptoms
4639:Graves' disease
4384:. 15 November 2020.
3800:on January 11, 2012
3712:. December 15, 2013
3598:The Washington Post
3464:Caleb Hillier Parry
3141:10.1530/EJE-10-1155
1977:10.1530/EJE-12-0539
1346:atrial fibrillation
1308:Society and culture
1270:Caleb Hillier Parry
1263:exophthalmic goiter
1236:Robert James Graves
1003:peripheral neuritis
763:computed tomography
750:Tremulousness (55%)
591:has been disputed.
477:atrial fibrillation
337:, medications, and
335:radioiodine therapy
182:Radioiodine therapy
158:autoimmune diseases
5525:Reactive arthritis
5515:Multiple sclerosis
5409:Reactive arthritis
5307:Pemphigus vulgaris
5287:Bullous pemphigoid
5188:Penicillin allergy
5124:Allergic urticaria
4917:Pretibial myxedema
4625:External resources
4115:, 3 February 2011.
4105:2013-10-22 at the
3631:The New York Times
3228:2016-03-31 at the
1496:Christina Rossetti
1424:Nadezhda Krupskaya
1364:Rodney Dangerfield
1326:
1223:
1138:parathyroid glands
1134:hypoparathyroidism
1066:
898:Extraocular muscle
852:glycosaminoglycans
759:pretibial myxedema
753:Palpitations (50%)
628:
595:EpsteinâBarr virus
553:Infectious trigger
437:increased appetite
405:pretibial myxedema
393:
377:Signs and symptoms
308:to produce excess
266:pretibial myxedema
222:autoimmune disease
124:pretibial myxedema
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5556:
5555:
5448:
5447:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5345:Pernicious anemia
5340:Myasthenia gravis
5217:
5216:
5140:Atopic dermatitis
5129:Allergic rhinitis
5044:
5043:
4932:
4931:
4826:Hyperthyroxinemia
4798:Hoffmann syndrome
4785:Pickardt syndrome
4763:Queen Anne's sign
4723:Iodine deficiency
4673:
4672:
4482:"Graves' disease"
3900:. January 1, 1999
3868:Spicer P (1998).
3527:. April 3, 2009.
3241:Von Basedow, KA.
3104:978-0-7817-1750-2
2899:10.1159/000448398
2158:10.1159/000236717
2052:(16): 1552â1565.
2039:"Graves' Disease"
2004:Endocrine Reviews
1901:978-0-7817-7153-5
1861:. W.B. Saunders.
1659:"Graves' disease"
1634:www.niddk.nih.gov
1539:Zeno's Conscience
1504:, British actress
1502:Dame Maggie Smith
1492:, British actress
1420:, Japanese artist
1342:George H. W. Bush
1293:Persian physician
989:(in the US), and
977:Antithyroid drugs
929:antithyroid drugs
775:negative feedback
589:Y. enterocolitica
581:Y. enterocolitica
567:antigenic mimicry
473:sinus tachycardia
246:sleeping problems
224:that affects the
218:Basedowâs disease
207:
206:
165:Diagnostic method
88:sleeping problems
19:Medical condition
5680:
5638:Sjögren syndrome
5567:
5566:
5469:
5468:
5374:
5373:
5270:
5269:
5249:
5248:
5109:
5108:
5078:Hypersensitivity
5071:
5064:
5057:
5048:
5047:
4946:Acute infectious
4892:Dalrymple's sign
4867:
4866:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4426:theWise Magazine
4417:
4411:
4410:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4264:. 6 August 2024.
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4226:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4132:The Conversation
4122:
4116:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3926:. Archived from
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3796:. Archived from
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3389:
3383:
3376:Giuseppe Flajani
3372:
3366:
3359:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3311:
3298:
3286:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3239:
3233:
3217:
3211:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3173:"Graves Disease"
3168:
3162:
3161:
3143:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3058:
3034:
3028:
3027:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2918:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2775:Saha GB (2009).
2772:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2652:
2637:
2636:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2574:(7462): 385â90.
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2533:(5): 2527â2533.
2518:
2512:
2511:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2423:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2114:
2099:Virology Journal
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2068:. Archived from
2043:
2034:
2028:
2027:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1819:
1804:
1803:
1775:
1764:
1763:
1746:(24): 2594â605.
1735:
1714:
1713:
1696:(4â5): 398â402.
1685:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:on April 2, 2015
1630:"Graves Disease"
1626:
1278:Giuseppe Flajani
995:granulocytopenia
991:propylthiouracil
644:thyroid hormones
549:, among others.
