Shakers - Knowledge

907: 1959: 1222: 872: 888: 155: 608:, in 1776. Mother Ann's hope for the Shakers in America was represented in a vision: "I saw a large tree, every leaf of which shone with such brightness as made it appear like a burning torch, representing the Church of Christ, which will yet be established in this land." Unable to swear an Oath of Allegiance, as it was against their faith, the members were imprisoned for about six months. Since they were only imprisoned because of their faith, this raised sympathy of citizens and thus helped to spread their religious beliefs. Mother Ann, revealed as the "second coming" of Christ, traveled throughout the eastern states, preaching her gospel views. 1329: 1163:. However, modern-day Shakers profess the divinity of Christ and claim that Shaker dualism is because "God has no sex in our human understanding of the term; yet being pure spirit He may best be thought of by man with his limited power of comprehension as having the attributes of both maleness and femaleness". The Trinity is not viewed as being false. Instead, Shakers argue that the Trinity has been misinterpreted for being completely masculine. Ann Lee's embodiment of Christ thus completed the Trinity by fulfilling the female aspect of God. 1242: 330: 2104: 1478: 313: 2004:, which is a re-creation of a decisive time in the history of the Shakers. The play is written by Arlene Hutton, the pen name of actor/director Beth Lincks. Born in Louisiana and raised in Florida, Lincks was inspired to write the play after visiting the Pleasant Hills Shaker village in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, a restored community that the Shakers occupied for more than a century, before abandoning it in 1927 because of the inability of the sect to attract new converts. 1259: 47: 1312:, the Shakers declared their messianic, communitarian message with significant response. One early convert observed: "The wisdom of their instructions, the purity of their doctrine, their Christ-like deportment, and the simplicity of their manners, all appeared truly apostolical." The Shakers represent a small but important Utopian response to the gospel. Preaching in their communities knew no boundaries of gender, social class, or education. 1321: 1455: 1443:, a machine for setting teeth in textile cards, a threshing machine, metal pens, a new type of fire engine, a machine for matching boards, numerous innovations in waterworks, planing machinery, a hernia truss, silk reeling machinery, small looms for weaving palm leaf, machines for processing broom corn, ball-and-socket tilters for chair legs, and a number of other useful inventions. Even prolific Shaker inventors like 1579: 617: 1415:, the Shakers at Mount Lebanon, New York, increased their production and marketing of Shaker chairs. They were so successful that several furniture companies produced their own versions of "Shaker" chairs. Because of the quality of their craftsmanship, original Shaker furniture is costly. Shakers won respect and admiration for their productive farms and orderly communities. Their industry brought about many 1600: 2076: 2787: 1341: 854: 2044:

costumes and lighting. "Borrowed Light" has been given over 60 performances since 2004 in eight countries, recently (early 2008) in Australia and New Zealand, and most recently (2011) in France, Germany, Finland, the Netherlands, and Belgium. In addition to Doris Humphrey, Martha Graham and Tero Saarinen cited above, choreographers

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treated equally on earth, too. Thus two Elders and two Eldresses formed the Ministry at the top of the administrative structure. Two lower-ranking Elders and two Eldresses led each family, women overseeing women and men overseeing men. This allowed the continuation of church leadership when there was a shortage of men.

920:, the scribe and historian for the New Lebanon, New York, Church Family of Shakers, preserved a great deal of information on the era of manifestations, which Shakers referred to as Mother Ann's Work, in his Domestic Journal, his diary, Sketches of Visions, and his history, A Concise View of the Church of God. 2091:, which was considered advanced for its time. Boys attended class during the winter and the girls in the summer. The first Shaker schools taught reading, spelling, oration, arithmetic and manners, but later diversified their coursework to include music, algebra, astronomy, and agricultural chemistry. 1366:

The communality of the Believers was an economic success, and their cleanliness, honesty and frugality received the highest praise. All Shaker villages ran farms, using the latest scientific methods in agriculture. They raised most of their own food, so farming, and preserving the produce required to

2130:, Eldress Bertha Lindsay of the other community, the Canterbury Shaker Village, disputed their membership in the society: "To become a Shaker you have to sign a legal document taking the necessary vows and that document, the official covenant, is locked up in our safe. Membership is closed forever." 1865:

After the Civil War, the Shakers published hymnbooks with both lyrics and music in conventional four-part harmonies. These works are less strikingly original than the earlier, monodic repertoire. The songs, hymns, and anthems were sung by the Shakers usually at the beginning of their Sunday worship.

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The Shakers' dedication to hard work and perfection has resulted in a unique range of architecture, furniture and handicraft styles. They designed their furniture with care, believing that making something well was in itself an act of prayer. Before the late 18th century, they rarely fashioned items

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Shakers were the first large producers of medicinal herbs in the United States, and pioneers in the sale of seeds in paper packets. Brethren grew the crops, but sisters picked, sorted, and packaged their products for sale, so those industries were built on a foundation of women's labor in the Shaker

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which were expressed during religious revivals. They also experienced what they interpreted as messages from God during silent meditations and became known as "Shaking Quakers" because of the ecstatic nature of their worship services. They believed in the renunciation of sinful acts and that the end

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created a live performance work with dance and music entitled "Borrowed Light". While all the music is Shaker song performed in a largely traditional manner, the dance intermingles only certain elements of Shaker practice and belief with Saarinen's original choreographic ideas, and with distinctive

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Scribes, many of whom had no formal musical training, used a form of music notation called the letteral system. This method used letters of the alphabet, often not positioned on a staff, along with a simple notation of conventional rhythmic values, and has a curious, and coincidental, similarity to

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In their labor, Shakers followed traditional gender work-related roles. Their homes were segregated by sex, as were women and men's work areas. Women worked indoors spinning, weaving, cooking, sewing, cleaning, washing, and making or packaging goods for sale. In good weather, groups of Shaker women

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in September 2024, described Brother Arnold, aged 67 and Sister June, aged 86, preparing to celebrate the 250th anniversary of Ann Lee's arrival in New York. Brother Arnold said: “We’ve survived 250 years. We are looking forward as much as our ancestors did to the next — whatever that involves. All

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Shakerism is not, as many would claim, an anachronism; nor can it be dismissed as the final sad flowering of 19th century liberal utopian fervor. Shakerism has a message for this present age–a message as valid today as when it was first expressed. It teaches above all else that God is Love and that

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By the early 20th century, the once numerous Shaker communities were failing and closing. By mid-century, new federal laws were passed denying control of adoption to religious groups. Today, in the 21st century, the Shaker community that still exists—The Sabbathday Lake Shaker Community—denies that

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I saw in vision the Lord Jesus in his kingdom and glory. He revealed to me the depth of man's loss, what it was, and the way of redemption therefrom. Then I was able to bear an open testimony against the sin that is the root of all evil; and I felt the power of God flow into my soul like a fountain

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resulted in a period of dances, gift drawings, and gift songs inspired by spiritual revelations. At its peak in the mid-19th century, there were 2,000–4,000 Shaker believers living in 18 major communities and numerous smaller, often short-lived communities. External and internal societal changes in

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Shakers worshipped in meetinghouses painted white and unadorned; pulpits and decorations were eschewed as worldly things. In meeting, they marched, sang, danced, and sometimes turned, twitched, jerked, or shouted. The earliest Shaker worship services were unstructured, loud, chaotic and emotional.

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Shaker religion valued women and men equally in religious leadership. The church was hierarchical, and at each level women and men shared authority. This was reflective of the Shaker belief that God was both female and male. They believed men and women were equal in the sight of God, and should be

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was forbidden after they joined the society (except for women who were already pregnant at admission). Children were added to their communities through indenture, adoption, or conversion. Occasionally a foundling was anonymously left on a Shaker doorstep. They welcomed all, often taking in orphans

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Adam's sin was understood to be sex, which was considered to be an act of impurity. Therefore, marriage was abolished within the body of the Believers in the Second Appearance, which was patterned after the Kingdom of God, in which there would be no marriage or giving in marriage. The four highest

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Most early Shaker music is monodic, that is to say, composed of a single melodic line with no harmonization. The tunes and scales recall the folksongs of the British Isles, but since the music was written down and carefully preserved, it is "art" music of a special kind rather than folklore. Many

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level. They used the pegs to hang up clothes, hats, and very light furniture pieces such as chairs when not in use. The simple architecture of their homes, meeting houses, and barns has had a lasting influence on American architecture and design. There is a collection of furniture and utensils at

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Shakers developed written covenants in the 1790s. Those who signed the covenant had to confess their sins, consecrate their property and their labor to the society, and live as celibates. If they were married before joining the society, their marriages ended when they joined. A few less-committed

1282: 2151:] of agreement, which protects the colony from being sued for lost wages. After a year, the Shakers will take a vote whether to allow the novice in, but it takes another four years to be granted full Shaker status in sharing in the colony's finances and administrative and worship decisions. 2094:

Non-Shaker parents respected the Shakers' schooling so much that they often took advantage of schools that the Shaker villages provided, sending their children there for an education. State inspectors and other outsiders visited the schools and made favorable comments on teachers and students.

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Turnover was high; the group reached maximum size of about 5,000 full members in 1840, and 6,000 believers at the peak of the Shaker movement. The Shaker communities continued to lose members, partly through attrition, since believers did not give birth to children, and also due to economics;

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The surviving Shakers sing songs drawn from both the earlier repertoire and the four part songbooks. They perform all of these unaccompanied, in single-line unison singing. The many recent, harmonized arrangements of older Shaker songs for choirs and instrumental groups mark a departure from

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Domestic Journal of Daily Occurrences (1834–46), New York State Library ms.; Sketches of Visions, 1838, Western Reserve Historical Society Cathcart Shaker Collection ms. VIII:B-113; A Concise View of the Church of God and of Christ on Earth, Edward Deming Andrews Memorial Shaker Collection,

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The earliest Shaker buildings (late 18th – early 19th century) in the northeast were timber or stone buildings built in a plain but elegant New England colonial style. Early 19th-century Shaker interiors are characterized by an austerity and simplicity. For example, they had a "peg rail", a

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However, the members at Sabbathday Lake stressed the autonomy of each local community. Quietly, a few younger people became associated with the Maine community in the 1960s through the 1980s. The two remaining members of this community, Arnold Hadd and June Carpenter, are listed as members

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and other places near Manchester. As their numbers grew, members began to be persecuted, mobbed, and stoned; Lee was imprisoned in Manchester. The members looked to women for leadership, believing that the second coming of Christ would be through a woman. In 1770, Ann Lee was revealed in

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The Shakers composed thousands of songs, and also created many dances; both were an important part of the Shaker worship services. In Shaker society, a spiritual "gift" could also be a musical revelation, and they considered it important to record musical inspirations as they occurred.

