56:
1768:(CBT-I). Recommendations include reducing caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol consumption, maximizing the regularity and efficiency of sleep episodes, minimizing medication usage and daytime napping, the promotion of regular exercise, and the facilitation of a positive sleep environment. The creation of a positive sleep environment may also be helpful in reducing the symptoms of insomnia. On the other hand, a systematic review by the AASM concluded that clinicians should not prescribe sleep hygiene for insomnia due to the evidence of absence of its efficacy and potential delaying of adequate treatment, recommending instead that effective therapies such as CBT-i should be preferred.
2450:
1736:. Examples of such environmental modifications include using the bed for sleep and sex only, not for activities such as reading or watching television; waking up at the same time every morning, including on weekends; going to bed only when sleepy and when there is a high likelihood that sleep will occur; leaving the bed and beginning an activity in another location if sleep does not occur in a reasonably brief period of time after getting into bed (commonly ~20 min); reducing the subjective effort and energy expended trying to fall asleep; avoiding exposure to bright light during night-time hours, and eliminating daytime naps.
2505:
1552:
sleep and they must result in problems with daytime function. Hyperarousal can be linked to acute insomnia since it activates the body's fight-or-flight response. When we encounter stress or danger, our bodies naturally become more alert, which can interfere with our capacity to both fall asleep and remain asleep. This heightened state of arousal can be useful in the short term during threatening situations, but if it continues over an extended period, it can result in acute insomnia. Acute insomnia is also known as
2265:, are a class of hypnotic medications that are similar to benzodiazepines in their mechanism of action, and indicated for mild to moderate insomnia. Their effectiveness at improving time to sleeping is slight, and they have similar—though potentially less severe—side effect profiles compared to benzodiazepines. Prescribing of nonbenzodiazepines has seen a general increase since their initial release on the US market in 1992, from 2.3% in 1993 among individuals with sleep disorders to 13.7% in 2010.
407:
2344:, are used in the treatment of insomnia. However, while common, use of antipsychotics for this indication is not recommended as the evidence does not demonstrate a benefit, and the risk of adverse effects are significant. A major 2022 systematic review and network meta-analysis of medications for insomnia in adults found that quetiapine did not demonstrate any short-term benefits for insomnia. Some of the more serious adverse effects may also occur at the low doses used, such as
288:. It may result in an increased risk of accidents of all kinds as well as problems focusing and learning. Insomnia can be short term, lasting for days or weeks, or long term, lasting more than a month. The concept of the word insomnia has two possibilities: insomnia disorder (ID) and insomnia symptoms, and many abstracts of randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews often underreport on which of these two possibilities the word insomnia refers to.
1926:
to 6% among those aged 50–59, and reached 7% among those aged 80 and over. More adult women (5%) reported using prescription sleep aids than adult men (3%). Non-Hispanic white adults reported higher use of sleep aids (5%) than non-Hispanic black (3%) and
Mexican-American (2%) adults. No difference was shown between non-Hispanic black adults and Mexican-American adults in use of prescription sleep aids.
2117:
2356:, with most of the risk being driven by cardiovascular death. Laboratory data from an unpublished analysis of the same cohort also support the lack of dose-dependency of metabolic side effects, as new use of low-dose quetiapine was associated with a risk of increased fasting triglycerides at one-year follow-up. Concerns regarding side effects are greater in the elderly.
1716:, and maintaining a regular sleep schedule and a wake-up time. Behavioral therapy can assist a patient in developing new sleep behaviors to improve sleep quality and consolidation. Behavioral therapy may include, learning healthy sleep habits to promote sleep relaxation, undergoing light therapy to help with worry-reduction strategies and regulating the circadian clock.
1752:
oneself go to sleep, it relieves the performance anxiety that arises from the need or requirement to fall asleep, which is meant to be a passive act. This technique has been shown to reduce sleep effort and performance anxiety and also lower subjective assessment of sleep-onset latency and overestimation of the sleep deficit (a quality found in many insomniacs).
1873:
deliver treatment, making this effective intervention more accessible and less costly. The
Internet has already become a critical source of health-care and medical information. Although the vast majority of health websites provide general information, there is growing research literature on the development and evaluation of Internet interventions.
1450:
a secondary one;" insomnia typically predates psychiatric symptoms. "In fact, it is possible that insomnia represents a significant risk for the development of a subsequent psychiatric disorder." Insomnia occurs in between 60% and 80% of people with depression. This may partly be due to treatment used for depression.
1570:
behaviors that disrupt their sleep, such as irregular sleep schedules, spending excessive time awake in bed, or engaging in stimulating activities close to bedtime, it can lead to conditioned wakefulness contributing to chronic insomnia. People with high levels of stress hormones or shifts in the levels of
2195:
tolerance and withdrawal they can "trick" insomniacs into thinking they are helping with sleep. There is a general awareness that long-term use of benzodiazepines for insomnia in most people is inappropriate and that a gradual withdrawal is usually beneficial due to the adverse effects associated with the
2176:
medications also have a number of side-effects such as day time fatigue, motor vehicle crashes and other accidents, cognitive impairments, and falls and fractures. Elderly people are more sensitive to these side-effects. Some benzodiazepines have demonstrated effectiveness in sleep maintenance in the
2152:
medications for insomnia do not have better sleep than chronic insomniacs not taking medications. In fact, chronic users of hypnotic medications have more regular night-time awakenings than insomniacs not taking hypnotic medications. Many have concluded that these drugs cause an unjustifiable risk to
1860:
A key distinction between CBT-i and ACT lies in the divergent approaches to time spent awake in bed. Proponents of CBT-i advocate minimizing time spent awake in bed, on the basis that this creates cognitive association between being in bed and wakefulness. The ACT approach proposes that avoiding time
1739:
A component of stimulus control therapy is sleep restriction, a technique that aims to match the time spent in bed with actual time spent asleep. This technique involves maintaining a strict sleep-wake schedule, sleeping only at certain times of the day and for specific amounts of time to induce mild
702:
published a systematic review of 12 studies published from
January 2000 to April 2020 that found that adult subjects with higher gaming addiction scores were more likely to have shorter sleep quantity, poorer sleep quality, delayed sleep timing, and greater daytime sleepiness and insomnia scores than
1876:
These online programs are typically behaviorally-based treatments that have been operationalized and transformed for delivery via the
Internet. They are usually highly structured; automated or human supported; based on effective face-to-face treatment; personalized to the user; interactive; enhanced
1763:
is a common term for all of the behaviors which relate to the promotion of good sleep. They include habits which provide a good foundation for sleep and help to prevent insomnia. However, sleep hygiene alone may not be adequate to address chronic insomnia. Sleep hygiene recommendations are typically
1751:
Paradoxical intention is a cognitive reframing technique where the insomniac, instead of attempting to fall asleep at night, makes every effort to stay awake (i.e. essentially stops trying to fall asleep). One theory that may explain the effectiveness of this method is that by not voluntarily making
1663:
Medications have been used mainly to reduce symptoms in insomnia of short duration; their role in the management of chronic insomnia remains unclear. Several different types of medications may be used. Many doctors do not recommend relying on prescription sleeping pills for long-term use. It is also
1551:
is the inability to consistently sleep well for a period of less than a month. Insomnia is present when there is difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or when the sleep that is obtained is non-refreshing or of poor quality. These problems occur despite adequate opportunity and circumstances for
1514:
includes insomnia but does not fully elaborate on the symptoms compared to the DSM-5. Instead of early-morning waking as a symptom, the DSM-IV-TR listed “nonrestorative sleep” as a primary symptom. The duration of the experience was also vague in the DSM-IV-TR. The DSM-IV-TR stated that symptoms had
1449:
In many cases, insomnia is co-morbid with another disease, side-effects from medications, or a psychological problem. Approximately half of all diagnosed insomnia is related to psychiatric disorders. For those who have depression, "insomnia should be regarded as a co-morbid condition, rather than as
660:
published a systematic review of 31 studies examining associations between screen time and sleep outcomes in children younger than 5 years and found that screen time is associated with poorer sleep outcomes for children under the age of 5, with meta-analysis only confirming poor sleep outcomes among
2624:
Between 10% and 30% of adults have insomnia at any given point in time and up to half of people have insomnia in a given year, making it the most common sleep disorder. About 6% of people have insomnia that is not due to another problem and lasts for more than a month. People over the age of 65 are
2599:
With this technique, it is difficult to distinguish lack of sleep caused by a disorder which is also a cause of premature death, versus a disorder which causes a lack of sleep, and the lack of sleep causing premature death. Most of the increase in mortality from severe insomnia was discounted after
2107:
and, as a result, tend to be tired during most of the day. Another cause of insomnia in children with ADHD is the use of stimulants used to treat their disorder. Children who have ADHD then, as well as the other disorders mentioned, may be given melatonin before bedtime in order to help them sleep.
1957:
side-effects (such as dry mouth) may also be a drawback with these particular drugs. While addiction does not seem to be an issue with this class of drugs, they can induce dependence and rebound effects upon abrupt cessation of use. However, people whose insomnia is caused by restless legs syndrome
1925:
The percentage of adults using a prescription sleep aid increases with age. During 2005–2010, about 4% of U.S. adults aged 20 and over reported that they took prescription sleep aids in the past 30 days. Rates of use were lowest among the youngest age group (those aged 20–39) at about 2%, increased
1820:
have sustained and lasting effects on treating insomnia long after therapy has been discontinued. The addition of hypnotic medications with CBT-I adds no benefit in insomnia. The long lasting benefits of a course of CBT-I shows superiority over pharmacological hypnotic drugs. Even in the short term
1173:
rebound also plays a role as when someone is drinking; alcohol inhibits glutamine, one of the body's natural stimulants. When the person stops drinking, the body tries to make up for lost time by producing more glutamine than it needs. The increase in glutamine levels stimulates the brain while the
724:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies comprising 8,077 subjects that established a significant association between binge-watching and sleep problems and a stronger association between binge-watching and sleep problems was found during the COVID-19 pandemic than pre-pandemic.
2009:
properties, which contribute to both their therapeutic effects and side effect profiles, while mirtazapine's actions are primarily antihistaminergic and antiserotonergic and trazodone's effects are primarily antiadrenergic and antiserotonergic. Mirtazapine is known to decrease sleep latency (i.e.,
1731:
Stimulus control therapy is a treatment for patients who have conditioned themselves to associate the bed, or sleep in general, with a negative response. As stimulus control therapy involves taking steps to control the sleep environment, it is sometimes referred interchangeably with the concept of
1691:
Non medication based strategies provide long lasting improvements to insomnia and are recommended as a first line and long-term strategy of management. Behavioral sleep medicine (BSM) tries to address insomnia with non-pharmacological treatments. The BSM strategies used to address chronic insomnia
1403:
can be used to keep track of the individual's sleep patterns. The diary should include time to bed, total sleep time, time to sleep onset, number of awakenings, use of medications, time of awakening, and subjective feelings in the morning. The sleep diary can be replaced or validated by the use of
1398:
A qualified sleep specialist should be consulted for the diagnosis of any sleep disorder so the appropriate measures can be taken. Past medical history and a physical examination need to be done to eliminate other conditions that could be the cause of insomnia. After all other conditions are ruled
393:
Between 10% and 30% of adults have insomnia at any given point in time and up to half of people have insomnia in a given year. About 6% of people have insomnia that is not due to another problem and lasts for more than a month. People over the age of 65 are affected more often than younger people.
2189:
upon discontinuation, and long-term worsening of sleep, especially after consistent usage over long periods of time. Benzodiazepines, while inducing unconsciousness, actually worsen sleep as – like alcohol – they promote light sleep while decreasing time spent in deep sleep. A further problem is,
1357:
have been found, but the results have been inconsistent, and the implications of altered levels of such a ubiquitous neurotransmitter are unknown. Studies on whether insomnia is driven by circadian control over sleep or a wake dependent process have shown inconsistent results, but some literature
695:
published a systematic review of 49 studies investigating associations between electronic media use and various sleep outcomes among children and adolescents 15 years of age or younger that found a strong association with sleep duration and stronger evidence for an association with sleep duration
548:
often sleep for a normal amount of time. The problem is that, despite sleeping for multiple hours each night and typically not experiencing significant daytime sleepiness or other symptoms of sleep loss, they do not feel like they have slept very much, if at all. Because their perception of their
2595:
A survey of 1.1 million residents in the United States found that those that reported sleeping about 7 hours per night had the lowest rates of mortality, whereas those that slept for fewer than 6 hours or more than 8 hours had higher mortality rates. Severe insomnia – sleeping less than 3.5
1569:
lasts for longer than a month. It can be caused by another disorder, or it can be a primary disorder. Common causes of chronic insomnia include persistent stress, trauma, work schedules, poor sleep habits, medications, and other mental health disorders. When an individual consistently engages in
1727:
has demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment of insomnia with improvements in duration as well as quality of sleep. Self-help therapy (defined as a psychological therapy that can be worked through on one's own) may improve sleep quality for adults with insomnia to a small or moderate degree.
2194:
can emerge. Although there is little evidence for benefit of benzodiazepines in insomnia compared to other treatments and evidence of major harm, prescriptions have continued to increase. This is likely due to their addictive nature, both due to misuse and because – through their rapid action,
1872:
Despite the therapeutic effectiveness and proven success of CBT, treatment availability is significantly limited by a lack of trained clinicians, poor geographical distribution of knowledgeable professionals, and expense. One way to potentially overcome these barriers is to use the
Internet to
1345:
have been found suggesting increased activity of the HPA axis and arousal; second, increased global cerebral glucose utilization during wakefulness and NREM sleep in people with insomnia; and lastly, increased full body metabolism and heart rate in those with insomnia. All these findings taken
754:
published a systematic review of 42 studies that found digital media use to be associated with shorter sleep duration and poorer sleep quality and bedtime or nighttime use with poor sleep outcomes, but only found associations for general screen use, mobile phone use, computer and internet use,
784:
While insomnia can be caused by a number of conditions, it can also occur without any identifiable cause. This is known as
Primary Insomnia. Primary Insomnia may also have an initial identifiable cause, but continues after the cause is no longer present. For example, a bout of insomnia may be
2157:
and lack evidence of long-term effectiveness. It is preferred that hypnotics be prescribed for only a few days at the lowest effective dose and avoided altogether wherever possible, especially in the elderly. Between 1993 and 2010, the prescribing of benzodiazepines to individuals with sleep
617:
published a systematic review of 12 studies investigating associations between exposure to video games, sleep outcomes, and post-sleep cognitive abilities that found the data present in the studies indicated associations between a reduction in sleep duration, increased sleep onset latency,
2611:
The lowest mortality was seen in individuals who slept between six and a half and seven and a half hours per night. Even sleeping only 4.5 hours per night is associated with very little increase in mortality. Thus, mild to moderate insomnia for most people is associated with increased
2352:. Such concerns of risks at low doses are supported by Danish observational studies that showed an association of use of low-dose quetiapine (excluding prescriptions filled for tablet strengths >50 mg) with an increased risk of major cardiovascular events as compared to use of
1827:
CBT is the well-accepted form of therapy for insomnia since it has no known adverse effects, whereas taking medications to alleviate insomnia symptoms have been shown to have adverse side effects. Nevertheless, the downside of CBT is that it may take a lot of time and motivation.
719:
published a meta-analysis of 29 studies comprising 20,041 subjects that found a weak-to-moderate association between mobile phone addiction and sleep disorder and that adolescents with mobile phone addiction were at higher risk of developing sleep disorder. In August 2022, the
1664:
important to identify and treat other medical conditions that may be contributing to insomnia, such as depression, breathing problems, and chronic pain. As of 2022, many people with insomnia were reported as not receiving overall sufficient sleep or treatment for insomnia.
680:
published a systematic review of 36 cross-sectional studies and 6 longitudinal studies that found that 24 of the cross-sectional studies and 5 of the longitudinal studies established significant associations between more frequent social media use and poor sleep outcomes.
1949:. Diphenhydramine and doxylamine are widely used in nonprescription sleep aids. They are the most effective over-the-counter sedatives currently available, at least in much of Europe, Canada, Australia, and the United States, and are more sedating than some prescription
785:
triggered by a stressful work or life event. However the condition may continue after the stressful event has been resolved. In such cases, the insomnia is usually perpetuated by the anxiety or fear caused by the sleeplessness itself, rather than any external factors.
1844:
have emerged as alternative approaches to treating insomnia. ACT rejects the idea that behavioral changes can help insomniacs achieve better sleep, since they require "sleep efforts" - actions which create more "struggle" and arouse the nervous system, leading to
688:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 34 studies comprising 51,901 subjects that established significant associations between problematic gaming and sleep duration, poor sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and other sleep problems. In
September 2021,
774:
published a meta-analysis of 23 longitudinal studies comprising 116,431 adolescent subjects that found that adolescent screen time with computers, smartphones, social media, and television are positively associated with negative impacts on sleep health later in
471:
It is common for patients who have difficulty falling asleep to also have nocturnal awakenings with difficulty returning to sleep. Two-thirds of these patients wake up in the middle of the night, with more than half having trouble falling back to sleep after a
1365:
Around half of post-menopausal women experience sleep disturbances, and generally sleep disturbance is about twice as common in women as men; this appears to be due in part, but not completely, to changes in hormone levels, especially in and post-menopause.
6454:
Wilson SJ, Nutt DJ, Alford C, Argyropoulos SV, Baldwin DS, Bateson AN, et al. (November 2010). "British
Association for Psychopharmacology consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders".
652:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 studies that found positive associations between problematic smartphone use and poor sleep quality and between higher levels of problematic smartphone use and elevated risk of poor sleep quality.
1206:, are commonly used to treat insomnia in the short-term (both prescribed and self-medicated), but worsen sleep in the long-term. While benzodiazepines can put people to sleep (i.e., inhibit NREM stage 1 and 2 sleep), while asleep, the drugs disrupt
767:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies of smartphone addiction and sleep among medical students found that 57% of subjects had poor sleep and 39% of subjects had smartphone addiction with a correlation index of 0.3, while
1399:
out a comprehensive sleep history should be taken. The sleep history should include sleep habits, medications (prescription and non-prescription), alcohol consumption, nicotine and caffeine intake, co-morbid illnesses, and sleep environment. A
1333:
Two main models exists as to the mechanism of insomnia, cognitive and physiological. The cognitive model suggests rumination and hyperarousal contribute to preventing a person from falling asleep and might lead to an episode of insomnia.
1659:
is generally the first line treatment once this has been done. It has been found to be effective for chronic insomnia. The beneficial effects, in contrast to those produced by medications, may last well beyond the stopping of therapy.
1790:
in the treatment and management of insomnia. In this therapy, patients are taught improved sleep habits and relieved of counter-productive assumptions about sleep. Common misconceptions and expectations that can be modified include:
479:
Early morning awakening is an awakening occurring earlier (more than 30 minutes) than desired with an inability to go back to sleep, and before total sleep time reaches 6.5 hours. Early morning awakening is often a characteristic of
1174:
drinker is trying to sleep, keeping them from reaching the deepest levels of sleep. Stopping chronic alcohol use can also lead to severe insomnia with vivid dreams. During withdrawal, REM sleep is typically exaggerated as part of a
729:
published a systematic review of 23 studies that found that excessive use of digital screens by adolescents was associated with poor sleep quality, nighttime awakenings, long sleep latency, and daytime sleepiness. In
December 2022,
8337:
675:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies with 33,650 post-secondary student subjects that found a weak-to-moderate positive association between mobile phone addiction and poor sleep quality. In April 2021,
608:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 studies comprising 253,904 adolescent subjects that found that excessive technology use had a strong and consistent association with reduced sleep duration and prolonged
1990:, can have an immediate sedative effect, and are prescribed to treat insomnia. Trazodone was at the beginning of the 2020s the biggest prescribed drug for sleep in the United States despite not being indicated for sleep.
10658:
Suraev AS, Marshall NS, Vandrey R, McCartney D, Benson MJ, McGregor IS, et al. (October 2020). "Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies".
10044:"Comparative effects of 18 antipsychotics on metabolic function in patients with schizophrenia, predictors of metabolic dysregulation, and association with psychopathology: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
1498:
The insomnia is not better explained by and does not occur exclusively during the course of another sleep-wake disorder (e.g., narcolepsy, a breathing-related sleep disorder, a circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, a
9546:
Authier N, Boucher A, Lamaison D, Llorca PM, Descotes J, Eschalier A (2009). "Second meeting of the French CEIP (Centres d'Evaluation et d'Information sur la
Pharmacodépendance). Part II: benzodiazepine withdrawal".
1446:, are often mis-diagnosed with primary insomnia; when a person has trouble getting to sleep and awakening at desired times, but has a normal sleep pattern once asleep, a circadian rhythm disorder is a likely cause.
1475:
Difficulty maintaining sleep, characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep after awakenings. (In children, this may manifest as difficulty returning to sleep without caregiver intervention.)
8611:
Winokur A, DeMartinis NA, McNally DP, Gary EM, Cormier JL, Gary KA (October 2003). "Comparative effects of mirtazapine and fluoxetine on sleep physiology measures in patients with major depression and insomnia".
1740:
sleep deprivation. Complete treatment usually lasts up to 3 weeks and involves making oneself sleep for only a minimum amount of time that they are actually capable of on average, and then, if capable (i.e. when
11081:
11062:
11031:
2016:, a melatonergic antidepressant with claimed sleep-improving qualities that does not cause daytime drowsiness, is approved for the treatment of depression though not sleep conditions in the European Union and
709:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 studies that found a weak but statistically significant association with increased smartphone and tablet computer use and poorer sleep in early childhood.
8542:
Bertschy G, Ragama-Pardos E, Muscionico M, Aït-Ameur A, Roth L, Osiek C, et al. (January 2005). "Trazodone addition for insomnia in venlafaxine-treated, depressed inpatients: a semi-naturalistic study".
