Open-source license

534: 297:(DFSG). The DFSG were drafted to provide a more specific and objective standard for the FOSS that Debian would host in their repositories. The OSI adopted the DSFG and used them as the basis for their Open Source Definition. The Free Software Foundation maintains a rival set of criteria, the Free Software Definition. Historically, these three organizations and their sets of criteria have been the notable authorities in determining whether a license covers free and open-source software. There is significant diversity among individual licenses but little difference between the rival definitions. The three definitions each require that people receiving covered software must be able to use, modify, and redistribute the covered work. 583:, but Stallman wrote the GPL to increase the body of available free software. His reciprocal licenses offer the rights to use, modify, and distribute the work on the condition that people must release derivative works under a license offering these same freedoms. Software built on a copyleft base must come with the source code, and the source code must be available under the same or a similar license. This offers protection against proprietary software consuming code without giving back. Richard Stallman stated that "the central idea of copyleft is to use copyright law, but flip it over to serve the opposite of its usual purpose: instead of a means of privatizing software, becomes a means of keeping software free." 35: 167: 675: 832: 703:

set of terms cannot be waved to the public domain. Permissive licenses can be used within copyleft works, but copyleft material cannot be released under a permissive license. Some weak copyleft licenses can be used under the GPL and are said to be GPL-compatible. GPL software can only be used under the GPL or AGPL. Permissive licenses are broadly compatible because they can cover separate parts of a project. Multiple licenses including the GPL and Apache License have been revised to enhance compatibility.

604: 263: 431: 722: 4471: 4461: 492:. One of the strengths of open-source development is the continual process where developers can build on the derivative works of each other and combine their projects into collective works. Explicitly making covered code sublicensable provides a legal advantage when tracking the chain of authorship. The BSD and MIT are template licenses that can be adapted to any project. They are widely adapted and used by many FOSS projects. 507:. Version 2, published in 2004, offers legal advantages over simple licenses and provides similar grants. While the BSD and MIT licenses offer an implicit patent grant, the Apache License includes a section on patents with an explicit grant from contributors. Additionally, it is one of the few permissive licenses with a patent retaliation clause. Patent retaliation, or patent suspension, clauses take effect if a 171: 169: 330:. He contrasted the proprietary model where small pools of secretive workers carried out this work with the development of Linux where the pool of testers included potentially the entire world. He summarized this strength as "Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow." The OSI succeeded in bringing open-source development to corporate developers including Sun Microsystems, 764:, a digital equivalent where the user must click to accept. Open-source software has an additional acceptance mechanism. Without permission from the copyright holder, the law prohibits redistribution. Therefore, courts treat redistribution as acceptance of the license terms. These can include attribution provisions or source code provisions for copyleft licenses. 170: 412:, the court "caution against misuse or over-extension of trademark" law without providing a firm decision on those mutant copyrights. Trademark overlap can leave open-source and free content projects vulnerable to a "hostile takeover" if outside parties file for trademarks on derivative works. Notably, Andrey Duskin applied for trademarks on the 174: 172: 173: 707:

the amount of software dependencies, engineers working on complex projects often rely on license management software to achieve compliance with the licensing terms of open-source components. Many open-source software files do not unambiguously state the license, increasing the difficulties of compliance.

847:, and is freely available to anyone. Some creative works are not covered by copyright and enter directly into the public domain. In the early history of computing, this applied to software. Early computer software was often given away with hardware. Developed initially at MIT, the pioneering video game 445:, also known as academic licenses, allow recipients to use, modify, and distribute software with no obligation to provide source code. Institutions created these licenses to distribute their creations to the public. Permissive licenses are usually short, often less than a page of text. They impose few 614:

Practical benefits to copyleft licenses have attracted commercial developers. Corporations have used and written reciprocal licenses with a narrower scope than the GPL. For example, Netscape drafted their own copyleft terms after rejecting permissive licenses for the Mozilla project. The GPL remains

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is a business model where developers release a core piece of software as open source and monetize a product containing it as proprietary software. The strong copyleft GPL is written to prevent distribution within proprietary software. Weak copyleft licenses impose specific requirements on derivative

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When combining code bases, the original licenses can be maintained for separate components, and the larger work released under a compatible license. This compatibility is often one-way. Public domain content can be used anywhere as there is no copyright claim, but code acquired under any almost any

385:. Patent claims give the holder the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing products based on the idea. Because patents grant the right to exclude rather than the right to create, it is possible to have a patent on an idea but still be unable to legally implement it if the 771:

letters are a common method to bring companies back into compliance, especially in Germany. A standard process has developed in the German legal system. FOSS developers present companies with a cease and desist letter. These letters outline how to come back into compliance from a violation. German

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Translation issues, ambiguity in licensing terms, and incompatibility of some licenses with the law in certain jurisdictions compound the problem of license compatibility. Downloading an open-source module is straightforward, but complying with the licensing terms can be more difficult. Because of

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reflect different values rather than a legal difference. Both movements and their formal definitions require the covered work to be made available with source code and with permission for modification and redistribution. There are occasional edge cases where only one of the FSF or the OSI accept a

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Trademarks are the only form of IP not shared by free and open-source software. Trademarks on FOSS function the same as any other trademark. A trademark is a design that identifies the distinct source of a product. Because they distinguish products, the same designs can be used in different fields

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relies on another patented idea. Thus, open-source patent grants can offer permission only from covered patents. They cannot guarantee that a third party has not patented any concepts embodied in the code. The older permissive licenses do not discuss patents directly and offer only implicit patent

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as a fallback. In jurisdictions that do not accept a public domain waiver, the permissive license takes effect. Public domain waivers share limitations with simple academic licenses. This creates the possibility that an outside party could attempt to control a public domain work via patent or

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Open-source licenses allow other businesses to commercialize covered software. Work released under a permissive license can be incorporated into proprietary software. Permissive licenses permit the addition of new terms, including proprietary ones. Proprietary software has heavily integrated

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relies on free and open-source software and avoids the distribution that triggers most licenses. Cloud software is hosted rather than distributed. A vendor hosts the software online, and their end users do not have to download, access, or even know about the code in use. The copyleft

228:. The creator, or their employer, holds the copyright to this original work and therefore has the exclusive right to make copies, release modified versions, distribute copies, perform publicly, or display the work publicly. Modified versions of the original work are 685:

determines how code with different licenses can be distributed together. The goal of open-source licensing is to make the work freely available, but this becomes complicated when working with multiple terminologies imposing different requirements. There are many

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to be distributed with the source code and under a similar license. Since the mid-2000s, courts in multiple countries have upheld the terms of both types of license. Software developers have filed cases as copyright infringement and as breaches of contract.