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The end of the Civil War brought large changes to the Shaker communities. One of the most important changes was the postwar economy. The Shakers had a hard time competing in the industrialized economy that followed the Civil War. With prosperity falling, converts were hard to find.

1848:. It has been surmised that many of them were imitated from the sounds of Native American languages, as well as from the songs of African slaves, especially in the southernmost of the Shaker communities, but in fact the melodic material is derived from European scales and modes. 1371:. When not doing housework, Shaker sisters did likewise, spinning, weaving, sewing, and making sale goods—baskets, brushes, bonnets, brooms, fancy goods, and homespun fabric that was known for high quality, but were more famous for their medicinal herbs, garden seeds of the 1936:" as the basis of its finale. Given to Graham with the working title "Ballet for Martha", it was named by her for the scenario she had in mind, though Copland often said he was thinking of neither Appalachia nor a spring while he wrote it. Shakers did, in fact, worship on 1267:

However, Shakers later developed precisely choreographed dances and orderly marches accompanied by symbolic gestures. Many outsiders disapproved of or mocked Shakers' mode of worship without understanding the symbolism of their movements or the content of their songs.

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feed them through the winter, had to be priorities. Their livestock were fat and healthy, and their barns were commended for convenience and efficiency. When not doing farm work, Shaker brethren pursued a variety of trades and hand crafts, many documented by

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Compendium of the Origin, History, Principles, Rules and Regulations, Government, and Doctrines of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing. With Biographies of Ann Lee, William Lee, Jas. Whittaker, J. Hocknell, J. Meacham, and Lucy

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On January 2, 2017, Sister Frances Carr died aged 89 at the Sabbathday community, leaving only two remaining Shakers: Brother Arnold Hadd, age 58, and Sister June Carpenter, 77. A profile of the Shaker community at Sabbathday Lake, published in

1916:, "Simple Gifts" (1995) and "The Golden Harvest" (2000), were recorded at the Shaker community of Sabbathday Lake, Maine, with active cooperation from the surviving Shakers, whose singing can be heard at several points on both recordings. 1187:

Ann Lee's doctrine was simple: confession of sins was the door to the spiritual regeneration, and absolute celibacy was the rule of life. Shakers were so chaste that men and women could not shake hands or pass one another on the stairs.

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After 1821, there was no one single leader, but rather a small nucleus of Ministry elders and eldresses with authority over all the Shaker villages, each with their own teams of elders and eldresses who were subordinate to the Ministry.

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On January 2, 2017, Sister Frances Carr died aged 89 at the Sabbathday community, leaving only two remaining Shakers: Brother Arnold Hadd, age 58, and Sister June Carpenter, 77. In the Spring/Summer 2019 issue of the Shaker newsletter

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For a Shaker Seminar held in Massachusetts in 1981, composer Roger Lee Hall wrote a pageant of original Shaker poetry and music titled, "The Humble Heart", featuring singing and dancing by "The New English Song and Daunce Companie".

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When Shaker youths, girls and boys, reached the age of 21, they were free to leave or to remain with the Shakers. Unwilling to remain celibate, many chose to leave; today there are thousands of descendants of Shaker-raised seceders.

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The Shakers at Sabbathday Lake "stressed the autonomy of each local community" and therefore do accept new converts to Shakerism into their community. This Sabbathday Lake Shaker Community receives around two enquiries every week.

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descended from above, these are even now at the door. And when Christ appears again, and the true church rises in full and transcendent glory, then all anti-Christian denominations—the priests, the Church, the pope—will be swept

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The Shaker movement was at its height between 1820 and 1860. It was at this time that the sect had the most members, and the period was considered its "golden age". It had expanded from New England to the Midwestern states of

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Shaker theology is based on the idea of the dualism of God as male and female: "So God created him; male and female he created them" (Genesis 1:27). This passage was interpreted as showing the dual nature of the Creator.

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Believers lived in "noncommunal orders" as Shaker sympathizers who preferred to remain with their families. The Shakers never forbade marriage for such individuals, but considered it less perfect than the celibate state.

580:. A powerful preacher, she called her followers to confess their sins, give up all their worldly goods, and take up the cross of celibacy and forsake marriage, as part of the renunciation of all "lustful gratifications". 1912:. Other recordings are available of Shaker songs, both documentation of singing by the Shakers themselves, as well as songs recorded by other groups (see external links). Two widely distributed commercial recordings by 4624:

The gardener's manual: containing plain instructions for the selection, preparation, and management of a kitchen garden; with practical directions for the cultivation and management of some of the most useful culinary

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Shakers ran a variety of businesses to support their communities; many Shaker villages had their own tanneries. The Shaker goal in their labor was perfection. Ann Lee's followers preserved her admonitions about work:

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design and craftsmanship. In the late 1830s a spiritual revivalism, the Era of Manifestations was born. It was also known as the "period of Mother's work", for the spiritual revelations that were passed from the late

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melodies are of extraordinary grace and beauty, and the Shaker song repertoire, though still relatively little known, is an important part of the American cultural heritage and of world religious music in general.

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closed, leaving only Sabbathday Lake open. Eldress Bertha of the Canterbury Village closed their official membership book in 1957, not recognizing the younger people living in other Shaker Communities as members.

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The Shakers believed in the value of hard work and kept comfortably busy. Mother Ann said: "Labor to make the way of God your own; let it be your inheritance, your treasure, your occupation, your daily calling".

2016:, depicts a family that lives by the "Book of Shaker". They are clearly not traditional Shakers, however, as they live in a family unit separate from others, strive for individual success, and have children. 4654:

A brief statement of the sufferings of Mary Dyer, occasioned by the society called Shakers. Written by herself. To which is added, affidavits and certificates; also, a declaration from their own publication

983:, both Union and Confederate soldiers found their way to the Shaker communities. Shakers tended to sympathize with the Union but they did feed and care for both Union and Confederate soldiers. President 1522:

At the end of the 19th century, however, Shakers adopted some aspects of Victorian decor, such as ornate carved furniture, patterned linoleum, and cabbage-rose wallpaper. Examples are on display in the

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If someone wants to become a Shaker, and the Shakers assent, the would-be member can move into the dwelling house. If the novices, as they are called, stay a week, they sign an articles [

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in the United States. Women and men shared leadership of the Shaker communities. Women preached and received revelations as the Spirit fell upon them. Thriving on the religious enthusiasm of the

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collaborated with Martha Clarke on "Angel Reapers" and used Shaker texts as source material. The music of "Angel Reapers" was successfully and uniquely arranged by Music Director Arthur Solari.

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Shakers' earliest hymns were shared by word of mouth and letters circulated among their villages. Many Believers wrote out the lyrics in their own manuscript hymnals. In 1813, they published

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in 1747 at a time when the Quakers were weaning themselves away from frenetic spiritual expression. The Wardleys formed the Wardley Society, which was also known as the "Shaking Quakers".

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products hand-made by Shakers could not compete with mass-produced products and individuals moved to the cities for better livelihoods. There were only 12 Shaker communities left by 1920.

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with elaborate details or extra decoration, but only made things for their intended uses. The ladder-back chair was a popular piece of furniture. Shaker craftsmen made most things out of

2160:, the current membership was given as Brother Arnold, Sister June, and Brother Andrew. These remaining Shakers were hoping that sincere newcomers would join them. In September 2024, the 1094:

Eldress Polly Reed (1818–1881) was also known as an artist who created Shaker gift drawings such as "A present from Mother Lucy to Eliza Ann Taylor", 1851 (above) in the 1840s and 1850s.

1563:, an innovator in technique, choreography, and theory of dance movement, made a full theatrical art with her dance entitled Dance of The Chosen, which depicted Shaker religious fervor. 1515: 4724:

An account of the matter, form, and manner of a new and strange religion, taught and propagated by a number of Europeans, living in a place called Nisqueunia, in the state of New-York

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Ann Lee joined the Shakers by 1758, then became the leader of the small community. "Mother Ann", as her followers later called her, claimed numerous revelations regarding the fall of

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Polly Reed Journal (1855–64), Shaker Museum | Mount Lebanon ms. 10,452; and Journals (1872–73), Western Reserve Historical Society Cathcart Shaker collection mss. V:B-165 and −166.

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A holy, sacred, and divine roll and book; from the Lord God of heaven, to the inhabitants of earth: revealed in the United Society at New Lebanon, State of New York. In two parts

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By the middle of the 20th century, as the Shaker communities themselves were disappearing, some American collectors whose visual tastes were formed by the stark aspects of the

3678:, Winterthur Museum Library Andrews Shaker Collection ms. 861, p.355, 366–74. Some Shaker school records are extant. For Mount Lebanon, New York, see: Isaac N. Youngs et al., 1739: 1408:

that was plain in style, durable, and functional. Shaker chairs were usually mass-produced because a great number of them were needed to seat all the Shakers in a community.

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view of Christ only becoming divine during his baptism and the dualist idea that God was to be expressed in male and female genders, Shakers are sometimes viewed as being

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did not patent their inventions before or after putting them into practice, which has complicated subsequent efforts by 20th century historians to assign priority.

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New Lebanon, New York, Shakers began keeping school in 1815. Certified as a public school by the state of New York beginning in 1817, the teachers operated on the

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were outdoors, gardening and gathering wild herbs for sale or home consumption. Men worked in the fields doing farm work and in their shops at crafts and trades.