4400:
Mallawaarachchi SR, Anglim J, Hooley M, Horwood S (2022). "Associations of smartphone and tablet use in early childhood with psychosocial, cognitive and sleep factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2102:
diseases can benefit from the use of melatonin. This is because they often have trouble sleeping due to their disorders. For example, children with ADHD tend to have trouble falling asleep because of their
1125:
It has been hypothesized that epigenetics might also influence insomnia through a controlling process of both sleep regulation and brain-stress response having an impact as well on the brain plasticity.
1095:. They also have an elevated metabolic rate, which does not occur in people who do not have insomnia but whose sleep is intentionally disrupted during a sleep study. Studies of brain metabolism using
696:
between the ages of 6 and 15 years than for 5 years of age or younger, while evidence for associations between electronic media use with other sleep outcomes was more inconclusive. In December 2021,
8590:
1423:. Usually, the test is not needed to make a diagnosis, and insomnia especially for working people can often be treated by changing a job schedule to make time for sufficient sleep and by improving
10345:
2678:. Horne writes "everybody sleeps and needs to do so", and generally this appears true. However, he also relates from contemporary accounts the case of Paul Kern, who was shot in 1915 fighting in
1864:
Research has shown that "ACT has a significant effect on primary and comorbid insomnia and sleep quality, and ... can be used as an appropriate treatment method to control and improve insomnia".
2292:
and/or sleep maintenance. They are oriented towards blocking signals in the brain that stimulate wakefulness, therefore claiming to address insomnia without creating dependence. There are three
1824:
Common forms of CBT-I treatments include stimulus control therapy, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene, improved sleeping environments, relaxation training, paradoxical intention, and biofeedback.
2596:
hours in women and 4.5 hours in men – is associated with a 15% increase in mortality, while getting 8.5 or more hours of sleep per night was associated with a 15% higher mortality rate.
667:
published a systematic review of 9 studies that found a weak-to-moderate association between sleep quantity and quality and problematic smartphone use among adolescents. In October 2020, the
355:
may be done to look for underlying sleep disorders. Screening may be done with two questions: "do you experience difficulty sleeping?" and "do you have difficulty falling or staying asleep?"
6379:
10615:
Bhagavan C, Kung S, Doppen M, John M, Vakalalabure I, Oldfield K, et al. (December 2020). "Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Insomnia Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
10204:
8520:
7024:
8740:
744:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 studies comprising 36,485 subjects that found that smartphone overuse was closely associated with self-reported poor sleep quality,
362:
and lifestyle changes are typically the first treatment for insomnia. Sleep hygiene includes a consistent bedtime, a quiet and dark room, exposure to sunlight during the day and regular
1808:
Numerous studies have reported positive outcomes of combining cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia treatment with treatments such as stimulus control and the relaxation therapies.
8333:
7853:
Krystal AD (August 2009). "A compendium of placebo-controlled trials of the risks/benefits of pharmacological treatments for insomnia: the empirical basis for U.S. clinical practice".
671:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 80 studies that found that greater screen time was associated with shorter sleep duration among toddlers and preschoolers, while the
5324:
1099:
indicate that people with insomnia have higher metabolic rates by night and by day. The question remains whether these changes are the causes or consequences of long-term insomnia.
8424:
6797:
3538:
2054:
are used in the treatment of insomnia. The evidence for melatonin in treating insomnia is generally poor. There is low-quality evidence that it may speed the onset of sleep by 6
1430:
Some patients may need to do an overnight sleep study to determine if insomnia is present. Such a study will commonly involve assessment tools including a polysomnogram and the
8940:
3964:
Jiaxin Y, Xi F, Xiaoli L, Yamin L (2020). "Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
3365:"Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment"
1821:
when compared to short-term hypnotic medication such as zolpidem, CBT-I still shows significant superiority. Thus CBT-I is recommended as a first line treatment for insomnia.
1486:
The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, educational, academic, behavioral, or other important areas of functioning.
8776:
7484:
14332:
5355:
4806:
Pagano M, Bacaro V, Crocetti E (2023). ""Using digital media or sleeping … that is the question". A meta-analysis on digital media use and unhealthy sleep in adolescence".
9985:"Comparative effects of pharmacological interventions for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
1970:
are effective for treating sleep problems whether or not they are associated with depression. While all antidepressants help regulate sleep, some antidepressants, such as
10898:
Jiang XL, Zheng XY, Yang J, Ye CP, Chen YY, Zhang ZG, et al. (December 2015). "A systematic review of studies on the prevalence of insomnia in university students".
4428:
Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhang K, Lu X, Yuan G, Yang H, et al. (2022). "An updated of meta-analysis on the relationship between mobile phone addiction and sleep disorder".
6361:
738:
that found that the increased screen time during the lockdowns negatively impacted sleep duration, sleep quality, sleep onset latency, and wake time. In March 2023, the
8798:
5771:
Morin CM, Bélanger L, Bastien C, Vallières A (January 2005). "Long-term outcome after discontinuation of benzodiazepines for insomnia: a survival analysis of relapse".
4150:"Correlations between mobile phone addiction and anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and poor sleep quality among college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
3921:
Alimoradi Z, Lin CY, Broström A, Bülow PH, Bajalan Z, Griffiths MD, et al. (2019). "Internet addiction and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
1598:
Among lifestyle practices, going to sleep and waking up at the same time each day can create a steady pattern which may help to prevent insomnia. Avoidance of vigorous
4661:
Brautsch LA, Lund L, Andersen MM, Jennum PJ, Folker AP, Andersen S (2023). "Digital media use and sleep in late adolescence and young adulthood: A systematic review".
2999:
6878:
3417:
Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SM, Cunnington D (August 2015). "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
2230:
subunit is associated with sedation, motor impairment, respiratory depression, amnesia, ataxia, and reinforcing behavior (drug-seeking behavior). Modulation of the α
761:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies that established a correlation coefficient of 0.56 between nomophobia and insomnia. In September 2023,
2616:
and severe insomnia is associated only with a very small effect on mortality. It is unclear why sleeping longer than 7.5 hours is associated with excess mortality.
1265:, opioids may be appropriate in carefully selected patients with pain-associated insomnia. However, dependence on opioids can lead to long-term sleep disturbances.
9799:
5884:
2064:
While the use of melatonin in the short-term has been proven to be generally safe and it is shown to not be a dependent medication, side effects can still occur.
13399:
7124:
Riemann D, Perlis ML (June 2009). "The treatments of chronic insomnia: a review of benzodiazepine receptor agonists and psychological and behavioral therapies".
10850:
2234:
subunit is associated with anxiolytic activity and disinhibition. For this reason, certain benzodiazepines may be better suited to treat insomnia than others.
1701:
1122:
gene in both males and females. This study showed that the genetic architecture of insomnia strongly overlaps with psychiatric disorders and metabolic traits.
889:: an injury or condition that causes pain can preclude an individual from finding a comfortable position in which to fall asleep, and can also cause awakening.
7284:
7077:"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline"
8647:
Schittecatte M, Dumont F, Machowski R, Cornil C, Lavergne F, Wilmotte J (2002). "Effects of mirtazapine on sleep polygraphic variables in major depression".
8371:
877:, which can cause sleep onset insomnia due to the discomforting sensations felt and the need to move the legs or other body parts to relieve these sensations
2010:
the time it takes to fall asleep), promoting sleep efficiency and increasing the total amount of sleeping time in people with both depression and insomnia.
10142:"Use of low-dose quetiapine increases the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events: results from a nationwide active comparator-controlled cohort study"
8582:
2222:
subunit compared to alprazolam and diazepam, making them superior sedative-hypnotics – alprazolam and diazepam, in turn, have higher activity at the α
7584:
Ellis J, Hampson SE, Cropley M (May 2002). "Sleep hygiene or compensatory sleep practices: An examination of behaviours affecting sleep in older adults".
6909:
6686:
1395:. It is measured using eight different parameters related to sleep, finally represented as an overall scale which assesses an individual's sleep pattern.
1358:
suggests a deregulation of the circadian rhythm based on core temperature. Increased beta activity and decreased delta wave activity has been observed on
10321:
5034:
7520:
8173:
Ritterband LM, Gonder-Frederick LA, Cox DJ, Clifton AD, West RW, Borowitz SM (2003). "Internet interventions: In review, in use, and into the future".
280:. They may have difficulty falling asleep, or staying asleep for as long as desired. Insomnia is typically followed by daytime sleepiness, low energy,
9681:
3274:"The Association Between Insomnia and Sleep Duration in Adults With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Results From a General Population Study"
14325:
11923:
4844:
3720:
1515:
to be present for a month, whereas in the DSM-5 it stated symptoms had to be present for three months and occur at least 3 nights a week (Gillette).
1118:
that influence the risk of insomnia, and showed that insomnia is highly polygenic. In particular, a strong positive association was observed for the
7213:
4062:
Mac Cárthaigh S, Griffin C, Perry J (2020). "The relationship between sleep and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A systematic review".
3489:
1857:
to be avoided) but rather as a longer-term activity to help calm the nervous system and create the internal conditions from which sleep can emerge.
12733:
9584:"Effectiveness of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in treatment of adult insomnia: meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration"
5239:
Ouellet MC, Beaulieu-Bonneau S, Morin CM (2006). "Insomnia in patients with traumatic brain injury: frequency, characteristics, and risk factors".
5146:
2375:
have sleep-promoting effects but are not commonly used for treatment of insomnia. Gabapentin is not effective in helping alcohol related insomnia.
6365:
10490:
Kim J, Lee SL, Kang I, Song YA, Ma J, Hong YS, et al. (May 2018). "Natural Products from Single Plants as Sleep Aids: A Systematic Review".
5012:
4698:"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Correlation Coefficients between Nomophobia and Anxiety, Smartphone Addiction, and Insomnia Symptoms"
4198:
2852:
2788:
1849:. The ACT approach posits that acceptance of the negative feelings associated with insomnia can, in time, create the right conditions for sleep.
1439:
10702:
Gates PJ, Albertella L, Copeland J (December 2014). "The effects of cannabinoid administration on sleep: a systematic review of human studies".
10190:
8512:
6975:
5906:
1350:
all contributing to insomnia. However, it is unknown if the hyperarousal is a result of, or cause of insomnia. Altered levels of the inhibitory
1145:
Alcohol is often used as a form of self-treatment of insomnia to induce sleep. However, alcohol use to induce sleep can be a cause of insomnia.
13540:
8985:
8961:
8733:
2761:
12945:
9146:
4099:"The Relationships between Screen Use and Health Indicators among Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review"
2061:
Usage of melatonin as a treatment for insomnia in adults has increased from 0.4% between 1999 and 2000 to nearly 2.1% between 2017 and 2018.
1934:
As an alternative to taking prescription drugs, some evidence shows that an average person seeking short-term help may find relief by taking
6328:
5523:
5196:
Bendz LM, Scates AC (January 2010). "Melatonin treatment for insomnia in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
4614:"Dose-response analysis of smartphone usage and self-reported sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"
14771:
14318:
13557:
9850:
Maglione M, Maher AR, Hu J, Wang Z, Shanman R, Shekelle PG, et al. (Sep 2011). "Off-Label Use of Atypical Antipsychotics: An Update".
5439:
5332:
3694:
1574:
are more likely than others to have chronic insomnia. Its effects can vary according to its causes. They might include muscular weariness,
3127:
12394:
10991:
10950:
8449:
5588:"Genome-wide association analysis of insomnia complaints identifies risk genes and genetic overlap with psychiatric and metabolic traits"
4906:
4565:"Unprecedented times and uncertain connections: A systematic review examining sleep problems and screentime during the COVID-19 pandemic"
516:
6716:
12384:
11534:
9701:
Thompson W, Quay TA, Rojas-Fernandez C, Farrell B, Bjerre LM (June 2016). "Atypical antipsychotics for insomnia: a systematic review".
8829:
8413:
8375:
6789:
6234:
Soldatos CR, Dikeos DG, Paparrigopoulos TJ (June 2000). "Athens Insomnia Scale: validation of an instrument based on ICD-10 criteria".
3527:
2724:
2625:
affected more often than younger people. Females are more often affected than males. Insomnia is 40% more common in women than in men.
7832:
1530:
lasts for less than a week. It can be caused by another disorder, by changes in the sleep environment, by the timing of sleep, severe
468:
can be misdiagnosed as insomnia, as sleep onset is delayed to much later than normal while awakening spills over into daylight hours.
8932:
8088:
4942:
1777:
1765:
1676:
medication for insomnia and they may have longer lasting effects. Hypnotic medication is only recommended for short-term use because
367:
245:
9814:
14546:
8765:
2095:
1744:
improves), slowly increasing this amount (~15 min) by going to bed earlier as the body attempts to reset its internal sleep clock.
336:
5806:
Poyares D, Guilleminault C, Ohayon MM, Tufik S (1 June 2004). "Chronic benzodiazepine usage and withdrawal in insomnia patients".
1606:
a few hours before going to sleep is recommended, while exercise earlier in the day may be beneficial. Other practices to improve
1468:
Predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality, associated with one (or more) of the following symptoms:
597:
5347:
4009:"Associations of screen time, sedentary time and physical activity with sleep in under 5s: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
3589:
Kertesz RS, Cote KA (2011). "Event-related potentials during the transition to sleep for individuals with sleep-onset insomnia".
8252:
6503:"Sleep disorders and depression: brief review of the literature, case report, and nonpharmacologic interventions for depression"
3874:"Exposure to video games: effects on sleep and on post-sleep cognitive abilities. A sistematic review of experimental evidences"
1640:
Making the bedroom suitable for sleep by keeping it dark, cool, and free of devices, such as clocks, cell phones, or televisions
642:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 studies comprising 35,684 subjects that found a statistically significant
9867:
Nasrallah HA (January 2008). "Atypical antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects: insights from receptor-binding profiles".
9500:
6605:
6199:
Lord C, Sekerovic Z, Carrier J (October 2014). "Sleep regulation and sex hormones exposure in men and women across adulthood".
3567:
10369:"Gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, anxiety states, and insomnia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and rationale"
9009:
Lyseng-Williamson KA (November 2012). "Melatonin prolonged release: in the treatment of insomnia in patients aged ≥55 years".
8909:
Brasure M, MacDonald R, Fuchs E, Olson CM, Carlyle M, Diem S, et al. (December 2015). "Management of Insomnia Disorder".
8131:
6344:
Actigraphy is indicated as a method to characterize circadian patterns or sleep disturbances in individuals with insomnia, ...
1902:. In some places medications are prescribed in over 95% of cases. They, however, are a second line treatment. In 2019, the US
14676:
14276:
11916:
10985:
10944:
10433:
9530:
9494:
8806:
8379:
8154:
7405:
5712:
5180:
4900:
3674:
3649:
3473:
3121:
3006:
2829:
2629:
2604:. After controlling for sleep duration and insomnia, use of sleeping pills was also found to be associated with an increased
1386:
8208:
Cheng SK, Dizon J (2012). "Computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2218:
receptor compared to other benzodiazepines (for example, triazolam and temazepam have significantly higher activity at the α
1472:
Difficulty initiating sleep. (In children, this may manifest as difficulty initiating sleep without caregiver intervention.)
8360:
6874:
6822:
Abad VC, Guilleminault C (September 2018). "Insomnia in Elderly Patients: Recommendations for Pharmacological Management".
5671:
9052:
Lemoine P, Zisapel N (April 2012). "Prolonged-release formulation of melatonin (Circadin) for the treatment of insomnia".
8294:"Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians"
2895:"Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians"
14341:
11496:
8334:"FDA adds Boxed Warning for risk of serious injuries caused by sleepwalking with certain prescription insomnia medicines"
7785:
7630:
1273:
Insomnia affects people of all age groups but people in the following groups have a higher chance of acquiring insomnia:
9815:
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity (February 2004).
1415:
to screen for sleep disorders. This test may be indicated for patients with symptoms in addition to insomnia, including
13533:
9781:
9486:
Handbook of Integrative Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Medicine: Perspectives, Practices, and Research
5876:
4749:"The relationship between smartphone addiction and sleep among medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
3058:
2186:
1853:
practice is a key feature of this approach, although mindfulness is not practised to induce sleep (this in itself is a
1812:
medications are equally effective in the short-term treatment of insomnia, but their effects wear off over time due to
988:, can cause an inability to sleep at some times of the day and excessive sleepiness at other times of the day. Chronic
740:
705:
14703:
14588:
14534:
12650:
8409:
3523:
1837:
734:
published a systematic review of 18 studies investigating associations between sleep problems and screen time during
27:
10842:
10572:
Wheatley D (July 2005). "Medicinal plants for insomnia: a review of their pharmacology, efficacy and tolerability".
9631:
Jacobson LH, Hoyer D, de Lecea L (January 2022). "Hypocretins (orexins): The ultimate translational neuropeptides".
14666:
14293:
11909:
11374:
11369:
11341:
9795:
9777:
7296:
2210:. Some theorize that certain benzodiazepines (hypnotic benzodiazepines) have significantly higher activity at the α
2196:
2035:
found the safety of taking antidepressants for insomnia to be uncertain with no evidence supporting long term use.
797:
291:
Insomnia can occur independently or as a result of another problem. Conditions that can result in insomnia include
7704:"Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial and direct comparison"
14435:
11529:
11486:
11460:
11219:
989:
971:
880:
10225:
Conn DK, Madan R (2006). "Use of sleep-promoting medications in nursing home residents: risks versus benefits".
7048:"NIH State-of-the-Science Conference Statement on manifestations and management of chronic insomnia in adults".
14450:
6901:
6682:
3223:"Unclear Insomnia Concept in Randomized Controlled Trials and Systematic Reviews: A Meta-Epidemiological Study"
2381:, while once used, are no longer recommended for insomnia due to the risk of addiction and other side effects.
1337:
The physiological model is based upon three major findings in people with insomnia; firstly, increased urinary
947:
757:
715:
55:
8690:
Le Strat Y, Gorwood P (September 2008). "Agomelatine, an innovative pharmacological response to unmet needs".
5635:
Palagini L, Biber K, Riemann D (June 2014). "The genetics of insomnia – evidence for epigenetic mechanisms?".
5038:
1782:
There is some evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is superior in the long-term to
1655:
It is recommended to rule out medical and psychological causes before deciding on the treatment for insomnia.
13526:
11801:
11609:
11471:
2682:
and then "never slept again" until his death in 1955. Kern appears to be a completely isolated, unique case.
2508:
1111:
955:
11048:
1157:
and REM sleep fragmentation. Frequent moving between sleep stages occurs with; awakenings due to headaches,
14691:
14529:
14389:
11481:
11409:
11254:
9674:
7998:
Salari N, Khazaie H, Hosseinian-Far A, Khaledi-Paveh B, Ghasemi H, Mohammadi M, et al. (August 2020).
7988:
Meadows, G. (2015) The sleep book: How to sleep well every night. London, UK: Orion Publishing Group, p.2-7
5932:
Lichstein KL, Taylor DJ, McCrae CS, Ruiter ME (November 2010). "Insomnia: epidemiology and risk factors.".
5841:
Asaad TA, Ghanem MH, Samee AM, El-Habiby MM (2011). "Sleep Profile in Patients with Chronic Opioid Abuse".
5586:
Hammerschlag AR, Stringer S, de Leeuw CA, Sniekers S, Taskesen E, Watanabe K, et al. (November 2017).
3497:
1903:
1804:
Performance anxiety after trying for so long to have a good night's sleep by controlling the sleep process.
1656:
1592:
1443:
1254:
1096:
943:
582:
473:
465:
430:
219:
10452:
Leach MJ, Page AT (December 2015). "Herbal medicine for insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
4852:
3716:
386:. These medications are not recommended for more than four or five weeks. The effectiveness and safety of
14362:
13421:
13071:
11614:
7205:
6931:
Wortelboer U, Cohrs S, Rodenbeck A, Rüther E (2002). "Tolerability of hypnosedatives in older patients".
3363:
Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, Carney CE, Harrington JJ, Lichstein KL, et al. (February 2021).
2226:
subunit compared to triazolam and temazepam, making them superior anxiolytic agents). Modulation of the α
2084:
1538:. Its consequences – sleepiness and impaired psychomotor performance – are similar to those of
1431:
1092:
931:
770:
570:
14178:
9983:
De Crescenzo F, D'Alò GL, Ostinelli EG, Ciabattini M, Di Franco V, Watanabe N, et al. (July 2022).
5142:
3278:
Journal of clinical sleep medicine: JCSM: official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine
14377:
14252:
14014:
13976:
13956:
13176:
12990:
11476:
7003:
2860:
2796:
2449:
2418:
2414:
2273:
2043:
2020:. After trials in the United States, its development for use there was discontinued in October 2011 by
1681:
578:
4300:"Electronic media use and sleep in children and adolescents in western countries: a systematic review"
646:
for sleep problems and reduced sleep duration for subjects with internet addiction. In February 2020,
14561:
13792:
12827:
11692:
11501:
11449:
11424:
8414:"Evaluating Newer Sleeping Pills Used to Treat: Insomnia. Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price"
2058:
minutes. Ramelteon does not appear to speed the onset of sleep or the amount of sleep a person gets.
1531:
858:
545:
544:
Some cases of insomnia are not really insomnia in the traditional sense, because people experiencing
539:
481:
20:
9959:. Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 43. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
9181:"The efficacy and safety of drug treatments for chronic insomnia in adults: a meta-analysis of RCTs"
8000:"The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on insomnia and sleep quality: A systematic review"
5960:
Billings ME, Cohen RT, Baldwin CM, Johnson DA, Palen BN, Parthasarathy S, et al. (March 2021).