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brought the concept of academic freedom of ideas to computing. Early academic software authors had shared code based on implied promises. Berkeley made these concepts explicit with clear disclaimers for liability and warranty along with conditions, or

168: 259:(FSF), and wrote several free software licenses. The FSF used existing intellectual property laws for the opposite of their intended goal of restriction. Instead of imposing restrictions, free software explicitly provided freedoms to the recipient. 659:

licenses often used by corporations. Weak copyleft uses narrower, explicit definitions of derivative works. The MPL uses a file-based definition, the CPL and EPL use a module-based definition, and the FSF's own LGPL refers to software libraries.

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Uncertainties remain in how different courts will handle certain aspects of licensing. For software in general, there are debates about what can be patented and what can be copyrighted. Regarding an application programming interface (API), the

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In the 90s, the term "open source" was coined as an alternative label for free software, and specific criteria were laid out to determine which licenses covered free and open-source software. Two active members of the free software community,

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under a similar license. Permissive licenses do not, and therefore the code can be used within proprietary software. Copyleft can be further divided into strong and weak depending on whether they define derivative works broadly or narrowly.

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to be distributed with software and require the source code to be made available under a similar license. Like the permissive licenses, most copyleft licenses require attribution. Most, including the GPL, disclaim implied warranties.

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Licenses focus on copyright law, but code is also covered by other forms of IP. Major open-source licenses written since the late 1990s contain patent grants. These open-source patent grants cover the patents held by the developers.

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Copyleft uses the restrictions of IP law—contrary to their usual purpose—to mandate that the code remain open. The term and it's related slogan, "All rights reversed", had been previously used in a playful manner by the

232:. When a creator modifies an existing work, they hold the copyright to their modifications. Unless the original work was in the public domain, a derivative work can only be distributed with the permission of every copyright holder. 916:(AGPL) is triggered when covered code is hosted or distributed. Some developers have adopted the AGPL, and others have switched to proprietary licenses with features of open-source licensing. For example, open-core developer 805:. A bare license is a set of conditions under which actions otherwise restricted by IP laws are permitted. Under the bare license interpretation, advocated by the FSF, a case is brought to court by the copyright holder as 931:

Since 2010, the cloud model has grown in prominence. Developers have criticized cloud companies that profit from hosting open-source software without contributing money or code upstream, comparing the practice to

477:, for redistribution. The original had four clauses, but subsequent versions have further reduced the restrictions. As a result, it's common to specify if the covered software uses a 2-clause or 3-clause version. 698:

of applications, each license can be considered separately. However, when attempting to combine software, code from another project can only be in-licensed if the project uses compatible terms and conditions.

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Trademark restrictions can overlap copyrights and affect material otherwise freely available. The US Supreme Court described using trademark law to restrict public domain content as "mutant copyright". In

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warranty and liability. Anyone using the free software must accept this disclaimer as a condition. Because public domain content is available to everyone, the copyright waiver cannot impose a disclaimer.

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mailed a manual to Stallman with a "Copyleft Ⓛ" sticker. Stallman, who was working on the GNU operating system, adopted the term. An early version of copyleft licensing was used for the 1985 release of

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judges can issue a court-mandated cease and desist order to unresponsive companies. Civil cases proceed if these first steps fail. The German procedural laws are clear and favorable to claimants.

247:. Stallman witnessed fragmentation among software developers. He blamed the spread of proprietary software and closed models of development. To push back against these trends, Stallman founded the 304:" over "free software". He viewed open source as more appealing to businesses and more reflective of the tangible advantages of FOSS development. One of Raymond's goals was to expand the existing 390:

grants in their offers to use or sell covered material. Newer copyleft licenses and the 2004 Apache License offer explicit patent grants and limited protection from patent litigation. These

746: 651:(AGPL) based on it, use a broad scope to describe affected works. The AGPL extends the reciprocal obligation in the GPL to cover software made available over a network. They are called 752:

Courts have found that distributing software indicates acceptance of the license's terms. Physical software releases can obtain the consumer's assent with notices placed on

318:, an open-air public market. He argued that aside from ethics, the open model provided advantages that proprietary software could not replicate. Raymond focused heavily on 3964: 244: 3234: 862:, copyright laws were not written with the expectation that creators would place their work into the public domain. Thus intellectual property laws lack clear paths to 235:

In 1980, the US government amended the law to treat software as a literary work. Software released after this point was restricted by IP laws. At that time, American

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Joy, Reagan (2022). "The Tragedy of the Creative Commons: An Analysis of How Overlapping Intellectual Property Rights Undermine the Use of Permissive Licensing".

81:(IP) laws restrict the modification and sharing of creative works. Free and open-source licenses use these existing legal structures for an inverse purpose. They 3108:

Oman, Ralph (Spring 2018). "Computer Software as Copyrightable Subject Matter: Oracle V. Google, Legislative Intent, and the Scope of Rights in Digital Works".

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sources. To give up control of a trademark would result in the loss of that trademark. Therefore, no open-source license freely offers the use of a trademark.

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in Germany—defendants argued that open-source licenses were invalid. Sitecom and Katzer separately argued that the licenses were unenforceable. Both the

647:(EPL). A difference between the GPL and other reciprocal licenses is how they define derivative works covered by the reciprocal provisions. The GPL, and the 749:

and German courts rejected these claims. They ruled that the defendants could not have legally distributed the software if the licenses were unenforceable.