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Shakerism, Its Meaning and Message: Embracing an Historical Account, Statement of Belief and Spiritual Experience of the Church from Its Rise to the Present Day

735:, East of Lebanon, Ohio. In 2019, the cabin was relocated, by the Warren County Historical Society, to its current site next to Harmon Museum in Lebanon, Ohio. 1898: 2313: 6178: 3130: 1908:

The most extensive recordings of the Shakers singing their own music were made between 1960 and 1980 and released on a 2-CD set with illustrated booklet,

5904: 2685:"Beavercreek Living" website article on "Watervliet, Vale of Peace...", with photo of and text from roadside historical marker (retrieved March 2, 2022). 447:

the mid- and late-19th century resulted in the thinning of the Shaker community as members left or died with few converts to the faith to replace them.

4828: 2123:, voted to close the Shaker Covenant, the document which all new members need to sign to become members of the Shakers in Canterbury Shaker Village. 4912: 4664: 5868: 2545: 1527:

Trustees' Office, a formerly spare, plain building "improved" with ornate additions such as fish-scale siding, bay windows, porches, and a tower.

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and the homeless. For children, Shaker life was structured, safe and predictable, with no shortage of adults who cared about their young charges.

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The Aletheia: Spirit of Truth, a Series of Letters in Which the Principles of the United Society Known as Shakers are Set Forth and Illustrated

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In the 5 years between 1787 and 1792, the Shakers gathered into eight more communities in addition to the Watervliet and New Lebanon villages:

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Humez, Jean. "If I had to Study the Female Trait: Philemon Stewart, 'Petticoat Government' Issues and Later Nineteenth-Century Shakerism."

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Decades before emancipation and 150 years before women had the vote, Shakers practised social, gender and racial equality for all members.

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Elder Daniel Boler (1804–1892), Elder Giles Avery (1815–1890), Eldress Betsy Bates (1798–1869), and Eldress Eliza Ann Taylor (1811–1897).

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Elder Ebenezer Bishop (1768–1849), Elder Rufus Bishop (1774–1852), Eldress Ruth Landon (1775–1850), Eldress Asenath Clark (1821–1857).

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in 1997 for large wind ensemble, is based upon traditional shaker tunes including "Turn to the Right" and "Come Life, Shaker Life".

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is at hand. The new heaven and new earth prophesied of old is about to come. The marriage of the Lamb, the first resurrection, the

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On April 12, of 1805 Benjamin Youngs, and two companions, held the first ceremony west of the Allegheny Mountains. It was held at

2585: 6249: 5531: 3682:, Shaker Museum | Mount Lebanon ms. 10,469; Calvin Reed, Sarah Bates, Polly Reed, William Calver, Amelia Calver, Anna Dodgson, 1819: 738:

Mother Lucy Wright introduced new hymns and dances to make sermons more lively. She also helped write Benjamin S. Youngs' book

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are the three "historic peace churches". Other religions were pacifists who eschewed violence and war, including the Shakers.

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Bullard served in the Ministry 1881–1914. Records Book No. 2 (1780–1929), New York Public Library Shaker ms. #6, pp.18–19.

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Shakers believed that Jesus, born of a woman, the son of a Jewish carpenter, was the male manifestation of Christ and the

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As pacifists, the Shakers did not believe that it was acceptable to kill or harm others, even in time of war. During the

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Authorized rules of the Shaker community, Given of the protection and guidance of the members in the several societies

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Other artifacts of Shaker culture are their spirit drawings, dances, and songs, which are important genres of Shaker

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After Joseph Meacham died, Lucy Wright continued Ann Lee's missionary tradition. Shaker missionaries proselytized at

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Historical Marker at the Niskayuna Community Cemetery in modern-day Colonie, New York, where Mother Ann Lee is buried

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In 1957, after "months of prayer", Eldresses Gertrude, Emma, and Ida, leaders of the United Society of Believers in

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A brief exposition of the established principles and regulations of the United Society of believers, called Shakers

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In 1988, speaking about the three men and women in their 20s and 30s who had become Shakers and were living in the

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of living water. From that day I have been able to take up a full cross against all the doleful works of the flesh.

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Many of the lyrics to Shaker tunes consist of syllables and words from unknown tongues, the musical equivalent of

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An Ordered Love: Sex Roles and Sexuality in Victorian Utopias: The Shakers, the Mormons, and the Oneida Community

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The United Inheritance: The Shaker Adventure in Communal Life (Exemplified in Their Religious Self-Understanding)

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D'Ann Campbell, "Women's Life in Utopia: The Shaker Experiment in Sexual Equality Reappraised – 1810 to 1860."

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In addition, Shakers preserved thousands of spirit communications still extant in collections now held by the

5206: 4850: 4722: 3629: 3533:(Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1982), pp. 274–76, Google Books, Retrieved January 17, 2011. 1905:, have compiled books of Shaker songs, and groups have been formed to sing the songs and perform the dances. 776:, after the New York town that was the site of the first Shaker settlement, was established in what is today 287: 4584:

Stein, Stephen. "Shaker Gift and Shaker Order: A Study of Religious Tension in Nineteenth-Century America."

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Campbell, D'Ann. "Women's Life in Utopia: The Shaker Experiment in Sexual Equality Reappraised, 1810–1860."

3296:"O Sisters Ain't You Happy?": Gender, Family, and Community among the Harvard and Shirley Shakers, 1781–1918 2067:. The lifestyle and philosophy of the Shakers and their matriarch Ann Lee are recurring themes in her work. 1221: 512:

became the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing (USBCSA). Their beliefs were based upon

6229: 5116: 4954: 785: 633: 5712: 4476:'Weary of Petticoat Government': The Specter of Female Rule in Early Nineteenth-Century Shaker Politics." 3557:, Seth Youngs Wells, comp. (Hancock, Massachusetts: Josiah Tallcott, Jr., 1813), reproduced with music in 2920: 6224: 6209: 5536: 4949: 4094: 2963:

Hadd and the other Shakers are not giving up. They are open to converts and average two inquiries a week.

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Having supposedly received a revelation, on May 19, 1774, Ann Lee and eight of her followers sailed from

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Ann the Word: The Story of Ann Lee Female Messiah Mother of the Shakers, The Woman Clothed with the Sun

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Elder Rufus Bishop's Journals, Peter H. Van Demark, ed. (Clinton, N.Y.: Richard W. Couper Press, 2018).

2924: 2717:

Jane F. Crosthwaite, "The Spirit Drawings of Hannah Cahoon: Window on the Shakers and their Folk Art,"

604:. Abraham Stanley abandoned Ann Lee shortly thereafter and remarried. The remaining Shakers settled in 372:

in England and then organized in the United States in the 1780s. They were initially known as "Shaking

796:(called Busro because it was on Busseron Creek) on the Wabash River a few miles north of Vincennes in 6142: 5506: 5211: 4971: 4434: 4430:

Women, Family, and Utopia: Communal Experiments of the Shakers, the Oneida Community, and the Mormons

2120: 2000: 1508: 1017: 956: 687: 195: 154: 6152: 6051: 5884: 5757: 5526: 5447: 5432: 5136: 5106: 5079: 5059: 4988: 3780: 2493: 2436: 1891: 1728: 1717: 1054: 625: 597: 509: 396: 280: 247: 4869: 3840: 2894: 2462:"Ritual Power, Ritual Authority: Configurations and Reconfigurations in the Era of Manifestations" 2301: 1838: 6244: 5637: 5457: 5423: 5022: 4188: 2679: 2425: 2012: 1566:

The largest collection of Shaker artifacts is the Robert and Virginia Jones Shaker collection at

1226: 1101: 944: 769: 765: 596:

for colonial America. Ann and her husband Abraham Stanley, brother William Lee, niece Nancy Lee,

267: 24: 4711: 3981:

Murray John E. "Determinants of Membership Levels and Duration in a Shaker Commune, 1780–1880".

3378:

Testimonies of the Life, Character, Revelations and Doctrines of our Ever Blessed Mother Ann Lee

485:

The Shakers were one of a few religious groups which were formed during the 18th century in the

6239: 6132: 6080: 6075: 5944: 5934: 5899: 5667: 5068: 5017: 5013: 4921: 4628: 4157: 3903: 2271: 2033:

historical novel culminating in the birth of Ann Lee, and describing early Shakers in England.

1524: 1504: 1333: 988: 948: 936: 761: 675: 667: 651:(1760–1821) into the Ministry to serve with him and together they developed the Shaker form of 513: 5627: 4859: 4786:

Transactions of the Ohio mob, called in the public papers "An expedition against the Shakers."

4548:'Ye Are My Epistles': The Construction of Ann Lee Imagery in Early Shaker Sacred Literature." 3417: 2759: 2537: 2497: 2461: 6090: 5802: 5722: 5551: 5359: 5282: 5121: 5111: 4802: 4755: 4668: 4632: 3870: 3637: 3010:

The Shaker Ministry's journals written by Boler and Avery are at the New York Public Library.

2802: 2696: 2644: 2580: 2375: 2333: 2242: 2040: 1805: 1677: 1545: 1360: 1349: 1246: 1181: 1177: 863: 809: 691: 554:"manifestation of Divine light" to be the second coming of Christ and was called Mother Ann. 443: 415:. Women took on spiritual leadership roles alongside men, including founding leaders such as 388: 175: 170: 1394:

Do your work as though you had a thousand years to live and as if you were to die tomorrow.

1007:

Their message, surviving over two centuries in the United States, reads in part as follows:

403:, which they institutionalized in their society in the 1780s. They are also known for their 329: 6234: 5979: 5974: 5959: 5787: 5602: 5489: 5267: 5074: 4875: 3943: 3612: 2247: 2209: 1671: 797: 746: 641: 5008: 4421:

Shaking the Faith: Women, Family, and Mary Marshall Dyer's Anti-Shaker Campaign, 1815–1867

2950: 8: 6096: 6056: 5999: 5969: 5939: 5597: 5462: 5349: 5245: 1913: 1372: 940: 924: 749: 656: 546: 5324: 1184:

of sin – without which one could not become a Believer – and separation from the world.