5910:
5008:
4199:"Interplay between social media use, sleep quality, and mental health in youth: A systematic review"
2753:
1877:
by graphics, animations, audio, and possibly video; and tailored to provide follow-up and feedback.
1087:
have suggested that people who have sleep disruption have elevated night-time levels of circulating
14766:
14718:
14708:
14455:
14234:
13938:
13153:
12967:
11249:
11112:
7456:
Lande RG, Gragnani C (December 2010). "Nonpharmacologic approaches to the management of insomnia".
5463:"Interactions between sleep, stress, and metabolism: From physiological to pathological conditions"
2141:
1250:
1146:
619:
162:
9154:
3841:"Sleep problems in excessive technology use among adolescent: a systemic review and meta-analysis"
3528:"Evaluating New Sleeping Pills Used to Treat: Insomnia Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price"
14539:
14499:
14477:
14281:
11789:
11570:
11379:
10042:
Pillinger T, McCutcheon RA, Vano L, Mizuno Y, Arumuham A, Hindley G, et al. (January 2020).
8830:"Servier and Novartis sign licensing agreement for agomelatine, a novel treatment for depression"
6287:
5511:
3330:
1052:
917:, emotional or mental tension, work problems, financial stress, birth of a child, and bereavement
485:
157:
10425:
7745:"Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: a randomized controlled trial"
7541:
Kierlin L (November 2008). "Sleeping without a pill: nonpharmacologic treatments for insomnia".
5431:
3690:
3272:
Wynchank D, Ten Have M, Bijlenga D, Penninx BW, Beekman AT, Lamers F, et al. (2018-03-15).
1741:
14696:
14651:
14576:
14445:
14367:
14022:
13286:
13225:
13039:
11999:
11885:
11434:
11269:
10528:
Meolie AL, Rosen C, Kristo D, Kohrman M, Gooneratne N, Aguillard RN, et al. (April 2005).
10367:
Hong JS, Atkinson LZ, Al-Juffali N, Awad A, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM, et al. (March 2022).
10274:"Drugs for Insomnia beyond Benzodiazepines: Pharmacology, Clinical Applications, and Discovery"
9179:
Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Friesen C, Bialy L, Tubman M, Ospina M, et al. (September 2007).
4522:
da Silva SS, da Silveira MA, de Almeida HC, do Nascimento MC, Dos Santos MA, Heimer MV (2022).
4013:
3641:
3111:
2329:
2047:
1008:
874:
755:
internet, and social media and not for television, game console, and tablet use. In July 2023,
488:, compulsive worrying about the future, feeling overstimulated, and overanalyzing past events.
394:
Women are more often affected than men. Descriptions of insomnia occur at least as far back as
214:
11163:
11044:
10975:
10934:
10530:"Oral nonprescription treatment for insomnia: an evaluation of products with limited evidence"
8457:
7421:
van Straten A, Cuijpers P (February 2009). "Self-help therapy for insomnia: a meta-analysis".
7395:
5702:
4890:
2674:
have published stories about people who supposedly never sleep, such as that of Thái Ngọc and
14740:
14671:
14656:
14619:
13207:
13021:
11707:
11439:
11056:
11052:
11040:
8513:"Restless Legs Syndrome Fact Sheet | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"
7653:"Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review"
6708:
4524:"Use of digital screens by adolescents and association on sleep quality: a systematic review"
3461:
2819:
2712:
2288:, all of which are FDA-approved for treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with
1705:
1392:
1140:
312:
223:
193:
8833:
5512:"New Research on Insomnia: Sleep Disorders May Precede or Exacerbate Psychiatric Conditions"
3957:
2956:
1918:, due to concerns about serious injuries resulting from abnormal sleep behaviors, including
14609:
14604:
14494:
14430:
14415:
14399:
14394:
13356:
12874:
11861:
10328:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 17 October 2022.
10322:"Review finds little evidence to support gabapentinoid use in bipolar disorder or insomnia"
10093:"Dose-dependent effects of antipsychotics on efficacy and adverse effects in schizophrenia"
8855:
Everitt H, Baldwin DS, Stuart B, Lipinska G, Mayers A, Malizia AL, et al. (May 2018).
7812:
6974:
van Straten A, van der Zweerde T, Kleiboer A, Cuijpers P, Morin CM, Lancee J (April 2018).
6360:
4760:
1745:
1713:
1712:. Some examples are keeping a journal, restricting the time spent awake in bed, practicing
1709:
1677:
1359:
1041:
663:
590:
586:
292:
231:
173:
8096:
4938:
3221:
Banno M, Tsujimoto Y, Kohmura K, Dohi E, Taito S, Someko H, et al. (September 2022).
8:
14661:
14489:
14186:
14140:
13709:
12842:
12837:
12404:
11961:
11856:
11846:
11312:
11212:
11085:
2182:
1442:, 81 major sleep disorder diagnostic categories. Patients with some disorders, including
1066:
Increased exposure to the blue light from artificial sources, such as phones or computers
1061:
939:
927:
910:
648:
610:
550:
351:. Diagnosis is based on sleep habits and an examination to look for underlying causes. A
10771:
10738:
9912:
Coe HV, Hong IS (May 2012). "Safety of low doses of quetiapine when used for insomnia".
4783:
4764:
4748:
4724:
4697:
4689:
2158:
disorders has decreased from 24% to 11% in the US, coinciding with the first release of
2024:, who had bought the rights to market it there from the European pharmaceutical company
883:(PLMD), which occurs during sleep and can cause arousals of which the sleeper is unaware
460:
insomnia is difficulty falling asleep at the beginning of the night, often a symptom of
14624:
14357:
14070:
13273:
12703:
12619:
11984:
11866:
11619:
11519:
11384:
11106:
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11094:
11090:
10684:
10640:
10597:
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10393:
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10337:
10303:
10250:
10166:
10141:
10122:
10068:
10043:
10024:
9937:
9892:
9759:
9656:
9608:
9583:
9582:
Huedo-Medina TB, Kirsch I, Middlemass J, Klonizakis M, Siriwardena AN (December 2012).
9392:
9368:"Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefits"
9367:
9343:
9318:
9296:
9253:
9205:
9180:
9123:
9096:
9077:
9034:
8881:
8856:
8715:
8672:
8489:
8472:
8233:
8190:
8049:
Edinger JD, Means MK (July 2005). "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for primary insomnia".
8026:
7999:
7963:
7938:
7914:
7889:
7679:
7652:
7601:
7566:
7554:
7512:
7485:"The effects of light therapy on sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
7371:
7346:
7265:
7101:
7076:
7016:
6956:
6847:
6765:
6738:
6659:
6632:
6529:
6502:
6480:
6426:
6401:
6315:
6181:
6133:
6108:
6084:
6059:
6035:
6010:
5986:
5961:
5941:
5858:
5753:
5741:
5612:
5587:
5563:
5538:
5487:
5462:
5403:
5378:
5300:
5283:
5264:
5221:
5119:
5094:
4638:
4613:
4589:
4564:
4499:
4472:
4453:
4377:
4350:
4326:
4299:
4275:
4248:
4229:
4174:
4149:
4125:
4098:
4079:
4039:
4008:
3989:
3946:
3898:
3873:
3816:
3791:
3767:
3634:
3614:
3442:
3389:
3364:
3306:
3249:
3222:
3082:
3053:
2968:
1207:
735:
140:
65:
14310:
11098:
10059:
10001:
9984:
7323:
6583:
6570:
Roth T, Roehrs T (2003). "Insomnia: epidemiology, characteristics, and consequences".
6247:
4964:
Taylor DJ, Mallory LJ, Lichstein KL, Durrence HH, Riedel BW, Bush AJ (February 2007).
2504:
1502:
The insomnia is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a
14761:
14504:
14420:
13753:
13717:
13675:
12666:
12624:
12457:
12132:
12127:
11876:
11123:
10981:
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10915:
10824:
10776:
10719:
10688:
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10644:
10632:
10589:
10551:
10507:
10469:
10429:
10398:
10341:
10295:
10242:
10238:
10171:
10126:
10114:
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10028:
10016:
9960:
9929:
9896:
9884:
9855:
9838:
9718:
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9397:
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2170:
2159:
1994:
1787:
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1564:
1539:
1057:
864:
803:
745:
703:
subjects with lower gaming addiction scores and non-gamer subjects. In January 2022,
691:
438:
419:
285:
201:
150:
124:
10601:
10254:
9300:
9257:
9081:
8719:
8676:
8583:"Idorsia petitions DEA to de-schedule its insomnia drug—plus Merck and Eisai rivals"
8237:
7939:"Improving sleep with mindfulness and acceptance: a metacognitive model of insomnia"
7570:
7269:
6960:
6851:
6609:
6484:
6288:"Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults"
6185:
6109:"Insomnia: Prevalence, Impact, Pathogenesis, Differential Diagnosis, and Evaluation"
5862:
5268:
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5757:
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4709:
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4362:
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3193:
3077:
3067:
2952:
2906:
2481:
2006:
1935:
1697:
1546:
1535:
1351:
1031:
977:
935:
505:
461:
358:
Although their efficacy as first line treatments is not unequivocally established,
81:
9817:"Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes"
8194:
6976:"Cognitive and behavioral therapies in the treatment of insomnia: A meta-analysis"
6739:"Acute and Chronic Insomnia: What Has Time and/or Hyperarousal Got to Do with It?"
6633:"Acute and Chronic Insomnia: What Has Time and/or Hyperarousal Got to Do with It?"
5728:
Ashton H (May 2005). "The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence".
4473:"Binge-Watching and Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
3755:
1373:
in both men and women as they age may account in part for increased prevalence of
14566:
14460:
14440:
14372:
14084:
13878:
13854:
13832:
13807:
13773:
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13392:
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12770:
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12661:
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11647:
11594:
11354:
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11117:
10269:
9790:
9786:
9484:
9065:
8404:
7720:
7703:
6374:
6370:
6212:
6169:
5962:"Disparities in Sleep Health and Potential Intervention Models: A Focused Review"
5854:
4773:
4580:
4414:
3602:
3518:
3148:
2485:
2465:
2309:
2191:
2129:
2091:
2032:
1998:
1954:
1942:
1895:
1861:
in bed may increase the pressure to sleep and arouse the nervous system further.
1724:
1720:
1412:
1211:
1084:
1072:
1017:
1004:
923:
835:
698:
623:
509:
304:
185:
11940:
9955:
Maglione M, Maher AR, Hu J, Wang Z, Shanman R, Shekelle PG, et al. (2011).
9714:
9383:
5977:
5679:
5478:
3346:
14686:
14646:
14636:
14287:
14197:
14064:
13873:
13757:
13572:
13212:
13140:
13026:
12937:
12887:
12831:
12802:
12791:
12775:
12671:
12152:
12097:
11994:
11979:
11949:
11816:
11687:
11629:
11332:
11232:
11205:
11128:
10911:
10715:
10672:
10628:
10465:
10384:
10333:
9560:
8556:
8186:
8016:
7954:
7905:
7866:
7500:
7434:
7137:
6994:
6737:
Vargas I, Nguyen AM, Muench A, Bastien CH, Ellis JG, Perlis ML (January 2020).
6631:
Vargas I, Nguyen AM, Muench A, Bastien CH, Ellis JG, Perlis ML (January 2020).
6124:
5784:
5648:
4714:
4674:
4464:
4316:
4217:
4030:
3934:
3889:
2661:
2641:
2605:
2461:
2402:
2394:
2301:
2203:
2178:
2166:
2145:
2137:
2125:
2002:
1967:
1938:
1813:
1783:
1685:
1624:
1579:
1435:
1374:
1342:
1303:
1297:
1187:
1175:
631:
566:
549:
sleep is incomplete, they incorrectly believe it takes them an abnormally long
395:
332:
273:
249:
133:
11075:
10819:
10802:
10109:
10092:
9319:"Trends in prescribing of sedative-hypnotic medications in the USA: 1993–2010"
9228:
Ohayon MM, Caulet M (May 1995). "Insomnia and psychotropic drug consumption".
9196:
9022:
8062:
7797:
7622:
7597:
6835:
6417:
6156:
Shaver JL, Woods NF (August 2015). "Sleep and menopause: a narrative review".
5537:
Lind MJ, Aggen SH, Kirkpatrick RM, Kendler KS, Amstadter AB (September 2015).
5110:
4819:
4540:
4523:
4441:
4367:
4265:
3857:
3840:
530:, excessive night-time urination, can also result in a poor quality of sleep.
14755:
14641:
14631:
14238:
14206:
14112:
14048:
13942:
13903:
13842:
13827:
13817:
13778:
13739:
13735:
13713:
13622:
13612:
13465:
13455:
13445:
13414:
13334:
13199:
13158:
13013:
12972:
12907:
12812:
12765:
12760:
12738:
12698:
12576:
12561:
12313:
12308:
12298:
12215:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12092:
12082:
12077:
12067:
12047:
11989:
11901:
11794:
11642:
11599:
11549:
11544:
11317:
10585:
9833:
9816:
9763:
8703:
7890:"Adherence to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review"
6755:
6649:
6606:"Insomnia – sleeplessness, chronic insomnia, acute insomnia, mental ..."
6468:
6026:
5325:"The epidemiological survey of exercise-induced insomnia in chinese athletes"
4982:
4965:
4075:
3297:
2671:
2438:
2406:
2364:
2154:
2104:
1971:
1841:
1760:
1733:
1693:
1607:
1575:
1503:
1424:
1346:
together suggest a deregulation of the arousal system, cognitive system, and
1037:
951:
869:
635:
497:
484:. Anxiety symptoms may well lead to insomnia. Some of these symptoms include
371:
359:
300:
241:
181:
11197:
11071:
9284:
7761:
7744:
7669:
4165:
4141:
3273:
3239:
1419:, obesity, a thick neck diameter, or high-risk fullness of the flesh in the
424:
Waking during the night, being unable to return to sleep and waking up early
406:
14735:
14728:
14723:
14467:
14262:
14246:
14075:
13984:
13966:
13950:
13928:
13923:
13888:
13821:
13811:
13788:
13743:
13637:
13507:
13409:
13404:
13314:
13217:
13168:
13103:
13031:
12982:
12927:
12922:
12728:
12645:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12594:
12589:
12551:
12447:
12437:
12369:
12283:
12225:
12210:
12112:
12072:
12062:
12042:
12037:
12027:
12017:
11762:
11539:
11524:
10919:
10828:
10801:
Kripke DF, Garfinkel L, Wingard DL, Klauber MR, Marler MR (February 2002).
10780:
10723:
10680:
10636:
10593:
10555:
10511:
10473:
10402:
10299:
10246:
10175:
10118:
10077:
10020:
9964:
9933:
9888:
9859:
9842:
9722:
9652:
9617:
9568:
9469:
9401:
9352:
9292:
9214:
9132:
9073:
9030:
8918:
8890:
8711:
8668:
8633:
8564:
8498:
8387:
8319:
8271:
8229:
8127:
8070:
8035:
7972:
7923:
7888:
Matthews EE, Arnedt JT, McCarthy MS, Cuddihy LJ, Aloia MS (December 2013).
7874:
7828:
7770:
7729:
7688:
7562:
7508:
7469:
7442:
7380:
7331:
7261:
7191:
7145:
7110:
7061:
7012:
6952:
6843:
6774:
6668:
6591:
6538:
6476:
6435:
6324:
6255:
6220:
6177:
6142:
6093:
6044:
5995:
5827:
5792:
5749:
5656:
5621:
5572:
5496:
5412:
5309:
5260:
5217:
5128:
5076:
5063:
Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (August 2007). "Treatment options for insomnia".
4991:
4792:
4733:
4682:
4647:
4598:
4549:
4508:
4489:
4449:
4386:
4335:
4284:
4225:
4183:
4134:
4115:
4048:
4007:
Janssen X, Martin A, Hughes AR, Hill CM, Kotronoulas G, Hesketh KR (2020).
3985:
3942:
3907:
3825:
3763:
3610:
3438:
3398:
3315:
3258:
3207:
3198:
3179:
3091:
2964:
2920:
2454:
2434:
2345:
2313:
2285:
2099:
1987:
1919:
1889:
1846:
1107:
1060:: exercise-induced insomnia is common in athletes in the form of prolonged
1000:
896:
839:
434:
344:
296:
281:
177:
10884:
10503:
10290:
10273:
9880:
9738:"Off-label use of atypical antipsychotic agents for treatment of insomnia"
9428:
9249:
9113:
8095:. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Archived from
7182:
7165:
6973:
6075:
4521:
14681:
14256:
14173:
14154:
14107:
14080:
14060:
14032:
14004:
13994:
13989:
13960:
13918:
13908:
13893:
13863:
13846:
13802:
13767:
13731:
13727:
13684:
13647:
13627:
13597:
13592:
13582:
13492:
13436:
13431:
13387:
13361:
13319:
13296:
13281:
13240:
13186:
13054:
13000:
12950:
12917:
12902:
12862:
12723:
12718:
12713:
12584:
12566:
12556:
12485:
12465:
12427:
12303:
12240:
12235:
12180:
12165:
12137:
12102:
12087:
12022:
12009:
11974:
11821:
11697:
11637:
11589:
11584:
11575:
11414:
11364:
11359:
11241:
11158:
10011:
8625:
7075:
Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, Neubauer DN, Heald JL (February 2017).
2679:
2601:
2493:
2489:
2426:
2422:
2390:
2378:
2349:
2341:
2305:
2289:
2281:
2262:
2087:
may improve quality of sleep in older people with minimal side effects.
2013:
1979:
1907:
1850:
1635:
1416:
1400:
1370:
1226:
1210:: decreasing sleep time, delaying time to REM sleep, and decreasing deep
1166:
1162:
831:
793:
562:
501:
457:
352:
348:
227:
207:
11023:
10871:
Lamberg L (2007). "Several Sleep Disorders Reflect Gender Differences".
10762:
9982:
9754:
9737:
8541:
7997:
7345:
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4828:
3742:
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1408:
for a week or more, using a non-invasive device that measures movement.
14614:
14484:
14472:
14425:
14382:
14214:
14182:
14168:
14145:
14120:
14116:
14088:
14056:
14052:
13999:
13933:
13883:
13868:
13796:
13652:
13632:
13617:
13587:
13577:
13518:
13487:
13460:
13450:
13371:
13351:
13324:
13259:
13235:
13230:
13113:
13108:
13098:
13088:
13049:
13044:
12955:
12897:
12882:
12693:
12599:
12495:
12475:
12442:
12432:
12422:
12412:
12379:
12361:
12346:
12293:
12288:
12250:
12245:
12220:
12205:
12175:
12170:
12160:
12142:
11880:
11826:
11806:
11604:
11580:
11511:
11429:
11322:
11292:
11287:
11277:
11185:
11180:
10546:
10529:
10200:
9644:
9366:
Glass J, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N, Sproule BA, Busto UE (November 2005).
9317:
Kaufmann CN, Spira AP, Alexander GC, Rutkow L, Mojtabai R (June 2016).
6519:
6306:
6286:
Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M (October 2008).
5554:
5394:
4629:
3072:
2410:
2372:
2368:
2337:
2333:
2297:
2277:
1946:
1880:
There is good evidence for the use of computer based CBT for insomnia.
1420:
1405:
1195:
1191:
1027:
981:
811:
643:
574:
320:
129:
10157:
10140:
Højlund M, Andersen K, Ernst MT, Correll CU, Hallas J (October 2022).
9925:
9599:
9581:
8660:
8221:
7092:
5209:
3380:
3358:
3356:
3289:
2276:
are a more recently introduced class of sleep medications and include
418:
Difficulty falling asleep, including difficulty finding a comfortable
14229:
14210:
14158:
14135:
14102:
14027:
13898:
13763:
13699:
13667:
13662:
13642:
13602:
13497:
13291:
13181:
13148:
13083:
12995:
12960:
12912:
12755:
12708:
12515:
12500:
12490:
12480:
12389:
12351:
12341:
12333:
12318:
12275:
12265:
12260:
12230:
12185:
12122:
12057:
11890:
11841:
11836:
11702:
11664:
11401:
11307:
11297:
11282:
11169:
11134:
10195:(Thesis). Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet.
9334:
8391:
8310:
8293:
7483:
van Maanen A, Meijer AM, van der Heijden KB, Oort FJ (October 2016).
7252:
7235:
6271:
Passarella, S, Duong, M. "Diagnosis and treatment of insomnia." 2008.
4471:
Alimoradi Z, Jafari E, Potenza MN, Lin CY, Wu CY, Pakpour AH (2022).
4349:
Kemp C, Pienaar PR, Rosslee DT, Lipinska G, Roden LC, Rae DE (2021).
4249:"Problematic Gaming and Sleep: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
3807:
3430:
2911:
2894:
2675:
2613:
2473:
2258:
2121:
2051:
2017:
1983:
1511:
1258:
1242:
1230:
1199:
1170:
1154:
1110:
estimates of insomnia vary between 38% in males to 59% in females. A
996:
900:
847:
807:
383:
316:
308:
189:
8292:
Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD (July 2016).
8172:
5603:
5585:
2893:
Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD (July 2016).
1953:. Antihistamine effectiveness for sleep may decrease over time, and
14224:
14218:
14162:
14124:
14096:
13694:
13689:
13657:
13607:
13549:
13481:
13472:
13366:
13118:
12847:
12817:
12743:
12678:
12533:
12510:
12505:
12470:
12323:
12255:
12117:
12032:
11936:
11932:
11757:
11732:
11652:
11444:
9854:. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
8913:. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
8361:"Prescription sleep aid use among adults: United States, 2005-2010"
7482:
4612:
Chu Y, Oh Y, Gwon M, Hwang S, Jeong H, Kim HW, et al. (2023).
4022:
3353:
2477:
2430:
2254:
2250:
2173:
2149:
2021:
1950:
1915:
1911:
1899:
1809:
1673:
1628:
1603:
1571:
1495:
The sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep.