4262: 3884: 955: 351: 4101: 3353: 4033: 533: 3061:"Free and Open Source Software and FRAND‐based patent licenses: How to mediate between Standard Essential Patent and Free and Open Source Software" 1569: 408: 3197: 4495: 3437: 975: 4053: 3939: 742: 886:

trademark law. Public domain waivers handle warranties differently from any type of license. Even very permissive ones, like the MIT license,

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Developers typically achieve compliance without lawsuits. Social pressures, like the potential for community backlash, are often sufficient.

3991: 3889: 342:, Apple Inc., Microsoft, and Nokia. These companies released code under existing licenses and drafted their own to be approved by the OSI. 4167: 4001: 3974: 3954: 3979: 3270:

Sen, Ravi; Subramaniam, Chandrasekar; Nelson, Matthew L. (Winter 2008). "Determinants of the Choice of Open Source Software License".

2030:, p. 102 for: Apache License version 2.0 in 2004, GPL version 3 in 2007, LGPL version 3 in 2007, and AGPL version 3 in 2007. See 3929: 3899: 782: 4076: 2795: 161: 3399: 2875: 4048: 4006: 3949: 3393: 3304: 3228: 3191: 3016: 2705: 985: 481: 435: 147:. Permissive licenses come from academia. Copyleft licenses come from the free software movement. Copyleft licenses require 4464: 4412: 4342: 4026: 3315: 3121:

Ombredanne, Philippe (2020). "Free and Open Source Software License Compliance: Tools for Software Composition Analysis".

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clauses protect developers by terminating grants for any party who initiates a patent lawsuit regarding covered software.

3986: 3879: 3430: 980: 17: 4367: 4219: 3329: 2288: 787: 457: 391: 4282: 4192: 4187: 913: 193:. Legal systems grant the owner of an IP the right to restrict access in many ways. Owners can sell, lease, gift, or 55: 4011: 3919: 874: 121: 3361: 4277: 4109: 4016: 3489: 2711: 563:; the modern usage begins with Richard Stallman's efforts to create a free operating system. In 1984, programmer 294: 4505: 3856: 3423: 734: 716: 500: 461: 339: 905:

works that may allow the covered code to be distributed within proprietary software in certain circumstances.

813:. US and French courts have tried cases under both interpretations. Non-profit organizations like FSF and the 453:

authors. A few include explicit provisions for patents, trademarks, and other forms of intellectual property.

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litigation on covered code. In that situation, the patent grants are revoked. These clauses protect against

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clarified the conditions by making them more explicit. For example, the MIT license describes the right to

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the most popular license of this type, but there are other significant examples. The FSF has crafted the

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a copyright. Highly permissive licenses described as "public domain" may legally function as unilateral

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A long-debated subject within the FOSS community is whether open-source licenses are "bare licenses" or

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rather than software freedoms. While the goals behind the terms are different, open-source licenses and

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After 1980, the United States began to treat software as a literary work covered by copyright law.

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case that "ideas and principles which underlie interfaces are not protected by copyright". In a

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Tsai, John (2008). "For Better or Worse: Introducing the Gnu General Public License Version 3".

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The Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary

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agreements. As a result, this causes more confusion than other legal aspects. When releasing a

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They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry

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Onetti, Alberto; Verma, Sameer (May 1, 2009). "Open Source Licensing and Business Models".

2816:"Share and Share Alike: Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses" 1318: 592: 468:

and its later variations permit modification and distribution of the covered software. The

399: 319: 213: 105: 8: 3904: 3748: 3733: 3530: 3008: 2696: 2324: 937: 757: 620: 555: 512: 327: 489: 416:, a collaborative writing project, when creating derivative works based on SCP stories. 3849: 3808: 3798: 3753: 3467: 2118: 810: 791: 738: 504: 2659:

Bernelin, Margo (2020). "The compatibility of open/free licences: a legal imbroglio".

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Fontana, Richard E. (April 2010). "Open Source License Enforcement and Compliance".

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DiBona, Chris; Stone, Mark; Ockman, Sam, eds. (1999). "The Open Source Definition".

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The Copyleft sticker from an envelope Don Hopkins mailed to Richard Stallman in 1984

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Traditional, proprietary software licenses are written with the goal of increasing

572:. The term became associated with the FSF's later reciprocal licenses, notably the 446: 374: 323: 240: 229: 217: 190: 148: 139:. Both grant permission to change and distribute software. Typically, they require 97: 70: 89:, modify it, and distribute the modifications. These criteria are outlined in the 4417: 3818: 3793: 3775: 3642: 3579: 3535: 965: 940:

has stated they comply with licenses and act in their customers' best interests.

908: 901: 695: 516: 282: 117: 3834: 1967: 221: 189:(IP) is a legal category that treats creative output as property, comparable to 4214: 4137: 3283: 3251: 881:

CC0, provides a waiver of copyright claims into the public domain along with a

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license, but the popular free software licenses are open source, including the

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Open Source as Philosophy, Methodology, and Commerce: Using Law with Attitude

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Fagundes, Dave; Perzanowski, Aaron (November 2020). "Abandoning Copyright".

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Permissive licenses generally originate in academic institutions like the

4377: 4204: 4199: 3803: 3728: 3678: 3542: 2034:, pp. 95–101 for: MPL version 2.0 in 2012 and EPL version 2 in 2017. 564: 545: 485: 469: 465: 460:

created the first open-source license when they began distributing their

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offer to hold the rights to developers' projects to enforce compliance.

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to create a free operating system, wrote essays on freedom, founded the

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established a precedent for open-source software litigation in Germany.

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Software license allowing source code to be used, modified, and shared

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Open Source Licensing: Software Freedom and Intellectual Property Law

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format. Under US copyright law, the initial release is considered an

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that allow content to be used, modified, and shared. They facilitate

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their properties. Multiple types of IP law cover software including

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open-source code released under the Apache, BSD, and MIT licenses.