429:heat intolerance
349:is treated with
310:thyroid hormones
282:monozygotic twin
234:enlarged thyroid
212:, also known as
76:Enlarged thyroid
44:
22:
21:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5673:Thyroid disease
5658:
5657:
5656:
5647:
5599:
5562:
5552:
5534:
5530:Type 1 diabetes
5500:Coeliac disease
5488:
5460:
5444:
5418:
5384:Arthus reaction
5365:
5349:
5335:Graves' disease
5316:
5312:Rheumatic fever
5261:
5229:
5213:
5192:
5119:Allergic asthma
5100:
5084:
5075:
5045:
5040:
4995:
4928:
4907:Griffith's sign
4897:Stellwag's sign
4871:Graves' disease
4865:
4818:Hyperthyroidism
4812:
4709:
4707:Thyroid disease
4704:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4620:
4619:
4511:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4429:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4393:
4389:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4353:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4315:
4313:
4298:
4294:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4240:
4238:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4212:
4189:10.2307/2499528
4169:
4165:
4160:. 3 April 2017.
4156:
4155:
4151:
4138:
4136:
4123:
4119:
4107:Wayback Machine
4097:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4080:on May 15, 2007
4072:
4071:
4067:
4058:
4056:
4053:Yomiuri Shimbun
4047:
4046:
4042:
4033:
4031:
4028:Yomiuri Shimbun
4022:
4021:
4017:
4008:
4006:
4003:Yomiuri Shimbun
3997:
3996:
3992:
3983:
3981:
3978:Yomiuri Shimbun
3972:
3971:
3967:
3958:
3956:
3949:"Barbara Leigh"
3947:
3946:
3942:
3933:
3931:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3870:Herbert Howells
3866:
3862:
3853:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3828:. 8 June 2017.
3818:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3786:
3782:
3773:
3771:
3764:Popsugar.com.au
3756:
3752:
3740:
3738:
3736:Jewish Currents
3728:
3724:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3684:
3680:
3671:
3669:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3639:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3589:
3585:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3523:(in Japanese).
3519:
3518:
3514:
3501:(32â33): 2902.
3491:
3487:
3478:
3474:
3461:
3457:
3412:
3408:
3390:
3386:
3373:
3369:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3343:
3330:
3326:
3312:
3301:
3287:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3240:
3236:
3230:Wayback Machine
3218:
3214:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3169:
3165:
3120:
3116:
3105:
3089:
3082:
3035:
3031:
2979:
2975:
2936:
2932:
2879:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2857:Btf-thyroid.org
2851:
2850:
2843:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2773:
2769:
2732:
2728:
2688:
2684:
2653:
2640:
2609:
2605:
2560:
2556:
2519:
2515:
2484:
2480:
2459:(10): 1469â72.
2449:
2445:
2400:
2396:
2365:
2361:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2275:
2271:
2226:
2222:
2177:
2173:
2142:
2138:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2000:
1993:
1956:
1952:
1923:(11): 897â909.
1913:
1909:
1902:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1851:
1847:
1836:
1820:
1807:
1786:(23): 2544â54.
1776:
1767:
1736:
1717:
1686:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1628:
1627:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1529:
1412:Herbert Howells
1350:hyperthyroidism
1315:
1310:
1244:Graves' disease
1240:Medical eponyms
1232:
1219:hyperthyroidism
1211:
1186:
1166:
1103:
1097:
1046:
999:aplastic anemia
979:
949:agranulocytosis
925:
826:
820:
804:thyroid adenoma
800:thyroid nodules
716:
612:
610:Pathophysiology
603:
555:
506:
493:
385:
379:
339:thyroid surgery
328:
321:
290:type 1 diabetes
242:muscle weakness
230:hyperthyroidism
210:Graves' disease
194:thyroid surgery
84:muscle weakness
34:
25:Graves' disease
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5686:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5618:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5573:
5571:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5544:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5466:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5414:Serum sickness
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5380:
5378:
5371:
5368:Immune complex
5359:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5255:
5253:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5106:
5086:
5085:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5051:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5034:Colloid nodule
5029:Thyroid nodule
5026:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5012:Endemic goitre
5003:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4948:
4942:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4875:
4873:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4843:Hashitoxicosis
4840:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4715:Hypothyroidism
4711:
4710:
4703:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4680:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4652:
4641:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4606:
4595:
4584:
4573:
4558:
4543:
4528:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:Classification
4497:
4496:
4490:
4476:
4475:External links
4473:
4470:
4469:
4439:
4412:
4405:
4387:
4373:
4347:
4322:
4306:New York Times
4292:
4267:
4247:
4221:
4210:
4183:(2): 214â231.