1347:
1338:
1293:
1262:
1246:
1234:
1203:
1158:
1088:
1023:
963:
854:
823:
819:
763:
527:
520:
379:
375:
363:
328:
324:
277:
146:
11139:
9700:
7702:
Jacobs GD, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R, Otto MW (September 2004).
5284:"Self management of fatal familial insomnia. Part 1: what is FFI?"
4696:
Daraj LR, AlGhareeb M, Almutawa YM, Trabelsi K, Jahrami H (2023).
4399:
3329:
Cortesi F, Giannotti F, Ivanenko A, Johnson K (July–August 2010).
2190:
with regular use of short-acting sleep aids for insomnia, daytime
1591:
Prevention and treatment of insomnia may require a combination of
14713:
14242:
13946:
13749:
13721:
13426:
13163:
12977:
12852:
12748:
12655:
12374:
12107:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11752:
11657:
11491:
11391:
11349:
11302:
8646:
6902:"Insomnia (Acute & Chronic): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment"
4534:(10). Sérgio Arouca National School of Public Health: e00300721.
4477:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
4103:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3792:"(Mis)perception of sleep in insomnia: a puzzle and a resolution"
3227:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2353:
2317:
2025:
1975:
1438:
are qualified to diagnose disorders within the, according to the
1013:
985:
914:
892:
827:
722:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
669:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
627:
442:
19:
This article is about the sleeping disorder. For other uses, see
9776:
9525:. Georgetown, Tex.: Landes Bioscience/Eurekah.com. p. 127.
9523:
Sleep and sleep disorders: a neuropsychopharmacological approach
9230:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
7344:
7164:
Merrigan JM, Buysse DJ, Bird JC, Livingston EH (February 2013).
4247:
Kristensen JH, Pallesen S, King DL, Hysing M, Erevik EK (2021).
14551:
14150:
13679:
13477:
12629:
12525:
11851:
11737:
11066:
11035:
9094:
6378:, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,
5805:
3328:
3271:
2664:
2398:
2389:
Medications for the treatment of insomnia have a wide range of
2246:
2136:
The most commonly used class of hypnotics for insomnia are the
1222:
1214:(the most restorative part of sleep for both energy and mood).
1077:
1051:-based, permanent and eventually fatal form of insomnia called
959:
613:
for adolescents 14 years of age or older. Also in August 2018,
508:. Poor sleep quality is defined as the individual not reaching
340:
63:
Depiction of insomnia from the 14th century medical manuscript
10657:
7701:
7236:"Insomnia causes, consequences, and therapeutics: an overview"
6930:
6285:
5379:"Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences"
4963:
4695:
3054:"Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences"
2177:
short term but in the longer term benzodiazepines can lead to
13502:
12822:
11747:
11565:
11228:
10800:
10041:
9178:
7887:
7786:"Cognitive Behavior Therapy vs. Pharmacotherapy for Insomnia"
7743:
Morin CM, Colecchi C, Stone J, Sood R, Brink D (March 1999).
7650:
6233:
5770:
4196:
2720:
1817:
1462:
1453:
Determination of causation is not necessary for a diagnosis.
1119:
1115:
1048:
788:
Symptoms of insomnia can be caused by or be associated with:
515:
Major depression leads to alterations in the function of the
9545:
9316:
8854:
8610:
7282:
7163:
6554:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5
6453:
5238:
4297:
4246:
1672:
Non-medication based strategies have comparable efficacy to
1634:
Finding soothing ways to relax into sleep, including use of
1523:
Insomnia can be classified as transient, acute, or chronic.
1280:
History of mental health disorder including depression, etc.
14130:
13783:
11969:
10139:
9520:
9365:
8291:
7074:
6556:. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
6362:
American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
5959:
5931:
5536:
4351:"Sleep in Habitual Adult Video Gamers: A Systematic Review"
3669:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 16.
3362:
3184:
2892:
2469:
2116:
1489:
The sleep difficulty occurs at least three nights per week.
1411:
Workers who complain of insomnia should not routinely have
1354:
1238:
1150:
967:
906:
886:
843:
815:
427:
Not able to focus on daily tasks, difficulty in remembering
108:
105:
10366:
8908:
7651:
Mitchell MD, Gehrman P, Perlis M, Umscheid CA (May 2012).
5539:"A Longitudinal Twin Study of Insomnia Symptoms in Adults"
5348:"Q&A: Why Is Blue Light before Bedtime Bad for Sleep?"
4660:
4348:
1492:
The sleep difficulty is present for at least three months.
1478:
Early-morning awakening with inability to return to sleep.
496:
Poor sleep quality can occur as a result of, for example,
96:
11831:
11727:
10192:
Low-dose Quetiapine: Utilization and Cardiometabolic Risk
6736:
6630:
5840:
5171:
Geddes J, Price J, McKnight R, Gelder M, Mayou R (2012).
5170:
5037:. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Archived from
4470:
4061:
3920:
3667:
Insomnia: A Clinician's Guide to Assessment and Treatment
3416:
3220:
2480:, have been used to treat insomnia. However, there is no
1615:
920:
Gastrointestinal issues such as heartburn or constipation
84:
10527:
9476:
5035:"Restless Legs Syndrome/Periodic Limb Movement Disorder"
3110:
Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA, First MB, Riba M (2015).
14340:
10803:"Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia"
10737:
Cheuk DK, Yeung WF, Chung KF, Wong V (September 2012).
10701:
5003:
5001:
4966:"Comorbidity of chronic insomnia with medical problems"
4006:
3640:. Caddo, OK: Professional Communications, Inc. p.
3109:
2484:
that they are effective and safe. The same is true for
26:"Trouble sleeping" redirects here. For other uses, see
10614:
7742:
5092:
1022:
Abuse of over-the-counter or prescription sleep aids (
13342:
9782:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
9630:
9095:
Sánchez-Barceló EJ, Mediavilla MD, Reiter RJ (2011).
7695:
6366:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
6267:
6265:
5099:
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
5093:
Santoro N, Epperson CN, Mathews SB (September 2015).
4197:
Alonzo R, Hussain J, Stranges S, Anderson KK (2021).
2943:
Wilson JF (January 2008). "In the clinic. Insomnia".
2090:
Studies have also shown that children who are on the
102:
93:
87:
11013:
10415:
8250:
7206:"Sleep Statistics - Facts and Data About Sleep 2022"
6198:
5634:
5460:
5058:
5056:
4998:
4805:
4298:
Lund L, Sølvhøj IN, Danielsen D, Andersen S (2021).
1831:
553:, and they underestimate how long they stay asleep.
10977:
Sleeplessness Assessing Sleep Need in Society Today
10936:
Sleeplessness Assessing Sleep Need in Society Today
10736:
10314:
9957:
Off-Label Use of Atypical Antipsychotics: An Update
9954:
9849:
8775:. Servier Laboratories Pty Ltd. 23 September 2013.
8082:
8080:
7583:
7458:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
7420:
7285:"Addressing hypnotic medicines use in primary care"
4747:Leow MQ, Chiang J, Chua TJ, Wang S, Tan NC (2023).
3963:
3331:"Sleep in children with autistic spectrum disorder"
3116:(4 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 4253.
1391:In medicine, insomnia is widely measured using the
99:
90:
10417:
9415:Tsoi WF (March 1991). "Insomnia: drug treatment".
8933:"Use of melatonin supplements rising among adults"
8336:. US Food and Drug Administration. 30 April 2019.
7810:
7312:Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association
6262:
5936:(Fifth ed.). Elsevier Inc. pp. 827–837.
5694:
5062:
4746:
4624:(3). American Academy of Sleep Medicine: 621–630.
3839:Mei X, Zhou Q, Li X, Jing P, Wang X, Hu Z (2018).
3633:
3177:
2511:for insomnia per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:
1993:Amitriptyline, doxepin, and trimipramine all have
1966:While insomnia is a common symptom of depression,
9667:
9008:
8471:Lie JD, Tu KN, Shen DD, Wong BM (November 2015).
8144:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7050:NIH Consensus and State-Of-The-Science Statements
6821:
6057:
5461:Hirotsu C, Tufik S, Andersen ML (November 2015).
5281:
5175:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5088:
5086:
5053:
4878:. London, UK: Orion Publishing Group. p. 21.
4427:
1249:effects. Opioids can fragment sleep and decrease
863:Use of or withdrawal from pain-relievers such as
512:or delta sleep which has restorative properties.
447:Feeling tired or having low energy during the day
14753:
10897:
10567:
10565:
10523:
10521:
10485:
10483:
10447:
10445:
9978:
9976:
9974:
9696:
9694:
9521:Lader M, Cardinali DP, Pandi-Perumal SR (2006).
9174:
9172:
8442:
8149:. Hove, England and New York: Psychology Press.
8077:
7283:National Prescribing Service (1 February 2010).
6500:
6281:
6279:
6277:
5955:
5953:
5951:
1958:may have worsened symptoms with antihistamines.
556:
149:, daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability,
10796:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10267:
10090:
8799:"Novartis drops future blockbuster agomelatine"
8689:
7233:
4096:
3871:
2067:Most common side effects of melatonin include:
1771:
1362:; however, the implication of this is unknown.
453:Being irritable, acting aggressive or impulsive
11931:
10489:
9948:
9051:
8398:
8175:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
7936:
7644:
7310:Kirkwood CK (1999). "Management of insomnia".
7152:
6011:"Evidence for the pathophysiology of insomnia"
5322:
5083:
4611:
3785:
3783:
3781:
2202:Benzodiazepines all bind unselectively to the
1237:are used for insomnia that is associated with
1153:stage 3 and 4 sleep as well as suppression of
598:Digital media use and mental health § Insomnia
14326:
13534:
12946:Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors
11917:
11227:
11213:
10695:
10651:
10608:
10562:
10518:
10480:
10442:
10424:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
10261:
10218:
9971:
9691:
9624:
9169:
8470:
8352:
7455:
7123:
6790:"In-Depth Report: Causes of Chronic Insomnia"
6274:
6058:Levenson JC, Kay DB, Buysse DJ (April 2015).
5948:
5145:. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
4933:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4876:The sleep book: How to sleep well every night
4562:
4097:Li C, Cheng G, Sha T, Cheng W, Yan Y (2020).
3838:
3178:Punnoose AR, Golub RM, Burke AE (June 2012).
2783:
2781:
2779:
1465:criteria for insomnia include the following:
374:may help, they are sometimes associated with
14090:
10787:
9417:Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore
9312:
9310:
9271:"What's wrong with prescribing hypnotics?".
9227:
8576:
8574:
8372:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
8358:
8048:
7991:
7937:Ong JC, Ulmer CS, Manber R (November 2012).
7617:
7615:
7234:Drake CL, Roehrs T, Roth T (December 2003).
6356:
6354:
6352:
5579:
5275:
5135:
4892:Insomnia, An Issue of Sleep Medicine Clinics
3149:"Insomnia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments"
2817:
2628:There are higher rates of insomnia reported
2384:
857:, such as anti-anxiety and sleep drugs like
853:Use of or withdrawal from alcohol and other
14199:
14187:
13335:
10743:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9441:
8904:
8902:
8900:
8861:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8251:Charles J, Harrison C, Britt H (May 2009).
8147:Hands-on Help: Computer-Aided Psychotherapy
7984:
7982:
7577:
7351:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7347:"Listening to music for insomnia in adults"
7004:1871.1/6fbbd685-d526-41ec-9961-437833035f53
6496:
6494:
6155:
5195:
5166:
5164:
4957:
3778:
3741:
3588:
3512:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2649:
2128:commonly prescribed for insomnia and other
1906:stated it is going to require warnings for
14333:
14319:
13541:
13527:
11924:
11910:
11535:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
11220:
11206:
10360:
9729:
9097:"Clinical uses of melatonin in pediatrics"
8376:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8207:
8168:
8166:
8086:
7400:. Thieme Medical Publishers. p. 313.
7397:Textbook of Integrative Mental Health Care
6569:
5700:
5282:Schenkein J, Montagna P (September 2006).
5095:"Menopausal Symptoms and Their Management"
4920:
3789:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3105:
3103:
3101:
2776:
2429:had the best profiles overall in terms of
1719:Music may improve insomnia in adults (see
626:, increased sleepiness and self-perceived
54:
10818:
10770:
10545:
10451:
10392:
10289:
10224:
10165:
10108:
10067:
10010:
10000:
9866:
9832:
9753:
9607:
9539:
9482:
9459:
9391:
9342:
9307:
9204:
9122:
9112:
8880:
8571:
8488:
8309:
8025:
8015:
7962:
7913:
7811:Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (August 2007).
7760:
7719:
7678:
7668:
7612:
7370:
7251:
7181:
7100:
7002:
6764:
6754:
6683:"Acute Insomnia – What is Acute Insomnia"
6658:
6648:
6528:
6518:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6425:
6349:
6314:
6132:
6106:
6083:
6034:
5985:
5934:Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine
5843:Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment
5611:
5562:
5509:
5503:
5486:
5402:
5299:
5241:The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation
5118:
4981:
4941:. University of Maryland Medical Center.
4895:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 389.
4827:
4782:
4772:
4723:
4713:
4637:
4588:
4539:
4498:
4488:
4376:
4366:
4325:
4315:
4274:
4264:
4173:
4147:
4124:
4114:
4038:
3897:
3884:(4). Thieme Medical Publishers: 302–314.
3856:
3815:
3631:
3468:. Springer Science & Business Media.
3388:
3305:
3248:
3238:
3214:
3197:
3081:
3071:
3047:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2910:
1867:
1778:Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
1766:cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
1181:
387:
335:. Insomnia is also common in people with
14547:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
13548:
10571:
8897:
8857:"Antidepressants for insomnia in adults"
8821:
8580:
7979:
7309:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6817:
6815:
6491:
5707:. Oxford University Press. p. 105.
5628:
5161:
3459:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2838:
2739:
2692:
2503:
2496:is useful in the treatment of insomnia.
2457:capsules), marketed for better sleeping.
2448:
2115:
2096:attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
1801:Amplifying the consequences of insomnia.
1097:positron emission tomography (PET) scans
405:
10870:
10188:
9911:
9687:from the original on 12 September 2014.
9675:"Highlights of prescribing information"
8827:
8473:"Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia"
8359:Chong Y, Fryer CD, Gu Q (August 2013).
8163:
8109:
7852:
7540:
6565:
6563:
4888:
4873:
3405:
3166:
3098:
2957:10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001
2444:
1667:
1646:Try relaxing activities before sleeping
1318:Individuals of low socioeconomic status
1114:(GWAS) identified 3 genomic loci and 7
661:children under 2 years. In March 2020,
14754:
9852:AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews
8911:AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews
8134:from the original on 30 December 2012.
7783:
6899:
6442:
6399:
6382:from the original on 11 September 2014
6008:
5727:
5426:
5424:
5422:
4845:"Primary insomnia: A lifelong problem"
4842:
2979:
2942:
2927:
2635:
2199:and is recommended whenever possible.
1836:Treatments based on the principles of
1595:, medications, and lifestyle changes.
1289:Traveling through different time zones
992:are characterized by similar symptoms.
523:which can lead to poor sleep quality.
16:Disorder causing trouble with sleeping
14677:Psychological effects of Internet use
14314:
13522:
11905:
11201:
10973:
10932:
10416:Aschenbrenner DS, Venable SJ (2009).
10348:from the original on 27 November 2022
9735:
8726:
8380:National Center for Health Statistics
8145:Marks IM, Cavanagh K, Gega L (2007).
6858:
6812:
5704:Sleep Medicine: Essentials and Review
5669:
5526:from the original on 19 October 2009.
5358:from the original on 16 February 2021
5345:
5323:Shi Y, Zhou Z, Ning K, Liu J (2004).
3664:
3024:
2875:
2268:
2038:
1798:Misconceptions about insomnia causes.
1387:Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test
1047:A rare genetic condition can cause a
491:
401:
10091:Yoshida K, Takeuchi H (March 2021).
9802:from the original on 3 December 2013
9414:
9323:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
9185:Journal of General Internal Medicine
8746:from the original on 29 October 2014
8734:"Summary of Product Characteristics"
8430:from the original on 9 December 2013
8112:"Taking telehealth to the next step"
7627:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
7393:
6912:from the original on 11 October 2018
6800:from the original on 8 November 2011
6560:
6334:from the original on 9 February 2015
5887:from the original on 24 January 2018
5530:
5376:
5015:from the original on 21 October 2013
3544:from the original on 9 December 2013
3051:
3005:. WHO. pp. 7–11. Archived from
2821:Clinician's Guide to Sleep Disorders
2632:compared to the general population.
1129:
14772:Sleeplessness and sleep deprivation
14342:Digital media use and mental health
9101:International Journal of Pediatrics
8937:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
8758:
8087:Fox S, Fallows D (5 October 2005).
6881:from the original on 4 October 2017
6875:"Insomnia: Diagnosis and treatment"
6675:
6501:Luca A, Luca M, Calandra C (2013).
6402:"Classification of sleep disorders"
6107:Mai E, Buysse DJ (1 January 2008).
5419:
3790:Harvey AG, Tang NK (January 2012).
1922:or driving a vehicle while asleep.
792:Sleep breathing disorders, such as
517:hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
410:Potential complications of insomnia
343:Other risk factors include working
13:
10962:Everyone sleeps and needs to do so
8779:from the original on 24 March 2017
8614:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
7555:10.1097/01.pra.0000341896.73926.6c
7081:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
6689:from the original on 29 March 2013
6295:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
5942:10.1016/B978-1-4160-6645-3.00076-1
5742:10.1097/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84
5442:from the original on 15 April 2019
5383:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
4618:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
4403:Early Childhood Research Quarterly
3697:from the original on 15 April 2019
3570:from the original on 15 April 2019
3369:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
3059:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
2859:. 13 December 2011. Archived from
2795:. 13 December 2011. Archived from
2359:
2187:benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
2111:
1961:
1134:
895:shifts such as those that precede
741:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
706:Early Childhood Research Quarterly
14:
14783:
14704:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
14589:Narcissistic personality disorder
12651:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
11009:
9054:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
8805:. 25 October 2011. Archived from
8523:from the original on 28 July 2017
8410:Drug Effectiveness Review Project
7586:Psychology, Health & Medicine
6787:
6236:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
6060:"The pathophysiology of insomnia"
3723:from the original on 5 March 2017
3524:Drug Effectiveness Review Project
2764:from the original on 28 July 2016
2727:from the original on 28 July 2016
2492:. It is likewise unclear whether
2323:
2249:sedative–hypnotic drugs, such as
1929:
1838:acceptance and commitment therapy
1832:Acceptance and commitment therapy
1623:Avoiding large meals, beverages,
1456:
1217:
1149:is associated with a decrease in
28:Trouble sleeping (disambiguation)
14667:Mobile phones and driving safety
14625:2021 Facebook company files leak
11375:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
11370:Central hypoventilation syndrome
10967:
10926:
10891:
10864:
10835:
10730:
10409:
10239:10.2165/00002512-200623040-00001
10182:
10133:
10084:
10035:
9905:
9796:American Psychiatric Association
9778:American Psychiatric Association
9770:
9575:
9514:
9435:
9408:
9359:
9264:
9221:
9139:
9088:
9045:
9002:
8978:
8954:
8925:
8848:
8791:
8683:
8640:
8604:
8535:
8505:
8464:
8326:
8285:
8244:
8210:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
8201:
8138:
8103:
8042:
7930:
7881:
7846:
7813:"Treatment options for insomnia"
7804:
7777:
7736:
7534:
7476:
7449:
7414:
7387:
7338:
7303:
7276:
7227:
7198:
7117:
7068:
7041:
6967:
6945:10.2165/00002512-200219070-00006
6924:
6893:
6877:. Mayo Clinic. 15 October 2016.
6781:
6730:
6701:
5877:"Insomnia – Symptoms and causes"
5820:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2003.10.003
5253:10.1097/00001199-200605000-00001
5149:from the original on 3 July 2013
4945:from the original on 3 July 2013
4154:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
4148:Li Y, Li G, Liu L, Wu H (2020).
2197:long-term use of benzodiazepines
1755:
1296:, kidney disease, lung disease,
1292:Having chronic diseases such as
798:upper airway resistance syndrome
673:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
596:This section is an excerpt from
80:
14436:Computer-mediated communication
11530:Periodic limb movement disorder
11497:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
10994:from the original on 2023-01-12
10953:from the original on 2023-01-12
10853:from the original on 2022-10-27
10207:from the original on 2022-10-18
9503:from the original on 2020-06-04
9444:"Treatment of primary insomnia"
8943:from the original on 2022-06-29
8766:"VALDOXAN® Product Information"
8593:from the original on 2023-08-31
8340:from the original on 2 May 2019
7835:from the original on 2022-07-27
7633:from the original on 2021-06-24
7543:Journal of Psychiatric Practice
7523:from the original on 2021-08-28
7216:from the original on 2022-07-15
7030:from the original on 2020-11-05
6719:from the original on 2022-07-14
6624:
6598:
6545:
6507:Clinical Interventions in Aging
6393:
6227:
6192:
6149:
6100:
6051:
6002:
5925:
5899:
5869:
5834:
5808:Journal of Psychiatric Research
5799:
5764:
5721:
5663:
5454:
5370:
5339:
5316:
5232:
5189:
5027:
4909:from the original on 2023-03-26
4882:
4867:
4836:
4799:
4740:
4654:
4605:
4556:
4515:
4421:
4393:
4342:
4291:
4240:
4190:
4160:(3). Akadémiai Kiadó: 551–571.
4090:
4055:
4000:
3914:
3865:
3832:
3735:
3709:
3683:
3658:
3636:Clinical Management of Insomnia
3625:
3582:
3556:
3535:Best Buy Drugs Consumer Reports
3482:
3453:
3322:
3265:
3141:
3130:from the original on 2023-01-12
2619:
2393:. When comparing drugs such as
2094:or have learning disabilities,
1795:Unrealistic sleep expectations.