887: 802: 795: 541: 528: 357: 236: 220:. These laws assign a copyright whenever a work is released in any 136: 2300: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1330: 1166: 1154: 1142: 610:

drafted the Mozilla Public License while on Netscape's legal team.

3688: 3673: 3594: 3354:"Prime Leverage: How Amazon Wields Power in the Technology World" 2268: 2091: 1892: 1067: 691: 632: 624: 484:(MIT) created an academic license based on the BSD original. The 335: 202: 3381:

Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software

2312: 2253: 1491: 1489: 1390: 3525: 2796:""Free" and "Open Source" Software: Navigating the Shibboleths" 2190: 1979: 1405: 1222: 790:, the US Supreme Court permitted the recreation of an API in a 315: 305: 290: 2214: 2008: 1246: 1234: 733:

Free and open-source software licenses have been successfully

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cover ideas and, rather than a specific implementation, cover

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Virtual Words: Language on the Edge of Science and Technology

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court since the mid-2000s. In a pair of early lawsuits—

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switched from the Apache license to the "source-available"

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are also open-source software licenses. The separate terms

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MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory

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the recipient the rights to use the software, examine the

3384:(First ed.). Sebastopol, California : Farnham: 3089:

Open Source Software Licensing Basics for Corporate Users

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International Journal of Law and Information Technology

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Early computer programs like the pioneering video game

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Most countries, including the United States (US), have

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Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing

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community to include large commercial developers. In

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Comparison of open-source and closed-source software

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Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution

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Comparison of free and open-source software licenses

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Comparison of free and open-source software licenses

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The two main categories of open-source licenses are

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Open-source software licenses and how they interact