644:, and was reputed to have, second only to Mother Ann, the spiritual gift of revelation. 6115: 5889: 5827: 5822: 5587: 5541: 5516: 5501: 5442: 5413: 5220: 5191: 5171: 4761: 4648: 4553: 4409: 4394: 4355: 4332: 4150: 3986: 3248: 2626: 2215: 2007: 1924: 1857: 1697: 1691: 1412: 1359:

Onion field; Enfield Shaker Village; Enfield, New Hampshire; 1897; by F. C. Churchill;

1305: 1276: 980: 577: 486: 451: 180: 5842: 1552:, an architect and furniture designer, used styles from Shaker furniture in his work. 912:

A two-sheet religious chart intended to further Shaker education, by Jacob Skeen, 1887

839:

The expression of "spirit gifts" or messages were realized in "gift drawings" made by

6085: 5919: 5909: 5894: 5852: 5546: 5418: 5344: 5292: 5225: 5176: 5101: 4961: 4838:

The United Society of Shakers at Sabbathday Lake (includes Museum and Library), Maine

4769: 4696: 4636: 4635:: Hancock Shaker Village; originally published by the United Society at New Lebanon. 4438: 4350:

Wenger, Tisa J.. "Female Christ and Feminist Foremother: The Many Lives of Ann Lee."

4303: 4233: 4223: 4202: 4192: 4171: 4161: 4136: 4128: 3916: 3699:(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006), chapter 2; Glendyne R. Wergland, 3422: 3185: 3164: 3124: 2982: 2764: 2701: 2549: 2509: 2473: 2379: 2252: 2088: 1328: 1241: 1160: 968: 928: 454:

remaining in the United States. As of 2019, there is only one active Shaker village:

436: 428: 4469:. ed. Jean M. Burks. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008. pp. 93–119. 3955: 3513: 3135:

The United Society of Shakers at Sabbathday Lake, Maine. Retrieved January 18, 2011.

3098:

The United Society of Shakers at Sabbathday Lake, Maine. Retrieved January 18, 2011.

1544:

movement found themselves drawn to the spare artifacts of Shaker culture, in which "

1490:

or other inexpensive woods and hence their furniture was light in color and weight.

6204: 5812: 5657: 5647: 5396: 5304: 5277: 5235: 5156: 5096: 5091: 5032: 4527: 4340: 3806: 3650: 2879: 2314:"Visitors get a taste of history at the last Shaker village on Maine Open Farm Day" 2039:

In 2004 the Finnish choreographer Tero Saarinen and Boston Camerata music director

2030: 1472: 1405: 1079:

The Shaker Ministry continued to build the society after Lucy Wright died in 1821:

964: 828: 720:, not only in New England and New York but also farther west. Missionaries such as 550: 412: 190: 5732: 2796: 2328: 659:). By 1793 property had been made a "consecrated whole" in each Shaker community. 312: 5837: 5742: 5672: 5662: 5622: 5401: 5257: 5230: 4854: 4765: 4744: 4690: 4679: 4502: 4428: 4219: 4120: 3962: 3095: 2976: 2369: 2103: 1879: 1786: 1762: 1626: 1477: 1440: 1420: 1368: 1309: 1289: 1196:

Enshrined in Shaker doctrine is a belief in racial equality and gender equality.

1140: 984: 917: 777: 753: 725: 717: 652: 525: 490: 400: 185: 4692:

Gifts of Power: The Writings of Rebecca Jackson, Black Visionary, Shaker Eldress

4389:'Tho' of the Weaker Sex': A Reassessment of Gender Equality among the Shakers." 3591:(Sabbathday Lake, Maine: United Society of Shakers, 1983); Daniel W. Patterson, 1458:

Original Enfield Shaker seed box (Enfield Shaker Museum, Enfield, New Hampshire)

732: 6127: 5847: 5832: 5797: 5782: 5737: 5692: 5682: 5592: 5469: 5319: 5196: 5141: 5064: 5027: 3203:"The dying out of the sect's last members may not mean the end for the Shakers" 2658: 2576: 2505: 2220: 2161: 1902: 1777: 1768: 1703: 1617: 1567: 1560: 1444: 1061: 987:

exempted Shaker males from military service, and they became some of the first

721: 629: 533: 380: 356: 353: 20: 4012:

The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers

2371:

The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers

1298:

The Mission and Testimony of the Shakers of the Twentieth Century to the World

46: 6198: 5994: 5924: 5747: 5612: 5607: 5566: 5406: 5262: 5126: 4662: 4265:

Rotundo, Barbara. "Crossing the Dark River: Shaker Funerals and Cemeteries."

4175: 4140: 4132: 3920: 3891: 3502:

Selling Shaker: The Commodification of Shaker Design in the Twentieth Century

3206: 2791: 2230: 2203: 2178: 2134: 2060: 2049: 1995: 1929: 1919: 1887: 1883: 1723: 1712: 1686: 1666: 1424: 1348:

bottle; Enfield Shaker Village; late 19th century; H-4, W-1.625, D-1 inches;

1144: 893: 844: 840: 601: 537: 404: 4640: 4327:'Dearly Loved Mother Eunice': Gender, Motherhood, and Shaker Spirituality." 4237: 4042:

The Gift to Be Simple: Songs, Dances & Rituals of the American Shakers.

2164:

published an article about the last two remaining members of the community.

2036:

Janice Holt Giles depicted a Shaker Community in her novel "The Believers".

6069: 6004: 5949: 5817: 5717: 5702: 5632: 5381: 5297: 4998: 4978: 3882: 3841:"There Are Only Two Shakers Left. They've Still Got Utopia in Their Sights" 3727:

Priscilla Brewer, "Demographic Features of the Shaker Decline, 1787–1900",

3561:, Christian Goodwillie and Jane Crosthwaite, eds. (Amherst, Massachusetts: 2895:"There Are Only Two Shakers Left. They've Still Got Utopia In Their Sights" 2193: 2188: 1933: 1874: 1631: 1591: 1428: 1285: 494: 416: 408: 359: 233: 201: 4890: 4485:

Mother's First-Born Daughters: early Shaker writings on women and religion

4005:

Spiritual Spectacles: Vision and Image in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Shakerism

3595:(Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1979). Roger L. Hall, 3380:(Hancock, Massachusetts: J. Talcott and J. Deming, Junrs., 1816), 264–268. 5772: 5707: 5652: 5452: 5386: 5374: 5364: 5287: 4842: 4206: 2225: 2183: 2053: 2045: 2020: 1947: 1845: 1549: 1376: 1258: 1225:

William Paul Childers, Shaker Costume, c. 1937. Image from collection of

1205: 1156: 1068: 711: 648: 424: 255: 212: 4810: 4557: 4359: 2498:"Shakers and Feminist Abolitionists in Nineteenth-Century North America" 1866:

Their last hymnbook was published in 1908 at Canterbury, New Hampshire.

1012:

our most solemn duty is to show forth that God who is love in the World.

5777: 5727: 5697: 5687: 5642: 5146: 5131: 4398: 4336: 3990: 3252: 3088: 2469: 2275: 1937: 1432: 632:(1742–1796) became the leader of the Shakers in 1787, establishing its 528:, where the articulate preacher, Jane Wardley, urged her followers to: 5339: 4864: 4413: 2630: 2052:("Angel Reapers", 2011) also set movement to Shaker hymns. Playwright 1578: 5556: 5484: 5354: 5215: 5161: 5052: 4993: 4966: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4847: 3630:"Milestones of the Millennium: 'Appalachian Spring' by Aaron Copland" 3067: 3038: 1541: 1514: 1416: 593: 110: 5003: 4782: 4465:

Humez, Jean. "The Problem of Female Leadership in Early Shakerism."

4344: 4049:

Imprint: Journal of the American Historical Print Collectors Society

3406:, (Greenwich, Connecticut: New York Graphic Society, 1974), 152–159. 3324:(Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1986), xx. 3243:

Edward D. Andrews and Faith Andrews, "The Shaker Children's Order",

3109:"Beliefs of the United Society of Shakers at Sabbathday Lake, Maine" 2111:, the only active Shaker community, located in New Gloucester, Maine 2081:

The Communistic Societies of the United States, by Charles Nordhoff,

1584:

The Communistic Societies of the United States, by Charles Nordhoff,

752:

of 1801–1803, which was an outgrowth of the Logan County, Kentucky,

5767: 5474: 5391: 5314: 5042: 4183:

Miller, Amy Bess Williams; Fuller, Persis Wellington, eds. (1983).

2025: 1556: 1380: 1320: 1281: 824: 392: 384: 4885: 3089:

Beliefs of The United Society of Shakers at Sabbathday Lake, Maine

2681:

Ohio roadside historical marker #6–57, Watervliet Shaker Community

2663:

Les Shakers américains. D'un néo-christianisme à un pré-socialisme

2075: 1454: 616: 427:. The Shakers emigrated from England and settled in Revolutionary 5954: 5479: 4611:

Bates, Paulina (1849). Green, Calvin; Wells, Seth Youngs (eds.).

4318:

Gender, Doctrine & God: The Shakers and Contemporary Theology

2279: 1345: 1340: 1324:

Shaker box-maker Ricardo Belden (Pittsfield, Massachusetts, 1935)

1113:

Eldress Gertrude Soule and Eldress Bertha Lindsay (?–early 1990s)

1047: 833: 816: 637: 563: 505: 498: 463: 420: 373: 239: 76: 31: 5762: 4534:

Scarecrow Press / American Theological Library Association, 1992

4246:

Stillness and Light: The Silent Eloquence of Shaker Architecture

4123:(June 1, 1972). Darragh, William C. (ed.). "A Shaker heritage". 3367:(Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1980). 6025: 6020: 5984: 5929: 5309: 5047: 4837: 4832: 4216:

Shaker Medicinal Herbs: A Compendium of History, Lore, and Uses

2302:

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/05/magazine/shakers-utopia.html

1734: 1499: 1495: 1173: 780:, surviving until 1900 when its remaining adherents joined the 376:" because of their ecstatic behavior during worship services. 5617: 4099:

Second Revision. Chicago, IL: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1908.