1748:may be effective for insomnia.
1309:Gastrointestinal reflux disease
1268:
1044:or over-consumption of caffeine
881:Periodic limb movement disorder
748:, and prolonged sleep latency.
533:
519:, causing excessive release of
49:Sleeplessness, trouble sleeping
10807:Archives of General Psychiatry
10755:10.1002/14651858.CD005472.pub3
9273:Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin
9151:Websters-online-dictionary.org
8873:10.1002/14651858.CD010753.pub2
7943:Behaviour Research and Therapy
7363:10.1002/14651858.CD010459.pub3
5773:Behaviour Research and Therapy
5701:Lee-chiong T (24 April 2008).
4430:Journal of Affective Disorders
3978:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112686
3872:Peracchia S, Curcio G (2018).
3717:"What Happens When You Sleep?"
2811:
1894:Many people with insomnia use
1883:
948:post traumatic stress disorder
716:Journal of Affective Disorders
1:
14535:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
11802:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
11610:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
11472:Advanced sleep phase disorder
10060:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30416-x
10002:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00878-9
9914:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
9489:. Springer. pp. 128–30.
9442:Montplaisir J (August 2000).
8692:Journal of Psychopharmacology
7708:Archives of Internal Medicine
7324:10.1016/s1086-5802(15)30354-5
7166:"JAMA patient page. Insomnia"
6584:10.1016/S1098-3597(03)90031-7
6457:Journal of Psychopharmacology
6248:10.1016/S0022-3999(00)00095-7
5730:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
5198:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
4563:Drumheller K, Fan CW (2022).
3756:10.1212/WNL.64.12_suppl_3.S12
3490:"Insomnia > Complications"
3466:Clinical Handbook of Insomnia
2818:Watson NF, Vaughn BV (2006).
2685:
2509:Disability-adjusted life year
1764:included as one component of
1650:
1586:
1112:genome-wide association study
956:obsessive compulsive disorder
850:, or excessive alcohol intake
557:Problematic digital media use
474:middle-of-the-night awakening
14692:Social aspects of television
14530:Generalized anxiety disorder
14390:Problematic social media use
11482:Delayed sleep phase disorder
11410:Excessive daytime sleepiness
9279:(12): 89–93. December 2004.
9242:10.1016/0278-5846(94)00023-B
9066:10.1517/14656566.2012.667076
8986:"Pros and cons of melatonin"
8962:"Pros and cons of melatonin"
8832:. Servier UK. Archived from
8739:. European Medicine Agency.
7721:10.1001/archinte.164.17.1888
6900:Pathak N (17 January 2017).
6685:. Sleepdisorders.about.com.
6213:10.1016/j.patbio.2014.07.005
6170:10.1097/GME.0000000000000499
5855:10.1097/ADT.0b013e3181fb2847
4774:10.1371/journal.pone.0290724
4581:10.1016/j.sleepe.2022.100029
4415:10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.12.008
3603:10.1080/15402002.2011.557989
2789:"How Is Insomnia Diagnosed?"
2499:
1904:Food and Drug Administration
1772:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1700:, behavioral interventions,
1657:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1593:cognitive behavioral therapy
1444:delayed sleep phase disorder
1380:
1328:
944:generalized anxiety disorder
583:Problematic social media use
466:Delayed sleep phase disorder
370:may be added to this. While
368:Cognitive behavioral therapy
246:cognitive behavioral therapy
220:Delayed sleep phase disorder
7:
14363:Internet addiction disorder
14253:Tetracyclic antidepressants
14192:Tooltip 5-hydroxytryptophan
14015:Melatonin receptor agonists
13977:Orexin receptor antagonists
13957:Tetracyclic antidepressants
13177:Tetracyclic antidepressants
12991:Tetracyclic antidepressants
11615:Nocturnal penile tumescence
11487:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
10843:"What are Sleep Disorders?"
9715:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.04.003
9384:10.1136/bmj.38623.768588.47
8828:Bentham C (29 March 2006).
8298:Annals of Internal Medicine
8260:Australian Family Physician
5978:10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.249
5907:"Risk Factors For Insomnia"
5670:Perry L (12 October 2004).
5479:10.1016/j.slsci.2015.09.002
4808:Computers in Human Behavior
4361:. Frontiers Media: 781351.
4310:(1). BioMed Central: 1598.
4259:. Frontiers Media: 675237.
3419:Annals of Internal Medicine
3347:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.01.010
2945:Annals of Internal Medicine
2899:Annals of Internal Medicine
2419:melatonin receptor agonists
2415:orexin receptor antagonists
2294:dual orexin receptor (DORA)
2274:Orexin receptor antagonists
2085:Prolonged-release melatonin
2044:Melatonin receptor agonists
1432:multiple sleep latency test
1102:
1093:adrenocorticotropic hormone
771:Computers in Human Behavior
571:Internet addiction disorder
10:
14788:
14451:Human–computer interaction
14378:Problematic smartphone use
11477:Cyclic alternating pattern
10912:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.030
10739:"Acupuncture for insomnia"
10716:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.02.005
10673:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101339
10629:10.1007/s40263-020-00773-x
10466:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.12.003
10385:10.1038/s41380-021-01386-6
10334:10.3310/nihrevidence_54173
10097:Behavioural Brain Research
8557:10.1016/j.phrs.2004.06.007
8187:10.1037/0735-7028.34.5.527
8051:Clinical Psychology Review
8017:10.1186/s12883-020-01883-1
7955:10.1016/j.brat.2012.08.001
7906:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.01.001
7867:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.08.001
7501:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.009
7435:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.04.006
7318:(5): 688–96, quiz 713–14.
7138:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.06.001
6995:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.02.001
6400:Thorpy MJ (October 2012).
6125:10.1016/j.jsmc.2008.02.001
5785:10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.002
5649:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.05.002
4715:10.3390/healthcare11142066
4675:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101742
4317:10.1186/s12889-021-11640-9
4218:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101414
4031:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101226
3935:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.06.004
3890:10.5935/1984-0063.20180046
3845:Sleep Science and Practice
2853:"How Is Insomnia Treated?"
2640:The word insomnia is from
2237:
1887:
1775:
1682:rebound withdrawal effects
1384:
1138:
990:circadian rhythm disorders
630:, and impaired post-sleep
606:Sleep Science and Practice
595:
579:Problematic smartphone use
560:
537:
276:where people have trouble
25:
18:
14597:
14515:
14408:
14348:
14271:
14235:Tricyclic antidepressants
14041:
14013:
13975:
13939:Tricyclic antidepressants
13841:
13556:
13380:
13333:
13305:
13272:
13252:
13198:
13154:Tricyclic antidepressants
13139:
13127:
13070:
13012:
12968:Tricyclic antidepressants
12936:
12873:
12861:
12790:
12638:
12575:
12542:
12524:
12456:
12403:
12360:
12332:
12274:
12151:
12008:
11960:
11948:
11720:
11693:Behavioral sleep medicine
11680:
11628:
11558:
11510:
11502:Shift work sleep disorder
11458:
11450:Sleep state misperception
11400:
11340:
11331:
11268:
11239:
11149:
11017:
10980:. Springer. p. 116.
10939:. Springer. p. 114.
10820:10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.131
10110:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113098
9736:Morin AK (1 March 2014).
9197:10.1007/s11606-007-0251-z
9023:10.1007/s40266-012-0018-z
8581:Dunleavy K (2023-04-07).
8456:. DB00366. Archived from
8370:(127). Hyattsville, Md.:
8093:Internet health resources
8063:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.04.003
7817:American Family Physician
7790:American Family Physician
7598:10.1080/13548500120116094
6836:10.1007/s40266-018-0569-8
6418:10.1007/s13311-012-0145-6
5111:10.1016/j.ecl.2015.05.001
5065:American Family Physician
4820:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107813
4541:10.1590/0102-311XEN300721
4442:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.008
4368:10.3389/fnins.2021.781351
4355:Frontiers in Neuroscience
4266:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.675237
3858:10.1186/s41606-018-0028-9
3591:Behavioral Sleep Medicine
2824:. CRC Press. p. 10.
2630:among university students
2385:Comparative effectiveness
2144:better for insomnia than
1708:, patient education, and
1702:sleep-restriction therapy
1643:Maintain regular exercise
1286:Working late night shifts
1277:Individuals older than 60
779:
699:Frontiers in Neuroscience
546:sleep state misperception
540:Sleep state misperception
255:
237:
213:
200:
168:
156:
139:
123:
72:
62:
53:
45:
40:
21:Insomnia (disambiguation)
14719:Suicide and the Internet
14709:Social media and suicide
14456:Media naturalness theory
12739:Sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
11250:Rapid eye movement (REM)
10586:10.1177/0269881105053309
10189:Højlund M (2022-09-12).
9834:10.2337/diacare.27.2.596
9561:10.2515/therapie/2009051
8704:10.1177/0269881108092593
8545:Pharmacological Research
7796:(2): 330. Archived from
6756:10.3390/brainsci10020071
6650:10.3390/brainsci10020071
6552:"Sleep Wake Disorders".
6469:10.1177/0269881110379307
6009:Bonnet MH (April 2009).
5331:. Athens. Archived from
4528:Reports in Public Health
4076:10.1016/j.dr.2020.100897
3153:www.medicalnewstoday.com
3113:Psychiatry, 2 Volume Set
2421:, the orexin antagonist
1684:upon discontinuation or
1620:Treating pain at bedtime
1518:
1147:Long-term use of alcohol
727:Reports in Public Health
620:rapid eye movement sleep
163:Motor vehicle collisions
14540:Social anxiety disorder
14373:Online problem gambling
13226:Atypical antipsychotics
13040:Atypical antipsychotics
11571:Exploding head syndrome
11380:Obstructive sleep apnea
10420:Drug Therapy in Nursing
9789:: an initiative of the
9742:Mental Health Clinician
9285:10.1136/dtb.2004.421289
7762:10.1001/jama.281.11.991
7670:10.1186/1471-2296-13-40
6373:: an initiative of the
5432:"What Causes Insomnia?"
5143:"What causes insomnia?"
4253:Frontiers in Psychiatry
4166:10.1556/2006.2020.00057
3691:"What Causes Insomnia?"
3240:10.3390/ijerph191912261
2951:(1): ITC13–1–ITC13–16.
2754:"What Causes Insomnia?"
2330:atypical antipsychotics
1558:stress related insomnia
1053:fatal familial insomnia
686:Frontiers in Psychiatry
656:Also in February 2020,
14697:Television consumption
14652:Evolution of cognition
14577:Body image disturbance
14518:psychiatric conditions
14446:Engineering psychology
14368:Internet sex addiction
14349:Proposed or recognised
13400:Chlorophenylalkyldiols
13208:Typical antipsychotics
13022:Typical antipsychotics
11886:Sleeping while on duty
11435:Idiopathic hypersomnia
10048:The Lancet. Psychiatry
8773:TGA eBusiness Services
8128:10.1037/e378852004-017
7894:Sleep Medicine Reviews
7855:Sleep Medicine Reviews
7423:Sleep Medicine Reviews
7240:Depression and Anxiety
7126:Sleep Medicine Reviews
6983:Sleep Medicine Reviews
6113:Sleep Medicine Clinics
6027:10.1093/sleep/32.4.441
5637:Sleep Medicine Reviews
5377:Roth T (August 2007).
4983:10.1093/sleep/30.2.213
4663:Sleep Medicine Reviews
4490:10.3390/ijerph19159707
4206:Sleep Medicine Reviews
4116:10.3390/ijerph17197324
4014:Sleep Medicine Reviews
3923:Sleep Medicine Reviews
3796:Psychological Bulletin
3750:(12 Suppl 3): S12–20.
3199:10.1001/jama.2012.6219
3052:Roth T (August 2007).
2650:
2645:
2592:
2458:
2153:the individual and to
2140:. Benzodiazepines are
2133:
1868:Internet interventions
1182:Benzodiazepine-induced
1009:traumatic brain injury
875:Restless legs syndrome
752:Sleep Medicine Reviews
678:Sleep Medicine Reviews
658:Sleep Medicine Reviews
640:Sleep Medicine Reviews
414:Symptoms of insomnia:
411:
215:Differential diagnosis
14741:Texting while driving
14672:Promotion of anorexia
14657:Evolutionary mismatch
14620:Criticism of Facebook
14351:diagnostic categories
11708:Neuroscience of sleep
11440:Night eating syndrome
11425:Kleine–Levin syndrome
10885:10.1176/pn.42.10.0040
10504:10.1089/jmf.2017.4064
10291:10.1124/pr.117.014381
9881:10.1038/sj.mp.4002066
9483:Carlstedt RA (2009).
8116:Monitor on Psychology
7183:10.1001/jama.2013.524
6076:10.1378/chest.14-1617
5510:Mendelson WB (2008).
4759:(9). PLOS: e0290724.
3188:(JAMA patient page).
2507:
2452:
2296:drugs on the market:
2119:
1714:relaxation techniques
1706:paradoxical intention
1692:include attention to
1614:Avoiding or limiting
1393:Athens insomnia scale
1385:Further information:
1360:electroencephalograms
1306:or drug use disorders
1141:Alcohol use and sleep
810:), including certain
450:Trouble concentrating
409:
313:restless leg syndrome
224:restless leg syndrome
194:restless leg syndrome
14610:Behavioral modernity
14605:Behavioral addiction
14431:Cognitive ergonomics
14416:Digital anthropology
14409:Disciplines involved
14400:Video game addiction
14395:Television addiction
14179:Serotonin precursors
13550:Insomnia medications
13357:Gabapentin enacarbil
12405:Neuroactive steroids
12375:Apronal (apronalide)
11862:Sleep and creativity
10373:Molecular Psychiatry
9869:Molecular Psychiatry
8626:10.4088/JCP.v64n1013
6572:Clinical Cornerstone
5672:"How Hangovers Work"
5335:on 9 September 2009.
5329:Pre-Olympic Congress
4814:. Elsevier: 107813.
4669:. Elsevier: 101742.
4575:. Elsevier: 100029.
4436:. Elsevier: 94–101.
4212:. Elsevier: 101414.
4070:. Elsevier: 100897.
4064:Developmental Review
3972:. Elsevier: 112686.
3719:. 22 December 2009.
3632:Doghramji K (2007).
3460:Attarian HP (2003).
2760:. 13 December 2011.
2656:"without sleep" and
2602:associated disorders
2445:Alternative medicine
1746:Bright light therapy
1668:Non-medication based
1321:Urban Neighborhoods
1257:sleep. By producing
1225:medications such as
1083:Sleep studies using
976:Disturbances of the
905:Life events such as
664:Developmental Review
591:Video game addiction
587:Television addiction
388:alternative medicine
339:, and children with
323:, and drugs such as
293:psychological stress
232:psychiatric disorder
174:psychological stress
14662:Fear of missing out
14141:Menthyl isovalerate
13564:positive modulators
11857:Sleep and breathing
11313:Sensorimotor rhythm
9755:10.9740/mhc.n190091
9114:10.1155/2011/892624
8809:on 11 November 2011
8460:on 3 December 2009.
8099:on 21 October 2005.
8089:"Digital Divisions"
7657:BMC Family Practice
7299:on 1 November 2013.
6709:"Types of Insomnia"
6201:Pathologie-Biologie
5913:on 19 February 2020
5352:Scientific American
4889:Edinger JD (2013).
4855:on 29 December 2022
4765:2023PLoSO..1890724L
4409:. Elsevier: 13–33.
3966:Psychiatry Research
3929:. Elsevier: 51–61.
2713:"What Is Insomnia?"
2636:Society and culture
2214:subunit of the GABA
2183:physical dependence
2148:. Chronic users of
1554:short term insomnia
1159:the need to urinate
1062:sleep onset latency
1030:drugs) can produce
940:clinical depression
649:Psychiatry Research
638:. In October 2019,
611:sleep onset latency
551:time to fall asleep
206:Based on symptoms,
14358:Computer addiction
14298:Never to phase III
13676:Nonbenzodiazepines
13422:Diethylpropanediol
12704:Dichloralphenazone
12620:Methylmethaqualone
12458:Nonbenzodiazepines
11985:Diethylpropanediol
11867:Sleep and learning
11620:Nocturnal emission
11520:Nightmare disorder
11385:Periodic breathing
11150:External resources
10547:10.5664/jcsm.26314
10268:Atkin T, Comai S,
10201:10.21996/mr3m-1783
9995:(10347): 170–184.
9780:(September 2013),
9645:10.1111/joim.13406
8803:Scrip Intelligence
8649:Neuropsychobiology
8110:Rabasca L (2000).
7784:Miller KE (2005).
6794:The New York Times
6520:10.2147/CIA.S47230
6307:10.5664/jcsm.27286
5555:10.5665/sleep.4982
5395:10.5664/jcsm.26929
5389:(5 Suppl): S7-10.
4874:Meadows G (2015).
4708:(14). MDPI: 2066.
4630:10.5664/jcsm.10392
4569:Sleep Epidemiology
4483:(15). MDPI: 9707.
4109:(19). MDPI: 7324.
3500:on 8 February 2009
3073:10.5664/jcsm.26929
3066:(5 Suppl): S7–10.
2593:
2589: more than 80
2523: less than 25
2459:
2269:Orexin antagonists
2160:nonbenzodiazepines
2134:
2098:(ADHD) or related
2080:Daytime drowsiness
2039:Melatonin agonists
1788:nonbenzodiazepines
1710:relaxation therapy
1604:caffeinated drinks
1528:Transient insomnia
1300:, or heart disease
1208:sleep architecture
1167:excessive sweating
1014:Medical conditions
999:disorders such as
934:disorders such as
932:neurodevelopmental
804:psychoactive drugs
736:COVID-19 lockdowns
732:Sleep Epidemiology
492:Poor sleep quality
431:Daytime sleepiness
412:
402:Signs and symptoms
66:Tacuinum Sanitatis
14749:
14748:
14421:Digital sociology
14308:
14307:
13754:potassium bromide
13516:
13515:
13268:
13267:
13066:
13065:
12786:
12785:
12667:Potassium bromide
12625:Nitromethaqualone
12133:Thiotetrabarbital
11980:Ethanol (alcohol)
11899:
11898:
11877:Sleep deprivation
11716:
11715:
11195:
11194:
10987:978-3-319-30572-1
10946:978-3-319-30572-1
10623:(12): 1217–1228.
10574:J Psychopharmacol
10435:978-0-7817-6587-9
10227:Drugs & Aging
10158:10.1002/wps.21010
9926:10.1345/aph.1Q697
9600:10.1136/bmj.e8343
9532:978-0-387-27681-6
9496:978-0-8261-1094-7
9011:Drugs & Aging
8661:10.1159/000067812
8517:www.ninds.nih.gov
8281:on 12 March 2011.
8222:10.1159/000335379
8156:978-1-84169-679-9
7407:978-1-58890-299-3
7093:10.5664/jcsm.6470
7056:(2): 1–30. 2005.
6933:Drugs & Aging
6824:Drugs & Aging
6463:(11): 1577–1601.
6406:Neurotherapeutics
6364:(February 2014),
5714:978-0-19-530659-0
5516:Psychiatric Times
5210:10.1345/aph.1M365
5182:978-0-19-923396-0
5009:"Insomnia Causes"
4902:978-0-323-18872-2
4849:Psychiatric Times
4843:Moawad H (2020).
4304:BMC Public Health
3676:978-0-306-47750-8
3651:978-1-932610-14-7
3475:978-1-59259-662-1
3381:10.5664/jcsm.8988
3290:10.5664/jcsm.6976
3123:978-1-118-75336-1
2831:978-0-8493-7449-4
2799:on 11 August 2016
2723:. 24 March 2022.
2243:Nonbenzodiazepine
2171:nonbenzodiazepine
2142:not significantly
1995:antihistaminergic
1816:. The effects of
1540:sleep deprivation
1434:. Specialists in
1377:in older people.
1130:Substance-induced
1058:Physical exercise
899:and those during
746:sleep deprivation
725:In October 2022,
713:In May 2022, the
692:BMC Public Health
618:modifications to
462:anxiety disorders
420:sleeping position
263:
262:
202:Diagnostic method
35:Medical condition
14779:
14572:Anorexia nervosa
14557:Bipolar disorder
14525:Anxiety disorder
14335:
14328:
14321:
14312:
14311:
14201:
14198:Sodium oxybate (
14193:
14189:
14092:
13914:Phenyltoloxamine
13855:inverse agonists
13808:Piperidinediones
13543:
13536:
13529:
13520:
13519:
13441:muscle relaxants
13344:
13341:
13137:
13136:
12871:
12870:
12808:4-Fluorophenibut
12544:Piperidinediones
12418:Allopregnanolone
12000:Trichloroethanol
11958:
11957:
11926:
11919:
11912:
11903:
11902:
11872:Sleep and memory
11812:Circadian rhythm
11559:Benign phenomena
11461:Circadian rhythm
11338:
11337:
11222:
11215:
11208:
11199:
11198:
11015:
11014:
11003:
11002:
11000:
10999:
10974:Horne J (2016).
10971:
10965:
10964:
10959:
10958:
10933:Horne J (2016).
10930:
10924:
10923:
10895:
10889:
10888:
10873:Psychiatric News
10868:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10858:
10839:
10833:
10832:
10822:
10798:
10785:
10784:
10774:
10734:
10728:
10727:
10699:
10693:
10692:
10655:
10649:
10648:
10612:
10606:
10605:
10569:
10560:
10559:
10549:
10534:J Clin Sleep Med
10525:
10516:
10515:
10487:
10478:
10477:
10449:
10440:
10439:
10423:
10413:
10407:
10406:
10396:
10379:(3): 1339–1349.