4253: 2634:"Free and Open Source Software Licenses Explained" 1826:"Full text of GNU Emacs copying permission notice" 1549: 1537: 1079: 1034: 1010: 998: 314:, Raymond compared open-source development to the 3864: 3295:. Vol. 1: 1971 – 1982. Boca Raton, Florida: 2922: 2909: 2896: 2863: 2768:Copyright, Contract, and Licensing in Open Source 4487: 1570:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. 409:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. 120:. "Open source" emphasizes the strengths of the 1659: 1363:, "The Social Context of Open-Source Software". 3219:(Paperback ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: 2147: (District Court of Munich 2004), 976:List of free and open-source software licenses 894: 843:When a copyright expires, the work enters the 3850: 3431: 300:Eric S. Raymond was a proponent of the term " 3890:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities 3252:"Spacewar - Guide, History, Origin and More" 3182:(Revised ed.). Sebastopol, California: 2891:Hammerly, Jim; Paquin, Tom; Walton, Susan. " 3351: 3313: 3141: 2603: 2513: 2477: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2393: 2220: 2014: 1922: 1898: 1886: 1764: 1384: 112:(OSI), founded by free software developers 3857: 3843: 3438: 3424: 3352:Wakabayashi, Daisuke (December 15, 2019). 3120: 3065:The Journal of World Intellectual Property 2739: 2631: 2247: 2232: 2085: 2070: 2058: 1910: 1776: 870:that offer something but impose no terms. 3445: 3272:Journal of Management Information Systems 3076: 2957: 2726: 2695: 2649: 1752: 1740: 1716: 1495: 1480: 1468: 1264: 1252: 1240: 1187: 820: 243:was working as a graduate student at the 108:. The term "open source" was used by the 38:Popular open source licenses include the 3377: 2893:Freeing the Source: The Story of Mozilla 2658: 2043: 1175: 1160: 1148: 928:comes with source code as a reference. 830: 720: 673: 602: 532: 429: 356:Open-source licenses are categorized as 261: 165: 162:History of free and open-source software 33: 3175: 3110:Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 3058: 2944: 2916: 2838: 2793: 2752: 1519: 1507: 1372: 1360: 1348: 1324: 1300: 1288: 1276: 1204: 1004: 251:. Throughout the 1980s, he started the 14: 4496:Free and open-source software licenses 4488: 3237:from the original on December 19, 2022 3085: 3037: 2903: 2813: 2778: 2588: 2357: 2262: 2208: 1862: 1441: 1312: 1228: 1216: 3838: 3419: 3402:from the original on February 7, 2023 3290: 3212: 3144:ICFAI Journal of Knowledge Management 3046:from the original on October 31, 2022 2990: 2878:from the original on January 27, 2023 2784: 2771: 2765: 2758: 2745: 2732: 2679: 2615: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2489: 2429: 2381: 2369: 2345: 2318: 2306: 2274: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2104: 2031: 2027: 2002: 1990: 1973: 1850: 1838: 1812: 1800: 1788: 1704: 1680: 1653: 1638: 1626: 1531: 1456: 1411: 1336: 1121: 1109: 1097: 1085: 1043: 1028: 1016: 482:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 436:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4413:Microsoft Open Specification Promise 3338: 3249: 3107: 2683:Open Source Law, Policy and Practice 2501: 2330: 1937: 1136: 1063:. Cornell Law School. November 2021. 986:List of permissive software licenses 725:Early legal victories by programmer 631:(MPL) for their releases, including 499:is more comprehensive and explicit. 128:describe the same type of licenses. 3880:Alternative terms for free software 3200:from the original on April 24, 2003 3154: 3025:from the original on March 26, 2023 2977: 2714:from the original on March 26, 2023 2417: 1874: 1728: 1692: 1665: 1611: 1599: 1587: 1555: 1543: 24: 4220:Python Software Foundation License 3038:Kunert, Paul (September 8, 2022). 3009:10.1093/oso/9780195398540.003.0017 2729:Patents and the Defensive Response 2697:10.1093/oso/9780198862345.001.0001 2289:Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. 1976:, refer to corresponding chapters. 1962:Sen, Subramaniam & Nelson 2008 1950:Hammerly, Paquin & Walton 1999 1427:Sen, Subramaniam & Nelson 2008 1400:Hammerly, Paquin & Walton 1999 981:List of copyleft software licenses 690:and some projects write their own 458:University of California, Berkeley 25: 4517: 4283:Definition of Free Cultural Works 3900:Free software project directories 3250:Ross, Heather (January 4, 2021). 2923:DiBona, Stone & Ockman (1999) 2910:DiBona, Stone & Ockman (1999) 2897:DiBona, Stone & Ockman (1999) 2333:, "Spacewar: End of Development". 1327:, "The Cathedral and the Bazaar". 914:GNU Affero General Public License 56:GNU Lesser General Public License 4470: 4469: 4459: 3920:Open-source software development 3086:Meeker, Heather (January 2020). 3059:Maracke, Catharina (July 2019). 2947:The Computer and Internet Lawyer 2794:Byfield, Bruce (March 4, 2008). 2632:Ballhausen, Miriam (June 2019). 1731:, "Apache License, Version 2.0". 875:public-domain-equivalent license 851:was used to market and test the 663: 4278:Debian Free Software Guidelines 4110:Free Software Movement of India 3341:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 3314:St. Laurent, Andrew M. (2004). 2980:Case Western Reserve Law Review 2820:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 2727:Bain, Malcom; Smith, P McCoy. " 2406:Fagundes & Perzanowski 2020 2280: 2134: 2110: 2020: 1818: 1561: 1074:Fagundes & Perzanowski 2020 295:Debian Free Software Guidelines 3094:Open Source Software Licensing 1049: 717:Open source license litigation 710: 501:The Apache Software Foundation 462:Berkeley Software Distribution 13: 1: 4268:Contributor License Agreement 4082:Open-source-software movement 3866:Free and open-source software 2958:Greenbaum, Eli (April 2016). 2934:William & Mary Law Review 2624: 971:Software Composition Analysis 961:List of free-content licenses 617:Lesser General Public License 419: 155: 75:free and open-source software 4439:The Cathedral and the Bazaar 4293:The Free Software Definition 815:Software Freedom Conservancy 643:(CPL) and later adopted the 464:(BSD) operating system. The 311:The Cathedral and the Bazaar 7: 4343:Mozilla software rebranding 4308:Permissive software license 3721:Software release life cycle 2839:Coleman, Gabriella (2004). 2680:Brock, Amanda, ed. (2022). 943: 895:Use in proprietary software 883:permissive software license 522: 426:Permissive software license 182:on the history of copyright 104:in response to the rise of 10: 4522: 4348:Proprietary device drivers 4298:The Open Source Definition 3789:Software protection dongle 3669:Unwanted software bundling 3320:. Sebastopol, California: 3284:10.2753/MIS0742-1222250306 2919:The Revenge of the Hackers 2906:The Open Source Definition 2870:. Sebastopol, California: 1291:, "Political Agnosticism". 922:Server Side Public License 824: 714: 667: 574:GNU General Public License 526: 423: 349: 293:, Perens had proposed the 159: 48:GNU General Public License 4455: 4433:Source-available software 4391: 4333:Digital rights management 4325: 4123: 4100: 4062: 3938: 3872: 3784:Digital rights management 3774: 3719: 3661: 3610: 3518: 3453: 3291:Smith, Alexander (2019). 