4163:
4149:
4117:
4098:Rupert Murray
4091:
4065:
4040:
4015:
3990:
3965:
3940:
3911:
3885:
3878:
3860:
3835:
3811:
3780:
3750:
3722:
3697:
3678:
3648:
3616:
3583:
3568:
3542:
3512:
3495:LĂ€kartidningen
3485:
3472:
3455:
3406:
3384:
3367:
3354:
3341:
3324:
3299:
3268:
3255:
3234:
3212:
3195:
3163:
3134:(5): 801â809.
3114:
3103:
3080:
3029:
2973:
2930:
2893:(3): 201â206.
2873:
2841:
2812:(47): 827â34.
2792:
2786:978-0387403601
2785:
2767:
2726:
2682:
2638:
2603:
2554:
2513:
2478:
2443:
2394:
2359:
2321:
2296:
2289:
2269:
2220:
2171:
2136:
2085:
2029:
1991:
1950:
1907:
1900:
1874:
1867:
1845:
1834:
1805:
1765:
1715:
1675:
1650:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1514:Wendy Williams
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1480:, Russian poet
1475:
1458:
1452:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1428:Vladimir Lenin
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1339:
1333:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1248:Graves disease
1231:
1228:
1210:
1207:
1185:
1182:
1165:
1162:
1096:
1093:
1045:
1042:
1011:Lugol's iodine
978:
975:
924:
921:
916:
915:
912:
905:
894:
888:
877:
874:
819:
816:
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
743:thyrotoxicosis
739:
733:
730:
723:
715:
712:
708:Thyrotoxicosis
703:
702:
701:
700:
693:
684:
678:
611:
608:
602:
599:
572:The bacterium
554:
551:
505:
502:
492:
489:
425:oligomenorrhea
381:Main article:
378:
375:
347:hypothyroidism
326:
319:
250:fast heartbeat
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
179:
175:
174:
167:
161:
160:
154:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
92:fast heartbeat
73:
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5685:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5589:Latex allergy
5587:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5559:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5459:
5458:cell-mediated
5455:
5451:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:Farmer's lung
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5364:
5360:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5067:
5065:
5060:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:De Quervain's
4954:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4887:Boston's sign
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4853:Thyroid storm
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4807:Atrophic type
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4745:Myxedema coma
4743:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4383:
4377:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4237:on 2014-03-12
4236:
4232:
4225:
4219:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4177:Slavic Review
4174:
4167:
4159:
4153:
4146:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4095:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3955:on 2012-07-10
3954:
3950:
3944:
3930:on 2018-04-18
3929:
3925:
3924:Russia Beyond
3921:
3915:
3899:
3898:Bomb Magazine
3895:
3889:
3881:
3879:1-85411-233-3
3875:
3871:
3864:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3799:
3795:
3794:New York Post
3791:
3784:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3620:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3572:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3469:Who Named It?
3466:
3465:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3381:Who Named It?
3378:
3377:
3371:
3364:
3358:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3296:
3295:Who Named It?
3292:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3259:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3210:
3209:Who Named It?
3206:
3205:
3204:Mathew Graves
3199:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2746:(5): 475â83.
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:(3): 385â90.
2698:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:(6): 539â43.
2493:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2414:(2): 177â85.
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2292:
2290:9780786471898
2286:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:(2): 278â82.
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:(2): 107â11.
2151:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2075:on 2020-08-01
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:(1): 107â20.