3703:(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2011), chapter 4. 3599:(Rochester, New York: Sampler Records, 1992); Roger Lee Hall, 2697:

The Shaker Legacy: Perspectives on an Enduring Furniture Style

1599: 1355: 508:

and her parents were early members of the sect. This group of

5561: 4880: 4104:

Kentucky by Design: The Decorative Arts and American Culture.

4056:

Shaker Songs: A Celebration of Peace, Harmony, and Simplicity

3905:

Seeking Shakers: Two Centuries of Visitors to Shaker Villages

3627: 2173: 1436: 1292:

Shaker Village, New Gloucester, Maine. She was the author of

516:

and included the notion that they received messages from the

462:. Consequently, many of the other Shaker settlements are now 459: 88: 3803:"1 of the Last Remaining Shakers Dies at 89, Leaving Just 2" 3701:

Sisters in the Faith: Shaker Women and Equality of the Sexes

3279:

Sisters in the Faith: Shaker Women and Equality of the Sexes

2876:"1 of the Last Remaining Shakers Dies at 89, Leaving Just 2" 2667:

The American Shakers: From Neo-Christianity to Pre-Socialism

2141:

welcome sincere new converts to Shakerism into the society:

1116:

Elder Arnold Hadd & Eldress June Carpenter (? – present)

5989: 5914: 4621: 4112:. Christian Goodwillie and Jane Crosthwaite, eds. Amherst: 4014:(Yale University Press, 1992), a standard scholarly history 3938:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987 and 1998. 3875:

The People Called Shakers: A Search for the Perfect Society

2466:

Religious and Social Ritual: Interdisciplinary Explorations

2464:. In Aune, Michael Bjerknes; DeMarinis, Valerie M. (eds.). 1882:, on or about the time he moved to the Shaker community at 1487: 820: 789: 569: 362: 4742: 4300:

A Bruised Idealist: David Lamson, Hopedale and the Shakers

4088:

Blended Together: Discoveries Along The Shaker Music Trail

3393:(Pittsfield, Massachusetts: Hancock Shaker Village, 1989). 1401:

Mother Ann also cautioned them against getting into debt.

134: 6026:

INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)

4622:

Crossman, Charles F.; New Lebanon Shakers, eds. (1976) .

3941:

Johnson, Theodore E., ed. "The Millennial Laws of 1821."

2147: 573: 4567:. Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1983. 4262:(Art Services International, and Chrysler Museum, 1995). 745:

Shaker missionaries entered Kentucky and Ohio after the

346:

United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing

6220:

Christian organizations established in the 18th century

4069:. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1980. 3418:

Inspired Innovations: A Celebration of Shaker Ingenuity

4872:

at Williams College Archives & Special Collections

4753: 4532:

Christ Spirit: The Eschatology of Shaker Christianity.

4260:

The Art of Craftsmanship: The Mount Lebanon Collection

2733:

A Cutwork Tree of Life in the manner of Hannah Cohoon.

2673: 756:. From 1805 to 1807, they founded Shaker societies at 4681:

Shakerism Unmasked, Or The History of the Shakers ...

4255:(The Canal Press, 1984) This is the definitive work . 3680:

Memorandum of the Proceedings of the School (1817–35)

3147:

Christ Spirit: The Eschatology of Shaker Christianity

2737:

AFANews. February 23, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2014.

2645:

Shakerism Unmasked, Or The History of the Shakers ...

827:. It was during this period that it became known for 705: 4806:. 1871–1899. United Societies of Shakers of America. 4689:

Jackson, Rebecca. (1981). Jean McMahon Humez (ed.).

4058:. New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 2002. See also 3969:

The Edward Deming Andrews Memorial Shaker Collection

3337:(Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman Press, 1992). 32–33. 1511:, that is famous for its elegance and practicality. 1087:

Subsequent members of the Shaker Ministry included:

4677: 4293:. New Gloucester, Maine: United Society of Shakers. 3885:: Songs, Dances and Rituals of the American Shakers 3440:

Work and Worship: The Economic Order of the Shakers

3404:

Work and Worship: The Economic Order of the Shakers

3361:

Work and Worship: The Economic Order of the Shakers

1953: 1518:

Ornate Shaker Bed, Enfield, New Hampshire, c. 1880.