3176:Raymond, Eric S. (2001). 2845:Anthropological Quarterly 2814:Carver, Brian W. (2005). 1303:, "Memes and Mythmaking". 936:. Cloud computing leader 926:Source-available software 839:are in the public domain. 778:European Court of Justice 741:in the United States and 400:risk of confusing similar 4428:Shared Source Initiative 4225:Shared Source Initiative 4178:Free Software Foundation 4115:Free Software Foundation 3965:Configuration management 3662:Deceptive and/or illicit 3213:Rosen, Lawrence (2005). 3163:. Open Source Initiative 2991:Keats, Jonathon (2010). 992: 688:uncommonly used licenses 345: 257:Free Software Foundation 4363:SCO/Linux controversies 3814:Software license server 3157:"OSI Approved Licenses" 3135:10.1109/MC.2020.3011082 3001:Oxford University Press 2688:Oxford University Press 2651:10.1109/MC.2019.2907766 2466:Onetti & Verma 2009 1887:Onetti & Verma 2009 1385:Onetti & Verma 2009 4263:Comparison of licenses 4072:Free software movement 3490:Freely redistributable 3378:Williams, Sam (2002). 1901:, pp. 81–83, 114. 858:According to attorney 840: 827:Public-domain software 821:Public domain software 807:copyright infringement 730: 679: 645:Eclipse Public License 629:Mozilla Public License 611: 585:Free software licenses 538: 439: 287:Open Source Initiative 273: 271:Open Source Definition 249:free software movement 214:created copyright laws 183: 126:free software licenses 122:open development model 110:Open Source Initiative 102:free software movement 91:Open Source Definition 63: 60:Mozilla Public License 4506:Free culture movement 4338:License proliferation 3653:Software as a service 3447:Software distribution 3155:OSI (February 2023). 2742:Copyright Enforcement 2740:Ballhausen, Miriam. " 2673:10.1093/ijlit/eaaa010 2420:, pp. 1008–1010. 2125:535 F.3d 1373 1753:Bain & Smith 2022 1741:Bain & Smith 2022 1717:Bain & Smith 2022 1614:, pp. 979, 1002. 1602:, pp. 1004–1006. 1496:Bain & Smith 2022 1481:Bain & Smith 2022 1469:Bain & Smith 2022 1255:, pp. 1304–1305. 1243:, pp. 1302–1303. 834: 724: 683:License compatibility 677: 670:License compatibility 641:Common Public License 606: 536: 433: 265: 187:Intellectual property 177: 79:Intellectual property 37: 4423:Open-source hardware 4358:Proprietary software 4353:Proprietary firmware 4054:Formerly open-source 4049:Formerly proprietary 3915:Open-source software 3744:Software maintenance 3618:Digital distribution 3473:Free and open-source 2046:, pp. 100, 102. 1695:, "The MIT License". 593:open-source software 381:implementation of a 106:proprietary software 77:(FOSS) development. 67:Open-source licenses 4303:Open-source license 3905:Gratis versus libre 3749:Software maintainer 3531:Commercial software 3519:Compensation models 3364:on October 30, 2023 2686:(Second ed.). 2223:, pp. 158–159. 2017:, pp. 159–163. 2005:, pp. 243–247. 1964:, pp. 212–213. 1940:, pp. 564–570. 1877:, pp. 990–992. 1853:, pp. 103–109. 1803:, pp. 103–106. 1641:, pp. 101–102. 1590:, pp. 987–988. 1576:539 U.S. 23 1522:, pp. 184–185. 1429:, pp. 211–212. 1219:, pp. 448–450. 1139:, pp. 641–642. 938:Amazon Web Services 758:Online distribution 655:in contrast to the 556:Principia Discordia 513:patent infringement 503:wrote it for their 443:Permissive licenses 18:Open source license 3809:Software copyright 3799:Product activation 3754:Software publisher 3468:Floating licensing 3358:The New York Times 3078:10.1111/jwip.12114 2967:Cardoza Law Review 2917:Raymond, Eric S. " 2753:Chestek, Pamela. " 2297:, 1203 (2021). 2119:Jacobsen v. Katzer 1925:, pp. 68, 75. 1865:, 6:00–7:22. 1315:, 2:33–3:06. 1057:"Berne Convention" 841: 811:breach of contract 780:noted in the 2012 739:Jacobsen v. Katzer 731: 680: 612: 539: 505:Apache HTTP Server 440: 398:where there is no 392:patent retaliation 274: 184: 145:disclaim liability 64: 4483: 4482: 4383:Trusted Computing 4373:Software security 4321: 4320: 4002:Operating systems 3910:Long-term support 3832: 3831: 3824:Torrent poisoning 3739:Long-term support 3563:Pay what you want 3395:978-0-596-00287-9 3306:978-1-138-38990-8 3230:978-0-13-148787-1 3193:978-0-596-00108-7 3018:978-0-19-539854-0 2766:Smith, P McCoy. " 2707:978-0-19-886234-5 2384:, pp. 74–77. 2372:, pp. 55–56. 1841:, pp. 63–67. 1767:, pp. 38–39. 1707:, § 3.2.1.2. 1683:, pp. 73–90. 1656:, § 3.2.1.1. 1459:, pp. 22–24. 1112:, pp. 28–29. 1100:, pp. 27–28. 1031:, pp. 22–23. 788:similar 2021 case 735:enforced in civil 544:licenses require 216:in line with the 175: 71:software licenses 16:(Redirected from 4513: 4501:Terms of service 4473: 4472: 4463: 4368:Software patents 4251: 4250: 4163:Creative Commons 4022:Web applications 3859: 3852: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3638:Product bundling 3611:Delivery methods 3510:Source-available 3440: 3433: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3360:. Archived from 3348: 3335: 3310: 3287: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3256:History-Computer 3246: 3244: 3242: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3151: 3138: 3117: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3082: 3080: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3034: 3032: 3030: 2987: 2974: 2964: 2954: 2941: 2926: 2913: 2904:Perens, Bruce. " 2900: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2860: 2835: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2788: 2775: 2762: 2749: 2736: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2699: 2676: 2655: 2653: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2604:Wakabayashi 2019 2601: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2517: 2514:St. Laurent 2004 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2478:St. Laurent 2004 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2454:St. Laurent 2004 2451: 2445: 2442:St. Laurent 2004 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2394:St. Laurent 2004 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2251: 2245: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2221:St. Laurent 2004 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2149:No. 21 O 6123/04 2146: 2143:Welte v. Sitecom 2138: 2132: 2122: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2089: 2083: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2024: 2018: 2015:St. Laurent 2004 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1926: 1923:St. Laurent 2004 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1899:St. Laurent 2004 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1765:St. Laurent 2004 1762: 1756: 1755:, § 10.4.4. 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1719:, § 10.4.2. 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1578:, 34 (2003). 1573: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1471:, § 10.4.3. 1466: 1460: 1454: 1445: 1439: 1430: 1424: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1339:, § 16.3.4. 