2009:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1835:9781451114553
1831:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1551:
1550:literary hoax
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:Sophia Parnok
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:Lord Monckton
1459:
1456:
1455:YĆ«ko Miyamura
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:Barbara Leigh
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:Sammy Gravano
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:Marty Feldman
1380:
1377:
1376:Missy Elliott
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:Marty Feldman
1319:
1313:Notable cases
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1202:thyroid storm
1199:
1195:
1194:birth defects
1191:
1190:complications
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:levothyroxine
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1119:thyroidectomy
1115:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1101:Thyroidectomy
1092:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1056:) and after (
1055:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
985:(in the UK),
984:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
954:
953:liver disease
950:
944:
942:
941:thyroidectomy
938:
934:
930:
920:
913:
910:
909:lagophthalmos
906:
903:
899:
895:
893:
889:
886:
882:
878:
875:
872:
871:
870:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
839:
835:
831:
825:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
788:
784:
783:Serologically
780:
776:
771:
768:
764:
760:
752:
749:
746:
744:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
724:
721:
720:
719:
711:
709:
698:
694:
691:
690:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
672:
671:
670:
666:
663:
659:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
625:
621:
616:
607:
598:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
577:
576:
570:
568:
564:
560:
550:
548:
544:
543:
538:
534:
530:
529:thyroglobulin
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
501:
499:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:hyperactivity
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
389:
384:
374:
372:
371:Robert Graves
366:
364:
360:
356:
355:beta blockers
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
322:
315:
311:
307:
306:thyroid gland
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
202:
198:
195:
192:medications,
191:
187:
183:
180:
176:
172:
169:Blood tests,
168:
166:
162:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
135:
133:
132:Complications
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
72:
68:
65:
64:Endocrinology
62:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
32:
28:
23:
5484:Mantoux test
5334:
5145:Food allergy
4870:
4768:Woltman sign
4654:
4643:
4632:
4608:
4597:
4586:
4575:
4560:
4545:
4530:
4515:
4485:
4460:. Retrieved
4451:
4442:
4430:. Retrieved
4428:(in Italian)
4425:
4415:
4396:
4390:
4376:
4366:February 21,
4364:. Retrieved
4360:
4350:
4339:. Retrieved
4325:
4314:. Retrieved
4305:
4295:
4284:. Retrieved
4270:
4259:
4250:
4239:. Retrieved
4235:the original
4224:
4213:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4152:
4144:
4137:. Retrieved
4130:
4120:
4110:
4094:
4084:December 18,
4082:. Retrieved
4078:the original
4068:
4057:. Retrieved
4055:. 2011-08-25
4043:
4032:. Retrieved
4030:. 2011-08-18
4018:
4007:. Retrieved
4005:. 2011-08-11
3993:
3982:. Retrieved
3980:. 2011-08-04
3968:
3957:. Retrieved
3953:the original
3943:
3932:. Retrieved
3928:the original
3923:
3914:
3902:. Retrieved
3897:
3888:
3869:
3863:
3852:. Retrieved
3838:
3823:
3814:
3802:. Retrieved
3798:the original
3793:
3783:
3772:. Retrieved
3763:
3753:
3745:
3739:. Retrieved
3735:
3725:
3714:. Retrieved
3709:
3700:
3691:
3681:
3670:. Retrieved
3661:
3651:
3640:. Retrieved
3629:
3619:
3607:. Retrieved
3596:
3586:
3577:
3571:
3561:November 19,
3559:. Retrieved
3545:
3535:November 19,
3533:. Retrieved
3515:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3480:
3475:
3462:
3458:
3426:(6): 335â8.
3423:
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3348:Flajani, G.
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3237:
3221:
3219:Graves, RJ.
3215:
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1662:
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1642:. Retrieved
1638:the original
1633:
1560:
1537:
1520:Act Yasukawa
1490:Daisy Ridley
1469:Conservative
1445:Keiko Masuda
1418:Yayoi Kusama
1400:Jim Hamilton
1358:exophthalmos
1354:Barbara Bush
1300:
1290:
1274:James Begbie
1267:
1262:
1260:
1252:
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1233:
1224:
1209:Epidemiology
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957:
945:
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885:conjunctivae
868:
858:, increased
848:adipogenesis
842:
838:TSH receptor
827:
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791:
781:(elevated).
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736:Exophthalmos
732:Tremor (40%)
717:
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664:
660:
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640:self-protein
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588:
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556:
540:
526:
514:TSH receptor
507:
494:
485:hypertension
463:, excessive
449:palpitations
394:
367:
332:
286:giving birth
278:
238:irritability
217:
213:
209:
208:
190:beta blocker
152:Risk factors
108:perspiration
80:irritability
51:exophthalmos
5135:Anaphylaxis
5131:(Hay fever)
5000:Enlargement
4979:Hashimoto's
4938:Thyroiditis
4912:Möbius sign
4645:MedlinePlus
4452:Mayo Clinic
4331:"Biography"
3804:January 28,
3361:Testa, AG.
2240:(1): 32â8.
1534:Italo Svevo
1433:Umm Kulthum
1370:Gail Devers
1282:Henry Marsh
1253:The German
1198:miscarriage
1062:radioiodine
1044:Radioiodine
1038:specificity
1034:sensitivity
987:methimazole
983:carbimazole
971:tachycardia
963:propranolol
933:radioiodine
844:Hypertrophy
834:fibroblasts
818:Eye disease
651:chronically
522:single-gene
469:arrhythmias
465:lacrimation
443:, frequent
433:weight loss
427:, itching,
363:methimazole
314:radioiodine
270:eye bulging
186:antithyroid
171:radioiodine
96:weight loss
30:Other names
5662:Categories
5604:Autoimmune
5493:Autoimmune
5423:Autoimmune
5266:Autoimmune
5197:Autoimmune
4984:Postpartum
4973:Autoimmune
4599:DiseasesDB
4462:1 November
4406:0375727760
4341:2015-07-16
4316:2015-10-19
4286:2016-09-10
4241:2014-08-25
4112:Storyville
4059:2020-02-01
4034:2020-02-01
4009:2020-02-01
3984:2020-02-01
3959:2013-02-27
3934:2018-04-18
3854:2014-07-27
3774:2016-09-10
3741:2018-02-22
3716:2018-02-22
3694:. Gannett.