1042:Four Shakers led the society from 1772 until 1821. 4757:The Shakers: Two Centuries of Spiritual Reflection 4709: 4253:The Shaker Chair; Line Drawings by Stephen Metzger 4149: 3971:. New York & London: Garland Publishing, 1987. 2849:"Schenectady Gazette – Google News Archive Search" 2669:] (in French). Translated by John K. Savacool. 792:. The westernmost Shaker community was located at 728:) gathered hundreds of proselytes into the faith. 4688: 3603:(Stoughton, Massachusetts: PineTree Press, 2014). 3578:(Stoughton, Massachusetts: Pinetree Press, 2017). 2760:The Oxford Companion to American Military History 611: 6196: 4391:Signs: A Journal of Women in Culture and Society 3952:Bodies of Life: Shaker Literature and Literacies 3820:The Shakers (Spring–Summer 2019). "Home Notes". 3597:Love is Little – A Sampling of Shaker Spirituals 3129:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2648:. author, E.H. Walkley, printer; 1828. p. 25–34. 1994:Shaker lifestyle and tradition is celebrated in 1391:Good spirits will not live where there is dirt. 4783:Youngs, Benjamin Seth; Richard McNemar (1810). 4617:. New Lebanon: United society called "Shakers". 4606:. New Lebanon: United Society of Shakers. 1894. 4367:One Shaker Life: Isaac Newton Youngs, 1793–1865 4028:. Clinton, N.Y.: Richard W. Couper Press, 2007. 4021:. Clinton, N.Y.: Richard W. Couper Press, 2010. 3770: 3768: 3766: 3697:One Shaker Life: Isaac Newton Youngs, 1793–1865 3525:Ernestine Stodelle, "Flesh and Spirit at War," 3311:(Clinton, N.Y.: Richard W. Couper Press, 2007). 1890:used the song as the basis for a hymn in 1963 " 1466: 879:A present from Mother Lucy to Eliza Ann Taylor, 6158:Religious discrimination against modern pagans 4610: 4487:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. 4152:Shaker Herbs : a History and a Compendium 4127:(38). Boston: Herb Society of America: 13–19. 4096:American Communities and Cooperative Colonies. 3264:Glendyne R. Wergland, "Our Shaker Ancestors", 3111:. Archived from the original on March 21, 2011 2892: 2657: 1397:Put your hands to work, and your heart to God. 998: 4906: 4738:. New Lebanon: The United Society of Shakers. 4509:Sisters in the Faith: Shaker Women, 1780–1890 2942: 2542:Enfield, Connecticut: Stories Carved in Stone 1813: 288: 4251:Rieman, Timothy D. & Muller, Charles R. 4182: 4047:Emlen, Robert P. "The Shaker Dance Prints." 3983:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 3763: 3618:American Music Preservation. March 26, 2014. 974: 4920: 4494:(University of North Carolina Press, 1981) 3819: 3813: 3686:, Hancock Shaker Village library, ms. 9758. 2975:Paterwic, Stephen J. (September 28, 2009). 2502:Women and Redemption: A Theological History 2059:In 2009, Toronto-based, American-born poet 1481:Shakertown bedroom, Pleasant Hill, Kentucky 1404:Shaker craftsmen were known for a style of 1004:Shakerism was a failed utopian experiment. 724:and Benjamin Seth Youngs (older brother of 4913: 4899: 4713:Two Years Experience Among the Shakers ... 4614:The divine book of holy and eternal wisdom 4302:. Clinton, N.Y.: Richard W. Couper Press. 3715:Design: An Illustrated Historical Overview 3298:(Syracuse University Press, 2002), p. 262. 1820: 1806: 1134: 740:The Testimony of Christ's Second Appearing 295: 281: 6047:Academic study of new religious movements 4320:. Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press, 1990. 3743: 3576:Invitation to Zion – A Shaker Music Guide 2948: 2237:The Shakers: Hands to Work, Hearts to God 1498:with hooks running all along it near the 336:The Shakers Harvesting Their Famous Herbs 6031:World Religions and Spirituality Project 4462:. Volume 22, no. 4 (winter 1994):122–52. 4258:Rieman, Timothy D. & Buck, Susan L. 4074:Invitation to Zion: A Shaker Music Guide 3794: 3774: 3746:"Vanishing Shakers leave lasting legacy" 3744:Hillinger, Charles (December 17, 1988). 2974: 2757:John Whiteclay Chambers; Fred Anderson. 2651: 2575: 2455: 2453: 2102: 2074: 1957: 1894:", also referenced as "I Am the Dance". 1577: 1513: 1476: 1453: 1354: 1339: 1327: 1319: 1280: 1257: 1240: 1220: 1199: 803: 615: 4731: 4720: 4550:Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 4352:Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 4297: 3832: 3529:, March 23, 1975, quoted in Flo Morse, 3144: 2921:"Why the legacy of Shakers will endure" 2867: 2724: 2625:Vol. 51, No. 1 (Mar. 1978), pp. 23–38. 2586:The Making of the English Working Class 2492: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 411:, technological innovation, music, and 6197: 5905:Classifications of religious movements 5532:Universal Church of the Kingdom of God 4426: 4213: 4147: 4119: 4081:Simple Gifts: Great American Folk Song 3838: 3712: 3628:Robert Kapilow and John Adams (1999), 3601:Simple Gifts: Great American Folk Song 3039:"Evans, Frederick William (1808–1893)" 2919:Pierce, Joanne M. (January 18, 2017). 2918: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2486: 2459: 2327:Lucky, Katherine (November 28, 2019). 4894: 4743:White, Anna; Leila S. Taylor (1904). 4695:. University of Massachusetts Press. 3929:Historical Dictionary of the Shakers. 3901: 3896:Work & Worship Among the Shakers. 3800: 3739: 3737: 3402:Edward D. Andrews and Faith Andrews, 3389:Jerry V. Grant and Douglas R. Allen, 2949:Chiorazzi, Anthony (April 13, 2010). 2873: 2535: 2450: 2424: 2367: 2326: 2098: 2063:released her first volume of poetry, 1270: 549:, Meretown (also spelled Mayortown), 5753:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada 5182:International Peace Mission movement 4789:. Albany, N.Y.: E. & E. Hosford. 4754:Whitson, Robley Edward, ed. (1983). 4721:Rathbun, Valentine Wightman (1781). 4647: 4288: 3998:Historical Dictionary of the Shakers 3902:Bixby, Brian L. (February 1, 2010). 3839:Kisner, Jordan (September 5, 2024). 3729:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 3684:New Lebanon School Journal (1852–87) 3415:M. Stephen Miller (1 January 2010). 2893:Kisner, Jordan (September 6, 2024). 2529: 2399: 2348: 2258: 1986:"), Los Angeles County Museum of Art 1966:(1888), etching (16.99 × 11.75 cm; 6 772:). In 1806, a Shaker village, named 83:Regions with significant populations 5572:World Mission Society Church of God 4984:Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis 4110:Millennial Praises: A Shaker Hymnal 4106:University Press of Kentucky. 2015. 4051:. Volume 17.2 (Autumn 1992): 14–26. 3913:University of Massachusetts Amherst 3559:Millennial Praises: A Shaker Hymnal 3421:. University Press of New England. 2774: 2748:Winterthur Museum Library, ms. 861. 2603:. Associated Press. October 4, 1990 1910:Let Zion Move: Music of the Shakers 1097:Eldress Harriet Bullard (1824–1916) 13: 6148:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses 5522:Unitarian Universalist Association 4663:Green, Calvin; Seth Youngs Wells; 4148:Miller, Amy Bess Williams (1976). 3858: 3734: 3335:Handbook of Contemporary Preaching 2968: 2798:The Shakers" Shaker Historic Trail 2730:David A. Schorsch and Ruth Wolfe. 2133:However, Shaker covenants lack a " 1773:Four New England Shaker Spirituals 961:Western Reserve Historical Society 957:Shaker Museum | Mount Lebanon 898:The Tree of Light or Blazing Tree, 706:Lucy Wright and westward expansion 19:For the Indian Shaker Church, see 14: 6261: 6215:Christian new religious movements 5253:Moorish Science Temple of America 5038:Brotherhood of the Cross and Star 4822: 4541:. The Fourth Estate, London 2000. 4513:University of Massachusetts Press 4408:51 (March 1978): pp. 23–38. 4371:University of Massachusetts Press 4114:University of Massachusetts Press 4007:. Indiana University Press, 1993. 3978:. Bristol, IN: Quill Books, 2002. 3676:Concise View of the Church of God 3563:University of Massachusetts Press 3500:Stephen Bowe and Peter Richmond, 3283:University of Massachusetts Press 2763:. Oxford University Press; 1999. 2320: 1862:a hymnal containing only lyrics. 1310:first and second Great Awakenings 971:Library, and other repositories. 557: 545:Other meetings were then held in 6063:Journal of Contemporary Religion 4552:. Spring 1992. pp. 83–103. 4467:Shaker Design: Out of this World 4272:Sprigg, June and Larkin, David. 3801:Sharp, David (January 4, 2017). 3322:Shaker Communities, Shaker Lives 2874:Sharp, David (January 4, 2017). 2790: This article incorporates 2785: 2426:Evans, F. W. (Frederick William) 1954:Works inspired by Shaker culture 1740:The Greatest Man That Ever Lived 1708:Simple Gifts - Shaker Dance Song 1598: 1494:continuous wooden device like a 1150: 1107:Eldress Frances Hall (1947–1957) 905: 886: 870: 852: 788:was established in southwestern 442:During the mid-19th century, an 431:, with an initial settlement at 328: 319:The Ritual Dance of the Shakers, 311: 153: 45: 5527:United Submitters International 4749:. Columbus, Ohio: Fred J. Heer. 4026:Visiting the Shakers, 1778–1849 4019:Visiting the Shakers, 1850–1899 3775:Williams, Kevin (May 3, 2015). 3721: 3706: 3689: 3668: 3643: 3621: 3606: 3581: 3568: 3548: 3536: 3519: 3507: 3494: 3472: 3458: 3445: 3432: 3409: 3396: 3383: 3370: 3353: 3348:Visiting the Shakers, 1778–1849 3340: 3327: 3314: 3309:Visiting the Shakers, 1778–1849 3301: 3288: 3271: 3258: 3237: 3224: 3195: 3174: 3153: 3138: 3101: 3082: 3056: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2912: 2886: 2841: 2816: 2751: 2741: 2711: 2688: 2636: 2615: 2593: 2265: 2199:Corbett's electrostatic machine 1451:partnership between the sexes. 1216: 782:Union Village Shaker settlement 383:ideals, the Shakers practice a 16:Christian monastic denomination 6121:Christian countercult movement 5965:Polytheistic reconstructionism 5330:Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha 5087:Chinese salvationist religions 4816:Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village 4727:. Providence: Bennett Wheeler. 4565:The Shaker Spiritual Narrative 4354:. Vol. 18, No. 2 (2002):5–32. 4331:. Volume 66.4 (1997): 750–61. 4274:Shaker: Life, Work, & Art. 3759:– via Google Newspapers. 3531:Shakers and the World's People 2569: 2306: 2295: 2139:Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village 2128:Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village 2109:Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village 1886:. English poet and songwriter 1548:" was also clearly expressed. 953:Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village 612:Joseph Meacham and communalism 497:and others broke off from the 456:Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village 1: 6250:Restorationism (Christianity) 4158:Clarkson N. Potter Publishers 4044:Dover Publications, NY. 1940. 3898:Dover Publications, NY. 1982. 3066:. May 8, 2015. Archived from 2460:Stortz, Martha Ellen (1996). 2289: 1870:traditional Shaker practice. 1037: 366: 348:, more commonly known as the 208:Works based on "Simple Gifts" 5117:Church of the Guanche People 4678:Haskett, William J. (1828). 3514:Kaare Klint furniture design 3184:. Dover Publications, 2011, 3163:. Dover Publications, 2011, 2070: 1839:ancient Greek music notation 1535: 1467:Architecture and furnishings 1315: 1304:The Shakers built more than 1030:we have to do is be ready.” 786:Whitewater Shaker Settlement 524:Meetings were first held in 450:By 1920, there were only 12 52:Life of the Diligent Shaker, 7: 5537:Universal White Brotherhood 4710:Lamson, David Rich (1848). 4588:. Volume 10 (1990): 102–13. 4581:. New York: Hyperion, 1998. 3947:. Volume 7.2 (1967): 35–58. 3777:"A few good Shakers wanted" 3545:American Music Preservation 3516:Retrieved January 17, 2011. 