10364:
10358:
10357:
10355:
10353:
10318:
10312:
10311:
10293:
10265:
10259:
10258:
10222:
10216:
10215:
10213:
10212:
10186:
10180:
10179:
10169:
10146:World Psychiatry
10137:
10131:
10130:
10112:
10088:
10082:
10081:
10071:
10039:
10033:
10032:
10014:
10004:
9980:
9969:
9968:
9952:
9946:
9945:
9909:
9903:
9900:
9863:
9846:
9836:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9774:
9768:
9767:
9757:
9733:
9727:
9726:
9698:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9679:
9671:
9665:
9664:
9628:
9622:
9621:
9611:
9579:
9573:
9572:
9543:
9537:
9536:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9508:
9480:
9474:
9473:
9463:
9439:
9433:
9432:
9412:
9406:
9405:
9395:
9363:
9357:
9356:
9346:
9335:10.1002/pds.3951
9314:
9305:
9304:
9268:
9262:
9261:
9225:
9219:
9218:
9208:
9176:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9162:
9153:. Archived from
9143:
9137:
9136:
9126:
9116:
9092:
9086:
9085:
9049:
9043:
9042:
9006:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8982:
8976:
8975:
8973:
8972:
8958:
8952:
8951:
8949:
8948:
8929:
8923:
8922:
8906:
8895:
8894:
8884:
8852:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8836:on 16 April 2009
8825:
8819:
8818:
8816:
8814:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8770:
8762:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8745:
8738:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8698:(7 Suppl): 4–8.
8687:
8681:
8680:
8644:
8638:
8637:
8608:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8578:
8569:
8568:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8528:
8509:
8503:
8502:
8492:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8446:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8429:
8418:
8412:(January 2012).
8406:Consumer Reports
8402:
8396:
8395:
8390:. Archived from
8365:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8330:
8324:
8323:
8313:
8311:10.7326/m15-2175
8289:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8274:. Archived from
8257:
8248:
8242:
8241:
8205:
8199:
8198:
8170:
8161:
8160:
8142:
8136:
8135:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8084:
8075:
8074:
8046:
8040:
8039:
8029:
8019:
7995:
7989:
7986:
7977:
7976:
7966:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7917:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7840:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7781:
7775:
7774:
7764:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7723:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7682:
7672:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7619:
7610:
7609:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7538:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7480:
7474:
7473:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7394:Lake JA (2006).
7391:
7385:
7384:
7374:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7295:. Archived from
7280:
7274:
7273:
7255:
7253:10.1002/da.10151
7231:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7210:Sleep Foundation
7202:
7196:
7195:
7185:
7161:
7150:
7149:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7104:
7072:
7066:
7065:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7035:
7029:
7006:
6980:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6871:
6856:
6855:
6819:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6768:
6758:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6713:Sleep Foundation
6705:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6662:
6652:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6612:on 29 March 2008
6602:
6596:
6595:
6567:
6558:
6557:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6532:
6522:
6498:
6489:
6488:
6451:
6440:
6439:
6429:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6358:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6339:
6333:
6318:
6292:
6283:
6272:
6269:
6260:
6259:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6136:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6087:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6038:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5989:
5972:(3): 1232–1240.
5957:
5946:
5945:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5909:. Archived from
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5682:on 15 March 2010
5678:. Archived from
5667:
5661:
5660:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5615:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5566:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5490:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5436:Sleep Foundation
5428:
5417:
5416:
5406:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5303:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5168:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5122:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5060:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5041:on 3 August 2013
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5005:
4996:
4995:
4985:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4935:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4851:. Archived from
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4786:
4776:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4717:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4641:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4592:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4543:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4502:
4492:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4380:
4370:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4329:
4319:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4268:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4203:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4177:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4118:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3808:10.1037/a0025730
3787:
3776:
3775:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3665:Morin C (2003).
3662:
3656:
3655:
3639:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3532:
3526:(January 2012).
3520:Consumer Reports
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3496:. Archived from
3486:
3480:
3479:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3431:10.7326/M14-2841
3414:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3242:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3175:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3107:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3049:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3012:on 18 March 2009
3011:
3004:
2996:
2977:
2976:
2940:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2912:10.7326/M15-2175
2890:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2849:
2836:
2835:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2785:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2750:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2709:
2655:
2600:controlling for
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2482:quality evidence
2057:
2007:antiserotonergic
1936:over-the-counter
1896:sleeping tablets
1742:sleep efficiency
1698:stimulus control
1506:, a medication).
1352:neurotransmitter
1324:Household stress
1283:Emotional stress
1032:rebound insomnia
978:circadian rhythm
936:bipolar disorder
604:In August 2018,
506:major depression
268:, also known as
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
58:
38:
37:
14787:
14786:
14782:
14781:
14780:
14778:
14777:
14776:
14767:Sleep disorders
14752:
14751:
14750:
14745:
14593:
14567:Eating disorder
14517:
14511:
14461:Neuroergonomics
14441:Cyberpsychology
14404:
14350:
14344:
14339:
14309:
14304:
14303:
14288:Clinical trials
14267:
14191:
14037:
14009:
13971:
13879:Diphenhydramine
13853:
13850:
13837:
13774:Chloral hydrate
13718:amylene hydrate
13573:Benzodiazepines
13563:
13561:
13552:
13547:
13517:
13512:
13376:
13339:
13329:
13301:
13264:
13248:
13194:
13141:Antidepressants
13132:
13123:
13094:Dexmedetomidine
13075:
13062:
13008:
12938:Antidepressants
12932:
12893:Diphenhydramine
12866:
12857:
12795:
12782:
12771:Isovaleric acid
12734:Sulfonylalkanes
12689:Chloral hydrate
12684:Chloral betaine
12662:Lithium bromide
12634:
12571:
12538:
12520:
12452:
12399:
12356:
12328:
12270:
12153:Benzodiazepines
12147:
12053:Ethallobarbital
12004:
11953:
11944:
11930:
11900:
11895:
11790:Procrastination
11743:Four-poster bed
11712:
11676:
11670:Polysomnography
11648:Sleep induction
11624:
11595:Sleep paralysis
11554:
11506:
11465:
11462:
11454:
11396:
11355:Mouth breathing
11333:Sleep disorders
11327:
11264:
11255:Quiescent sleep
11235:
11233:sleep disorders
11226:
11196:
11191:
11190:
11145:
11144:
11026:
11012:
11007:
11006:
10997:
10995:
10988:
10972:
10968:
10956:
10954:
10947:
10931:
10927:
10906:(12): 1579–84.
10896:
10892:
10869:
10865:
10856:
10854:
10841:
10840:
10836:
10799:
10788:
10749:(9): CD005472.
10735:
10731:
10700:
10696:
10656:
10652:
10613:
10609:
10570:
10563:
10526:
10519:
10488:
10481:
10450:
10443:
10436:
10414:
10410:
10365:
10361:
10351:
10349:
10320:
10319:
10315:
10266:
10262:
10223:
10219:
10210:
10208:
10187:
10183:
10138:
10134:
10089:
10085:
10040:
10036:
9981:
9972:
9953:
9949:
9910:
9906:
9805:
9803:
9791:ABIM Foundation
9787:Choosing Wisely
9775:
9771:
9734:
9730:
9699:
9692:
9684:
9677:
9673:
9672:
9668:
9629:
9625:
9580:
9576:
9544:
9540:
9533:
9519:
9515:
9506:
9504:
9497:
9481:
9477:
9440:
9436:
9413:
9409:
9364:
9360:
9315:
9308:
9270:
9269:
9265:
9226:
9222:
9177:
9170:
9160:
9158:
9145:
9144:
9140:
9093:
9089:
9050:
9046:
9007:
9003:
8994:
8992:
8984:
8983:
8979:
8970:
8968:
8960:
8959:
8955:
8946:
8944:
8931:
8930:
8926:
8907:
8898:
8867:(5): CD010753.
8853:
8849:
8839:
8837:
8826:
8822:
8812:
8810:
8797:
8796:
8792:
8782:
8780:
8768:
8764:
8763:
8759:
8749:
8747:
8743:
8736:
8732:
8731:
8727:
8688:
8684:
8645:
8641:
8620:(10): 1224–29.
8609:
8605:
8596:
8594:
8579:
8572:
8540:
8536:
8526:
8524:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8483:(11): 759–771.
8469:
8465:
8448:
8447:
8443:
8433:
8431:
8427:
8416:
8403:
8399:
8368:NCHS Data Brief
8363:
8357:
8353:
8343:
8341:
8332:
8331:
8327:
8290:
8286:
8278:
8255:
8249:
8245:
8206:
8202:
8171:
8164:
8157:
8143:
8139:
8108:
8104:
8085:
8078:
8047:
8043:
7996:
7992:
7987:
7980:
7935:
7931:
7886:
7882:
7851:
7847:
7838:
7836:
7809:
7805:
7800:on 6 June 2011.
7782:
7778:
7741:
7737:
7714:(17): 1888–96.
7700:
7696:
7649:
7645:
7636:
7634:
7621:
7620:
7613:
7582:
7578:
7539:
7535:
7526:
7524:
7481:
7477:
7464:(12): 695–701.
7454:
7450:
7419:
7415:
7408:
7392:
7388:
7357:(8): CD010459.
7343:
7339:
7308:
7304:
7281:
7277:
7232:
7228:
7219:
7217:
7204:
7203:
7199:
7162:
7153:
7122:
7118:
7073:
7069:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7033:
7031:
7027:
6978:
6972:
6968:
6929:
6925:
6915:
6913:
6898:
6894:
6884:
6882:
6873:
6872:
6859:
6820:
6813:
6803:
6801:
6786:
6782:
6735:
6731:
6722:
6720:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6692:
6690:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6629:
6625:
6615:
6613:
6604:
6603:
6599:
6568:
6561:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6499:
6492:
6452:
6443:
6398:
6394:
6385:
6383:
6375:ABIM Foundation
6371:Choosing Wisely
6359:
6350:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6290:
6284:
6275:
6270:
6263:
6232:
6228:
6197:
6193:
6154:
6150:
6105:
6101:
6056:
6052:
6007:
6003:
5958:
5949:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5914:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5888:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5839:
5835:
5804:
5800:
5769:
5765:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5699:
5695:
5685:
5683:
5668:
5664:
5633:
5629:
5604:10.1038/ng.3888
5598:(11): 1584–92.
5592:Nature Genetics
5584:
5580:
5535:
5531:
5508:
5504:
5459:
5455:
5445:
5443:
5430:
5429:
5420:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5359:
5344:
5340:
5321:
5317:
5280:
5276:
5237:
5233:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5169:
5162:
5152:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5091:
5084:
5061:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5018:
5016:
5011:. Mayo Clinic.
5007:
5006:
4999:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4946:
4937:
4936:
4921:
4912:
4910:
4903:
4887:
4883:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4856:
4841:
4837:
4804:
4800:
4745:
4741:
4694:
4690:
4659:
4655:
4610:
4606:
4561:
4557:
4520:
4516:
4469:
4465:
4426:
4422:
4398:
4394:
4347:
4343:
4296:
4292:
4245:
4241:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4146:
4142:
4095:
4091:
4060:
4056:
4005:
4001:
3962:
3958:
3919:
3915:
3870:
3866:
3851:(9). Springer.
3837:
3833:
3788:
3779:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3630:
3626:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3530:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3458:
3454:
3415:
3406:
3361:
3354:
3327:
3323:
3270:
3266:
3219:
3215:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3124:
3108:
3099:
3050:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2980:
2941:
2928:
2891:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2863:on 28 July 2016
2851:
2850:
2839:
2832:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2752:
2751:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2711:
2710:
2693:
2688:
2638:
2622:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2502:
2462:Herbal products
2447:
2425:and the Z-drug
2403:antidepressants
2395:benzodiazepines
2387:
2362:
2360:Other sedatives
2332:, particularly
2326:
2271:
2240:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2192:rebound anxiety
2146:antidepressants
2138:benzodiazepines
2130:sleep disorders
2114:
2112:Benzodiazepines
2092:autism spectrum
2055:
2041:
2033:Cochrane review
1999:anticholinergic
1968:antidepressants
1964:
1962:Antidepressants
1955:anticholinergic
1943:diphenhydramine
1932:
1892:
1886:
1870:
1834:
1784:benzodiazepines
1780:
1774:
1758:
1725:EEG biofeedback
1721:music and sleep
1670:
1653:
1589:
1521:
1459:
1413:polysomnography
1389:
1383:
1375:sleep disorders
1331:
1271:
1245:properties and
1220:
1212:slow-wave sleep
1188:benzodiazepines
1184:
1143:
1137:
1135:Alcohol-induced
1132:
1105:
1085:polysomnography
1073:Lower back pain
1018:hyperthyroidism
928:neurobehavioral
859:benzodiazepines
836:methylphenidate
782:
777:
776:
750:In April 2023,
624:slow-wave sleep
601:
593:
559:
542:
536:
494:
404:
305:hyperthyroidism
186:hyperthyroidism
119:
83:
79:
36:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14785:
14775:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14747:
14746:
14744:
14743:
14738:
14733:
14732:
14731:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14700:
14699:
14694:
14689:
14687:Binge-watching
14679:
14674:
14669:
14664:
14659:
14654:
14649:
14647:Digital zombie
14644:
14639:
14637:Cyberpathology
14634:
14629:
14628:
14627:
14617:
14612:
14607:
14601:
14599:
14598:Related topics
14595:
14594:
14592:
14591:
14586:
14581:
14580:
14579:
14574:
14564:
14559:
14554:
14549:
14544:
14543:
14542:
14537:
14532:
14521:
14519:
14513:
14512:
14510:
14509:
14508:
14507:
14502:
14497:
14492:
14482:
14481:
14480:
14470:
14465:
14464:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14423:
14418:
14412:
14410:
14406:
14405:
14403:
14402:
14397:
14392:
14387:
14386:
14385:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14354:
14352:
14346:
14345:
14338:
14337:
14330:
14323:
14315:
14306:
14305:
14302:
14301:
14300:
14299:
14296:
14285:
14279:
14273:
14272:
14269:
14268:
14266:
14265:
14260:
14250:
14232:
14227:
14222:
14207:Sympatholytics
14204:
14195:
14176:
14171:
14169:Passion flower
14166:
14148:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14113:Gabapentinoids
14110:
14105:
14100:
14078:
14073:
14068:
14065:chlorpromazine
14049:Antipsychotics
14045:
14043:
14039:
14038:
14036:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14019:
14017:
14011:
14010:
14008:
14007:
14002:
13997:
13992:
13987:
13981:
13979:
13973:
13972:
13970:
13969:
13964:
13954:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13874:Dimenhydrinate
13871:
13866:
13860:
13858:
13848:
13843:Antihistamines
13839:
13838:
13836:
13835:
13830:
13825:
13818:Quinazolinones
13815:
13805:
13800:
13786:
13781:
13776:
13771:
13761:
13758:sodium bromide
13747:
13725:
13703:
13702:
13697:
13692:
13687:
13671:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13635:
13630:
13625:
13620:
13615:
13610:
13605:
13600:
13595:
13590:
13585:
13580:
13568:
13566:
13559:
13554:
13553:
13546:
13545:
13538:
13531:
13523:
13514:
13513:
13511:
13510:
13505:
13500:
13495:
13490:
13488:Passion flower
13485:
13475:
13470:
13469:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13418:
13417:
13412:
13407:
13397:
13396:
13395:
13384:
13382:
13378:
13377:
13375:
13374:
13369:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13348:
13346:
13337:
13331:
13330:
13328:
13327:
13322:
13317:
13311:
13309:
13303:
13302:
13300:
13299:
13294:
13289:
13284:
13278:
13276:
13270:
13269:
13266:
13265:
13263:
13262:
13256:
13254:
13250:
13249:
13247:
13246:
13245:
13244:
13238:
13233:
13223:
13222:
13221:
13215:
13213:Chlorpromazine
13204:
13202:
13200:Antipsychotics
13196:
13195:
13193:
13192:
13191:
13190:
13184:
13174:
13173:
13172:
13166:
13161:
13151:
13145:
13143:
13134:
13130:
13125:
13124:
13122:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13106:
13101:
13096:
13091:
13086:
13080:
13078:
13073:
13068:
13067:
13064:
13063:
13061:
13060:
13059:
13058:
13052:
13047:
13037:
13036:
13035:
13029:
13027:Chlorpromazine
13018:
13016:
13014:Antipsychotics
13010:
13009:
13007:
13006:
13005:
13004:
12998:
12988:
12987:
12986:
12980:
12975:
12965:
12964:
12963:
12958:
12953:
12942:
12940:
12934:
12933:
12931:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12915:
12910:
12905:
12900:
12895:
12890:
12888:Cyproheptadine
12885:
12879:
12877:
12875:Antihistamines
12868:
12864:
12859:
12858:
12856:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12832:sodium oxybate
12825:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12803:1,4-Butanediol
12799:
12797:
12793:
12788:
12787:
12784:
12783:
12781:
12780:
12779:
12778:
12776:Valerenic acid
12773:
12768:
12758:
12753:
12752:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12675:
12674:
12672:Sodium bromide
12669:
12664:
12653:
12648:
12642:
12640:
12636:
12635:
12633:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12581:
12579:
12577:Quinazolinones
12573:
12572:
12570:
12569:
12564:
12559:
12554:
12548:
12546:
12540:
12539:
12537:
12536:
12530:
12528:
12522:
12521:
12519:
12518:
12513:
12508:
12503:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12462:
12460:
12454:
12453:
12451:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12409:
12407:
12401:
12400:
12398:
12397:
12392:
12387:
12382:
12377:
12372:
12366:
12364:
12358:
12357:
12355:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12338:
12336:
12330:
12329:
12327:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12280:
12278:
12272:
12271:
12269:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12233:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12168:
12163:
12157:
12155:
12149:
12148:
12146:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12098:Propylbarbital
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12070:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12020:
12014:
12012:
12006:
12005:
12003:
12002:
11997:
11995:Methylpentynol
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11966:
11964:
11955:
11951:
11946:
11945:
11929:
11928:
11921:
11914:
11906:
11897:
11896:
11894:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11817:Comfort object
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11798:
11797:
11792:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11766:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11740:
11735:
11724:
11722:
11718:
11717:
11714:
11713:
11711:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11688:Sleep medicine
11684:
11682:
11678:
11677:
11675:
11674:
11673:
11672:
11662:
11661:
11660:
11655:
11645:
11640:
11634:
11632:
11626:
11625:
11623:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11562:
11560:
11556:
11555:
11553:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11516:
11514:
11508:
11507:
11505:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11474:
11468:
11466:
11459:
11456:
11455:
11453:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11406:
11404:
11398:
11397:
11395:
11394:
11389:
11388:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11357:
11352:
11346:
11344:
11335:
11329:
11328:
11326:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11274:
11272:
11266:
11265:
11263:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11246:
11244:
11237:
11236:
11225:
11224:
11217:
11210:
11202:
11193:
11192:
11189:
11188:
11177:
11166:
11154:
11153:
11151:
11147:
11146:
11143:
11142:
11131:
11120:
11109:
11078:
11059:
11027:
11022:
11021:
11019:
11018:Classification
11011:
11010:External links
11008:
11005:
11004:
10986:
10966:
10945:
10925:
10890:
10863:
10847:Psychiatry.org
10834:
10786:
10729:
10694:
10650:
10607:
10561:
10517:
10498:(5): 433–444.
10479:
10441:
10434:
10408:
10359:
10313:
10284:(2): 197–245.
10272:(April 2018).
10260:
10217:
10181:
10152:(3): 444–451.
10132:
10083:
10034:
9970:
9947:
9920:(5): 718–722.
9904:
9902:
9901:
9864:
9847:
9827:(2): 596–601.
9811:, which cites
9769:
9728:
9690:
9666:
9639:(5): 533–556.
9623:
9574:
9538:
9531:
9513:
9495:
9475:
9434:
9407:
9378:(7526): 1169.
9358:
9306:
9263:
9220:
9191:(9): 1335–50.
9168:
9157:on 30 May 2013
9138:
9087:
9060:(6): 895–905.
9044:
9017:(11): 911–23.
9001:
8977:
8953:
8939:. 2022-02-28.
8924:
8896:
8847:
8820:
8790:
8757:
8725:
8682:
8655:(4): 197–201.
8639:
8603:
8570:
8534:
8504:
8463:
8441:
8421:Best Buy Drugs
8397:
8394:on 2021-08-28.
8351:
8325:
8304:(2): 125–133.
8284:
8243:
8200:
8162:
8155:
8137:
8102:
8076:
8041:
7990:
7978:
7949:(11): 651–60.
7929:
7880:
7845:
7823:(4): 517–526.
7803:
7776:
7755:(11): 991–99.
7735:
7694:
7643:
7611:
7592:(2): 156–161.
7576:
7533:
7475:
7448:
7413:
7406:
7386:
7337:
7302:
7275:
7226:
7212:. 2021-10-25.
7197:
7151:
7116:
7087:(2): 307–349.
7067:
7040:
6966:
6923:
6892:
6857:
6830:(9): 791–817.
6811:
6780:
6743:Brain Sciences
6729:
6715:. 2020-08-31.
6700:
6674:
6637:Brain Sciences
6623:
6608:Archived from
6597:
6559:
6544:
6490:
6441:
6412:(4): 687–701.
6392:
6348:
6301:(5): 487–504.
6273:
6261:
6226:
6191:
6164:(8): 899–915.
6148:
6099:
6070:(4): 1179–92.
6050:
6001:
5947:
5924:
5898:
5868:
5833:
5798:
5763:
5720:
5713:
5693:
5662:
5627:
5578:
5549:(9): 1423–30.
5529:
5502:
5473:(3): 143–152.
5453:
5418:
5369:
5338:
5315:
5274:
5247:(3): 199–212.