1334: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1191: 1185: 1179: 1173: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1125: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1083: 1077: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1053: 1047: 1041: 1032: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1008: 1002: 879:Creative Commons 769:Cease and desist 743:Welte v. Sitecom 375:Software patents 269:, author of the 241:Richard Stallman 230:derivative works 218:Berne Convention 191:private property 176: 149:derivative works 98:Richard Stallman 21: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4451: 4418:Open-core model 4393: 4387: 4317: 4255: 4249: 4119: 4096: 4058: 3941: 3934: 3868: 3863: 3833: 3828: 3819:Software patent 3794:License manager 3776:Copy protection 3770: 3715: 3657: 3643:Retail software 3606: 3580:Open-core model 3536:Retail software 3514: 3449: 3444: 3414: 3405: 3403: 3396: 3367: 3365: 3332: 3307: 3260: 3258: 3240: 3238: 3231: 3203: 3201: 3194: 3166: 3164: 3129:(10): 105–109. 3098: 3096: 3071:(3–4): 78–102. 3049: 3047: 3028: 3026: 3019: 2962: 2881: 2879: 2804: 2802: 2717: 2715: 2708: 2627: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2309:, § 3.4.2. 2305: 2301: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2277:, § 3.1.3. 2273: 2269: 2261: 2254: 2248:Ballhausen 2022 2246: 2239: 2233:Ballhausen 2022 2231: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2107:, § 3.4.1. 2103: 2092: 2086:Ballhausen 2022 2084: 2077: 2071:Ombredanne 2020 2069: 2065: 2059:Ombredanne 2020 2057: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1911:Ballhausen 2019 1909: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1777:Ballhausen 2019 1775: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1625: 1618: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1550: 1542: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1487: 1479: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1455: 1448: 1440: 1433: 1425: 1418: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1391: 1383: 1379: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1347: 1343: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1299: 1295: 1287: 1283: 1275: 1271: 1267:, p. 1305. 1263: 1259: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1211: 1203: 1194: 1186: 1182: 1174: 1167: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1143: 1135: 1128: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1104: 1096: 1092: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1068: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1042: 1035: 1027: 1023: 1015: 1011: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 966:Multi-licensing 946: 909:Cloud computing 897: 829: 823: 719: 713: 672: 666: 657:weaker copyleft 653:strong copyleft 531: 525: 517:patent trolling 428: 422: 354: 348: 283:Eric S. Raymond 239:and programmer 166: 164: 158: 118:Eric S. Raymond 58:(LGPL) and the 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4519: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4467: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4106: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3955:Bioinformatics 3952: 3946: 3944: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3862: 3861: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3671: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3528: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3470: 3465: 3459: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3420: 3413: 3412: 3394: 3386:O'Reilly Media 3375: 3349: 3336: 3331:978-0596005818 3330: 3322:O'Reilly Media 3311: 3305: 3288: 3278:(3): 207–239. 3267: 3247: 3229: 3210: 3192: 3184:O'Reilly Media 3173: 3161:opensource.org 3152: 3139: 3118: 3105: 3083: 3056: 3035: 3017: 2988: 2986:(4): 977–1013. 2975: 2955: 2942: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2914: 2901: 2872:O'Reilly Media 2861: 2851:(3): 507–519. 2836: 2826:(1): 443–481. 2811: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2779:Walden, Ian. " 2776: 2763: 2750: 2737: 2706: 2677: 2656: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2620: 2608: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2518: 2506: 2504:, p. 550. 2494: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2408:, p. 524. 2398: 2386: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2335: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2279: 2267: 2252: 2237: 2235:, p. 127. 2225: 2213: 2201: 2189: 2187:, p. 138. 2177: 2175:, p. 137. 2165: 2163:, p. 106. 2153: 2133: 2109: 2090: 2075: 2073:, p. 106. 2063: 2061:, p. 105. 2048: 2036: 2019: 2007: 1995: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1927: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1879: 1867: 1855: 1843: 1831: 1817: 1805: 1793: 1791:, p. 135. 1781: 1769: 1757: 1745: 1743:, ch. 10. 1733: 1721: 1709: 1697: 1685: 1670: 1658: 1643: 1631: 1616: 1604: 1592: 1580: 1560: 1558:, p. 989. 1548: 1546:, p. 986. 1536: 1524: 1512: 1500: 1485: 1473: 1461: 1446: 1431: 1416: 1404: 1389: 1377: 1365: 1353: 1341: 1329: 1317: 1305: 1293: 1281: 1269: 1265:Greenbaum 2016 1257: 1253:Greenbaum 2016 1245: 1241:Greenbaum 2016 1233: 1221: 1209: 1192: 1188:Greenbaum 2016 1180: 1165: 1153: 1141: 1126: 1114: 1102: 1090: 1078: 1076:, p. 529. 1066: 1048: 1033: 1021: 1009: 996: 994: 991: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 947: 945: 942: 896: 893: 860:Lawrence Rosen 825:Main article: 822: 819: 794:product under 792:transformative 715:Main article: 712: 709: 668:Main article: 665: 662: 649:Affero License 608:Mitchell Baker 527:Main article: 524: 521: 497:Apache License 424:Main article: 421: 418: 414:SCP Foundation 347: 344: 285:, founded the 178:Legal scholar 160:Main article: 157: 154: 40:Apache License 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4518: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4476: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4446:Revolution OS 4443: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4407:GNU Manifesto 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4313:Public domain 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4102:Organisations 4099: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3997:Office suites 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3895:Free software 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3633:Pre-installed 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3505:Public domain 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3475: 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2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2724: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2667:(2): 93–111. 2666: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2618:, § 16.5.3.2. 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2590: 2585: 2579:, § 16.5.3.8. 2578: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2555:, § 16.4.2.2. 2554: 2549: 2543:, § 16.4.2.8. 2542: 2537: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2516:, p. 39. 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2492:, § 16.4.2.3. 2491: 2486: 2480:, p. 30. 2479: 2474: 2468:, p. 81. 2467: 2462: 2456:, p. 22. 2455: 2450: 2444:, p. 14. 2443: 2438: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2396:, p. 98. 