3266:NEHGS New England Ancestors 3043:Shaker Museum Mount Lebanon 2167: 2048:("Sweet Fields", 1996) and 1191: 1120: 999:20th century to the present 476:Early chronology of Shakers 40:United Society of Believers 10: 6266: 5808:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 5793:Joseph Franklin Rutherford 5512:Unarius Academy of Science 4853:November 24, 2013, at the 4732:Stewart, Philemon (1843). 4393:17 (spring 1992): 609–35. 4289:Carr, Frances Ann (1995). 4191:: Peter Smith Publishing. 4185:The Best of Shaker Cooking 3843:. The New York Times Group 3589:Gift Drawing and Gift Song 3376:Bishop and Wells, comps., 3145:Deignan, Kathleen (1992). 2368:Stein, Stephen J. (1992). 1530: 1470: 1274: 1253: 1125: 1110:Eldress Emma King (1957–?) 807: 709: 636:. He had been a New Light 561: 480: 473: 469: 29: 18: 6166: 6143:Persecution of Falun Gong 6106: 6039: 6013: 5877: 5861: 5713:Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi 5580: 5507:Twelve Tribes communities 5497:Transcendental Meditation 4928: 4843:Shaker Historical Society 4658:Boston: William S. Spear. 4480:. Volume 11 (1991): 1–17. 4435:Syracuse University Press 4427:Foster, Lawrence (1991). 4214:Miller, Amy Bess (1998). 4121:Miller, Amy Bess Williams 3961:February 4, 2005, at the 3731:15.1 (summer 1984):31–52. 3543:Shaker Books and Articles 3182:The People Called Shakers 3161:The People Called Shakers 2978:The A to Z of the Shakers 2951:"The Last of the Shakers" 2494:Ruether, Rosemary Radford 2437:D. Appleton & Company 2137:" and today's Shakers of 2121:Canterbury Shaker Village 1752:Works inspired by Shakers 1509:Pittsfield, Massachusetts 1249:, Enfield, New Hampshire) 1166: 1018:Canterbury Shaker Village 975:American Civil War period 733:the cabin of James Beedle 680:Tyringham Shaker Villages 489:; originating out of the 321:Shaker Historical Society 132: 127: 122: 117: 109: 104: 99: 94: 87: 82: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55:Shaker Historical Society 44: 6153:Persecution of Rastafari 6052:Anthropology of religion 5885:African-initiated church 5758:Phineas Parkhurst Quimby 5448:Shri Ram Chandra Mission 5137:The Family International 5107:Church of Divine Science 5060:Charismatic Christianity 4814:. 1961–1975, 1987–1996. 4000:. Scarecrow Press, 2008. 3880:Andrews, Edward Deming. 2581:"Christian and Apollyon" 1932:, uses the Shaker tune " 1878:was composed in 1848 by 1729:Chorale and Shaker Dance 1573: 951:, the Shaker Library at 860:Shaker dance and worship 634:New Lebanon headquarters 576:and its relationship to 510:"charismatic" Christians 30:Not to be confused with 6184:New religious movements 5638:Chinmayananda Saraswati 5424:Joy of Satan Ministries 5202:Kingdom of Jesus Christ 5023:Black Hebrew Israelites 4922:New religious movements 4886:Shaker members database 4848:Shaker Heritage Society 4298:Hoehnle, Peter (2010). 4269:Volume 7 (1987): 36–46. 4189:Magnolia, Massachusetts 4093:Hinds, William Alfred. 4090:. PineTree Press, 2011. 4083:. PineTree Press, 2014. 4076:. PineTree Press, 2017. 4054:Goodwillie, Christian. 3967:McKinstry, E. Richard. 3927:Duffield, Holley Gene. 3890:Andrews, Edward D. and 3713:Hauffe, Thomas (1995). 3482:. Enfield Shaker Museum 3391:Shaker Furniture Makers 3234:, September 3, 1873, 1. 3094:March 21, 2011, at the 2700:. Taunton Press; 2000. 2577:Thompson, Edward Palmer 2013:A Day No Pigs Would Die 1897:Some scholars, such as 1411:Around the time of the 1227:National Gallery of Art 1204:Shakers were celibate; 1135:First and second coming 1102:Frederick William Evans 989:conscientious objectors 945:New York Public Library 770:Mercer County, Kentucky 766:Pleasant Hill, Kentucky 647:Joseph Meacham brought 521:of the world was near. 25:Shaker (disambiguation) 6138:Persecution of Baháʼís 6133:Persecution of Ahmadis 6081:Psychology of religion 6076:Philosophy of religion 5945:Japanese new religions 5935:Hindu reform movements 5900:Christian denomination 4865:Friends of the Shakers 4629:Hancock, Massachusetts 4507:Wergland, Glendyne R. 4365:Wergland, Glendyne R. 4024:Wergland, Glendyne R. 4017:Wergland, Glendyne R. 3936:Origins of the Shakers 3871:Andrews, Edward Deming 3695:Glendyne R. Wergland, 3307:Glendyne R. Wergland, 3277:Glendyne R. Wergland, 3268:, 7.5–6 (2006): 21–27. 2792:public domain material 2694:Christian Becksvoort. 2153: 2112: 2107:The dwelling house at 2084: 1987: 1587: 1525:Hancock Shaker Village 1519: 1505:Hancock Shaker Village 1482: 1459: 1435:, the Shaker peg, the 1399: 1363: 1352: 1337: 1334:Hancock Shaker Village 1325: 1301: 1263: 1262:Shakers during worship 1250: 1230: 1141:first Christian Church 1014: 949:New York State Library 937:Hancock Shaker Village 823:and Southern state of 762:Logan County, Kentucky 694:in New Hampshire; and 684:Enfield Shaker Village 621: 590: 543: 113:, various Shaker texts 23:. For other uses, see 6091:Sociology of religion 5803:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar 5723:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 5552:The Way International 5283:New Kadampa Tradition 5112:Church of Scientology 4633:New Lebanon, New York 4579:God Among the Shakers 4570:Patterson, Daniel W. 4501:July 8, 2017, at the 4419:De Wolfe, Elizabeth. 4406:New England Quarterly 4379:Gender related topics 4316:Mercadante, Linda A. 3996:Paterwic, Stephen J. 3931:Scarecrow Press, 2000 3883:The Gift to Be Simple 3638:National Public Radio 3634:NPR's Performance Day 3587:Daniel W. Patterson, 3453:Sisters in the Faith, 3438:Andrews and Andrews, 3359:Andrews and Andrews, 3285:, 2011), conclusions. 2828:www.shakerdigital.com 2803:National Park Service 2623:New England Quarterly 2601:"Shaker Eldress Dies" 2538:"The Shaking Quakers" 2376:Yale University Press 2143: 2106: 2078: 1961: 1940:in the Appalachians. 1922:'s 1944 ballet score 1880:Elder Joseph Brackett 1582:A Shaker Music Hall, 1581: 1546:form follows function 1517: 1480: 1457: 1389: 1361:Enfield Shaker Museum 1358: 1350:Enfield Shaker Museum 1343: 1336:, Massachusetts, 2004 1331: 1323: 1284: 1261: 1247:Enfield Shaker Museum 1244: 1224: 1200:Celibacy and children 1009: 991:in American history. 864:Era of Manifestations 810:Era of Manifestations 804:Era of Manifestations 700:Alfred Shaker Village 619: 585: 530: 474:Further information: 444:Era of Manifestations 401:equality of the sexes 399:, and their model of 176:Era of Manifestations 171:Chronology of Shakers 5980:Religious syncretism 5975:Religious conversion 5960:Open-source religion 5788:Charles Taze Russell 5603:Herbert W. Armstrong 5490:Theosophical Society 5268:New Apostolic Church 4876:Music of the Shakers 4811:The Shaker Quarterly 4803:The Shaker Manifesto 4631:; original location 4572:The Shaker Spiritual 3944:The Shaker Quarterly 3593:The Shaker Spiritual 3294:Suzanne R. Thurman, 3245:Winterthur Portfolio 3149:. pp. 3–4, 191. 2642:William J. Haskett. 2548:. pp. 189–196. 2472:. pp. 105–135. 2248:Shaker tilting chair 2210:It Beats the Shakers 1946:a piece composed by 1672:Air and Simple Gifts 1570:, in Lebanon, Ohio. 1172:Shaker virtues were 798:Knox County, Indiana 747:Cane Ridge, Kentucky 642:Enfield, Connecticut 606:Watervliet, New York 487:northwest of England 433:Watervliet, New York 89:Maine, United States 6230:Christian socialism 6097:When Prophecy Fails 6057:History of religion 6000:Spiritual evolution 5970:Prosperity theology 5940:In-group favoritism 5910:Conspiracy theories 5598:Marshall Applewhite 5350:Ramakrishna Mission 5018:Jehovah's Witnesses 4649:Dyer, Mary Marshall 4385:Brewer, Priscilla. 4067:Shaker Textile Arts 4040:Andrews, Edward D. 4034:Arts, crafts, music 3750:Schenectady Gazette 3365:Shaker Textile Arts 3180:Edward D. Andrews, 3159:Edward D. Andrews, 2981:. Scarecrow Press. 2855:. December 17, 1988 2589:. IICA. p. 48. 2536:Clark, Bob (2006). 2329:"The Last Shakers?" 2089:Lancasterian system 1914:The Boston Camerata 1899:Daniel W. Patterson 1594: 1439:, the wheel-driven 1373:Shaker Seed Company 941:Library of Congress 925:Berkshire Athenaeum 758:Union Village, Ohio 726:Isaac Newton Youngs 657:religious communism 397:charismatic worship 391:utopian lifestyle, 149: 41: 6225:Christian pacifism 6210:Apocalyptic groups 6179:In popular culture 6116:Anti-cult movement 5890:Buddhist modernism 5828:Emanuel Swedenborg 5823:Nirmala Srivastava 5588:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 5542:Vipassana movement 5517:Unification Church 5502:True Buddha School 5443:Shambhala Buddhism 5414:The Satanic Temple 5335:The Process Church 5221:Maha Bodhi Society 5192:Invitation to Life 5172:Humanistic Judaism 4796:Shaker periodicals 4762:Mahwah, New Jersey 4586:Communal Societies 4537:Francis, Richard. 4478:Communal Societies 4323:Thurman, Suzanne. 4267:Communal Societies 4060:Millennial Praises 4010:Stein, Stephen J. 3985:34 (1995): 35–48. 3555:Millennial Praises 3527:New Haven Register 3363:; Beverly Gordon, 3320:Priscilla Brewer, 3247:8 (1973): 201–14. 3209:. January 12, 2017 2899:The New York Times 2719:Communal Societies 2216:New Forest Shakers 2113: 2099:Modern-day Shakers 2085: 2008:Robert Newton Peck 2001:As It Is in Heaven 1988: 1925:Appalachian Spring 1858:Millennial Praises 1698:Old American Songs 1692:Appalachian Spring 1653:Works inspired by 1622:Ode to Contentment 1590: 1588: 1520: 1483: 1460: 1413:American Civil War 1364: 1353: 1338: 1332:Round Stone Barn, 1326: 1306:twenty communities 1302: 1277:Shaker communities 1271:Shaker communities 1264: 1251: 1231: 1229:, Washington, D.C. 1027:The New York Times 981:American Civil War 682:in Massachusetts; 624:After Ann Lee and 622: 578:sexual intercourse 452:Shaker communities 181:Shaker communities 145: 39: 6192: 6191: 6086:Religious studies 5920:Cybersectarianism 5895:Chabad messianism 5869:Pacific Northwest 5853:Poykayil Yohannan 5668:Josemaría Escrivá 5547:Eastern Lightning 5345:Rajneesh movement 5293:Religious Science 5226:Messianic Judaism 5212:Latter Day Saints 5177:Iglesia ni Cristo 5102:Christian Science 4962:Aetherius Society 4870:Shaker collection 4528:Deignan, Kathleen 4444:978-0-8156-2535-3 4291:Growing up Shaker 4065:Gordon, Beverly. 3934:Garrett, Clarke. 3674:Isaac N. Youngs, 3427:978-1-58465-850-4 3070:on August 2, 2017 2769:978-0-19-507198-6 2706:978-1-56158-357-7 2555:978-0-9755362-5-4 2515:978-1-4514-1778-4 2479:978-0-7914-2825-2 2385:978-0-300-05933-5 2259:Explanatory notes 2253:Shaker broom vise 2243:Shakertown Pledge 2079:A Shaker School, 1892:Lord of the Dance 1830: 1829: 1718:Lord of the Dance 1638:Wyeth and Hammond 969:Winterthur Museum 931:Museums Library, 305: 304: 236:and James Wardley 196:Shaker inventions 143: 142: 6257: 6014:Public education 5813:Shiv Dayal Singh 5678:Charles Fillmore 5658:Aleister Crowley 5648:Helena Blavatsky 5360:Risshō Kōsei Kai 5325:Pilgrims of Arès 5305:Nuwaubian Nation 5278:New Confucianism 5097:Christadelphians 5092:Chinmaya Mission 5033:Branch Davidians 4972:Lahore Ahmadiyya 4915: 4908: 4901: 4892: 4891: 4790: 4779: 4750: 4739: 4728: 4717: 4706: 4685: 4674: 4659: 4644: 4627:(2nd ed.). 4618: 4607: 4577:Skees, Suzanne. 4547: 4475: 4460:Shaker Quarterly 4455: 4453: 4451: 4423:(Palgrave 2002). 4388: 4326: 4313: 4294: 4244:Plummer, Henry. 4241: 4222:: Storey Books. 