5231:
5188:
5181:
5160:
5134:
5105:(3): 497–515.
5082:
5052:
5026:
4997:
4956:
4919:
4901:
4881:
4866:
4835:
4798:
4739:
4688:
4653:
4604:
4555:
4514:
4463:
4420:
4392:
4341:
4290:
4239:
4189:
4140:
4089:
4054:
3999:
3956:
3913:
3864:
3831:
3777:
3734:
3708:
3682:
3675:
3657:
3650:
3624:
3581:
3555:
3511:
3481:
3474:
3452:
3425:(3): 191–204.
3404:
3375:(2): 263–298.
3352:
3341:(7): 659–664.
3335:Sleep Medicine
3321:
3284:(3): 349–357.
3264:
3213:
3165:
3140:
3122:
3097:
3062:(Supplement).
3023:
2978:
2926:
2905:(2): 125–133.
2874:
2837:
2830:
2810:
2775:
2738:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2637:
2634:
2621:
2618:
2606:mortality rate
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2535: 30.25–36
2531:
2529: 25–30.25
2525:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2498:
2446:
2443:
2407:antihistamines
2386:
2383:
2365:Gabapentinoids
2361:
2358:
2325:
2324:Antipsychotics
2322:
2270:
2267:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2167:benzodiazepine
2126:benzodiazepine
2113:
2110:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2040:
2037:
2003:antiadrenergic
1963:
1960:
1939:antihistamines
1931:
1930:Antihistamines
1928:
1885:
1882:
1869:
1866:
1833:
1830:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1776:Main article:
1773:
1770:
1757:
1754:
1669:
1666:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1631:before bedtime
1621:
1618:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:mental fatigue
1576:hallucinations
1561:
1543:
1520:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1458:
1457:DSM-5 criteria
1455:
1436:sleep medicine
1382:
1379:
1343:catecholamines
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1270:
1267:
1219:
1218:Opioid-induced
1216:
1186:Like alcohol,
1183:
1180:
1176:rebound effect
1139:Main article:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1104:
1101:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1055:
1045:
1034:
1020:
1011:
993:
974:
921:
918:
903:
890:
884:
878:
872:
867:
861:
851:
800:
781:
778:
684:In June 2021,
632:attention span
602:
594:
567:Binge-watching
558:
555:
538:Main article:
535:
532:
493:
490:
455:
454:
451:
448:
445:
428:
425:
422:
403:
400:
396:ancient Greece
372:sleeping pills
286:depressed mood
274:sleep disorder
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
250:sleeping pills
239:
235:
234:
217:
211:
210:
204:
198:
197:
170:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
151:depressed mood
143:
137:
136:
134:sleep medicine
127:
121:
120:
118:
117:
76:
74:
70:
69:
60:
59:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14784:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14759:
14757:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14734:
14730:
14727:
14726:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14684:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14655:
14653:
14650:
14648:
14645:
14643:
14642:Digital detox
14640:
14638:
14635:
14633:
14632:Cyberbullying
14630:
14626:
14623:
14622:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14602:
14600:
14596:
14590:
14587:
14585:
14582:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14570:
14569:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14548:
14545:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14527:
14526:
14523:
14522:
14520:
14514:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14487:
14486:
14483:
14479:
14476:
14475:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14428:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14413:
14411:
14407:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14384:
14381:
14380:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14355:
14353:
14347:
14343:
14336:
14331:
14329:
14324:
14322:
14317:
14316:
14313:
14297:
14295:
14292:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14274:
14270:
14264:
14261:
14258:
14254:
14251:
14248:
14244:
14240:
14239:amitriptyline
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14220:
14216:
14212:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14196:
14190:
14184:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14164:
14160:
14156:
14152:
14149:
14147:
14144:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14126:
14122:
14118:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14101:
14098:
14094:
14086:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14066:
14062:
14058:
14054:
14050:
14047:
14046:
14044:
14042:Miscellaneous
14040:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14020:
14018:
14016:
14012:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13982:
13980:
13978:
13974:
13968:
13965:
13962:
13958:
13955:
13952:
13948:
13944:
13943:amitriptyline
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13904:Methapyrilene
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13852:
13844:
13840:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13828:Sulfonmethane
13826:
13823:
13819:
13816:
13813:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13801:
13798:
13794:
13790:
13789:Neurosteroids
13787:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13779:Clomethiazole
13777:
13775:
13772:
13769:
13765:
13762:
13759:
13755:
13751:
13748:
13745:
13741:
13740:phenobarbital
13737:
13736:pentobarbital
13733:
13729:
13726:
13723:
13719:
13715:
13714:ethchlorvynol
13711:
13708:
13705:
13704:
13701:
13698:
13696:
13693:
13691:
13688:
13686:
13683:
13681:
13677:
13673:
13672:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13623:Flutoprazepam
13621:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13613:Flunitrazepam
13611:
13609:
13606:
13604:
13601:
13599:
13596:
13594:
13591:
13589:
13586:
13584:
13581:
13579:
13576:
13574:
13570:
13569:
13567:
13565:
13555:
13551:
13544:
13539:
13537:
13532:
13530:
13525:
13524:
13521:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13483:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13467:
13466:Methocarbamol
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13456:Mephenoxalone
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13446:Chlorphenesin
13444:
13443:
13442:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13416:
13415:Phenaglycodol
13413:
13411:
13408:
13406:
13403:
13402:
13401:
13398:
13394:
13391:
13390:
13389:
13386:
13385:
13383:
13379:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13349:
13347:
13345:
13332:
13326:
13323:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
13312:
13310:
13308:
13304:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13279:
13277:
13275:
13271:
13261:
13258:
13257:
13255:
13251:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13228:
13227:
13224:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13211:
13210:
13209:
13206:
13205:
13203:
13201:
13197:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13179:
13178:
13175:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13159:Amitriptyline
13157:
13156:
13155:
13152:
13150:
13147:
13146:
13144:
13142:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13126:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13081:
13079:
13077:
13069:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13042:
13041:
13038:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13024:
13023:
13020:
13019:
13017:
13015:
13011:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12994:
12993:
12992:
12989:
12984:
12981:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12973:Amitriptyline
12971:
12970:
12969:
12966:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12948:
12947:
12944:
12943:
12941:
12939:
12935:
12929:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12908:Methapyrilene
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12880:
12878:
12876:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12860:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12833:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12813:Aceburic acid
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12800:
12798:
12796:
12789:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12766:Isovaleramide
12764:
12763:
12762:
12761:Sesquiterpene
12759:
12757:
12754:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12736:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12699:Clomethiazole
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12680:
12677:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12643:
12641:
12637:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12582:
12580:
12578:
12574:
12568:
12565:
12563:
12562:Pyrithyldione
12560:
12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12549:
12547:
12545:
12541:
12535:
12532:
12531:
12529:
12527:
12523:
12517:
12514:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12504:
12502:
12499:
12497:
12494:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12463:
12461:
12459:
12455:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12410:
12408:
12406:
12402:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12367:
12365:
12363:
12359:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12339:
12337:
12335:
12331:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12314:Phenprobamate
12312:
12310:
12309:Methocarbamol
12307:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12299:Hexapropymate
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12281:
12279:
12277:
12273:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12216:Flutoprazepam
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12201:Flunitrazepam
12199:
12197:
12196:Flunitrazolam
12194:
12192:
12191:Flubromazolam
12189:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12158:
12156:
12154:
12150:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12093:Phenobarbital
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12083:Pentobarbital
12081:
12079:
12078:Narcobarbital
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12068:Mephobarbital
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12048:Cyclobarbital
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12015:
12013:
12011:
12007:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11990:Ethchlorvynol
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11967:
11965:
11963:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11947:
11942:
11938:
11934:
11927:
11922:
11920:
11915:
11913:
11908:
11907:
11904:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11787:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11730:
11729:
11726:
11725:
11723:
11719:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11685:
11683:
11679:
11671:
11668:
11667:
11666:
11663:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11650:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11643:Sleep hygiene
11641:
11639:
11636:
11635:
11633:
11631:
11627:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11600:Sleep inertia
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11563:
11561:
11557:
11551:
11550:Sleep-talking
11548:
11546:
11545:Sleep driving
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11513:
11509:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11457:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11407:
11405:
11403:
11399:
11393:
11390:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11362:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11347:
11345:
11343:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11330:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11318:Sleep spindle
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11271:
11267:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11247:
11245:
11243:
11238:
11234:
11230:
11223:
11218:
11216:
11211:
11209:
11204:
11203:
11200:
11187:
11183:
11182:
11178:
11176:
11172:
11171:
11167:
11165:
11161:
11160:
11156:
11155:
11152:
11148:
11141:
11137:
11136:
11132:
11130:
11126:
11125:
11121:
11119:
11115:
11114:
11110:
11108:
11104:
11100:
11096:
11092:
11088:
11087:
11083:
11079:
11077:
11073:
11069:
11068:
11064:
11060:
11058:
11054:
11050:
11046:
11042:
11038:
11037:
11033:
11029:
11028:
11025:
11020:
11016:
10993:
10989:
10983:
10979:
10978:
10970:
10963:
10952:
10948:
10942:
10938:
10937:
10929:
10921:
10917:
10913:
10909:
10905:
10901:
10900:Public Health
10894:
10886:
10882:
10878:
10874:
10867:
10852:
10848:
10844:
10838:
10830:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10813:(2): 131–36.
10812:
10808:
10804:
10797:
10795:
10793:
10791:
10782:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10748:
10744:
10740:
10733:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10713:
10710:(6): 477–87.
10709:
10705:
10704:Sleep Med Rev
10698:
10690:
10686:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10661:Sleep Med Rev
10654:
10646:
10642:
10638:
10634:
10630:
10626:
10622:
10618:
10611:
10603:
10599:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10583:
10580:(4): 414–21.
10579:
10575:
10568:
10566:
10557:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10540:(2): 173–87.
10539:
10535:
10531:
10524:
10522:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10486:
10484:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10454:Sleep Med Rev
10448:
10446:
10437:
10431:
10427:
10422:
10421:
10412:
10404:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10386:
10382:
10378:
10374:
10370:
10363:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10326:NIHR Evidence
10323:
10317:
10309:
10305:
10301:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10283:
10279:
10278:Pharmacol Rev
10275:
10271:
10264:
10256:
10252:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10233:(4): 271–87.
10232:
10228:
10221:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10193:
10185:
10177:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10143:
10136:
10128:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10102:
10098:
10094:
10087:
10079:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10038:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10013:
10012:11380/1288245
10008:
10003:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9979:
9977:
9975:
9966:
9962:
9958:
9951:
9943:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9908:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9826:
9822:
9821:Diabetes Care
9818:
9813:
9812:
9801:
9797:
9793:
9792:
9788:
9783:
9779:
9773:
9765:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9747:
9743:
9739:
9732:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9697:
9695:
9683:
9676:
9670:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9627:
9619:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9578:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9555:(6): 365–70.
9554:
9550:
9542:
9534:
9528:
9524:
9517:
9502:
9498:
9492:
9488:
9487:
9479:
9471:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9454:(4): 389–91.
9453:
9449:
9445:
9438:
9430:
9426:
9423:(2): 269–72.
9422:
9418:
9411:
9403:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9362:
9354:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9329:(6): 637–45.
9328:
9324:
9320:
9313:
9311:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9267:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9243:
9239:
9236:(3): 421–31.
9235:
9231:
9224:
9216:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9175:
9173:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9142:
9134:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9091:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9048:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9005:
8991:
8987:
8981:
8967:
8963:
8957:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8928:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8892:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8851:
8835:
8831:
8824:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8794:
8778:
8774:
8767:
8761:
8742:
8735:
8729:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8686:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8643:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8607:
8592:
8588:
8587:Fierce Pharma
8584:
8577:
8575:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8538:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8508:
8500:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8467:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8445:
8426:
8422:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8401:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8362:
8355:
8339:
8335:
8329:
8321:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8288:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8216:(4): 206–16.
8215:
8211:
8204:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8181:(5): 527–34.
8180:
8176:
8169:
8167:
8158:
8152:
8148:
8141:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8106:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8083:
8081:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8057:(5): 539–58.
8056:
8052:
8045:
8037:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8004:BMC Neurology
8001:
7994:
7985:
7983:
7974:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7933:
7925:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7900:(6): 453–64.
7899:
7895:
7891:
7884:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7861:(4): 265–74.
7860:
7856:
7849:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7807:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7780:
7772:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7739:
7731:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7698:
7690:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7647:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7618:
7616:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7580:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7549:(6): 403–07.
7548:
7544:
7537:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7489:Sleep Med Rev
7486:
7479:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7452:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7409:
7403:
7399:
7398:
7390:
7382:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7341:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7306:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7279:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7246:(4): 163–76.
7245:
7241:
7237:
7230:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7132:(3): 205–14.
7131:
7127:
7120:
7112:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7071:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7044:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6939:(7): 529–39.
6938:
6934:
6927:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6896:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6818:
6816:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6784:
6776:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6733:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6670:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6627:
6611:
6607:
6601:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6566:
6564:
6555:
6548:
6540:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6497:
6495:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6437:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6396:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6367:
6363:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6345:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6268:
6266:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6242:(6): 555–60.
6241:
6237:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6207:(5): 302–10.
6206:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6144:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6119:(2): 167–74.
6118:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6046:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6021:(4): 441–42.
6020:
6016:
6012:
6005:
5997:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5912:
5908:
5902:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5837:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5814:(3): 327–34.
5813:
5809:
5802:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5767:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5736:(3): 249–55.
5735:
5731:
5724:
5716:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5697:
5681:
5677:
5676:HowStuffWorks
5673:
5666:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5643:(3): 225–35.
5642:
5638:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5467:Sleep Science
5464:
5457:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5414:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5346:Schmerler J.
5342:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5204:(1): 185–91.
5203:
5199:
5192:
5184:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5165:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5130:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5087:
5078:
5074:
5071:(4): 517–26.
5070:
5066:
5059:
5057:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5002:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4976:(2): 213–18.
4975:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4885:
4877:
4870:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3878:Sleep Science
3875:
3868:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3802:(1): 77–101.
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3233:(19): 12261.
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2814:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:Health Topics
2714:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:popular press
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2583: 74.5–80
2577: 69–74.5
2571: 63.5–69
2565: 58–63.5
2559: 52.5–58
2553: 47–52.5
2547: 41.5–47
2541: 36–41.5
2517: no data
2510:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2439:acceptability
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2155:public health
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2109:
2106:
2105:hyperactivity
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:amitriptyline
1969:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1842:metacognition
1839:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1761:Sleep hygiene
1756:Sleep hygiene
1753:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1734:sleep hygiene
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:sleep hygiene
1689:
1688:can develop.
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:may include:
1609:
1608:sleep hygiene
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1513:
1505:
1504:drug of abuse
1501:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:In addition:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1425:sleep hygiene
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:Heavy smoking
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:due to their
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:sleep hygiene
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:brain lesions
998:
994:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:schizophrenia
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
919:
916:
912:
908:
904:
902:
898:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
871:
870:Heart disease
868:
866:
862:
860:
856:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
799:
795:
791:
790:
789:
786:
773:
772:
766:
765:
760:
759:
753:
749:
747:
743:
742:
737:
733:
728:
723:
718:
717:
711:
708:
707:
701:
700:
694:
693:
687:
682:
679:
674:
670:
666:
665:
659:
654:
651:
650:
645:
641:
637:
636:verbal memory
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
615:Sleep Science
612:
607:
599:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
554:
552:
547:
541:
531:
529:
524:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:restless legs
489:
487:
483:
477:
475:
469:
467:
463:
459:
452:
449:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
426:
423:
421:
417:
416:
415:
408:
399:
397:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:sleep hygiene
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:heart failure
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:sleeplessness
267:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
242:Sleep hygiene
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
216:
212:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:heart failure
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
161:
159:
158:Complications
155:
152:
148:
144:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
126:
122:
113:
78:
77:
75:
73:Pronunciation
71:
68:
67:
61:
57:
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
29:
22:
14736:Technostress
14729:Technophobia
14724:Technophilia
14583:
14500:Evolutionary
14478:Evolutionary
14468:Neuroscience
14263:Valnoctamide
14247:trimipramine
14089:dronabinol (
14081:Cannabinoids
14076:Benzoctamine
13985:Daridorexant
13967:Triprolidine
13951:trimipramine
13929:Propiomazine
13924:Promethazine
13889:Etodroxizine
13822:methaqualone
13812:glutethimide
13793:progesterone
13744:secobarbital
13728:Barbiturates
13706:
13674:
13638:Lormetazepam
13571:
13508:Valnoctamide
13410:Metaglycodol
13405:Fenpentadiol
13315:Daridorexant
13218:Thioridazine
13169:Trimipramine
13104:Medetomidine
13032:Thioridazine
12983:Trimipramine
12928:Propiomazine
12923:Promethazine
12729:Petrichloral
12714:Kavalactones
12646:Acetophenone
12615:Methaqualone
12610:Mecloqualone
12605:Mebroqualone
12595:Diproqualone
12590:Cloroqualone
12552:Glutethimide
12448:Progesterone
12438:Hydroxydione
12370:Acecarbromal
12284:Carisoprodol
12226:Lormetazepam
12211:Flutemazepam
12113:Secobarbital
12073:Methohexital
12063:Hexobarbital
12043:Butobarbital
12038:Butabarbital
12028:Aprobarbital
12018:Allobarbital
12010:Barbiturates
11763:Sleeping bag
11540:Sleepwalking
11525:Night terror
11419:
11242:sleep cycles
11179:
11168:
11157:
11133:
11122:
11111:
11080:
11061:
11030:
10996:. Retrieved
10976:
10969:
10961:
10955:. Retrieved
10935:
10928:
10903:
10899:
10893:
10876:
10872:
10866:
10855:. Retrieved
10846:
10837:
10810:
10806:
10763:10722/198790
10746:
10742:
10732:
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10697:
10664:
10660:
10653:
10620:
10616:
10610:
10577:
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10537:
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10457:
10453:
10419:
10411:
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10372:
10362:
10350:. Retrieved
10325:
10316:
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10277:
10263:
10230:
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10191:
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10145:
10135:
10100:
10096:
10086:
10054:(1): 64–77.
10051:
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9950:
9917:
9913:
9907:
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9872:
9868:
9851:
9824:
9820:
9804:, retrieved
9785:
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9748:(2): 65–72.
9745:
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9731:
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9636:
9633:J Intern Med
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9485:
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9155:the original
9150:
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9100:
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8989:
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8969:. Retrieved
8965:
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8936:
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8838:. Retrieved
8834:the original
8823:
8811:. Retrieved
8807:the original
8802:
8793:
8781:. Retrieved
8772:
8760:
8748:. Retrieved
8728:
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8595:. Retrieved
8586:
8551:(1): 79–84.
8548:
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8537:
8525:. Retrieved
8516:
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8453:
8450:"Doxylamine"
8444:
8432:. Retrieved
8423:: 3, 8, 11.
8420:
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8328:
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8092:
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7820:
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7793:
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7660:
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7635:. Retrieved
7626:
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7585:
7579:
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7525:. Retrieved
7492:
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7426:
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7292:
7288:
7278:
7243:
7239:
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7218:. Retrieved
7209:
7200:
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7125:
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7080:
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7032:. Retrieved
6986:
6982:
6969:
6936:
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6926:
6914:. Retrieved
6905:
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6827:
6823:
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6793:
6783:
6746:
6742:
6732:
6721:. Retrieved
6712:
6703:
6691:. Retrieved
6677:
6640:
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6626:
6614:. Retrieved
6610:the original
6600:
6575:
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6553:
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6369:
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6298:
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6235:
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6204:
6200:
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5915:. Retrieved
5911:the original
5901:
5889:. Retrieved
5880:
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5680:the original
5675:
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5435:
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5360:. Retrieved
5351:
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5328:
5318:
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5240:
5234:
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5197:
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5137:
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5064:
5043:. Retrieved
5039:the original
5029:
5017:. Retrieved
4973:
4969:
4959:
4947:. Retrieved
4911:. Retrieved
4891:
4884:
4875:
4869:
4857:. Retrieved
4853:the original
4848:
4838:
4829:11585/950006
4811:
4807:
4801:
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4752:
4742:
4705:
4701:
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4205:
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4106:
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4057:
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3881:
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3848:
3844:
3834:
3799:
3795:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3725:. Retrieved
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3685:
3666:
3660:
3635:
3627:
3597:(2): 68–85.
3594:
3590:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3558:
3546:. Retrieved
3534:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3498:the original
3493:
3484:
3465:
3455:
3422:
3418:
3372:
3368:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3192:(24): 2653.
3189:
3183:
3157:. Retrieved
3155:. 2020-07-16
3152:
3143:
3132:. Retrieved
3112:
3063:
3057:
3014:. Retrieved
3007:the original
3000:"Dyssomnias"
2948:
2944:
2902:
2898:
2865:. Retrieved
2861:the original
2856:
2820:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:the original
2792:
2766:. Retrieved
2757:
2729:. Retrieved
2716:
2669:
2662:nominalizing
2657:
2639:
2627:
2623:
2620:Epidemiology
2610:
2598:
2594:
2490:cannabinoids
2460:
2455:cannabigerol
2435:tolerability
2391:effect sizes
2388:
2379:Barbiturates
2377:
2363:
2346:dyslipidemia
2327:
2286:daridorexant
2272:
2241:
2201:
2164:
2135:
2100:neurological
2089:
2083:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2042:
2030:
2012:
1992:
1988:trimipramine
1965:
1933:
1924:
1920:sleepwalking
1893:
1890:Somnifacient
1879:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:sleep effort
1854:
1847:hyperarousal
1835:
1826:
1823:
1807:
1781:
1759:
1750:
1738:
1730:
1718:
1690:
1671:
1662:
1654:
1597:
1590:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1527:
1522:
1509:
1499:parasomnia).