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2348:, p. 36. 2347: 2342: 2340: 2332: 2327: 2321:, § 3.4. 2320: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2291: 2290: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2265:, § 1.1. 2264: 2259: 2257: 2250:, § 5.4. 2249: 2244: 2242: 2234: 2229: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2199:, ch. 6. 2198: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2088:, § 5.3. 2087: 2082: 2080: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2045: 2044:Bernelin 2020 2040: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2016: 2011: 2004: 1999: 1993:, § 3.3. 1992: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1924: 1919: 1913:, p. 82. 1912: 1907: 1900: 1895: 1889:, p. 71. 1888: 1883: 1876: 1871: 1864: 1859: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1835: 1827: 1821: 1815:, p. 64. 1814: 1809: 1802: 1797: 1790: 1785: 1779:, p. 86. 1778: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1725: 1718: 1713: 1706: 1701: 1694: 1689: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1640: 1635: 1629:, p. 69. 1628: 1623: 1621: 1613: 1608: 1601: 1596: 1589: 1584: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1564: 1557: 1552: 1545: 1540: 1534:, p. 38. 1533: 1528: 1521: 1516: 1510:, p. 30. 1509: 1504: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1482: 1477: 1470: 1465: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1414:, § 3.2. 1413: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1387:, p. 69. 1386: 1381: 1375:, p. 19. 1374: 1369: 1362: 1357: 1350: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1297: 1290: 1285: 1278: 1273: 1266: 1261: 1254: 1249: 1242: 1237: 1230: 1225: 1218: 1213: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1189: 1184: 1178:, ch. 9. 1177: 1176:Williams 2002 1172: 1170: 1163:, ch. 7. 1162: 1161:Williams 2002 1157: 1151:, ch. 1. 1150: 1149:Williams 2002 1145: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1124:, p. 28. 1123: 1118: 1111: 1106: 1099: 1094: 1088:, p. 17. 1087: 1082: 1075: 1070: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1046:, p. 15. 1045: 1040: 1038: 1030: 1025: 1019:, p. 22. 1018: 1013: 1006: 1001: 997: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 948: 941: 939: 935: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 910: 906: 903: 892: 889: 884: 880: 876: 871: 869: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 845:public domain 838: 833: 828: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 784: 783:SAS Institute 779: 773: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 728: 723: 718: 708: 704: 700: 697: 693: 689: 684: 676: 671: 664:Compatibility 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 609: 605: 601: 599: 594: 590: 589:free software 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 566: 562: 558: 557: 550: 547: 543: 535: 530: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 471: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 437: 432: 427: 417: 415: 411: 410: 403: 401: 395: 393: 388: 384: 380: 376: 370: 367: 363: 359: 353: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 312: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 272: 268: 264: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 226:original work 223: 219: 215: 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 181: 163: 153: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 94: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 19: 4444: 4437: 4405: 4302: 4288:Free license 4034:Android apps 3694:Trojan horse 3623:File sharing 3585:Postcardware 3573:Donationware 3548:Crowdfunding 3495:License-free 3404:. 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Retrieved 2682: 2664: 2660: 2644:(6): 82–86. 2641: 2637: 2611: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2401: 2389: 2377: 2365: 2360:, p. 3. 2353: 2326: 2314: 2302: 2295:593 U.S. 2287: 2282: 2270: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2141: 2136: 2117: 2112: 2066: 2039: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1969: 1957: 1952:, ¶ 23. 1945: 1918: 1906: 1894: 1882: 1870: 1858: 1846: 1834: 1820: 1808: 1796: 1784: 1772: 1760: 1748: 1736: 1724: 1712: 1700: 1688: 1661: 1634: 1607: 1595: 1583: 1568: 1563: 1551: 1539: 1527: 1520:Chestek 2022 1515: 1508:Chestek 2022 1503: 1476: 1464: 1407: 1380: 1373:Raymond 2001 1368: 1361:Raymond 2001 1356: 1349:Raymond 2001 1344: 1332: 1325:Raymond 2001 1320: 1308: 1301:Raymond 1999 1296: 1289:Coleman 2004 1284: 1279:, p. 2. 1277:Fontana 2010 1272: 1260: 1248: 1236: 1231:, ¶ 16. 1224: 1212: 1205:Maracke 2019 1183: 1156: 1144: 1117: 1105: 1093: 1081: 1069: 1060: 1051: 1024: 1012: 1005:Byfield 2008 1000: 934:strip mining 930: 907: 898: 872: 857: 842: 800: 781: 774: 766: 751: 732: 727:Harald Welte 705: 701: 681: 639:drafted the 613: 578: 554: 551: 540: 494: 479: 470:BSD licenses 455: 441: 407: 404: 396: 378: 371: 355: 334:, Netscape, 309: 299: 279:Bruce Perens 275: 267:Bruce Perens 234: 211: 185: 130: 114:Bruce Perens 100:founded the 95: 66: 65: 52:BSD Licenses 31: 26: 4378:Tivoization 4017:Video games 3992:Mathematics 3804:Product key 3734:End-of-life 3729:Abandonware 3679:Infostealer 3628:On-premises 3543:Crippleware 3500:Proprietary 3483:Open source 3406:February 6, 3241:January 21, 3204:January 28, 3150:(1): 68–94. 3099:December 7, 3050:January 25, 3029:January 28, 2953:(4). Aspen. 2882:January 21, 2718:January 29, 2589:Kunert 2022 2567:, § 16.5.3. 2531:, § 16.5.2. 2432:, § 16.3.3. 2358:Walden 2022 2263:Walden 2022 2209:Meeker 2020 2131: 2008). 1863:Meeker 2020 1498:, § 10.4.4. 1483:, § 10.4.2. 1442:Meeker 2020 1313:Meeker 2020 1229:Perens 1999 1217:Carver 2005 877:, like the 855:computer. 711:Enforcement 619:(LGPL) for 565:Don Hopkins 546:source code 486:MIT license 466:BSD license 366:source code 328:bug reports 302:open source 253:GNU Project 180:Eben Moglen 141:attribution 87:source code 50:(GPL), the 44:MIT License 4490:Categories 4326:Challenges 4044:Commercial 4027:E-commerce 4012:Television 3711:Shovelware 3684:Ransomware 3648:Sneakernet 2993:"Copyleft" 2800:Datamation 2755:Trademarks 2625:References 2616:Brock 2022 2577:Brock 2022 2565:Brock 2022 2553:Brock 2022 2541:Brock 2022 2529:Brock 2022 2490:Brock 2022 2430:Brock 2022 2382:Rosen 2005 2370:Smith 2019 2346:Rosen 2005 2319:Smith 2022 2307:Smith 2022 2275:Smith 2022 2197:Rosen 2005 2185:Rosen 2005 2173:Rosen 2005 2161:Smith 2022 2105:Smith 2022 2032:Smith 2022 2028:Smith 2022 2003:Rosen 2005 1991:Smith 2022 1974:Rosen 2005 1851:Rosen 2005 1839:Keats 2010 1813:Keats 2010 1801:Rosen 2005 1789:Rosen 2005 1705:Smith 2022 1681:Rosen 2005 1654:Smith 2022 1639:Rosen 2005 1627:Rosen 2005 1532:Rosen 2005 1457:Rosen 2005 1412:Smith 2022 1337:Brock 2022 1122:Rosen 2005 1110:Rosen 2005 1098:Rosen 2005 1086:Rosen 2005 1044:Rosen 2005 1029:Rosen 2005 1017:Rosen 2005 754:shrinkwrap 696:collection 561:Tiny BASIC 511:initiates 490:sublicense 447:conditions 420:Permissive 362:permissive 350:See also: 289:(OSI). 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