4210: 4179: 4155: 4144: 3974:Morgan, John H. 3950:Madden; Etta M. 3924: 3910: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3807:Associated Press 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3772: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3741: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3710: 3704: 3693: 3687: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3651:"Laboring Songs" 3647: 3641: 3640: 3625: 3619: 3610: 3604: 3585: 3579: 3574:Roger Lee Hall, 3572: 3566: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3480:"2001.3.1 – Bed" 3476: 3470: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3436: 3430: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3357: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3333:Michael Duduit, 3331: 3325: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3241: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3199: 3193: 3178: 3172: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3128: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3105: 3099: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2933: 2931: 2925:The Conversation 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2880:Associated Press 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2772: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2692: 2686: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2655: 2649: 2640: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2457: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2422: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2365: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2316:. July 24, 2023. 2310: 2304: 2299: 2283: 2269: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1964:A Shaker Pianist 1822: 1815: 1808: 1782:The Humble Heart 1765:: Shaker trilogy 1642:The Humble Heart 1602: 1595: 1589: 1473:Shaker furniture 1406:Shaker furniture 1381:knitted garments 1286:Aurelia Gay Mace 1147:were fulfilled. 965:Williams College 933:Hamilton College 909: 890: 877:Polly Ann Reed, 874: 856: 686:in Connecticut; 532:Repent. For the 429:colonial America 371: 368: 332: 315: 297: 290: 283: 191:Shaker furniture 157: 150: 144: 139: 136: 61:Total population 49: 42: 38: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6162: 6102: 6035: 6009: 5873: 5857: 5843:Chögyam Trungpa 5838:Joseph W. Tkach 5743:Elijah Muhammad 5673:Louis Farrakhan 5663:Mary Baker Eddy 5623:Sathya Sai Baba 5581:Notable figures 5576: 5433:Sathya Sai Baba 5402:Church of Satan 5258:Nation of Islam 5231:Modern paganism 5080:Neo-charismatic 4924: 4919: 4855:Wayback Machine 4825: 4793: 4776: 4703: 4665:Richard McNemar 4600: 4594:Primary sources 4591: 4563:Sasson, Diane. 4545: 4518: 4503:Wayback Machine 4490:Kern, Louis J. 4473: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4386: 4376: 4345:10.2307/3169212 4324: 4310: 4279: 4230: 4220:Pownal, Vermont 4199: 4168: 4102:Kelly, Andrew. 4086:Hall, Roger L. 4079:Hall, Roger L. 4072:Hall, Roger L. 4031: 4003:Promey, Sally. 3963:Wayback Machine 3908: 3861: 3859:Further reading 3856: 3846: 3844: 3837: 3833: 3818: 3814: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3773: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3742: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3717:. Koln: DuMont. 3711: 3707: 3694: 3690: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3626: 3622: 3611: 3607: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3569: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3446: 3437: 3433: 3429:. pp. 181, 184. 3414: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3371: 3358: 3354: 3345: 3341: 3332: 3328: 3319: 3315: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3289: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3242: 3238: 3230:"Shaker Baby", 3229: 3225: 3212: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3179: 3175: 3158: 3154: 3143: 3139: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3096:Wayback Machine 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2973: 2969: 2956: 2954: 2947: 2943: 2929: 2927: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2891: 2887: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2853:news.google.com 2847: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2795: 2786: 2784: 2775: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2742: 2729: 2725: 2721:7 (1987): 1–15. 2716: 2712: 2693: 2689: 2678: 2674: 2656: 2652: 2641: 2637: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2534: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2508:. p. 122. 2491: 2487: 2480: 2458: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2423: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2366: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2325: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2170: 2101: 2073: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1962:Félicien Rops, 1956: 1944:Laboring Songs, 1826: 1797: 1787:Kevin Siegfried 1763:William Coulter 1747: 1648: 1627:Joseph Brackett 1576: 1538: 1533: 1475: 1469: 1441:washing machine 1369:Isaac N. Youngs 1318: 1290:Sabbathday Lake 1279: 1273: 1256: 1219: 1202: 1194: 1169: 1155:Because of the 1153: 1137: 1128: 1123: 1055:James Whittaker 1040: 1001: 977: 918:Isaac N. Youngs 913: 910: 901: 891: 882: 875: 866: 857: 812: 806: 784:. In 1824, the 778:Kettering, Ohio 760:; South Union, 754:Revival of 1800 714: 708: 696:Sabbathday Lake 653:communal living 626:James Whittaker 614: 598:James Whittaker 566: 560: 526:Bolton, England 491:Wardley Society 483: 478: 472: 369: 342: 341: 340: 339: 338: 333: 324: 323: 322: 316: 301: 272: 248:James Whittaker 217: 186:Shaker families 133: 56: 54: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6263: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6245:Millenarianism 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6174:Academic study 6170: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6128:Anti-Mormonism 6125: 6124: 6123: 6112: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5848:Ellen G. White 5845: 5840: 5835: 5833:Rudolf Steiner 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5798:Ahn Sahng-hong 5795: 5790: 5785: 5783:Helena Roerich 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5738:Sun Myung Moon 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5693:L. Ron Hubbard 5690: 5685: 5683:Kelsang Gyatso 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5593:Noble Drew Ali 5590: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5470:Sukyo Mahikari 5467: 5466: 5465: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5320:Peoples Temple 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5273:The New Church 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5197:Jewish Renewal 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5142:Friends of Man 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5028:Brahma Kumaris 5025: 5020: 5014:Bible Students 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4964: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4824: 4823:External links 4821: 4820: 4819: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4791: 4780: 4774: 4751: 4740: 4729: 4718: 4716:West Boylston. 4707: 4701: 4686: 4675: 4660: 4645: 4619: 4608: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4542: 4535: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4516: 4505: 4488: 4481: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4443: 4424: 4417: 4402: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4363: 4348: 4329:Church History 4321: 4314: 4308: 4295: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4228: 4211: 4197: 4180: 4166: 4145: 4117: 4107: 4100: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4052: 4045: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3948: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3911:(PhD thesis). 3899: 3892:Andrews, Faith 3888: 3878: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3831: 3812: 3793: 3762: 3733: 3720: 3705: 3688: 3667: 3642: 3620: 3605: 3580: 3567: 3547: 3535: 3518: 3506: 3493: 3471: 3457: 3444: 3431: 3408: 3395: 3382: 3369: 3352: 3339: 3326: 3313: 3300: 3287: 3270: 3257: 3236: 3232:Pittsfield Sun 3223: 3194: 3173: 3152: 3137: 3100: 3081: 3055: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2987: 2967: 2941: 2911: 2885: 2866: 2840: 2824:"Shaker Pedia" 2815: 2773: 2750: 2740: 2723: 2710: 2687: 2672: 2659:Henri Desroche 2650: 2635: 2614: 2592: 2568: 2554: 2546:Dog Pond Press 2528: 2514: 2506:Fortress Press 2485: 2478: 2449: 2398: 2384: 2347: 2319: 2305: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2221:Peace churches 2218: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2166: 2162:New York Times 2100: 2097: 2072: 2069: 2023:wrote in 1985 2010:'s 1972 book, 1955: 1952: 1928:, written for 1903:Roger Lee Hall 1828: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1810: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1791:Angel of Light 1784: 1778:Eric W. Sawyer 1775: 1769:Roger Lee Hall 1766: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1732: 1721: 1710: 1704:Roger Lee Hall 1701: 1684: 1675: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1635: 1624: 1618:Issachar Bates 1612: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1575: 1572: 1561:Doris Humphrey 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1468: 1465: 1445:Tabitha Babbit 1317: 1314: 1275:Main article: 1272: 1269: 1255: 1252: 1245:Meeting Room ( 1218: 1215: 1201: 1198: 1193: 1190: 1168: 1165: 1161:nontrinitarian 1152: 1149: 1136: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1085: 1084: 1073: 1072: 1065: 1062:Joseph Meacham 1058: 1051: 1039: 1036: 1000: 997: 976: 973: 915: 914: 911: 904: 902: 892: 885: 883: 876: 869: 867: 858: 851: 843:, Polly Reed, 834:Mother Ann Lee 808:Main article: 805: 802: 722:Issachar Bates 710:Main article: 707: 704: 630:Joseph Meacham 613: 610: 562:Main article: 559: 558:Mother Ann Lee 556: 534:kingdom of God 504:Future leader 482: 479: 471: 468: 357:restorationist 334: 327: 326: 325: 317: 310: 309: 308: 307: 306: 303: 302: 300: 299: 292: 285: 277: 274: 273: 271: 270: 268:Shaker members 259: 258: 253: 252:Joseph Meacham 250: 245: 242: 237: 227: 224: 223: 222:Notable people 219: 218: 216: 215: 210: 205: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 167: 164: 163: 159: 158: 141: 140: 130: 129: 125: 124: 120: 119: 115: 114: 107: 106: 102: 101: 97: 96: 92: 91: 85: 84: 80: 79: 73: 72: 68: 67: 63: 62: 58: 57: 50: 21:Indian Shakers 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6262: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6240:Simple living 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5995:Self religion 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5925:Doomsday cult 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5748:Nakayama Miki 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5733:Nikkyō Niwano 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5613:Sri Aurobindo 5611: 5609: 5608:Shoko Asahara 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5567:Word of Faith 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5407:Temple of Set 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5263:New Acropolis 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5167:Heaven's Gate 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5127:Discordianism 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4989:Anthroposophy 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4775:9780809123735 4771: 4767: 4766:Paulist Press 4763: 4759: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4702:9780870235658 4698: 4694: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544:Humez, Jean. 4543: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4483:Humez, Jean. 4482: 4479: 4472:Humez, Jean. 4471: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4309:9780979644870 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4229:1-58017-040-4 4225: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4198:9780844660318 4194: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4167:9780517524947 4163: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4125:The Herbarist 4122: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3887:(Dover, 1940) 3886: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3842: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3738: 3730: 3724: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3639: 3635: 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