1481:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1429:
1410:
1404:out-patient
1397:
1390:
1371:sex hormones
1368:
1364:
1336:
1332:
1272:
1269:Risk factors
1221:
1185:
1144:
1124:
1108:Heritability
1106:
1082:
1069:Chronic pain
997:neurological
897:menstruation
840:aripiprazole
832:amphetamines
787:
783:
769:
762:
756:
751:
739:
731:
726:
721:
714:
712:
704:
697:
690:
685:
683:
677:
672:
668:
662:
657:
655:
647:
639:
614:
605:
603:
543:
534:Subjectivity
525:
514:
495:
478:
470:
456:
435:irritability
413:
392:
390:is unclear.
357:
345:night shifts
297:chronic pain
290:
282:irritability
269:
265:
264:
178:chronic pain
64:
32:
14682:Screen time
14284:from market
14257:mirtazapine
14174:Scopolamine
14155:hydrocodone
14108:Fenadiazole
14071:Ashwagandha
14061:risperidone
14033:Tasimelteon
14005:Vornorexant
13995:Seltorexant
13990:Lemborexant
13961:mirtazapine
13919:Pimethixene
13909:Pheniramine
13894:Hydroxyzine
13864:Alimemazine
13803:Paraldehyde
13768:meprobamate
13732:amobarbital
13685:Eszopiclone
13648:Nimetazepam
13628:Haloxazolam
13598:Doxefazepam
13593:Clorazepate
13583:Cinolazepam
13493:Scopolamine
13437:Guaifenesin
13432:Fenadiazole
13388:Cannabidiol
13362:Mirogabalin
13320:Lemborexant
13297:Tasimelteon
13282:Agomelatine
13241:Risperidone
13187:Mirtazapine
13076:-Adrenergic
13055:Risperidone
13001:Mirtazapine
12951:Etoperidone
12918:Pheniramine
12903:Hydroxyzine
12724:Paraldehyde
12719:Loreclezole
12585:Afloqualone
12567:Piperidione
12557:Methyprylon
12486:Pazinaclone
12466:Eszopiclone
12428:Alphaxolone
12423:Alphadolone
12362:Monoureides
12304:Meprobamate
12241:Nitemazepam
12236:Nimetazepam
12181:Doxefazepam
12166:Cinolazepam
12138:Vinbarbital
12103:Proxibarbal
12088:Phenallymal
12023:Amobarbital
11975:Chloralodol
11847:Second wind
11822:Dream diary
11698:Sleep study
11638:Sleep diary
11590:Hypnopompia
11585:Sleep onset
11576:Hypnic jerk
11415:Hypersomnia
11365:Catathrenia
11360:Sleep apnea
11270:Brain waves
11240:Stages of
11159:MedlinePlus
10352:21 November
9806:30 December
9161:20 November
9147:"Temazepam"
8990:Mayo Clinic
8966:Mayo Clinic
6578:(3): 5–15.
6513:: 1033–39.
6386:24 February
5881:Mayo Clinic
5779:(1): 1–14.
5686:20 November
5446:26 February
4859:29 December
3727:24 February
3494:Mayo Clinic
3462:"chapter 1"
2731:26 November
2680:World War I
2494:acupuncture
2427:eszopiclone
2423:lemborexant
2401:, sedative
2350:neutropenia
2342:risperidone
2290:sleep onset
2282:lemborexant
2263:eszopiclone
2014:Agomelatine
1980:mirtazapine
1908:eszopiclone
1884:Medications
1851:Mindfulness
1636:white noise
1417:sleep apnea
1401:sleep diary
1369:Changes in
1315:Work stress
1298:Alzheimer's
1227:hydrocodone
1163:dehydration
812:medications
794:sleep apnea
563:Screen time
502:sleep apnea
458:Sleep onset
353:sleep study
349:sleep apnea
321:medications
228:sleep apnea
208:sleep study
46:Other names
14756:Categories
14615:Body image
14562:Depression
14516:Associated
14485:Psychology
14473:Psychiatry
14426:Ergonomics
14383:Nomophobia
14215:guanfacine
14183:tryptophan
14146:Niaprazine
14121:pregabalin
14117:gabapentin
14057:olanzapine
14053:quetiapine
14000:Suvorexant
13934:Pyrilamine
13884:Doxylamine
13869:Captodiame
13797:zuranolone
13764:Carbamates
13653:Nitrazepam
13633:Loprazolam
13618:Flurazepam
13588:Climazolam
13578:Brotizolam
13461:Metaxalone
13451:Mephenesin
13372:Pregabalin
13352:Gabapentin
13325:Suvorexant
13260:Niaprazine
13236:Quetiapine
13231:Olanzapine
13114:Tizanidine
13109:Romifidine
13099:Lofexidine
13089:Detomidine
13050:Quetiapine
13045:Olanzapine
12956:Nefazodone
12898:Doxylamine
12883:Captodiame
12694:Chloralose
12658:compounds
12600:Etaqualone
12496:Suproclone
12476:Lirequinil
12443:Minaxolone
12433:Eltanolone
12413:Acebrochol
12380:Bromisoval
12347:Metomidate
12334:Imidazoles
12294:Ethinamate
12289:Emylcamate
12276:Carbamates
12251:Nitrazolam
12246:Nitrazepam
12221:Loprazolam
12206:Flurazepam
12176:Clonazolam
12171:Climazolam
12161:Brotizolam
12143:Vinylbital
12128:Thiopental
11881:Sleep debt
11827:Microsleep
11807:Chronotype
11721:Daily life
11605:Somnolence
11581:Hypnagogia
11512:Parasomnia
11430:Narcolepsy
11342:Anatomical
11323:Theta wave
11293:Gamma wave
11288:Delta wave
11278:Alpha wave
11181:Patient UK
11124:DiseasesDB
10998:2017-09-01
10957:2017-09-01
10857:2022-10-27
10667:: 101339.
10492:J Med Food
10211:2022-10-18
10103:: 113098.
9507:2020-05-12
9107:: 892624.
8995:2024-05-01
8971:2024-05-01
8947:2022-06-29
8813:30 October
8783:14 October
8750:14 October
8597:2023-08-31
8266:(5): 283.
8253:"Insomnia"
8010:(1): 300.
7839:2022-07-15
7637:2021-06-24
7623:"Insomnia"
7527:2020-06-30
7220:2022-07-15
7176:(7): 733.
7034:2020-09-18
6916:11 October
6885:11 October
6804:4 November
6723:2022-07-15
5891:5 February
5362:19 October
5173:Psychiatry
4939:"Insomnia"
4913:2023-03-19
4702:Healthcare
4025:: 101226.
4021:(101226).
3564:"Symptoms"
3180:"Insomnia"
3159:2024-07-25
3134:2017-09-01
3016:25 January
2686:References
2464:, such as
2411:quetiapine
2373:pregabalin
2369:gabapentin
2338:olanzapine
2334:quetiapine
2278:suvorexant
2120:Normison (
1947:doxylamine
1898:and other
1888:See also:
1840:(ACT) and
1678:dependence
1651:Management
1587:Prevention
1532:depression
1421:oropharynx
1406:actigraphy
1196:clonazepam
1192:alprazolam
1190:, such as
1028:depressant
982:shift work
980:, such as
808:stimulants
758:Healthcare
644:odds ratio
575:Nomophobia
561:See also:
526:Nocturnal
482:depression
439:depression
319:, certain
130:Psychiatry
14495:Cognitive
14294:Phase III
14282:Withdrawn
14230:Trazodone
14211:clonidine
14159:oxycodone
14103:Chamomile
14028:Ramelteon
14023:Melatonin
13899:Meclizine
13700:Zopiclone
13668:Triazolam
13663:Temazepam
13643:Midazolam
13603:Estazolam
13498:Trazodone
13439:-related
13292:Ramelteon
13287:Melatonin
13274:Melatonin
13182:Mianserin
13149:Trazodone
13084:Clonidine
12996:Mianserin
12961:Trazodone
12913:Perlapine
12756:Triclofos
12709:Gaboxadol
12516:Zopiclone
12501:Suriclone
12491:Saripidem
12481:Necopidem
12395:Ectylurea
12390:Carbromal
12352:Propoxate
12342:Etomidate
12319:Procymate
12266:Triazolam
12261:Temazepam
12231:Midazolam
12186:Estazolam
12123:Thiamylal
12058:Heptabarb
11937:sedatives
11933:Hypnotics
11891:Sleepover
11842:Power nap
11837:Nightwear
11703:Melatonin
11665:Somnology
11630:Treatment
11463:disorders
11402:Dyssomnia
11308:PGO waves
11303:Mu rhythm
11298:K-complex
11283:Beta wave
11260:Slow-wave
11170:eMedicine
11140:193462001
11135:SNOMED CT
10879:(8): 40.
10689:219452622
10645:227174084
10617:CNS Drugs
10342:252983016
10127:230507941
10029:250536370
9897:205678886
9764:2168-9709
9709:: 13–17.
9703:Sleep Med
9661:248119793
9594:: e8343.
8527:29 August
8477:P & T
8122:: 36–37.
7606:143141307
7495:: 52–62.
6788:Simon H.
6749:(2): 71.
6643:(2): 71.
6158:Menopause
5849:: 21–28.
5294:(3): 65.
5288:MedGenMed
5226:207263711
4458:246738576
4234:230107960
4084:213952365
3994:207974088
3951:198193864
3744:Neurology
3298:1550-9397
2676:Al Herpin
2614:longevity
2500:Prognosis
2474:chamomile
2453:Trinero (
2259:zopiclone
2179:tolerance
2122:temazepam
2074:Dizziness
2052:ramelteon
2048:melatonin
2018:Australia
1984:trazodone
1951:hypnotics
1900:sedatives
1814:tolerance
1686:tolerance
1578:, and/or
1572:cytokines
1512:DSM-IV TR
1381:Diagnosis
1329:Mechanism
1259:analgesia
1243:analgesic
1231:oxycodone
1200:lorazepam
1171:Glutamine
1155:REM sleep
901:menopause
855:sedatives
848:modafinil
806:(such as
384:addiction
317:menopause
309:heartburn
256:Frequency
238:Treatment
190:heartburn
172:Unknown,
125:Specialty
14762:Insomnia
14584:Insomnia
14490:Clinical
14225:Theanine
14219:prazosin
14163:morphine
14136:Lavender
14125:phenibut
14097:nabilone
14085:cannabis
13851:receptor
13833:Valerian
13750:Bromides
13710:Alcohols
13695:Zolpidem
13690:Zaleplon
13658:Quazepam
13608:Etizolam
13562:receptor
13482:morphine
13473:Midaflur
13393:Cannabis
13367:Phenibut
13119:Xylazine
12848:Phenibut
12818:Baclofen
12744:Tetronal
12679:Centalun
12534:Propofol
12511:Zolpidem
12506:Zaleplon
12471:Indiplon
12385:Capuride
12324:Tybamate
12256:Quazepam
12118:Talbutal
12033:Barbital
11962:Alcohols
11758:Mattress
11733:Bunk bed
11653:Hypnosis
11445:Nocturia
11420:Insomnia
11186:Insomnia
11175:med/2698
10992:Archived
10951:Archived
10920:26298588
10851:Archived
10829:11825133
10781:22972087
10772:11262418
10724:24726015
10681:32603954
10637:33244728
10602:34484538
10594:15982998
10556:17561634
10512:29356580
10474:25644982
10460:: 1–12.
10403:34819636
10346:Archived
10300:29487083
10255:38394552
10247:16732687
10205:Archived
10176:36073694
10119:33417992
10078:31860457
10021:35843245
9965:22973576
9934:22510671
9889:17848919
9860:22132426
9843:14747245
9800:archived
9723:27544830
9682:Archived
9653:35043499
9618:23248080
9569:20025839
9549:Therapie
9501:Archived
9470:10976252
9402:16284208
9353:26711081
9301:40188442
9293:15587763
9258:20655328
9215:17619935
9133:21760817
9082:23291045
9074:22429105
9031:23044640
8941:Archived
8919:26844312
8891:29761479
8777:Archived
8741:Archived
8720:29745284
8712:18753276
8677:25351993
8669:12566938
8634:14658972
8591:Archived
8565:15519538
8521:Archived
8499:26609210
8454:DrugBank
8425:Archived
8388:24152538
8338:Archived
8320:27136449
8272:19458795
8238:10527276
8230:22585048
8132:Archived
8071:15951083
8036:32791960
7973:22975073
7924:23602124
7875:19153052
7833:Archived
7829:17853625
7771:10086433
7730:15451764
7689:22631616
7631:Archived
7571:22141056
7563:19057243
7521:Archived
7509:26606319
7470:21178150
7443:18952469
7381:36000763
7332:10533351
7289:NPS News
7270:19203612
7262:14661186
7214:Archived
7192:23423421
7146:19201632
7111:27998379
7062:17308547
7025:Archived
7013:28392168
6989:: 3–16.
6961:38910586
6953:12182689
6910:Archived
6879:Archived
6852:51866276
6844:30058034
6798:Archived
6775:32013124
6717:Archived
6693:10 March
6687:Archived
6669:32013124
6616:29 April
6592:14626537
6539:24019746
6485:16823040
6477:20813762
6436:22976557
6380:archived
6329:Archived
6325:18853708
6256:11033374
6221:25218407
6186:23937236
6178:26154276
6143:19122760
6094:25846534
6045:19413138
5996:33007324
5917:14 April
5885:Archived
5863:76376646
5828:15003439
5793:15531349
5750:16639148
5657:23932332
5622:28604731
5573:26132482
5524:Archived
5497:26779321
5440:Archived
5438:. 2021.
5413:17824495
5356:Archived
5310:17406188
5269:28255648
5261:16717498
5218:20028959
5147:Archived
5129:26316239
5077:17853625
5013:Archived
4992:17326547
4943:Archived
4907:Archived
4793:37713408
4784:10503710
4753:PLOS ONE
4734:37510507
4725:10380081
4683:36638702
4648:36546366
4599:35692715
4550:36259788
4509:35955069
4450:35149136
4387:35095395
4336:34587944
4285:34163386
4226:33385767
4184:32903205
4135:33036443
4049:31778942
4023:Elsevier
3986:31757638
3943:31336284
3908:30746049
3826:21967449
3772:24024570
3764:15994219
3721:Archived
3701:24 April
3695:Archived
3619:30439961
3611:21491230
3574:15 April
3568:Archived
3539:Archived
3447:21617330
3439:26054060
3399:33164741
3316:29458702
3259:36231555
3208:22735439
3128:Archived
3092:17824495
2973:42686046
2965:18166757
2921:27136449
2867:9 August
2803:9 August
2768:9 August
2762:Archived
2725:Archived
2486:cannabis
2478:lavender
2466:valerian
2431:efficacy
2328:Certain
2298:Belsomra
2255:zaleplon
2251:zolpidem
2208:receptor
2174:hypnotic
2150:hypnotic
2071:Headache
2046:such as
2022:Novartis
1941:such as
1916:zolpidem
1912:zaleplon
1810:Hypnotic
1786:and the
1674:hypnotic
1629:nicotine
1600:exercise
1567:insomnia
1549:insomnia
1534:, or by
1348:HPA axis
1339:cortisol
1294:diabetes
1263:sedation
1247:hypnotic
1235:morphine
1204:diazepam
1103:Genetics
1089:cortisol
1040:, e.g.,
1024:sedative
1016:such as
995:Certain
964:dementia
824:nicotine
820:caffeine
764:PLOS One
528:polyuria
521:cortisol
380:dementia
376:injuries
364:exercise
329:nicotine
325:caffeine
284:, and a
278:sleeping
266:Insomnia
196:, others
147:sleeping
145:Trouble
141:Symptoms
41:Insomnia
14714:Spaving
14255:(e.g.,
14243:doxepin
14237:(e.g.,
14209:(e.g.,
14153:(e.g.,
14151:Opioids
14115:(e.g.,
14083:(e.g.,
14051:(e.g.,
13959:(e.g.,
13947:doxepin
13941:(e.g.,
13820:(e.g.,
13810:(e.g.,
13791:(e.g.,
13766:(e.g.,
13752:(e.g.,
13730:(e.g.,
13722:ethanol
13712:(e.g.,
13707:Others:
13680:Z-drugs
13480:(e.g.,
13478:Opioids
13427:Evoxine
13164:Doxepin
12978:Doxepin
12853:Tolibut
12749:Trional
12656:Bromide
12526:Phenols
12108:Reposal
11785:Bedtime
11780:Bedroom
11775:Bedding
11770:Bed bug
11753:Hammock
11658:Lullaby
11492:Jet lag
11392:Snoring
11350:Bruxism
11118:D007319
10394:9095464
10308:3578916
10270:Gobbi G
10167:9453914
10069:7029416
9942:9888209
9609:3544552
9429:1679317
9393:1285093
9344:4889508
9250:7624493
9206:2219774
9124:3133850
9039:1403262
8882:6494576
8490:4634348
8382:: 1–8.
8027:7425538
7964:3466342
7915:3720832
7680:3481424
7517:3410636
7372:9400393
7102:5263087
7021:3359815
6766:7071368
6660:7071368
6530:3760296
6427:3480567
6338:30 July
6316:2576317
6134:2504337
6085:4388122
6036:2663857
5987:7525655
5758:1709063
5613:5600256
5564:4531410
5488:4688585
5404:1978319
5301:1781306
5153:11 July
5120:4890704
5045:11 July
5019:11 July
4949:11 July
4761:Bibcode
4639:9978438
4590:9076584
4500:9368441
4378:8797142
4327:8482627
4276:8216490
4175:8943681
4126:7579161
4040:7034412
3899:6361300
3817:3277880
3390:7853211
3307:5837836
3250:9566752
3083:1978319
2399:Z-drugs
2354:Z-drugs
2318:Idorsia
2314:Quviviq
2306:Dayvigo
2238:Z-Drugs
2124:) is a
2031:A 2018
2026:Servier
1976:doxepin
1625:alcohol
1565:Chronic
1304:Alcohol
1255:stage 2
1005:history
1003:, or a
986:jet lag
915:anxiety
893:Hormone
865:opioids
828:cocaine
802:Use of
628:fatigue
510:stage 3
486:tension
443:anxiety
341:autism.
333:alcohol
272:, is a
14552:Autism
14505:Social
14277:WHO-EM
13381:Others
13307:Orexin
13253:Others
13243:, etc.
13220:, etc.
13189:, etc.
13171:, etc.
13057:, etc.
13034:, etc.
13003:, etc.
12985:, etc.
12639:Others
12630:SL-164
11852:Siesta
11738:Daybed
11566:Dreams
11164:000805
11107:780.52
11103:780.51
11095:307.41
11091:307.42
11053:8E02.2
10984:
10943:
10918:
10827:
10779:
10769:
10722:
10687:
10679:
10643:
10635:
10600:
10592:
10554:
10510:
10472:
10432:
10401:
10391:
10340:
10306:
10298:
10253:
10245:
10174:
10164:
10125:
10117:
10076:
10066:
10027:
10019:
9989:Lancet
9963:
9940:
9932:
9895:
9887:
9858:
9841:
9762:
9721:
9659:
9651:
9616:
9606:
9567:
9529:
9493:
9468:
9458:
9427:
9400:
9390:
9351:
9341:
9299:
9291:
9256:
9248:
9213:
9203:
9131:
9121:
9080:
9072:
9037:
9029:
8917:
8889:
8879:
8840:15 May
8718:
8710:
8675:
8667:
8632:
8563:
8497:
8487:
8434:4 June
8386:
8318:
8270:
8236:
8228:
8195:161666
8193:
8153:
8069:
8034:
8024:
7971:
7961:
7922:
7912:
7873:
7827:
7769:
7728:
7687:
7677:
7663:: 40.
7604:
7569:
7561:
7515:
7507:
7468:
7441:
7404:
7379:
7369:
7330:
7268:
7260:
7190:
7144:
7109:
7099:
7060:
7019:
7011:
6959:
6951:
6850:
6842:
6773:
6763:
6667:
6657:
6590:
6537:
6527:
6483:
6475:
6434:
6424:
6323:
6313:
6254:
6219:
6184:
6176:
6141:
6131:
6092:
6082:
6043:
6033:
5994:
5984:
5861:
5826:
5791:
5756:
5748:
5711:
5655:
5620:
5610:
5571:
5561:
5495:
5485:
5411:
5401:
5308:
5298:
5267:
5259:
5224:
5216:
5179:
5127:
5117:
5075:
4990:
4899:
4791:
4781:
4732:
4722:
4681:
4646:
4636:
4597:
4587:
4548:
4507:
4497:
4456:
4448:
4385:
4375:
4334:
4324:
4283:
4273:
4232:
4224:
4182:
4172:
4133:
4123:
4082:
4047:
4037:
3992:
3984:
3949:
3941:
3906:
3896:
3824:
3814:
3770:
3762:
3673:
3648:
3617:
3609:
3548:4 June
3472:
3445:
3437:
3397:
3387:
3314:
3304:
3296:
3257:
3247:
3206:
3120:
3090:
3080:
2971:
2963:
2919:
2828:
2665:suffix
2652:somnus
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2476:, and
2437:, and
2417:, and
2340:, and
2312:) and
2284:, and
2261:, and
2247:Z-drug
2077:Nausea
2056:
2005:, and
1986:, and
1914:, and
1627:, and
1536:stress
1233:, and
1223:Opioid
1202:, and
1165:, and
1078:Asthma
970:, and
960:autism
924:Mental
911:stress
780:Causes
589:, and
382:, and
331:, and
169:Causes
116:
14188:5-HTP
13503:UMB68
12823:GABOB
11795:Story
11748:Futon
11681:Other
11229:Sleep
11129:26877
11099:327.0
11076:G47.0
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