3672:2017-01-25
3642:2013-02-27
3190:2020-12-04
3177:StatPearls
2942:(review).
2867:2016-09-10
2315:2013-02-27
2079:2020-05-29
1868:0721621902
1644:2015-04-02
1565:References
1546:Ern Malley
1527:Literature
959:ÎČ-Blockers
923:Management
767:ultrasound
636:antibodies
632:autoimmune
585:associated
445:defecation
343:iodine-131
5274:Cytotoxic
4975:/chronic
4966:Palpation
4728:Cretinism
4656:eMedicine
4615:353295004
4610:SNOMED CT
4448:"Thyroid"
4205:163967264
4139:14 August
3692:USA Today
3338:eMedicine
3150:0804-4643
3024:199388425
3008:1537-2677
2907:2235-0640
1917:CNS Drugs
1536:'s novel
1508:Mary Webb
1463:, former
1449:Pink Lady
1184:Prognosis
1126:carcinoma
1077:pregnancy
961:(such as
896:Class 4:
892:Proptosis
890:Class 3:
714:Diagnosis
601:Mechanism
563:bacterial
200:Frequency
178:Treatment
59:Specialty
5563:multiple
5561:Unknown/
5363:Type III
5327:receptor
5176:Tree nut
4989:Riedel's
4951:Subacute
4773:Myoedema
4740:Myxedema
4456:Archived
4432:25 March
4335:Archived
4310:Archived
4280:Archived
4103:Archived
3848:Archived
3830:Archived
3768:Archived
3758:Rota G.
3666:Archived
3636:Archived
3609:June 17,
3603:Archived
3555:Archived
3529:Archived
3226:Archived
3185:28846288
3158:21357288
3109:Archived
3075:25932389
3016:31373985
2968:24759725
2960:22956065
2925:27843811
2861:Archived
2836:21173898
2762:11331213
2721:24463399
2713:11298092
2677:25726089
2633:21402995
2598:15310608
2549:28492870
2438:10998666
2430:24821101
2389:15127319
2309:Archived
2264:16968395
2215:12699417
2131:19138419
2066:27797318
1986:23027804
1945:20003511
1937:17044727
1840:Archived
1800:26670972
1760:18550875
1710:24424182
1557:Research
1146:scarring
1142:hematoma
1030:antibody
1007:placenta
902:diplopia
504:Genetics
441:diarrhea
435:despite
421:sweating
409:insomnia
361:such as
298:antibody
258:diarrhea
220:, is an
71:Symptoms
5570:Foreign
5472:Foreign
5463:T cells
5454:Type IV
5377:Foreign
5252:Foreign
5223:Type II
5166:Seafood
5112:Foreign
5094:allergy
4902:lid lag
4664:ped/899
4661:med/929
4593:D006111
4197:2499528
3904:May 29,
3825:YouTube
3507:6355710
3450:9771526
3441:1296785
3066:4366772
2916:5091234
2827:3003466
2508:9669294
2488:Thyroid
2473:6548373
2354:9709909
2334:Thyroid
2255:1809723
2206:1808711
2166:8199453
2122:2654877
2024:8491150
1668:15 June
1230:History
1108:trachea
1095:Surgery
1081:nodules
1064:therapy
697:prevent
545:), and
524:cause.
510:genetic
461:lid lag
411:, hand
226:thyroid
146:Unknown
104:anxiety
5591:(I+IV)
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483:, and
479:, and
413:tremor
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5181:Wheat
5098:atopy
4571:242.0
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4551:10-CM
4541:E05.0
4201:S2CID
4193:JSTOR
3710:HRFnd
3020:S2CID
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2717:S2CID
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559:viral
491:Cause
5631:APS2
5626:APS1
5540:GVHD
5227:ADCC
5156:Milk
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4803:LEMS
4793:KDSS
4604:5419
4588:MeSH
4577:OMIM
4566:9-CM
4464:2016
4434:2020
4401:ISBN
4368:2018
4141:2024
4086:2017
3906:2020
3874:ISBN
3806:2020
3611:2023
3563:2015
3537:2015
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3181:PMID
3154:PMID
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